WO2013047465A1 - 導電粒子及び金属ペースト並びに電極 - Google Patents
導電粒子及び金属ペースト並びに電極 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013047465A1 WO2013047465A1 PCT/JP2012/074469 JP2012074469W WO2013047465A1 WO 2013047465 A1 WO2013047465 A1 WO 2013047465A1 JP 2012074469 W JP2012074469 W JP 2012074469W WO 2013047465 A1 WO2013047465 A1 WO 2013047465A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to conductive particles for forming various electrodes such as a sensor electrode, a heater electrode, and a lead wire electrode, and further relates to a metal paste for electrode formation using the conductive particles.
- a metal paste containing conductive metal powder is applied to the substrate by various methods such as screen printing and fired. It is common to manufacture. In addition to being able to deal with complex electrode patterns, the form of metal paste can be used to simultaneously manufacture the substrate and the electrode by applying and baking the metal paste on the green sheet forming the ceramic substrate. This is because it is preferable from the viewpoint of manufacturing efficiency.
- a metal paste for electrode formation As a metal paste for electrode formation, a mixture of conductive particles such as noble metal and ceramic powder such as Al 2 O 3 and ZrO 2 in a solvent has been conventionally used.
- ceramic powder is mixed with metal paste, the difference in shrinkage between metal paste and green sheet is corrected when the substrate and electrode are manufactured by applying metal paste to green sheet and firing as described above. This is because the problem of warping or deformation of the substrate due to the difference in shrinkage rate is solved and the adhesion of the electrodes is improved.
- the conductive particles can be prevented from being oversintered during firing by mixing ceramic powder with the metal paste.
- the ceramic powder tends to increase the resistance value of the manufactured electrode film and make it considerably higher than that of the bulk metal electrode while ensuring the formability of the electrode film as described above. Therefore, the use of ceramic powder is not preferable from the viewpoint of characteristics as an electrode precursor material. However, if the ceramic is not mixed or the mixing amount is too small, the electrode itself cannot be formed. For this reason, it was unavoidable to mix ceramics.
- the significance of mixing the ceramic powder with the metal paste for electrode formation is also the aspect of ensuring the durability of the electrode film.
- the durability of the electrode is, for example, a characteristic required for an electrode film that is exposed to a high temperature, such as a heater electrode.
- an electrode film having poor durability may be disconnected in a relatively short time.
- durability of an electrode film can be improved by increasing the mixing amount of ceramic powder, as above-mentioned, there exists a request
- the present invention has been made in consideration of the above circumstances, and can produce an electrode film having low resistance and excellent durability, and is a conductive particle constituting a metal paste having excellent adhesion and followability to a substrate. I will provide a. It is another object of the present invention to provide a metal paste using such conductive particles.
- the inventors of the present invention first examined a firing process when using a conventional metal paste as an electrode film.
- a conventional metal paste conductive particles and ceramic particles are dispersed in a solvent, and the conductive particles are baked to sinter and bond the conductive particles so as to be conductive as an electrode.
- the ceramic powder is also sintered.
- the unsintered ceramic particles in the vicinity of the conductive particles gather so as to be pushed out from the conductive particles that start sintering first. That is, in the conventional metal paste, the conductive particles and the ceramic particles are dispersed non-uniformly during the firing process. And when sintering of the ceramic proceeds in such a non-uniform dispersion state, the ceramic particles become coarse.
- the present inventors considered that the coarsening of the ceramic particles as described above is a factor that increases the resistance of the electrode film. It can be said that such coarsening of the ceramic particles is more likely to occur when the mixing amount of the ceramic powder is increased.
- the ceramic powder is necessary for securing the adhesion of the electrode, and it is not a preferable measure to completely exclude the ceramic powder from the metal paste. Therefore, the present inventors have studied to find a metal paste in which ceramic particles are fine even after firing.
- the metal paste is not composed of conductive particles and ceramic powder separately dispersed in a solvent as in the conventional metal paste, but in a state where the ceramic is bonded to the conductive particles. It was conceived to be dispersed in a solvent. And it discovered that a fine ceramic particle was disperse
- the present invention that solves the above-mentioned problems is a conductive particle for electrode formation, comprising noble metal particles having an average particle diameter of 50 to 150 nm made of Pt or a Pt alloy, and Al 2 O 3 or ZrO 2 dispersed in the noble metal particles.
- An electrode comprising: first ceramic particles having an average particle diameter of 5 to 50 nm comprising; and second ceramic particles having an average particle diameter of 5 to 50 nm comprising Al 2 O 3 or ZrO 2 bonded to the outer periphery of the noble metal particles. It is a conductive particle for formation.
- the present invention discloses conductive particles prior to pasting, in which noble metal particles and ceramic particles are combined, and the ceramic particles are dispersed as dispersed particles using the noble metal particles as a matrix.
- the noble metal particles according to the present invention are in a state in which the entire ceramic particles are completely confined therein.
- precious metal particles having a low sintering temperature are preferentially sintered in the firing process, but there is no movement of the ceramic particles at this stage, and the sintering of the precious metal particles is completed. Keep it as it is. Therefore, the ceramic particles in the noble metal particles are in a fine state even in the electrode film and do not cause an increase in the resistance value. Further, such fine ceramic particles have a function as a dispersion reinforcing material for the electrode film, and increase the durability thereof.
- the conductive particles according to the present invention are obtained by dispersing ceramic particles inside noble metal particles and bonding (supporting) ceramic particles around the noble metal particles.
- the significance of supporting the ceramic particles around the noble metal particles is to supplement the amount of ceramic inside the conductive particles.
- the ceramic particles dispersed inside the noble metal particles have functions such as improvement of adhesion to the substrate, as in the prior art.
- the ceramic particles are bonded to the noble metal particles around the noble metal particles, the ceramic particles can move together with the noble metal particles even in the firing process of the metal paste. Therefore, there is no possibility that the individually dispersed ceramic particles as in the prior art are sintered and coarsened. In the present invention, although some sintering occurs, it is difficult to cause coarsening that excessively increases the resistance value.
- the conductive particles according to the present invention have fine ceramic particles while preventing the coarsening of the ceramic particles and reducing the resistance value when the electrode particles are dispersed by dispersing the ceramic particles inside the noble metal particles. Improve durability by strengthening dispersion. Further, in order to ensure the formability of the electrode film, the ceramic particles are bonded around the noble metal particles so as to complement the ceramic particles in a form that does not increase the resistance value.
- the noble metal particles are made of Pt or a Pt alloy. These metals have good conductivity and excellent heat resistance. Since various sensors are used at high temperatures, such as automobile exhaust sensors, they are suitable as their electrode materials. Which of Pt and Pt alloy is used as the noble metal particles can be selected depending on the use and required characteristics. Pt has a lower resistance than a Pt alloy, and is suitable for applications in which lower resistance such as sensor electrodes and lead wire electrodes is first required. On the other hand, the Pt alloy has a higher resistance than Pt, but has a low resistance temperature coefficient (TCR) and is suitable for applications such as heater electrodes.
- TCR resistance temperature coefficient
- Pd, Au, Ag, and Rh are preferable as the metal alloyed with Pt as the Pt alloy.
- a Pt—Pd alloy containing Pd is preferable from the viewpoint of good compatibility with the ceramic as a substrate and good wettability when used as a paste.
- the Pd content is preferably 30% by weight or less. This is because if the Pd content is excessive, the Pd oxide is likely to precipitate during the firing process, and the reliability of the electrode is lowered.
- the average particle diameter of the noble metal particles is 50 to 150 nm. Particles that are too fine below 50 nm make it difficult to produce a thick electrode film. On the other hand, when the thickness exceeds 150 nm, the dispersibility when a metal paste is used is lowered, which is not preferable. *
- the ceramic particles (first ceramic particles) dispersed in the noble metal particles are made of Al 2 O 3 or ZrO 2 ceramic. This is in consideration of the bondability to the ceramic substrate.
- the ceramic particles have an average particle size of 5 to 50 nm. When the thickness is less than 5 nm, the sintering temperature may be lowered due to the influence of the size effect, which is not preferable. Ceramic particles exceeding 50 nm are not preferable because the dispersibility in the noble metal particles is reduced and dispersion strengthening cannot be expected.
- the ceramic particles (second ceramic particles) bonded to the outer periphery of the noble metal particles are made of Al 2 O 3 or ZrO 2 and have an average particle diameter of 5 to 50 nm, like the ceramic particles dispersed inside the noble metal particles. If the thickness is less than 5 nm, the sintering temperature may be lowered as described above, which is not preferable. Moreover, although the ceramic particle
- Al 2 O 3 having a purity of 90% by weight or more which is generally circulated is preferable.
- ZrO 2 stabilized zirconia to which several percent of oxides such as yttria and calcia are added in addition to pure zirconia. Is applicable.
- oxides such as hafnium, cerium, titanium, tantalum, and magnesium can also act as the ceramic particles of the present invention.
- Al 2 O 3 or ZrO 2 is preferable in view of ease of material procurement, cost, and the like.
- the total amount of the ceramic particles contained in the conductive particles according to the present invention is 2 on the basis of the entire conductive particles. It is preferable that it is ⁇ 40% by volume. If it is less than 2% by volume, it is difficult to ensure adhesion to the substrate, which is the reason for applying ceramic particles, and peeling or deformation from the substrate is likely to occur during metal paste firing. Moreover, when it exceeds 40 volume%, even if it considers the effect of the ceramic particle coarsening suppression of this invention, resistance of an electrode film becomes excessive and electroconductivity cannot be obtained.
- a preferable range of the total amount of ceramic particles is 5.0 to 35% by volume.
- the amount of ceramic particles dispersed in the noble metal particles is preferably 0.5 to 15% by volume based on the entire conductive particles. If it is less than 0.5% by volume, the degree of dispersion in the electrode film after firing is low, and the effect of improving durability cannot be sufficiently exhibited. Moreover, it is because resistance will become high when it exceeds 15 volume%. A more preferable amount of the ceramic particles dispersed in the noble metal particles is 1.0 to 12% by volume.
- the conductive particles according to the present application have a structure in which a ceramic, that is, a metal oxide is dispersed using a noble metal as a matrix.
- An internal oxidation method is generally known as a method for producing such a metal material in which an oxide is dispersed.
- the internal oxidation method is applied to disperse an oxide using noble metal fine particles as a matrix as in the present invention.
- the internal oxidation method is a method in which an alloy of a metal serving as a matrix and a metal serving as a metal source of an oxide to be dispersed is heated in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is difficult to maintain a state in which the product segregates and precipitates on the powder surface and is dispersed inside the powder.
- the inventors of the present invention manufactured composite particles having a core / shell structure composed of noble metal particles and a shell-like ceramic covering at least a part of the noble metal particles, and heat-treating the composite particles so that the noble metal particles of the composite particles It has been found that bonding occurs, and at the same time, the shell-like ceramic finely penetrates and disperses in the noble metal particles. And the manufacturing method of the electrically-conductive particle which concerns on this application was discovered using this phenomenon. That is, the method for producing conductive particles according to the present application includes a core / shell structure comprising noble metal particles made of Pt or a Pt alloy and a shell-like ceramic containing Al 2 O 3 or ZrO 2 covering at least a part of the noble metal particles. After producing composite particles having the above, the composite particles are heated to 650-1200 ° C. to produce conductive particles.
- the composite particles having a core / shell structure which is a precursor of the conductive particles according to the present application, preferably have an average particle size of 30 to 100 nm.
- the heat treatment for forming the dispersed particles is to cause bonding and granulation of the noble metal particles, and to make the particle size of the conductive particles to be manufactured within an appropriate range.
- the amount of the shell-like ceramic of the composite particles is preferably such that the noble metal particles are coated at a ratio of 2 to 40% by volume based on the total composite particles. This is also in order to make the amount of ceramic in the conductive particles to be produced within an appropriate range.
- Production of composite particles having a core / shell structure can utilize a gas phase reaction in a high temperature atmosphere.
- the metal / alloy powder that becomes the precious metal particles and the ceramic powder that becomes the shell are mixed, and the mixed powder is discharged into a high-temperature atmosphere above the boiling points of both components, and the fine powder produced by cooling is obtained. It is to be collected.
- the high-temperature atmosphere for discharging the raw material powder is a plasma atmosphere.
- the amount of ceramic can be set by adjusting the ratio in the mixed powder at the stage of producing composite particles.
- the heat treatment temperature of the composite particles is set to 650 to 1200 ° C.
- the temperature is lower than 650 ° C.
- noble metal particles are hardly bonded, and as a result, conductive particles cannot be produced.
- the temperature exceeds 1200 ° C., the conductive particles become coarse, which is not preferable.
- the heating time is preferably 0.5 to 10.0 hours.
- the metal paste to which the conductive particles according to the present invention are applied is a mixture of the conductive particles and a solvent.
- Solvents applicable to metal paste production in the present invention include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, benzyl alcohol, kerosene, paraffin, toluene, cyclohexanone, ⁇ - General materials such as butyrolactone, methyl ethyl ketone, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-dimethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, butyl carbitol, turpentine oil, ⁇ -terpineol, terpineol, etc. can be applied, especially , ⁇ -terpin
- the amount of conductive particles mixed is preferably 4.0 to 40% by volume with respect to the entire paste. This is because when the amount is less than 4.0% by volume, the electrode film becomes too thin, and when the amount exceeds 40% by volume, pasting becomes difficult.
- a resin usually used for imparting viscosity and thixotropy to the metal paste may be added.
- this resin natural resins, amino resins, alkyd resins and the like are common. Particularly preferred is ethyl cellulose.
- the firing temperature is preferably 1300 to 1600 ° C. This is because a sufficiently low sintered product can be obtained.
- the electrode film thus formed is in a state in which fine ceramic particles (Al 2 O 3 particles, ZrO 2 particles) are dispersed. Specifically, more than half of the ceramic particles are 300 nm or less. Yes.
- the conductive particles according to the present invention can be applied to a metal paste and fired to form an electrode film having excellent resistance and low resistance in which fine ceramic particles are dispersed.
- the metal paste according to the present invention can be applied to both thick and thin electrode films, and the resistance can be reduced to reduce the thickness of conventional electrode films. This will also reduce the amount of precious metals used and reduce the cost of electronic equipment.
- conductive particles in which Pt is used as noble metal particles and Al 2 O 3 is dispersed and supported as ceramic particles are manufactured, and the resistance value of an electrode obtained by firing the conductive particles as a metal paste was measured. The durability of the electrode film was also evaluated.
- the amount of ceramic was changed to produce conductive particles to produce an electrode film.
- the method for producing conductive particles was basically the same as described above, and composite particle powder was obtained by a gas phase reaction method by changing the amount of Al 2 O 3 powder mixed with Pt powder. Then, the composite particle powder was heat-treated to produce conductive particles. And the metal paste was manufactured like the above and the electrode was produced.
- the resistance value of the electrode film manufactured by the above process was measured by a four-terminal method using a digital multimeter. Moreover, the durability test for evaluating durability of an electrode was done. The durability test was performed by energizing the electrodes on the substrate to heat the substrate to 1200 ° C. and measuring the time until disconnection occurred. The test results are shown in Table 1.
- the electrode film produced by the metal paste to which the conductive particles according to each example are applied is remarkably improved in high temperature durability when the amount of ceramic is the same as that produced from the conventional metal paste. It can be seen that the durability time is several times that of the prior art. This means that when the amount of ceramic is defined based on durability, for example, the conventional ceramic volume of 40% by volume (conventional example 3) is reduced to 5% by volume of ceramic (implementation). Even if it changes to Example 1), it shows sufficient durability and also a resistance value becomes low.
- Second Embodiment Here, conductive particles to which a Pt—Pd alloy (Pd 25 wt%) is applied as noble metal particles were manufactured.
- the manufacturing method is basically the same as that of the first embodiment.
- the raw material powder is changed from Pt powder to Pt—Pd alloy powder (average particle size: 10 nm), and the rest is the same as in the first embodiment.
- a reaction method a composite particle powder having a core / shell structure with Pt—Pd alloy as noble metal particles and Al 2 O 3 as a shell was obtained. And this composite particle powder was heat-processed, and the electroconductive particle was manufactured (the heat processing temperature is 950 degreeC, and the heat processing time is 1 hour).
- the conductive particles of the first embodiment were manufactured by applying ZrO 2 (YSZ) as ceramic particles.
- ZrO 2 (YSZ) as ceramic particles.
- YSZ ZrO 2
- this manufacturing method basically the same conditions as in the first embodiment are applied, and a mixed powder of Pt powder and ZrO 2 (YSZ) powder is released into the plasma gas phase to form a composite particle powder having a core / shell structure.
- Manufactured And the heat processing similar to 1st Embodiment was performed, and the electrically-conductive particle was manufactured.
- a metal paste was produced, applied to a zirconia green sheet and fired to form an electrode film, and the resistance value was measured.
- the characteristics of the electrode film of a metal paste obtained by separately mixing Pt powder and ZrO 2 (YSZ) powder were also evaluated (conventional examples 5 and 6). The results are shown in Table 3.
- an electrode forming paste capable of forming a low resistance electrode can be provided. Moreover, the electrode manufactured by this invention is excellent also in durability.
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Abstract
Description
(i)複合粒子の製造
平均粒径10nmのPt粉末と、平均粒径10nmのAl2O3粉末とを、V型混合機で混合して均一な混合粉末を用意した(混合粉末全体に対するセラミック量15容積%)。このときの混合比は、複合粒子粉末のAl2O3シェルの添加量に相当する。そして、これを高周波誘導熱プラズマ装置にてアルゴン雰囲気でプラズマ雰囲気中に放出した。発生した微粉末をフィルターにて回収した。以上の工程により、Ptを貴金属粒子とし、Al2O3をシェルとするコア/シェル構造の複合粒子粉末を得た。このとき複合粒子粉末について、TEM写真から粒子の寸法(最大寸法)を読み取ったところ、貴金属粒子の粒径は25nmであり、複合粒子全体の粒径は30nmであった。
上記で製造したコア/シェル構造の複合粒子粉末を熱処理して導電粒子を製造した。熱処理温度を950℃とし、熱処理時間を1時間とした。この熱処理により、Pt粒子中にAl2O3粒子が分散すると共に、Pt粒子外周にAl2O3粒子が担持された導電粒子が製造された。この導電粒子について、SEMにより断面観察を行ったところ、Pt粒子の平均粒径としては100nm、Pt粒子外周のAl2O3粒子の平均粒径として25nm、Pt粒子内部に分散するAl2O3粒子の平均粒径として15nmと算出された。また、断面の面積換算からPt粒子中に分散するAl2O3粒子の含有量は、1.5容積%と算出された。
上記で製造した導電粒子を、有機溶剤であるエステルアルコールに投入し、更に、ジアミン系界面活性剤及びエチルセルロースを混合して、3本ロールミルにて混合・混練してペースト化した。導電粒子の混合量は、25容積%とした。
上記で製造した金属ペーストを、99重量%アルミナグリーンシート上にスクリーン印刷にて塗布形成した。その後80℃で20分乾燥し、1500℃で1時間焼成処理し、電極膜を作製した(膜厚15μm)。
Claims (11)
- 電極形成用の導電粒子であって、
Pt又はPt合金からなる平均粒径50~150nmの貴金属粒子と、
前記貴金属粒子中に分散するAl2O3又はZrO2からなる平均粒径5~50nmの第1のセラミック粒子と、
前記貴金属粒子の外周に結合するAl2O3又はZrO2からなる平均粒径5~50nmの第2のセラミック粒子と、からなる電極形成用の導電粒子。 - 第1のセラミック粒子の容積と、第2のセラミック粒子の容積との合計が、導電粒子全体基準で2~40容積%の割合である請求項1記載の電極形成用の導電粒子。
- 第1のセラミック粒子は、導電粒子全体基準で0.5~15容積%の割合で貴金属粒子中に分散する請求項1又は請求項2記載の電極形成用の導電粒子。
- 貴金属粒子は、Ptである請求項1~請求項3のいずれかに記載の電極形成用の導電粒子。
- 貴金属粒子は、30重量%以下のPdを含むPt-Pd合金である請求項1~請求項3のいずれかに記載の電極形成用の導電粒子。
- 請求項1~請求項5のいずれかに記載の電極形成用の導電粒子の製造方法であって、
Pt又はPt合金からなる貴金属粒子と、前記貴金属粒子の少なくとも一部を覆うAl2O3又はZrO2からなるシェル状セラミックと、からなるコア/シェル構造を有する複合粒子を製造し、
前記複合粒子を650~1200℃に加熱する、導電粒子の製造方法。 - 複合粒子の平均粒径は、30~100nmである請求項6記載の導電粒子の製造方法。
- シェル状セラミックは、複合粒子全体基準で2~40容積%の割合で貴金属粒子を被覆するものである請求項6又は請求項7に記載の電極形成用の導電粒子の製造方法。
- 電極形成用の金属ペーストにおいて、
請求項1~請求項5のいずれかに記載の電極形成用の導電粒子と溶剤とからなることを特徴とする金属ペースト。 - 導電粒子の混合量は、ペースト全体に対して4~40容積%である請求項9記載の電極形成用ペースト。
- 請求項9又は請求項10記載の電極形成用ペーストを焼成してなる電極。
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KR1020147010785A KR101581602B1 (ko) | 2011-09-27 | 2012-09-25 | 도전 입자 및 금속 페이스트 및 전극 |
EP12835424.8A EP2763143B1 (en) | 2011-09-27 | 2012-09-25 | Conductive particles, metal paste, and electrode |
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CN104143374A (zh) * | 2014-07-30 | 2014-11-12 | 安徽状元郎电子科技有限公司 | 一种添加钢渣的导电银浆及其制作方法 |
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JP6652513B2 (ja) * | 2016-03-03 | 2020-02-26 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極の製造方法 |
JP6549517B2 (ja) * | 2016-05-09 | 2019-07-24 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極及びその製造方法 |
JP6433948B2 (ja) * | 2016-07-20 | 2018-12-05 | 株式会社ノリタケカンパニーリミテド | ガスセンサの電極形成用材料 |
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