WO2013059967A1 - 一种检测染色体微缺失和微重复的方法 - Google Patents
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Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of genomic mutation detection, in particular to the detection of copy number variation (CNV) of a cell chromosome DNA fragment.
- CNV copy number variation
- the invention also relates to disease detection associated with copy number variation of a chromosomal DNA fragment of a cell.
- Chromosomal microdeletion/microreplication refers to deletions or duplications on the chromosome that range from 1.5 kb to 10 Mb in length.
- Human microdeletion/microduplication syndromes are a type of complex phenotypic disease caused by small fragment deletions or duplications on human chromosomes (ie, DNA fragment copy number variation), which occur in perinatal and neonatal Higher rates can lead to serious diseases and abnormalities such as congenital heart disease or cardiac malformations, severe growth retardation, appearance or limb deformities.
- microdeletion syndrome is one of the main causes of mental retardation in addition to Down syndrome and X chromosome vulnerability syndrome. [Knight SJL (ed): Genetics of Mental Retardation.
- the syndrome is a type of clinical syndrome caused by loss of heterozygosity in human chromosome 22ql 1.21 - 22ql 1.23, including DiGeorge syndrome, palpebral syndrome, and abnormal surface of vertebrae.
- microdeletion syndrome Because some types of microdeletion syndrome cannot be cured, and died within a few months or years after birth, it brings a heavy mental and economic burden to society and families. According to incomplete statistics, the full 'happy puppet syndrome' (ie Angelman) Syndrome) The patient has reached 15,000. The number of other types of chromosome microdeletion syndrome patients is also increasing year by year. Therefore, pre-pregnancy chromosomal microdeletion/microrepetition detection of clinically suspected patients and parents with associated adverse maternal history is beneficial to provide genetic counseling and provide clinical decision-making basis; early prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy can effectively prevent the birth of the child or Provide a basis for providing post-natal treatment for children [ Bretdle F, et aL. Prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of 22ql l .2 deletion syndrome. Eur J Med Genet. 2010 Nov-Dec; 53(6): 367 -370].
- microdeletion/microrepetition syndrome include high-resolution karyotype analysis, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization), and Array CGH (comparative genomic hybridization). , MLPA (Multiple Linker Probe Amplification Technology), and PCR methods, etc., using these methods, can detect microdeletions/microrepetitions of chromosomes.
- High-resolution karyotype analysis is a high-resolution banding technique that emerged after the 1980s. It uses a cell homogenization method to obtain a large number of high-quality mitotic late or early metaphase karyotypes, making a single set of chromosomes. The number of bands has increased to more than a hundred, thereby improving the ability to recognize changes in the fine structure of chromosomes, but the resolution is only about 3-5M. Although the resolution of this method is higher than that of conventional karyotyping, it is not sufficient to detect microdeletion/microrepetition mutations at smaller chromosome levels [Jorge J. Yunis, Jeffrey R. Sawyer and David W. Ball. The characterization of High-resolution G-banded chromosomes of man. Chromosoma. 67(4), 293-307].
- FISH Fluorescence In situ Hybridization
- This method is the gold standard for microdeletion/microrepetition detection, which can effectively detect most chromosomal deletions.
- the basic principle is: If the target DNA on the detected chromosome or DNA fiber slice is homologously complementary to the nucleic acid probe used, and the two are denatured-annealed-refolded, the target DNA and the nucleic acid probe can be formed. Hybrid.
- the fluorescence detection system is in the mirror Qualitative, quantitative or relative localization analysis of the DNA to be tested.
- the advantages are: short experimental period, quick results, good specificity and accurate positioning.
- the resolution of metaphase chromosome FISH can reach 1 ⁇ 2M, and the resolution of interphase chromosome FISH can reach 50K.
- this technique needs to design probes to verify the known deletion sites, which is not suitable for discovering new chromosome levels. Micro-deletion or repeated anomalies, and expensive, requiring high technical skill for the operator [Fluorescence in situ hybridization. Nature Methods, 2237 - 2238, 2005
- Array CGH microarray-comparative genomic hybridization
- Array CGH is a technology that has been applied to clinical cytogenetics in recent years. It uses a specific DNA fragment as a target probe to be immobilized on a carrier to form a microarray, which is labeled with fluorescein. DNA and reference DNA are hybridized to the microarray to detect DNA copy number variation.
- the resolution of Array CGH depends on the type and size of the probe being designed and its distance on the genome. Theoretically, DNA sequences of 5 to 10 kb or less can be detected, but the method is expensive and generally does not cover the whole genome. All the sites.
- the current diagnosis for chromosome microdeletion syndrome has been found in the literature [ACOG Committee Opinion No. 446: array comparative genomic hybridization in prenatal diagnosis. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2009].
- MLPA Multiple Linked Probe Amplification Technology
- PCR methods are commonly used for the detection of Y chromosome microdeletions. For example, deletions of AZF genes (AZFa, AZFb, AZFc) related to male reproduction on the Y chromosome are detected by PCli.
- the PCR method can also be used for the verification of known chromosome microdeletion sites. The method is simple and easy, and the disadvantage is that it can only be detected for known sites, and can only be detected for one site at a time. The exact detection method needs to combine the PCR reactions of multiple sites to achieve the detection purpose [Cong-yi YU, et al. Multiplex PCR Screening of Y Chromosome Microdeletions in Azoospermic Patients. JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND CONTRACEPTION. 2004, 15(4) ⁇ .
- the present invention designs a method for detecting chromosomal microdeletions/microrepetitions based on high-throughput sequencing technology for detecting DNA copy number variation.
- the method overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art commonly used methods, such as low resolution, inability to cover the whole genome, low throughput and high cost, and detection of chromosomal microdeletions/microrepetitions at the genome-wide level, both for diseases
- the known sites are searched and verified, and the unknown sites can be explored and discovered, with high throughput, high specificity, and accurate positioning.
- Detection of chromosomal microdeletion/microrepetition syndrome can be achieved by detecting chromosomal microdeletions/microrepetitions.
- the invention relates to a method for detecting copy number variation (CNV) of a cell chromosomal DNA fragment, which comprises the following steps: a) randomly interrupting the genomic DNA molecules obtained from the test subject and the normal subject to obtain a DNA fragment, and sequencing the DNA fragment to obtain a sequencing read;
- the number of reads that are the sum of the sum and the falling in the window ( ⁇ , ) to the reference sequence are respectively; ⁇ and ⁇ , ⁇ ), by normalizing the test statistic / The two-sided significance test, get ( ⁇ , 3 ⁇ 4)
- the data set to be tested is sorted by saliency (P value) from small to large to obtain their rank (r); from top to bottom, the test is performed until the last site A that satisfies A ⁇ « stops, where ⁇ is the first P value of k positions, ⁇ is the rank of the kth position, N is the total number of sites, "is a significant level, such as 0.01;
- step C For each of the set of selection points in step C, ⁇ .., ⁇ , there are windows on both sides: (b k ⁇ , , b k -V ⁇ and (b k , b k J, remove the difference between the two windows with a small difference in the copy number variation ratio, that is, delete/maximize the position and update the merge interval (b ⁇ bk+o value, by repeating the above steps until all the positions are satisfied) ,, 3 ⁇ 4 +1 )
- ⁇ ⁇ can be set, for example, setting the number of remaining sites to 1/2, 1/10 of the number of original candidate sites,
- a normal sample may also be by way of selecting / m as a test sample, the above steps a) to d), so the combined number of candidate sites becomes the initial site The number of 1/2, 1/10, 1/100 or 1/1000, of which the largest; was chosen to be 7 m ⁇ .
- the present invention also relates to a method for analyzing a disease which produces a complex clinical phenotypic effect due to copy number variation (CNV) of a cell chromosomal DNA fragment, the method comprising, in addition to the above steps a) - d), Also includes:
- step d performing CNV analysis based on the breakpoint obtained in step d, selecting a site where the CNV ratio of the sample to be normal is less than or equal to the microdeletion detection threshold as a microdeletion site; CNV of the sample to be tested for the normal sample The site whose ratio is greater than or equal to the micro-repetition detection threshold is selected as a micro-repeat site.
- micro-deletion detection threshold and the micro-repetition detection threshold may be selected empirically by those skilled in the art, for example, the micro-deletion detection threshold is 0.75, and the micro-repetition detection threshold is 1.25;
- FIG. 1 A specific technical flow of an embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1
- the advantages of the present invention are mainly as follows:
- the present invention can perform chromosome CNV on the whole genome range. Analysis, without relying on known probes and design probes, can reveal new chromosomal abnormalities.
- High-throughput Based on high-throughput sequencing technology, the present invention enables high-throughput chromosomal CNV analysis, and by adding different label sequences to each sample, a large number of samples can be analyzed at one time.
- Figure 1 A simplified flow chart of the invention for chromosome CNV analysis.
- a read refers to a sequence fragment obtained by sequencing.
- a breakpoint refers to a boundary point at which copy number variation occurs on a chromosome.
- genomic DNA obtained from a subject can be obtained from blood, tissue or cells of a subject.
- the blood may be derived from the peripheral blood of the parent or the cord blood of the fetus; the tissue may be a placental tissue or a chorion tissue; the cells may be uncultured or cultured amniocytes, villous cells.
- the subject to be tested is the same species as the normal subject.
- the genomic DNA may be obtained by a conventional DNA extraction method such as a salting out method, a column chromatography method, a magnetic bead method or an SDS method, and preferably a magnetic bead method.
- the so-called magnetic bead method refers to the blood, tissue or cell through the action of cell lysate and proteinase K to obtain naked DNA molecules, using a specific magnetic beads for reversible affinity adsorption of DNA molecules, washed by a rinse solution After removing impurities such as proteins and lipids, the DNA molecules are eluted from the magnetic beads with a purification solution.
- the magnetic bead method can be carried out according to the scheme provided by the manufacturer.
- the random disruption treatment of DNA molecules may employ enzymatic, nebulized, ultrasonic, or HydroShear methods.
- the ultrasonic method is employed.
- Covaris' S-series is based on the AFA technique, and when the acoustic energy/mechanical energy released by the sensor passes through the DNA sample, the dissolved gas forms bubbles. When energy is removed, the bubbles rupture and produce the ability to break DNA molecules.
- energy intensity and time interval examples of interrupting parameters are as follows: Duty cycle 20%, Intensity 10, cycles/Burst 1000, Time 60s, Mode: power tracking
- the DNA molecules can be interrupted to a certain range. Size (for example, 200bp - 800bp). Specific principles and methods please refer to See the instructions provided by the manufacturer to break the DNA molecules into a relatively large number of fragments of a certain size.
- the DNA molecule is disrupted to a size of about 500 bp.
- the sequencing method employed can be high-throughput sequencing methods such as mumina/Sole X a, ABI/SOLiD, and Roche/454 sequencing types, which can be single-end sequencing and Pair-end sequencing.
- the sequencing length can be 50 bp, 90 bp, or 100 bp.
- the sequencing platform is Illumina/Solexa
- the sequencing type is Pair-end sequencing, resulting in a 100 bp size DNA sequence molecule having a bidirectional positional relationship.
- the sequencing depth may be ⁇ 30 X, that is, the total data amount is 1-30 times the length of the human genome, for example, in one embodiment of the present invention, the sequencing depth is 2 X, that is, 2 times (6 x 10 9 bp) ).
- the specific sequencing depth can be determined according to the size of the detected chromosomal variation fragment. The higher the sequencing depth, the smaller the detection loss and repeated fragments.
- each sample can be labeled with a different tag sequence for sample differentiation during sequencing [Micah Hamady, Jeffrey J Walker, J Kirk Harris et Al. Error-correcting barcoded primers for pyrosequencing hundreds of samples in multiplex. Nature Methods, 2008, 5(3)], thereby enabling simultaneous sequencing of multiple samples.
- the genomic reference sequence can be from a public database.
- the human genome sequence can be a human genome reference sequence in the NCBI database.
- the human genome sequence is the human genome reference sequence of version 36 (hgl 8; NCBI Build 36) in the NCBI database.
- Sequence alignments can be performed by any sequence alignment program, such as the Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package (SOAP) and BWA Aligner (Burrows-Wheel Aligner) available to those skilled in the art, which will read The segment is aligned with the reference genome sequence to obtain the position of the read on the reference genome. Sequence alignment can be performed using default parameters provided by the program, or can be selected by those skilled in the art as needed. In one embodiment of the present invention, the ratio employed of software SOAPalign er / soap2.
- SOAP Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package
- BWA Aligner Bitrows-Wheel Aligner
- the read sequence is compared to the chromosomal sequence data is a software such as SOAP;
- the software algorithm of the copy number variation (CNV) is a Matlab script developed by the Broad Institute (: group ), known as the Segseq software algorithm. See Figure 2. It can calculate the breakpoint and the copy-normal copy ratio of the copy by the data generated by the next-generation sequencing technology, and compare the cancerous sample with the normal sample, and estimate the corresponding P.
- Statistics such as _value can detect CNV fragments of around 50K at low sequencing depth (10M PE: 32, 36 reads).
- finding the breakpoint of the CNV analysis of the sample to be tested refers to using the modified Segseq software algorithm to use the normal sample as a negative control, and searching for the copy number variation ratio of the sample to be tested and the normal sample on the reference genome sequence.
- the search for the breakpoint includes two steps: (1) initialization, the purpose is to select candidate points; (2) repeatedly merging adjacent segments to reduce the false positive rate.
- the specific principle and mathematical model are: Under the premise that the read segment is a random fragment from genomic DNA, the number of reads falling into a region after the alignment should obey the Poisson distribution.
- the AA shell number variation ratio is defined as ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ . Under the condition of large sampling, (; ⁇ , ) is close to the logarithm
- 3 ⁇ 4 repeat the above steps until all >(
- W may be any integer greater than 1, such as 5 - 5000, preferably 10 - 2000, more preferably
- the repeated merging of adjacent segments means that the adjacent segments with smaller difference in copy number variation ratio are combined by the maximum likelihood processing, thereby reducing the false positive rate.
- the candidate point set obtained in step (1) is B c , BH , b N , then the left and right sides of the candidate point * are respectively (b w , -1) and the copy between the two windows is removed. A site with a small difference in the number of variation ratios.
- the CNV analysis after finding the candidate point refers to the CNV ratio of the test sample to the normal sample of 0.75 and 1.25 as the detection threshold of the chromosome copy number variation according to the empirical value of the population data analysis in the field, and the CNV ratio is 0.75. It is a chromosome deletion, and the CNV ratio of 1.25 is a chromosome repeat.
- the chromosomal digital karyotype map was drawn based on the microdeletion/microrepetition results obtained by the analysis. Chromosome digital karyotype is a technique for quantifying DNA copy number variation on a genome, and lists the short sequences of DNA at specific sites on the whole genome.
- mapping a karyotype usually involves arranging the chromosomes in one cell from the largest (Chromosome 1) to the smallest (Chromat 22), showing the sex chromosomes (X and/or Y). At the end.
- This is a representation commonly used in the art and is within the abilities of one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, refer to the article [Tian-Li Wang et al. Digital karyotyping. PNAS, 2002, vol. 99, no. 25, 16156 ⁇ 16161.], [Henry Wood et al. Using next-generation sequencing for high resolution multiplex analysis of Copy number variation from nanogram quantities of DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Nucleic Acids Research, 2010, 38(14), doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq510.] or in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- / 7 ⁇ can be set, for example, when the candidate site is 10, 100, 1000 or 10000, the minimum setting is ⁇ ⁇ ; or the normal sample can be selected as / to be tested Sample, perform the calculation of the present invention /? (
- it may be set, for example, such that the number of remaining sites is the number of original candidate sites.
- ) at 1/2, 1/10, 1/100 or 1/1000 is p merge ; you can also choose p merge by : using a normal sample as the sample to be tested, Performing steps a) through d) of the method of the invention such that the number of post-merger candidate sites becomes 1/2, 1/10, 1/100 or 1/1000 of the original number of sites, with the largest /?(
- a default control sample eg, paracancerous
- the calculation method of the normal distribution significance test P value can use a method known in the art, The calculations can be performed by a number of existing software algorithms, which are available to those of ordinary skill in the art.
- the existing CNV and disease database refers to a database having copy number variation and disease-related information.
- the database value used is DECIPHER (https://decipher.sanger.ac.uk/svndromes), and the 58 microdeletion/microrepetition syndromes listed in the database are missing repeats. A clear relationship with the disease.
- a specific method for performing chromosomal CNV analysis of villus tissue includes the following steps:
- DNA extraction and sequencing After extracting the villus tissue DNA according to the magnetic bead genomic DNA extraction kit (for example, Tiangen DP329) operation manual, the library is constructed according to the niumina/Solexa standard library construction process. In this process, the villus tissue DNA is randomly interrupted by ultrasonication into DNA molecules concentrated at about 500 bp, and the ends are coupled with the linkers used for sequencing. Each sample is labeled with a different tag sequence, thereby obtaining a single sequencing sequence. The data in the data can distinguish the data of multiple samples.
- the magnetic bead genomic DNA extraction kit for example, Tiangen DP329
- the library is constructed according to the niumina/Solexa standard library construction process. In this process, the villus tissue DNA is randomly interrupted by ultrasonication into DNA molecules concentrated at about 500 bp, and the ends are coupled with the linkers used for sequencing. Each sample is labeled with a different tag sequence, thereby obtaining a single sequencing sequence. The data in the data can
- the micro-deletion/micro-repetition results are analyzed, and the chromosome karyotype map is drawn and the gene annotation is performed.
- the method of the present invention is applicable to chromosomal CNV analysis of animals and humans, particularly mammals, and more particularly humans.
- the invention can be used to perform chromosomal CNV analysis on a population of people who can be used for non-diagnostic purposes, for example as a tool for studying the genome.
- the invention can also be used for chromosome CNV analysis of the applicable population, which is beneficial for providing genetic counseling and providing clinical decision-making basis; pre-implantation diagnosis or prenatal diagnosis can effectively prevent the birth of the child.
- the applicable population of the present invention may be a population with no abnormalities in routine karyotype analysis but having the following clinical manifestations -
- sample 1 3 cases of high risk due to prenatal screening, pregnant women themselves as carriers of balanced translocation and previous cases of abnormal fetal Fetal tissue samples from membrane puncture (hereinafter referred to as sample 1, sample 2 and sample 3, 2 cases of villi and 1 case of placenta)
- sample 2 3 cases of high risk due to prenatal screening, pregnant women themselves as carriers of balanced translocation and previous cases of abnormal fetal Fetal tissue samples from membrane puncture (hereinafter referred to as sample 1, sample 2 and sample 3, 2 cases of villi and 1 case of placenta)
- the DNA of the sample was quantified using Qubit (Invitrogen, the Quant-iT* 1 dsDNA HS Assay Kit), and the total amount of DNA extracted was about 500 ng.
- the extracted tissue DNA is complete genomic DNA and is constructed according to the Illumina/Solexa standard database construction process.
- the linker used for sequencing is added to both ends of the DNA molecule focused on 500 bp, each sample is labeled with a different tag sequence, and then hybridized with a complementary junction on the surface of the flowcell.
- the nucleic acid molecules were clustered under certain conditions, and then subjected to double-end sequencing on m U mina m Se q 2000 to obtain a paired DNA fragment sequence having a positional relationship of 100 bp in length.
- DNA samples obtained from the above three tissues were operated in accordance with the Illumina/Solexa officially published Cluster Station and Hiseq 2000 (PE sequencing) instructions.
- each sample was separated according to the tag sequence and a DNA sequence of a fragment of a size of about 500 bp, i.e., a read, was obtained.
- a DNA sequence of a fragment of a size of about 500 bp i.e., a read
- the sequenced reads were compared with the human genome reference sequence of version 36 (hgl 8; NCBI Build 36) in the NCBI database, and the measured DNA sequence was mapped to the corresponding position of the genome. Information. Only unique reads that are uniquely aligned with the human genome reference sequence are selected as valid data for subsequent CNV analysis, and the number ⁇ is counted.
- sample 4 Three cases of fluff tissue (hereinafter referred to as sample 4, sample 5 and sample 6) were obtained after the same treatment method and sequencing process as in the first embodiment, and the results were compared with the results of the ⁇ resolution karyotype analysis.
- the number of valid reads for Sample 4, Sample 5, and Sample 6 above was calculated to be 44,719,212, 4,048,450 and 45,374,254, respectively.
- the flow of the remaining data analysis and the related parameter settings are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the micro-deletion/micro-repetition results are analyzed, and the chromosome digital karyotype map is drawn and the gene annotation is performed.
- the region is consistent with the existing arrayCGH (The Fetal DNA Chip, http://www.fetalmedicine.hk/en/Fetal DNA Chip.asp), and the specific digital karyograph is shown in Figure 4A-C.
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US14/354,109 US20140274745A1 (en) | 2011-10-28 | 2011-10-28 | Method for detecting micro-deletion and micro-repetition of chromosome |
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US20140274745A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
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