WO2013042525A1 - 多接合型太陽電池、化合物半導体デバイス、光電変換素子及び化合物半導体層・積層構造体 - Google Patents
多接合型太陽電池、化合物半導体デバイス、光電変換素子及び化合物半導体層・積層構造体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013042525A1 WO2013042525A1 PCT/JP2012/072330 JP2012072330W WO2013042525A1 WO 2013042525 A1 WO2013042525 A1 WO 2013042525A1 JP 2012072330 W JP2012072330 W JP 2012072330W WO 2013042525 A1 WO2013042525 A1 WO 2013042525A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/026—Monolithically integrated components, e.g. waveguides, monitoring photo-detectors, drivers
- H01S5/0262—Photo-diodes, e.g. transceiver devices, bidirectional devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/04—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping, e.g. by electron beams
- H01S5/042—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor
- H01S5/0425—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure
- H01S5/04256—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the configuration
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
- H01S5/18322—Position of the structure
- H01S5/18325—Between active layer and substrate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/305—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region characterised by the doping materials used in the laser structure
- H01S5/3095—Tunnel junction
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
- H01S5/4025—Array arrangements, e.g. constituted by discrete laser diodes or laser bar
- H01S5/4031—Edge-emitting structures
- H01S5/4043—Edge-emitting structures with vertically stacked active layers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/544—Solar cells from Group III-V materials
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a multi-junction type (also referred to as a tandem type, stack type, or stacked type) solar cell, a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, and a compound semiconductor layer / layered structure using a compound semiconductor.
- a multi-junction type also referred to as a tandem type, stack type, or stacked type
- Examples of the solar cell include a silicon-based solar cell using silicon as a semiconductor, a compound semiconductor solar cell using a compound semiconductor, an organic solar cell using an organic material, and the like. Batteries are being developed with the aim of further improving energy conversion efficiency.
- a method of stacking a plurality of subcells composed of thin film solar cells composed of a plurality of compound semiconductor layers to form a multi-junction solar cell, and configuring a compound semiconductor layer There is a method for searching for an effective combination of compound semiconductor materials.
- Compound semiconductors such as GaAs and InP each have a unique band gap, and the wavelength of light to be absorbed varies depending on the difference in the band gap. Therefore, by stacking a plurality of types of subcells, the absorption efficiency of sunlight having a wide wavelength range can be increased.
- the combination of the lattice constant and the physical property value (for example, band gap) of the crystal structure of the compound semiconductor constituting each subcell is important.
- This substrate bonding technique is to form a homojunction or a heterojunction between compound semiconductor layers to be bonded.
- a direct bonding method in which different compound semiconductor layers are directly bonded for example, Non-Patent Document 1: “ Wafer Bonding and Layer Transfer Processes for High Efficiency Solar Cells ", NCPV and Solar Program Review Meeting 2003), and a method of joining via connection layers.
- the substrate bonding technique has the advantage that it does not involve an increase in threading dislocations.
- the presence of threading dislocations has an undesirable effect on the electronic performance of the compound semiconductor layer, i.e., provides an easy diffusion path in the compound semiconductor layer, as well as dopants and recombination centers, and reduces the carrier density of the compound semiconductor layer. Cause it.
- the substrate bonding technique can solve the problem of lattice mismatch and further avoid the epitaxial growth due to the lattice mismatch, so that the threading dislocation density that degrades the performance of the solar cell can be greatly reduced. it can.
- a covalent bond is formed at the interface between different substances, that is, at the hetero interface, but at this time, the temperature at which the thermal fluctuation does not exceed the dynamic barrier necessary for the progress of threading dislocations. It is important to perform the substrate bonding step.
- the direct bonding method semiconductor-semiconductor bonding is performed on a nuclear scale. Therefore, the transparency, thermal conductivity, heat resistance, and reliability of the joint are superior to those obtained when joining using a metal paste or glass raw material (frit).
- This direct laminating method is as easy as a solar cell constituted by a single junction element, more specifically, only by alloying each compound semiconductor layer to be laminated, an integrated or two-terminal compound semiconductor device is a module. Can be integrated.
- a multi-junction solar cell capable of reducing the contact resistance of the junction and capable of high-efficiency energy conversion, and a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, and a compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure.
- a multi-junction solar cell includes: A plurality of subcells formed by stacking a plurality of compound semiconductor layers are stacked, At least one location between adjacent subcells is provided with an amorphous connection layer made of a conductive material.
- a compound semiconductor device includes: A plurality of compound semiconductor layers are stacked, At least one location between adjacent compound semiconductor layers is provided with an amorphous connection layer made of a conductive material.
- the photoelectric conversion element of one embodiment of the present disclosure is: A plurality of compound semiconductor layers are stacked, At least one location between adjacent compound semiconductor layers is provided with an amorphous connection layer made of a conductive material.
- the compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of one embodiment of the present disclosure is: A plurality of compound semiconductor layers are stacked, At least one location between adjacent compound semiconductor layers is provided with an amorphous connection layer made of a conductive material.
- an amorphous connection layer made of a conductive material is provided. Or the contact resistance in the junction interface of a compound semiconductor layer is reduced, and energy conversion efficiency improves.
- FIG. 1A and 1B show a multi-junction solar cell, a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, or a compound semiconductor layer for explaining a method of manufacturing a compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 1, etc.
- FIG. 2 shows the same as (B) of FIG. 1, and show the manufacturing method of the multijunction solar cell, compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, or compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a compound semiconductor layer for explaining a method of manufacturing a multi-junction solar cell, a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, or a compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 1 following FIG.
- FIG. 4A and 4B are conceptual diagrams of the multi-junction solar cell, compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, or compound semiconductor layer / stacked structure of Example 2 and Example 3, respectively.
- 5A and 5B show a multi-junction solar cell, a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, or a compound semiconductor layer for explaining a method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 4, etc.
- 6 (A) and 6 (B) show the method for manufacturing the multi-junction solar cell, the compound semiconductor device, the photoelectric conversion element, or the compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 4 following FIG. 5 (B).
- FIG. 6 (B) is a compound semiconductor layer for explaining a method of manufacturing a multi-junction solar cell, a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, or a compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 4.
- FIG. 8A and 8B show a multi-junction solar cell, a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element or a compound semiconductor layer for explaining a method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 5, etc.
- 9 (A) and 9 (B) show the method for producing the multi-junction solar cell, compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element or compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 5 following FIG. 8 (B). It is a conceptual diagram of a compound semiconductor layer etc. for explaining.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, or compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 6.
- 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, or compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 7.
- FIG. 13A and 13B are conceptual diagrams of the compound semiconductor device, the photoelectric conversion element, or the compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 8.
- FIG. 14 is a conceptual diagram of a modification of the multi-junction solar cell, compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, or compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 1.
- FIG. 15 is a characteristic diagram showing film formation characteristics of metal atoms.
- FIG. 16 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the thickness of the Ti layer and the light transmittance.
- 17A and 17B are photographs showing the results of an infrared microscope transmission experiment.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the relationship between photon energy and absorption coefficient at each concentration of p-type dopant in the p-type GaAs layer.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the p-type GaAs layer at the p-type dopant concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 19 and the light transmittance of sunlight at the maximum wavelength of 2.5 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 20 is a photograph of a bright field image obtained by a scanning transmission electron microscope at the interface between the InP substrate and the GaAs substrate.
- FIG. 21 is a graph showing the change over time in the thickness of the Ti layer and the light transmittance.
- FIG. 22 is a graph showing the change over time in the thickness of the Ti layer and the light transmittance.
- FIG. 23 is a graph showing the results of quantitative analysis of the concentration of each atom at each distance in the stacking direction of the multijunction solar cell of Example 1 based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
- FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional photograph of a transmission electron microscope at the bonding interface.
- Example 1 Multijunction Solar Cell, Compound Semiconductor Device, Photoelectric Conversion Element, and Compound Semiconductor Layer / Laminated Structure of the Present Disclosure
- Example 2 Modification of Example 1) 4).
- Example 3 another modification of Example 1) 5.
- Example 4 another modification of Example 1) 6).
- Example 5 Modification of Example 4) 7).
- Example 6 another modification of Example 1) 8).
- Example 7 (Modification of Example 6) 9.
- Example 8 another modification of Example 6), other
- Multi-junction solar cell, compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, or compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of the present disclosure (hereinafter collectively referred to as “multi-junction solar cell etc. of the present disclosure”)
- Subcell or compound semiconductor layer may be collectively referred to as “subcell etc.” hereinafter).
- Adjacent subcells or the like become a lattice matching system or a lattice mismatching system, but as a whole, these lattice matching systems / lattice mismatching systems are mixed.
- the connection layer is preferably provided between the adjacent subcells when the adjacent subcells or the like are lattice mismatched systems.
- the lattice mismatch system is when a compound semiconductor layer is epitaxially grown on a certain compound semiconductor, and the thickness of the epitaxially grown compound semiconductor layer is the critical film thickness. When the thickness is more than 1, a system in which misfit dislocation occurs.
- the compound semiconductor constituting the lattice constant of the compound semiconductor constituting one of the subcells adjacent to the connection layer is Lc 1 , and the other subcell etc.
- the lattice mismatch system is, for example, (Lc 1 ⁇ Lc 2 ) / Lc 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 (A) Or (Lc 1 ⁇ Lc 2 ) / Lc 1 ⁇ ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 (B) It means that the system satisfies the above.
- the value of (Lc 1 ⁇ Lc 2 ) / Lc 1 is outside the above range, that is, ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ (Lc 1 ⁇ Lc 2 ) / Lc 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 (C) Is a lattice matching system.
- Formula (A), Formula (B), and Formula (C) are merely examples. Furthermore, in the multi-junction solar cell and the like of the present disclosure including such a preferable mode, a mode in which a tunnel junction layer is provided between adjacent subcells that are not provided with a connection layer is adopted. Is preferred.
- connection layer is an amorphous layer and is made of a metal or an alloy.
- the material constituting the connection layer is a material having ohmic properties with respect to the compound semiconductor layer to be connected. More specifically, the work function is smaller than the Fermi level of the n-type semiconductor, or the p-type semiconductor. It is preferable to use a metal or alloy that is larger than the Fermi level, which significantly reduces the contact resistance and enables a good ohmic connection.
- the “amorphous connection layer” or “amorphous connection layer” does not have a long-term order like a crystal and is obtained by a transmission electron microscope as shown in FIG. This means that the lattice image cannot be observed in the observed image.
- a metal thin film (for example, a thickness of several nm or less) is usually formed based on a PVD method such as a vacuum evaporation method or a sputtering method, but at that time, it is formed in an island shape (island shape) and not in a layer shape. There are many. And if it is formed in an island shape, highly accurate film thickness control is difficult.
- islands are often formed through the process of surface diffusion, collision / coagulation, desorption, etc., when atoms / molecules adsorbed on the underlying layer are grown, and the adjacent islands grow as the islands grow. To form a continuous thin film. At that time, island formation, transition from amorphous to crystalline layer, crystal orientation change, and the like occur.
- metal atom-metal atom bond energy [adsorption atom bond energy] and metal atom-base (here, GaAs or InP) bond energy [adsorption atom-substrate bond energy] in each metal atom.
- metal atom-base here, GaAs or InP
- the metal atoms of the group (A) and the group (B) located in the upper region of the broken line in FIG. 15 have a high binding energy with the base, so that it is considered possible to take a two-dimensional layered structure. Therefore, it is preferable to use metal atoms belonging to the group (A) or the group (B) as the material of the connection layer.
- a connection layer made of a conductive material more specifically, a connection layer made of a metal or an alloy includes titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), tungsten ( It is preferable to use at least one atom (metal atom) selected from the group consisting of W), tantalum (Ta), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V). Even if the connection layer further contains atoms such as iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), or aluminum (Al), the characteristics are not affected at all.
- the thickness of the amorphous connection layer is 5 nm or less, preferably 2 nm or less.
- FIG. 16 shows the result of measurement of the relationship between the film thickness of the Ti layer and the light transmittance in the wavelength range of 450 nm to 800 nm, for example. It can be seen that a light transmittance of about 80% can be secured at 5 nm or less. Moreover, the light transmittance of 95% or more can be ensured by setting the thickness to 2 nm or less.
- connection layer may be made of aluminum oxide-doped zinc oxide [AZO], indium-zinc composite oxide [IZO], gallium-doped zinc oxide [GZO], indium-gallium composite oxide [IGO], In—
- a material selected from the group consisting of GaZnO 4 [IGZO] and indium-tin composite oxide [ITO], that is, a transparent and yet electrically conductive material is preferable.
- the connection layer is formed of an amorphous compound semiconductor, specifically, a portion of the compound semiconductor layer (but amorphous) at the interface between the compound semiconductor layer and the compound semiconductor layer.
- the thickness of the amorphous connection layer made of the above-mentioned material which is transparent and has electrical conductivity, or the amorphous connection made of an amorphous compound semiconductor is desirably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 m or less.
- the contact resistance ⁇ c for the p + -GaAs layer and the n + -InP layer can be 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 or less.
- connection layer is composed of the above metal atoms
- two subcells facing each other across the connection layer one subcell is referred to as “subcell-A” for convenience and the other subcell is referred to as “Subcell-A” for convenience and the other subcell is referred to as “Subcell-A is provided with a first connection layer
- subcell-B is provided with a second connection layer
- the first connection layer and the second connection layer are joined and integrated.
- the metal atom constituting the subcell-A and the metal atom constituting the subcell-B may be the same or different.
- the thickness of the first connection layer and the thickness of the second connection layer may be the same or different.
- connection layer is formed with the same thickness, for example. If the first connection layer and the second connection layer are used, the width of the depletion layer is 1 ⁇ 2 of that of the pn junction, so that the probability of the tunnel effect increases, and the structure is advantageous for reducing contact resistance. is there.
- plasma treatment is performed on the bonding surface of the first connection layer and the bonding surface of the second connection layer, and the bonding surface of the first connection layer and the second connection layer It is desirable to activate the joint surface.
- the first connection layer and the second connection layer can be made amorphous.
- the first connection layer and the second connection layer can be joined at an atmospheric pressure of 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa or less, a bonding load of 2 ⁇ 10 4 N or less, and a temperature of 150 ° C. or less.
- the conductivity types of the opposing compound semiconductor layers in the subcells adjacent to each other are different. That is, subcells adjacent to each other are referred to as “subcell-a” and “subcell-b”, and the compound semiconductor layer facing subcell-b in subcell-a is referred to as “compound semiconductor layer-a”.
- the compound semiconductor layer facing the subcell-a in -b is “compound semiconductor layer-b”
- the compound semiconductor layer-a and the compound semiconductor layer-b have different conductivity types. It is preferable.
- the compound semiconductor layers facing each other with the connection layer interposed therebetween have different conductivity types. The same applies to the photoelectric conversion element or the compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of the present disclosure.
- the thickness of the compound semiconductor layer having a p-type conductivity type among the compound semiconductor layers constituting the subcells More specifically, it is desirable that the thickness of the p + -GaAs layer is 100 nm or less.
- an InGaAs layer, an InGaAsP layer, a GaAs layer, an InGaP layer, an AlInGaP layer, a GaAsN layer examples include an InGaAsN layer, an InP layer, an InAlAs layer, an InAlAsSb layer, an InGaAlAs layer, and an AlGaAs layer.
- the subcell or the compound semiconductor layer is preferably formed of GaAs or InP.
- the stacking order of the subcells is such that the closer the band gap of the compound semiconductor constituting the subcell is to the light incident side, the larger the stacking order, that is, the larger the order from the support substrate side to the second electrode side described later.
- the stacking order is as follows. In some cases, some of the plurality of subcells may be formed of a Ge layer.
- each subcell is, for example, (InGaAsP layer, InGaAs layer) (InGaAs layer, InGaAs layer) (InP layer, InGaAs layer) (AlGaAs layer, InGaAsP layer) (AlGaAs layer, InGaAs layer) It can consist of
- light enters from the subcell having the layer structure described on the leftmost side in ().
- each subcell is, for example, (GaAs layer, InGaAsP layer, InGaAs layer) (InGaAs layer, InGaAsP layer, InGaAs layer) (InGaP layer, InGaAs layer, InGaAs layer) It can consist of Furthermore, when it consists of four subcells, each subcell is, for example, (GaInP layer, GaAs layer, InGaAsP layer, InGaAs layer) (GaInP layer, InGaAs layer, InGaAsP layer, InGaAs layer) (GaInP layer, InGaAs layer, InGaAsN layer, InGaAs layer) It can consist of In addition, when it is composed of five subcells, each subcell is, for example, (GaInP layer, GaAs layer, InGaAs layer, InGaAsP layer, InGaAs layer) (GaInP layer, GaAs layer,
- the multi-junction solar cell, compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, or compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of the present disclosure including the preferred embodiment and configuration described above is provided on a substrate.
- the substrate for film formation used in manufacturing the multi-junction solar cell of the present disclosure and the support substrate used for assembling the multi-junction solar cell of the present disclosure may be the same substrate or different. It may be a substrate. Note that a substrate (corresponding to a base) in the case where the film formation substrate and the support substrate are the same substrate is displayed as “film formation / support substrate” for convenience. If the film formation substrate and the support substrate are different from each other, they are displayed as “film formation substrate” and “support substrate”. In this case, the compound semiconductor is formed on the film formation substrate (corresponding to the base).
- the deposition substrate may be removed from the compound semiconductor layer or the like, and the compound semiconductor layer or the like may be fixed to the supporting substrate or bonded together.
- a method for removing the deposition substrate from the compound semiconductor layer include a laser ablation method, a heating method, and an etching method.
- a method for fixing or bonding the compound semiconductor layer or the like to the supporting substrate there can be mentioned a metal bonding method, a semiconductor bonding method, and a metal / semiconductor bonding method in addition to a method using an adhesive.
- Examples of the film forming / supporting substrate include an InP substrate.
- examples of the substrate for film formation include a substrate made of a III-V semiconductor or a II-VI semiconductor.
- a substrate made of a III-V semiconductor or a II-VI semiconductor can be mentioned as the substrate made of III-V semiconductor, and CdS, CdTe, ZnSe, ZnS, etc. are mentioned as the substrate made of II-VI semiconductor. be able to.
- a substrate made of a group I-III-VI semiconductor called a chalcopyrite system made of Cu, In, Ga, Al, Se, S or the like can also be used.
- Cu (In, Ga) (Se, S) 2 abbreviated as CIGSS
- CuInS 2 abbreviated as CIS, and the like can be given.
- glass substrates in addition to the above-mentioned various substrates, glass substrates, quartz substrates, transparent inorganic substrates such as sapphire substrates, polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) as support substrates; polycarbonate (PC) Resin; Polyethersulfone (PES) resin; Polyolefin resin such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc .; Polyphenylene sulfide resin; Polyvinylidene fluoride resin; Tetraacetylcellulose resin; Brominated phenoxy resin; Aramid resin; Polyimide resin; Resin; Polysulfone resin; Acrylic resin; Epoxy resin; Fluororesin; Silicone resin; Diacetate resin; Triacetate resin; Polyvinyl chloride resin; Transparent plastic substrate or a film etc.
- the glass substrate include a soda glass substrate, a heat resistant glass substrate, and a quartz glass substrate.
- the second electrode is formed on the uppermost subcell.
- the thickness of the second electrode is, for example, about 10 nm to 100 nm, and it is preferable that the second electrode is made of a material having good light transmittance and a small work function. Examples of such materials include indium-tin oxide (ITO, Indium Tin Oxide, including Sn-doped In 2 O 3 , crystalline ITO, and amorphous ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO, Indium Zinc Oxide).
- ITO indium-tin oxide
- IZO Indium Zinc Oxide
- IFO F-doped In 2 O 3
- tin oxide SnO 2
- ATO Sb-doped SnO 2
- FTO F-doped SnO 2
- zinc oxide ZnO, Al-doped ZnO and B-doped (Including ZnO), InSnZnO, spinel oxide, oxide having YbFe 2 O 4 structure, and the like.
- alkaline earth metals such as calcium (Ca) and barium (Ba)
- alkali metals such as lithium (Li) and cesium (Cs), indium (In), magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), gold (Au ), Nickel (Ni), gold-germanium (Au—Ge), and the like.
- alkali metal oxides alkali metal fluorides, alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth fluorides such as Li 2 O, Cs 2 Co 3 , Cs 2 SO 4 , MgF, LiF and CaF 2. You can also.
- the second electrode may have a single-layer configuration or a configuration in which a plurality of layers are stacked.
- the second electrode can be formed by a physical vapor deposition method (PVD method) such as a vacuum deposition method or a sputtering method, or a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD method).
- PVD method physical vapor deposition method
- CVD method chemical vapor deposition method
- the first electrode is formed on the subcell or the compound semiconductor layer, or the film forming / supporting substrate and the supporting substrate, depending on the material constituting the film forming / supporting substrate and the supporting substrate. It itself can also be used as the first electrode.
- Materials constituting the first electrode include molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), vanadium (V), palladium (Pd), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), platinum
- An example is (Pt) gold-zinc (Au—Zn).
- an antireflection film Is preferably formed on the uppermost subcell (the sub-cell on the light incident side) where the second electrode is not formed.
- the antireflection film is provided to suppress reflection at the uppermost subcell and efficiently incorporate sunlight into the multijunction solar cell of the present disclosure.
- a material constituting the antireflection film a material having a refractive index smaller than that of the compound semiconductor constituting the uppermost subcell is preferably used.
- a layer composed of TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , ZnS, MgF 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 or a laminated structure of these layers can be given.
- the film thickness of the antireflection film include 10 nm to 200 nm. The same applies to the compound semiconductor device, the photoelectric conversion element, or the compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of the present disclosure.
- Example 1 relates to a multi-junction solar cell, a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, and a compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 shows a conceptual diagram of the multi-junction solar cell, compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, and compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure of Example 1.
- the multi-junction solar cell of Example 1 includes a plurality of (four in Example 1) subcells (first subcell 11, second subcell 12, third subcell 13, and fourth). Subcells 14) are stacked. The first subcell 11, the second subcell 12, the third subcell 13, and the fourth subcell 14 are formed in this order on the support substrate 31 (also serving as a film formation substrate). For example, sunlight enters from the fourth subcell 14.
- Each subcell 11, 12, 13, 14 is formed by laminating a plurality of compound semiconductor layers. Specifically, each of the subcells 11, 12, 13, and 14 is formed by stacking a compound semiconductor layer having a first conductivity type and a compound semiconductor layer having a second conductivity type.
- the stacking order of the plurality of subcells is such that the closer the band gap of the compound semiconductor constituting the subcell is, the closer the light incident side is, that is, the second stacking from the film forming / supporting substrate side.
- the stacking order increases in order from the electrode side.
- the first conductivity type is p-type and the second conductivity type is n-type.
- the base, the deposition / support substrate, and the deposition substrate were p-type InP substrates.
- the first conductivity type may be n-type
- the second conductivity type may be p-type
- the base, the deposition / support substrate, and the deposition substrate may be n-type InP substrates.
- connection layer 20 is made of titanium (Ti) having a thickness of 1.0 nm. Note that the connection layer 20 has a two-dimensional layer structure and is not a three-dimensional island structure.
- the compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, or compound semiconductor layer / stacked structure of Example 1 includes a plurality of compound semiconductor layers (11A, 11B, 11C, 12A, 12B, 12C, 13A, 13B, 13C, 14A). , 14B, 14C), and at least one position between adjacent compound semiconductor layers (specifically, between the compound semiconductor layer 12C and the compound semiconductor layer 13A) is made of a conductive material.
- a crystalline connection layer 20 is provided.
- each subcell 11, 12, 13, 14 is shown in Table 1 below.
- Table 1 regarding the compound semiconductor layer constituting each subcell, the compound semiconductor layer close to the support substrate is described on the lower side, and the compound semiconductor layer far from the support substrate is described on the upper side.
- the second electrode 19 made of an AuGe / Ni / Au laminate having a thickness of 150 nm / 50 nm / 500 nm, for example, is formed on the fourth subcell 14.
- An antireflection film 18 made of a TiO 2 film and an Al 2 O 3 film is formed in a portion where the second electrode 19 is not formed on the fourth subcell 14.
- the second electrode 19 and the antireflection film 18 are shown as one layer.
- the film forming / supporting substrate 31 is made of a p-type InP substrate.
- a first tunnel junction layer 15 made of p + -InGaAs (upper layer) / n + -InGaAs (lower layer) is provided between the first sub cell 11 and the second sub cell 12 which are lattice matching systems.
- the second tunnel junction layer 16 made of p + -InGaP (upper layer) / n + -InGaP (lower layer) is provided between the third sub cell 13 and the fourth sub cell 14 which are lattice matching systems. Is provided.
- a window layer 17 made of n + -AlInP is formed between the second electrode 19 and the antireflection film 18 and the fourth subcell 14. The window layer 17 is provided to prevent carrier recombination on the outermost surface, but it is not essential to provide it.
- the 1st electrode is connected to the 1st subcell 11, illustration of the 1st electrode is omitted.
- FIGS. 1A to 1B, FIGS. 2A to 2B, and FIG. 3, which are conceptual diagrams of compound semiconductor layers, etc., the multijunction solar cell of Example 1 and the like The manufacturing method will be described.
- a first subcell 11 (compound semiconductor layers 11A to 11C), which is a lattice matching system, a first tunnel junction layer 15, and a first tunnel junction layer 15 are formed on a film forming / supporting substrate 31 made of a p-type InP substrate based on the MOCVD method.
- the second subcell 12 (compound semiconductor layers 12A to 12C) is epitaxially grown sequentially.
- a peeling sacrificial layer 45 made of AlAs is formed based on the MOCVD method, and then the window layer 17 made of n + -AlInP is formed.
- the fourth subcell layer 14 (compound semiconductor layers 14C to 14A), the second tunnel junction layer 16 and the third subcell 13 (compound semiconductor layers 13C to 13A) which are lattice matching systems are formed. ) Are sequentially epitaxially grown.
- the structure shown in the conceptual diagram in FIG. 1A can be obtained.
- a compound semiconductor layer 12C made of n + -In 0.79 Ga 0.21 As 0.43 P 0.57 constituting the second compound semiconductor layer 12 and a compound semiconductor layer 13A made of p + -GaAs constituting the third compound semiconductor layer 13 are formed. Are joined through the connection layer 20 to obtain ohmic contact.
- the first connection layer 20 ⁇ / b> A is formed on the compound semiconductor layer 12 ⁇ / b> C constituting the second compound semiconductor layer 12, and on the compound semiconductor layer 13 ⁇ / b> A layer constituting the third compound semiconductor layer 13.
- a second connection layer 20B is formed (see FIG. 1B). More specifically, on each of the compound semiconductor layer 12C and the compound semiconductor layer 13A, a vacuum vapor deposition method (vacuum degree 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, vapor deposition rate 0.1 nm / second or less, temperature 150 ° C. to 200 ° C.
- the connection layers 20A and 20B made of Ti having a film thickness of 0.5 nm are formed on the basis of the condition (C).
- the substrate temperature may be 80 ° C.
- the substrate rotation speed may be 30 rpm
- a resistance heating method may be employed.
- the method of forming the connection layers 20A and 20B is not limited to this, and for example, using a sputtering method (a film forming rate of 0.1 nm / second or less and a temperature of 150 ° C. to 200 ° C.). Also good.
- connection layers 20A and 20B are subjected to plasma treatment, the second compound semiconductor layer 12 and the third compound semiconductor layer 13 are joined. Specifically, the surfaces of the connection layers 20A and 20B are irradiated with argon (Ar) plasma (for example, plasma density 10 9 cm ⁇ 3 to 10 11 cm ⁇ 3 , pressure 1 Pa to 10 ⁇ 2 Pa), and the connection layer 20A. , 20B is activated. That is, dangling bonds are formed at the bonding interface (the surfaces of the connection layers 20A and 20B). At the same time, the connection layers 20A and 20B are made amorphous.
- Ar argon
- connection layers 20A and 20B are bonded (bonded) at ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, a bonding load of 2 ⁇ 10 4 N, and a temperature of 25 ° C. or lower, specifically, for example, an atmospheric pressure of 1
- the connection layers 20A and 20B are bonded (bonded) at ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, a bonding load of 2 ⁇ 10 4 N, and a temperature of 25 ° C.
- a metal specifically, Ti
- the metal thin film is formed in an island shape, and a layered form is often not obtained.
- the group (A) and group (B) metal atoms shown in FIG. 15 film formation in a layered form is possible.
- the film formation substrate 44 is peeled off, and the antireflection film 18 and the second electrode 19 are formed.
- the film-forming substrate 44 is peeled off by removing the peeling sacrificial layer 45 by etching (see FIG. 2B), and then on the window layer 17 based on, for example, photolithography technology.
- a resist pattern is formed, and the second electrode 19 is formed by a vacuum deposition method (vacuum degree 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, deposition rate 0.1 nm / second, temperature 150 ° C. to 200 ° C.).
- the film formation substrate 44 can be reused.
- the second electrode 19 can be formed based on the lift-off method.
- a resist pattern is formed based on the photolithography technique, and a vacuum deposition method (vacuum degree 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, vapor deposition rate 0.1 nm / second, temperature 150 ° C. to 200 ° C.), for example, a TiO 2 film.
- a vacuum deposition method vacuum degree 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, vapor deposition rate 0.1 nm / second, temperature 150 ° C. to 200 ° C.
- an antireflection film 18 made of an Al 2 O 3 film is formed.
- the antireflection film 18 can be formed based on the lift-off method by removing the resist pattern. In this way, the multijunction solar cell shown in FIG. 3 can be obtained.
- the multijunction solar cell of Example 1 is composed of a plurality of subcells, and a solar cell having a wide energy distribution by stacking (multijunction) a plurality of subcells made of compound semiconductors having different band gaps. Light can be used efficiently.
- the connection layer 20 can be formed in a layered form in a thin film (for example, 5 nm or less).
- connection layer 20 can be bonded by using titanium (Ti) having an ohmic resistance with the compound semiconductor layer and a low resistivity.
- Ti titanium
- the contact resistance value of the portion can be suppressed to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 or less.
- connection layers 20A and 20B made of metal on the surfaces of the second subcell 12 and the third subcell 13
- the surfaces of the connection layers 20A and 20B are formed by plasma irradiation. After activation, it joins.
- the connection layers 20A and 20B also function as a protective film for the second subcell 12 and the third subcell 13, and prevent the second subcell 12 and the third subcell 13 from generating plasma damage. it can. Therefore, an increase in contact resistance due to plasma irradiation can be prevented.
- connection layer 20 made of Ti formed by a vacuum deposition method is a layer having an amorphous property by this plasma irradiation.
- the plasma irradiation conditions are such that the plasma collision energy becomes relatively weak. That is, it is not a condition that damages a region of several tens of nanometers or more from the surface as usual, but a plasma irradiation condition that damages a region of about several nm from the surface at most.
- Example 1 since the surfaces of the connection layers 20A and 20B are activated and bonded by plasma irradiation, bonding at a low temperature of 150 ° C. or lower is possible. Thereby, a compound semiconductor material can be selected without being restricted by the thermal expansion coefficient. That is, the degree of freedom in selecting the compound semiconductor material constituting the multi-junction solar cell is widened, and the compound semiconductor material can be selected such that the band gap intervals are uniform. In addition, it is possible to prevent damage to the joint surface due to heating.
- the amount of the n-type dopant and the p-type dopant added to each compound semiconductor layer is such that the dopant concentration in each n + -type and p + -type compound semiconductor layer is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 to 5 ⁇ . It should be about 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the dopant concentration of the p + -GaAs layer is 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 or more, long wavelength light may not be transmitted due to free carrier absorption.
- the absorption coefficient is as large as 2500 cm ⁇ 1 for light having a photon energy of 0.5 eV (wavelength of about 2.5 ⁇ m).
- a film thickness shall be 400 nm or less.
- the light transmittance can be 99% or more.
- FIG. 18 shows the relationship between the photon energy and the absorption coefficient at each concentration of the p-type dopant in the p-type GaAs layer.
- A is data when the p-type dopant concentration is 1.5 ⁇ 10 17
- B is data when the p-type dopant concentration is 1.1 ⁇ 10 19
- C "Is data at a p-type dopant concentration of 2.6 x 10 19 ”
- D is data at a p-type dopant concentration of 6.0 x 10 19
- E is a p-type dopant concentration of 1. The data is 0 ⁇ 10 20 .
- FIG. 19 shows the relationship between the thickness of the p-type GaAs layer at the p-type dopant concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 19 and the light transmittance of sunlight at the maximum wavelength of 2.5 ⁇ m based on the data in FIG. From FIG.
- the film thickness of the p-type GaAs layer should be 270 nm or less, and in order to make the light transmittance 98% or more, the film thickness Should be 50 nm or less. Furthermore, it can be seen that the film thickness should be 25 nm or less in order to achieve 99% or more.
- FIG. 20 shows a photograph of a bright-field image obtained by a scanning transmission electron microscope at the interface between the InP substrate and the GaAs substrate.
- the upper part of FIG. 20 is an interface obtained when the InP substrate and the GaAs substrate are directly bonded.
- the degree of vacuum is 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa
- the vapor deposition rate is 0.1 nm / second
- the substrate temperature is 80 ° C.
- the substrate rotational speed is 30 rpm.
- FIG. 21 shows the change over time in the light transmittance at each wavelength of the Ti layer having a thickness of 2.0 nm.
- A is the data when left in the atmosphere for 2 hours
- B is the data when left in the atmosphere for 24 hours
- C is in the air. Data when left unattended for 3 months.
- two hours have elapsed after film formation (indicated by “B” group in FIG. 22) and after 24 hours (indicated by “A” group in FIG. 22).
- the light transmittance in is shown. From FIGS.
- the light transmittance increases as time elapses.
- the light transmittance after 24 hours of film formation is 3% to 6% higher than the light transmittance after 2 hours of film formation. This is probably because the film (TiO 2 ) was formed and the film thickness of Ti became thin.
- an oxide film such as TiO 2 is formed, the contact resistance at the bonding interface increases, and the conductivity may decrease.
- FIG. 23 shows the result of quantitative analysis of the concentration of each atom at each distance in the stacking direction of the multi-junction solar cell based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the content of oxygen (O) in the vicinity of 10 nm where the connection layer 20 is formed is 1/3 or less compared to the content of Ti, and is sufficiently lower than TiO 2 (O atoms are twice the Ti atoms). . From this, it can be seen that oxygen is removed by Ar plasma irradiation. In addition, Ar plasma irradiation may cause impurities such as Fe, Cr, and Al from the component materials constituting the plasma processing apparatus to enter the interface between the connection layers 20A and 20B. Does not occur.
- the contact resistance ⁇ c of the connection layer was evaluated. Specifically, a Ti layer having a thickness of 1.8 nm was formed on a p-type GaAs substrate in the same manner as in [Step-110] in Example 1. On the other hand, a Ti layer having a thickness of 1.8 nm was formed on the n-type InP substrate in the same manner as in [Step-110] in Example 1. These Ti layers were subjected to plasma treatment in the same manner as in [Step-120] of Example 1, and then atmospheric pressure 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, bonding load 2 ⁇ 10 4 N, temperature 25 ° C. The Ti layers were joined together.
- connection layer 20 is composed of a Ti layer having a thickness of 5 nm or less.
- the contact resistance of sample-1 or the contact resistance of sample-2 is approximately equal to the sum of the contact resistance of sample-3 and the contact resistance of sample-4. From this, it was found that the electrical loss when the p-type GaAs substrate and the n-type InP substrate are joined using the connection layer made of the Ti layer is almost “0”, and is ideally joined. .
- Sample-5 in which the surfaces of the p-type GaAs substrate and the n-type InP substrate are in an amorphous state, and the p-type GaAs substrate and the n-type InP substrate are joined by the same method as Sample-1 through these surfaces, and The current-voltage characteristics were measured in Sample-6 (the manufacturing method is the same as Sample-1) in which the thickness of the Ti layer was changed to 0.5 nm. As a result, current-voltage characteristics similar to those of Sample-1 were obtained. From this, it was found that an ohmic contact with good linearity can be obtained even when the compound semiconductor layer is bonded in the amorphous state as the connection layer.
- connection layer was Ti layer / Al layer instead of Ti layer / Ti layer.
- connection layer 21 has a laminated structure composed of a plurality of types (two types in the second embodiment) of metal thin films. Specifically, for example, a 0.5 nm-thick Ti layer (connection layer 21A) is formed on the compound semiconductor layer 12C made of n + —In 0.79 Ga 0.21 As 0.43 P 0.57 constituting the second subcell 12.
- connection layer 21B On the other hand, on the compound semiconductor layer 13A made of p + -GaAs constituting the third subcell 13, for example, an Al film (connection layer 21B) having a thickness of 0.5 nm is formed.
- the connection layers 21A and 21B are activated by irradiating them with Ar plasma in the same manner as in [Step-120] in Example 1, and after being made amorphous. , Join.
- FIG. 24 the transmission electron microscope cross-sectional photograph of the bonding joint interface is shown. From FIG. 24, it can be seen that the crystal lattice is not visible in the transmission electron microscope image because the connection layer is amorphous and amorphous.
- connection layer 21 is made of a metal having ohmic properties and capable of forming a layer of several nm or less, that is, Al, Ti, Zr, Hf, W, Ta, Mo, Nb or V. What is necessary is just to select suitably.
- the combination of the metals used as the connection layers 21A and 21B is not particularly limited, and each of the compound semiconductor layers 12C and 13A forming the subcells 12 and 13 and a metal exhibiting good ohmic characteristics can be selected independently. That's fine. As a result, the contact resistance can be minimized.
- Example 3 is also a modification of Example 1.
- the third embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the connection layer 22 is made of an amorphous layer of a compound semiconductor that constitutes the second subcell 12 and the third subcell 13, respectively.
- the conceptual diagram of the multijunction solar cell of Example 3, a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, and a compound semiconductor layer and laminated structure is shown to (B) of FIG.
- the second part is amorphized n + -In 0.79 Ga 0.21 As compound semiconductor layer 12C made of n + -In 0.79 Ga 0.21 As 0.43 P 0.57 comprising the secondary cell 12 0.43 P 0.57 amorphous layer (connection layer 22A) and a p + -GaAs amorphous layer (connection layer 22B) in which a part of the compound semiconductor layer 13A made of p + -GaAs constituting the third subcell 13 is amorphized. It is configured.
- the dopant concentration of the connection layer 22A and the connection layer 22B is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 to 5 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the thickness of the connection layer 22 is preferably 0.5 nm to 3.0 nm, for example. Further, the thickness of each of the connection layers 22A and 22B is preferably half of the connection layer 22 after bonding, that is, 0.25 nm to 1.5 nm.
- Example 3 after the formation of the compound semiconductor layer, the surfaces of the compound semiconductor layer 12C and the compound semiconductor layer 13A are activated by plasma treatment in the same manner as in [Step-120] of Example 1, After the amorphous state, the second subcell 12 and the third subcell 13 are joined. Specifically, an Ar plasma (for example, a plasma density of 10 9 cm ⁇ 3 to 10 ⁇ 10) is formed on the surfaces of the compound semiconductor layer 12C made of n + -In 0.79 Ga 0.21 As 0.43 P 0.57 and the compound semiconductor layer 13A made of p + -GaAs.
- Ar plasma for example, a plasma density of 10 9 cm ⁇ 3 to 10 ⁇ 10
- connection layer 22A, 22B having a thickness of 1.0 nm Form.
- connection layer 22A, 22B having a thickness of 1.0 nm Form.
- Example 3 the crystal structure of a part of the compound semiconductor layer constituting each subcell is made amorphous between the subcells having different lattice constants, and this is used as the connection layers 22A and 22B.
- Example 4 is also a modification of Example 1.
- the first film formation substrate and the second film formation substrate are used, and the first film formation substrate and the second film formation substrate are finally peeled off. This is different from the first embodiment.
- FIGS. 5A to 5B, FIGS. 6A to 6B, and FIG. 7 are conceptual diagrams of compound semiconductor layers and the like, the multijunction solar cell of Example 4, A method for producing a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, and a compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure will be described.
- a first peeling sacrificial layer 42 made of AlInAs and an n + -InP layer 43 functioning as a contact layer are formed on a first film-forming substrate 41 made of an n-type InP substrate, and then n + On the InP layer 43, the second subcell 12, the first tunnel junction layer 15, and the first subcell 11 are sequentially formed.
- the formation of the n + -InP layer 43 is not essential, and the formation can be omitted as in the first to third embodiments. The same applies to Example 5 described later.
- the window layer 17, the fourth subcell 14, and the second tunnel junction layer 16 are formed. And the third subcell 13 are sequentially formed.
- the structure shown in the conceptual diagram in FIG. 5A can be obtained.
- the n + -InP layer 43 that functions as a contact layer may be formed.
- connection layers 20A and 20B can be formed in the same manner as [Step-110] in the first embodiment.
- the structure shown in the conceptual diagram in FIG. 6A can be obtained.
- connection layers 20A and 20B are irradiated with Ar plasma to activate the surface, and after being made amorphous, bonding is performed (FIG. 6 (B)).
- the second peeling sacrificial layer 46 is removed by etching to peel off the second film-forming substrate 44, and then the second electrode 19 and the antireflection are carried out in the same manner as in [Step-130] in Example 1.
- a film 18 is formed.
- Example 4 not only the second film-forming substrate but also the first film-forming substrate was peeled off. As a result, both the n-type GaAs substrate and the n-type InP substrate can be reused, and the manufacturing cost can be further reduced.
- Example 4 as in Example 1, the connection layer is made of Ti.
- the connection layer can have the same configuration as in Example 2 or Example 3. The same applies to Example 5 described below.
- Example 5 is a modification of Example 4. In Example 5, after forming the second subcell and the first subcell on the first film-forming substrate and forming the third subcell and the fourth subcell on the second film-forming substrate The first film formation substrate and the second film formation substrate are separated from the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 8A to FIG. 8B FIG. 9A to FIG. 9B, and FIG. 10A to FIG.
- the manufacturing method of 5 multijunction solar cells, compound semiconductor devices, photoelectric conversion elements, and compound semiconductor layers / laminated structures will be described.
- Step-510 Thereafter, the first film-forming substrate 41 is peeled by removing the first peeling sacrificial layer 42 by etching. Also, the second film-forming substrate 44 is peeled by removing the second peeling sacrificial layer 46 by etching. Thus, the structure shown in the conceptual diagram in FIG. 8B can be obtained.
- connection layer 20A made of Ti is formed on the n + -InP layer 43 formed on the compound semiconductor layer 12C made of n + -In 0.79 Ga 0.21 As 0.43 P 0.57 constituting the second subcell 12.
- a connection layer 20B made of Ti is formed on the compound semiconductor layer 13A made of p + -GaAs constituting the third subcell 13.
- the connection layers 20A and 20B can be formed in the same manner as [Step-110] in the first embodiment. In this way, the structure shown in the conceptual diagram in FIG. 9A can be obtained.
- Step-530 Thereafter, the first subcell 11 is attached to the support substrate 33 using, for example, wax or a highly viscous resist, and the third peeling sacrificial layer 47 is attached to the support substrate 34. In this way, the structure shown in the conceptual diagram in FIG. 9B can be obtained.
- connection layers 20A and 20B are irradiated with Ar plasma to activate the surface, and after being made amorphous, bonding is performed (FIG. 10). (See (A)). Thereafter, the third peeling sacrificial layer 47 is removed by etching to peel off the support substrate 34, and then the second electrode 19 and the antireflection film 18 are formed in the same manner as in [Step-130] of Example 1. Form.
- the multijunction solar cell of Example 5 whose conceptual diagram is shown in FIG. 10B can be obtained.
- Example 6 relates to a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, and a compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure (hereinafter, collectively referred to as “photoelectric conversion element etc.”) of the present disclosure, and more specifically, multiple wavelength simultaneous (synchronous)
- the present invention relates to an oscillation laser.
- the 11 is a multi-wavelength simultaneous oscillation laser, and a plurality of compound semiconductor layers 101A, 101B, 101C, 102A, 102B, 102C, 103A, 103B, and 103C are shown. Are stacked.
- the compound semiconductor layer 101A, the compound semiconductor layer 101B, and the compound semiconductor layer 101C constitute a first semiconductor laser element 101 that emits a laser beam having a certain wavelength.
- the second semiconductor laser element 102 that emits laser light having a wavelength different from that of the laser light emitted from the semiconductor laser element 101 is configured by 102C, and the compound semiconductor layer 103A, the compound semiconductor layer 103B, and the compound semiconductor layer 103C constitute a semiconductor.
- a third semiconductor laser element 103 that emits laser light having a wavelength different from the laser light emitted from the laser elements 101 and 102 is configured.
- An amorphous connection layer 104 made of a conductive material (for example, Ti) is provided between the first semiconductor laser element 101 and the second semiconductor laser element 102.
- a tunnel junction layer 105 is formed between the second semiconductor laser element 102 and the third semiconductor laser element 103.
- a first electrode 106 is formed on the compound semiconductor layer 101A constituting the first semiconductor laser element 101, and a second electrode is formed on the compound semiconductor layer 103C constituting the third semiconductor laser element 103. 107 is formed.
- Tables 2 and 3 below show the wavelength of the laser beam emitted from each semiconductor laser element and the composition of each compound semiconductor layer and the like. According to the semiconductor laser device of Example 6, laser light in a wide wavelength region can be emitted at the same time, and multi-wavelength can be increased with various wavelengths such as medical use and microscope use. .
- Composition third semiconductor laser element 103 Compound semiconductor layer 103C n- (Al 0.70 Ga 0.30 ) 0.52 In 0.48 P
- Compound semiconductor layer 103B In 0.48 Ga 0.52 P
- Tunnel junction layer 105 p + -InGaAs (upper layer) / N + -InGaAs (lower layer)
- Second semiconductor laser element 102 Compound semiconductor layer 102C n-Al 0.30 Ga 0.70 As Compound semiconductor layer 102B In 0.08 Ga 0.92 As Compound semiconductor layer 102A p-Al 0.30 Ga 0.70 As Connection layer 104
- First semiconductor laser element 101 Compound semiconductor layer 101C n-InP
- Compound Semiconductor Layer 101B (InP) 1-Z (Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As) Z
- Example 7 also relates to the compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, and compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure (photoelectric conversion element, etc.) of the present disclosure, and more specifically, a long wavelength surface emitting laser element (vertical cavity laser) , VCSEL).
- FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the surface emitting laser element of Example 7.
- the surface-emitting laser element of Example 7 includes, for example, a lower DBR (Distributed Bragg Reflector) layer 202 made of Al (Ga) As / GaAs having a high reflection function on a p-type GaAs substrate 201, and an Al x O 1-x layer 204.
- DBR Distributed Bragg Reflector
- a current confinement layer 203 made of an oxide layer containing, an amorphous connection layer 205 made of a conductive material (eg, Ti), a lower spacer layer 206 made of n-InP, an active layer 207 made of InGaAsP / InP, and n-InP
- the upper spacer layer 208 made of SiO 2 and the upper DBR layer 209 made of SiO 2 / TiO 2 are stacked.
- Example 8 also relates to a compound semiconductor device, a photoelectric conversion element, and a compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure (photoelectric conversion element, etc.) of the present disclosure, and more specifically, a structure in which a solar cell and a light emitting element (LED) are stacked.
- the present invention relates to a self-power generation type photoelectric conversion element and the like.
- 13A and 13B are conceptual diagrams of the self-power generation photoelectric conversion element and the like of the eighth embodiment.
- the self-power generation type photoelectric conversion element of Example 8 shown in FIG. 13A is a semiconductor laser element in which a compound semiconductor layer 302A, a compound semiconductor layer 302B, and a compound semiconductor layer 302C are stacked on a lower electrode 301 (see FIG. 13A).
- the oscillation wavelength is 1.1 ⁇ m, 1.3 ⁇ m, 1.55 ⁇ m, or 1.55 ⁇ m to 2.5 ⁇ m), an amorphous connection layer 303 made of a conductive material, a compound semiconductor layer 304, a solar cell 305, A window layer 306 and an upper electrode 307 are laminated.
- the upper electrode 307 is connected to the lower electrode 301 and the connection layer 303 by an appropriate method.
- the self-power generation photoelectric conversion element of Example 8 shown in FIG. 13B includes a compound semiconductor layer 402A, a compound semiconductor layer 402B, a compound semiconductor layer 402C, and a compound semiconductor layer 402D on the lower electrode 401.
- Laminated semiconductor laser elements semiconductor laser elements emitting blue or green
- an amorphous connection layer 403 made of a conductive material a compound semiconductor layer 404, a solar cell 405, a window layer 406, and an upper electrode 407 is laminated.
- the upper electrode 407 is connected to the lower electrode 401 and the connection layer 403 by an appropriate method.
- Tables 4 and 5 The specific composition of each compound semiconductor layer constituting the self-generating photoelectric conversion element of Example 8 shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B is illustrated in Tables 4 and 5 below.
- Window layer 306 AlInP Solar cell 305: n + -GaAs / p-GaAs
- Window layer 406 AlN Solar cell 405: n-AlGaN / p-AlGaN Compound semiconductor layer 404: p + -GaN Connection layer 403: Pd Semiconductor laser element Compound semiconductor layer 402D: n-GaN Compound semiconductor layer 402C: n-Al 0.05 Ga 0.95 N Compound semiconductor layer 402B: In 0.30 Ga 0.70 N Compound semiconductor layer 402A: p-Al 0.05 Ga 0.95 N
- the present disclosure has been described based on the preferred embodiments, the present disclosure is not limited to these embodiments.
- the configuration, structure, composition, and the like of the multijunction solar cell, compound semiconductor device, photoelectric conversion element, and compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure in the examples can be changed as appropriate.
- the multi-junction solar cell, the compound semiconductor device, and the various compound semiconductor layers that constitute the photoelectric conversion element described in the embodiments are not necessarily all provided, and another layer may be provided.
- the connection layers 20A and 20B may be joined at, for example, 200 ° C., thereby further reducing the contact resistance at the joining interface.
- the conductivity type of the substrate may be either n-type or p-type, and the deposition substrate can be reused. Manufacturing costs of batteries, photoelectric conversion elements, and compound semiconductor devices can be reduced.
- the multi-junction solar cell whose conceptual diagram is shown in FIG. 3 may have a structure in which the connection layer 20 extends to the outside and constitutes the third electrode.
- a parallel multi-junction solar cell that can easily face an area having a spectrum different from that of AM1.5 or a change in weather can be configured.
- the compound semiconductor layers 11A 1 , 11A 2 , 11C and the compound semiconductor layers 12A, 12B, 12C in the first subcell 11 and the second subcell 12 are stacked.
- the order is the stacking order of the compound semiconductor layers 11A, 11B, 11C and the compound semiconductor layers 12A, 12B, 12C in the first subcell 11 and the second subcell 12 of the multijunction solar cell of Example 1 shown in FIG.
- the first subcell 11 and the second subcell 12 are connected in parallel with the third subcell 13 and the fourth subcell 14.
- the fourth subcell in order from the light incident side, the fourth subcell: the InGaP layer, the third subcell: the GaAs layer, the second subcell: the InGanAsP layer, the first subcell: the InGaAs layer, but alternatively, for example, in order from the light incident side, the following Table 6 [Configuration-A] to [Configuration-D] may be employed.
- the second subcell, the third subcell, and the fourth subcell are formed on the GaAs substrate, the first subcell is formed on the InP substrate, and the first subcell and the second subcell are joined.
- [Configuration-E] to [Configuration-H] and the third sub cell, the fourth sub cell, and the fifth sub cell are formed on the GaAs substrate, and the first sub cell and the second sub cell are formed on the InP substrate.
- Table 7 below shows [Configuration-I], which is a configuration in which a cell is formed and the second subcell and the third subcell are joined.
- the third column represents the band gap value
- the fourth column represents the lattice constant value.
- compound semiconductor layers having the same composition but different bandgap values and lattice constant values have different atomic percentages.
- the solar cell is not limited to the four junction type as described above, and can be a multi-junction solar cell having less than four junctions, or more than five junctions (for example, AlInGaP layer / InGaP layer / AlGaAs layer / InGaAs layer / InGaAsN layer / (Ge layer) multi-junction solar cell.
- this indication can also take the following structures.
- ⁇ Multijunction Solar Cell A plurality of subcells formed by stacking a plurality of compound semiconductor layers are stacked, A multi-junction solar cell in which an amorphous connection layer made of a conductive material is provided at at least one location between adjacent subcells.
- the connection layer includes at least one atom selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, zirconium, hafnium, tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, niobium, and vanadium.
- connection layer has a thickness of 5 nm or less.
- connection layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of AZO, IZO, GZO, IGO, IGZO, and ITO.
- connection layer is made of an amorphous compound semiconductor.
- connection layer includes at least one atom selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, zirconium, hafnium, tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, niobium, and vanadium.
- connection layer has a thickness of 5 nm or less.
- connection layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of AZO, IZO, GZO, IGO, IGZO, and ITO.
- the connection layer is made of an amorphous compound semiconductor.
- Compound Semiconductor Layer / Laminated Structure A plurality of compound semiconductor layers are stacked, A compound semiconductor layer / laminated structure in which an amorphous connection layer made of a conductive material is provided at at least one position between adjacent compound semiconductor layers.
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Abstract
Description
複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成る副セルの複数が、積層されて成り、
隣接する副セルの間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている。
複数の複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成り、
隣接する化合物半導体層の間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている。
複数の複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成り、
隣接する化合物半導体層の間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている。
複数の複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成り、
隣接する化合物半導体層の間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている。
1.本開示の多接合型太陽電池、化合物半導体デバイス、光電変換素子、及び、化合物半導体層・積層構造体、全般に関する説明
2.実施例1(本開示の多接合型太陽電池、化合物半導体デバイス、光電変換素子、及び、化合物半導体層・積層構造体)
3.実施例2(実施例1の変形)
4.実施例3(実施例1の別の変形)
5.実施例4(実施例1の別の変形)
6.実施例5(実施例4の変形)
7.実施例6(実施例1の更に別の変形)
8.実施例7(実施例6の変形)
9.実施例8(実施例6の別の変形)、その他
本開示の多接合型太陽電池、化合物半導体デバイス、光電変換素子、あるいは、化合物半導体層・積層構造体(以下、これらを総称して、単に『本開示の多接合型太陽電池等』と呼ぶ場合がある)において、隣接する副セルあるいは隣接する化合物半導体層(副セルあるいは化合物半導体層を総称して、以下、『副セル等』と呼ぶ場合がある)を構成する化合物半導体の格子定数に依存して、隣接する副セル等は、格子整合系となり、あるいは又、格子不整合系となるが、全体としては、これらの格子整合系/格子不整合系が混在している。ここで、本開示の多接合型太陽電池等において、接続層は、隣接する副セル等が格子不整合系であるときに、これらの隣接する副セル等の間に設けることが好ましい。本開示の多接合型太陽電池等において、格子不整合系であるとは、或る化合物半導体上に化合物半導体層をエピタキシャル成長させたときであって、エピタキシャル成長した化合物半導体層の厚さが臨界膜厚を超える厚さであるとき、ミスフィット転位が生じる系を指す。尚、本開示の多接合型太陽電池等において、接続層に隣接した一方の副セル等を構成する化合物半導体の格子定数をLc1、接続層に隣接した他方の副セル等を構成する化合物半導体の格子定数をLc2としたとき、格子不整合系であるとは、一例として、
(Lc1-Lc2)/Lc1≧1×10-3 (A)
又は
(Lc1-Lc2)/Lc1≦-1×10-3 (B)
を満足する系であることを意味する。尚、(Lc1-Lc2)/Lc1の値が上記の範囲外であるとき、即ち、
-1×10-3<(Lc1-Lc2)/Lc1<1×10-3 (C)
であるときには格子整合系となる。但し、式(A)、式(B)、式(C)は、あくまでも例示である。更には、このような好ましい形態を含む本開示の多接合型太陽電池等において、接続層が設けられていない隣接する副セル等の間には、トンネル接合層が設けられている形態とすることが好ましい。
(InGaAsP層,InGaAs層)
(InGaAs層,InGaAs層)
(InP層,InGaAs層)
(AlGaAs層,InGaAsP層)
(AlGaAs層,InGaAs層)
から構成することができる。尚、()内の最も左側に記載した層構成の副セルから光が入射する。また、3つの副セルから構成される場合、各副セルを、例えば、
(GaAs層,InGaAsP層,InGaAs層)
(InGaAs層,InGaAsP層,InGaAs層)
(InGaP層,InGaAs層,InGaAs層)
から構成することができる。更には、4つの副セルから構成される場合、各副セルを、例えば、
(GaInP層,GaAs層,InGaAsP層,InGaAs層)
(GaInP層,InGaAs層,InGaAsP層,InGaAs層)
(GaInP層,InGaAs層,InGaAsN層,InGaAs層)
から構成することができる。また、5つの副セルから構成される場合、各副セルを、例えば、
(GaInP層,GaAs層,InGaAs層,InGaAsP層,InGaAs層)
(GaInP層,GaAs層,InGaAsN層,InGaAsP層,InGaAs層)
(GaInP層,GaAs層,InGaAs層,InGaAs層,InGaAs層)
から構成することができる。更には、6つの副セルから構成される場合、各副セルを、例えば、
(AlGaInP,GaInP,AlGaInAs,GaAs,InGaAs,InGaAs)
から構成することができる。本開示の化合物半導体デバイス、光電変換素子、あるいは、化合物半導体層・積層構造体においても、同様とすることができる。尚、1つの多接合型太陽電池において、複数の副セルが同じ化合物半導体から構成されているように表記されている場合、組成比が異なっている。
第4副セル14:バンドギャップ1.90eV,格子定数5.653Å
化合物半導体層14C:n+-In0.48Ga0.52P
化合物半導体層14B:p -In0.48Ga0.52
化合物半導体層14A:p+-In0.48Ga0.52
第3副セル13:バンドギャップ1.42eV,格子定数5.653Å
化合物半導体層13C:n+-GaAs
化合物半導体層13B:p -GaAs
化合物半導体層13A:p+-GaAs
第2副セル12:バンドギャップ1.02eV,格子定数5.868Å
化合物半導体層12C:n+-In0.79Ga0.21As0.43P0.57
化合物半導体層12B:p -In0.79Ga0.21As0.43P0.57
化合物半導体層12A:p+-In0.79Ga0.21As0.43P0.57
第1副セル11:バンドギャップ0.75eV,格子定数5.868Å
化合物半導体層11C:n+-In0.53Ga0.47As
化合物半導体層11B:p -In0.53Ga0.47As
化合物半導体層11A:p+-In0.53Ga0.47As
p型InP基板から成る成膜用/支持用基板31の上に、MOCVD法に基づき、格子整合系である第1副セル11(化合物半導体層11A~11C)、第1トンネル接合層15、及び、第2副セル12(化合物半導体層12A~12C)を、順次、エピタキシャル成長させる。一方、n型GaAs基板から成る成膜用基板44の上に、MOCVD法に基づき、AlAsから成る剥離用犠牲層45を形成した後、n+-AlInPから成る窓層17を形成する。次いで、この窓層17上に、格子整合系である第4副セル層14(化合物半導体層14C~14A)、第2トンネル接合層16、及び、第3副セル13(化合物半導体層13C~13A)を、順次、エピタキシャル成長させる。こうして、図1の(A)に概念図を示す構造を得ることができる。
具体的には、先ず、第2化合物半導体層12を構成する化合物半導体層12Cの上に第1接続層20Aを成膜し、第3化合物半導体層13を構成する化合物半導体層13A層の上に第2接続層20Bを成膜する(図1の(B)参照)。より具体的には、化合物半導体層12C及び化合物半導体層13Aのそれぞれの上に、真空蒸着法(真空度2×10-4Pa、蒸着速度0.1nm/秒以下、温度150゜C乃至200゜Cの条件)に基づき、例えば、膜厚0.5nmのTiから成る接続層20A,20Bを成膜する。尚、この場合、例えば、基板温度を80゜C、基板回転速度を30rpmとし、抵抗加熱方式を採用すればよい。但し、接続層20A,20Bの成膜方法は、これに限定するものではなく、例えば、スパッタリング法(成膜速度0.1nm/秒以下、温度150゜C乃至200゜Cの条件)を用いてもよい。
次いで、接続層20A,20Bにプラズマ処理を施した後、第2化合物半導体層12と第3化合物半導体層13を接合する。具体的には、接続層20A,20Bの表面にアルゴン(Ar)プラズマ(例えば、プラズマ密度109cm-3乃至1011cm-3、圧力1Pa乃至10-2Pa)を照射し、接続層20A,20Bの表面(接合面)を活性化する。即ち、接合界面(接続層20A,20Bの表面)にダングリングボンドを形成する。併せて、接続層20A,20Bを非晶質化させる。そして、高真空度を維持したまま、即ち、雰囲気圧力5×10-4Pa以下とし、接合荷重2×104N以下、温度150゜C以下にて、具体的には、例えば、雰囲気圧力1×10-4Pa、接合荷重2×104N、温度25゜Cにて、接続層20A,20Bを接合する(貼り合わせる)。こうして、図2の(A)に概念図を示す構造を得ることができる。実施例1にあっては、接続層20の材料として金属(具体的には、Ti)を用いている。前述したように、成膜時、金属薄膜はアイランド状に形成され、層状の形態が得られないことが多い。しかしながら、図15に示したグループ(A)及びグループ(B)の金属原子にあっては、層状形態での成膜が可能である。
その後、成膜用基板44を剥離し、反射防止膜18及び第2電極19を形成する。具体的には、エッチングによって剥離用犠牲層45を除去することで、成膜用基板44を剥離した後(図2の(B)参照)、窓層17上に、例えば、フォトリソグラフィ技術に基づきレジストパターンを形成し、真空蒸着法(真空度2×10-4Pa、蒸着速度0.1nm/秒、温度150゜C乃至200゜C)により第2電極19を形成する。尚、成膜用基板44は再使用することができる。次に、レジストパターンを除去することで、リフト・オフ法に基づき、第2電極19を形成することができる。次いで、フォトリソグラフィ技術に基づきレジストパターンを形成し、真空蒸着法(真空度2×10-4Pa、蒸着速度0.1nm/秒、温度150゜C乃至200゜C)にて、例えばTiO2膜及びAl2O3膜から成る反射防止膜18を形成する。次に、レジストパターンを除去することで、リフト・オフ法に基づき、反射防止膜18を形成することができる。こうして、図3に示した多接合型太陽電池を得ることができる。
ρc(試料-1)=1.3×10-4Ω・cm2
との結果が得られた。Ti層の厚さを1.8nmから1.0nmに変更した試料-2にあっては、
ρc(試料-2)=1.5×10-4Ω・cm2
との結果が得られた。尚、p型GaAs基板の両面にTi/Pt/Auから成る電極を形成した試料-3にあっては、
ρc(試料-3)=8.1×10-5Ω・cm2
との結果が得られた。また、n型InP基板の両面にTi/Pt/Auから成る電極を形成した試料-4にあっては、
ρc(試料-4)=5.4×10-5Ω・cm2
との結果が得られた。また、これらの測定にあっては、直線性のよいオーミック接触が得られた。以上の結果から、接続層20を厚さ5nm以下のTi層から構成したとき、ρc≦1×10-3Ω・cm2を達成することができることが判る。更には、試料-1の接触抵抗、あるいは、試料-2の接触抵抗は、試料-3の接触抵抗と試料-4の接触抵抗の和にほぼ等しい。このことから、Ti層から成る接続層を用いてp型GaAs基板及びn型InP基板を接合した際の電気的損失は、ほぼ「0」であり、理想的に接合されていることが判った。
先ず、n型InP基板から成る第1成膜用基板41の上に、AlInAsから成る第1剥離用犠牲層42、及び、コンタクト層として機能するn+-InP層43を形成した後、n+-InP層43上に第2副セル12、第1トンネル接合層15、及び、第1副セル11を、順次、形成する。但し、n+-InP層43の形成は必須ではなく、実施例1~実施例3と同様に、形成を省略することもできる。後述する実施例5においても同様である。一方、n型GaAs基板から成る第2成膜用基板44の上に、AlAsから成る第2剥離用犠牲層46を形成した後、窓層17、第4副セル14、第2トンネル接合層16、及び、第3副セル13を、順次、形成する。こうして、図5の(A)に概念図を示す構造を得ることができる。尚、実施例1~実施例3において説明した多接合型太陽電池において、コンタクト層として機能するn+-InP層43を形成してもよい。
そして、第1副セル11の表面を支持基板32に貼り合わせた後、エッチングによって第1剥離用犠牲層42を除去することで、第1成膜用基板41を剥離した後(図5の(B)参照)、第2副セル12を構成するn+-In0.79Ga0.21As0.43P0.57から成る化合物半導体層12C上に形成されているn+-InP層43上に、例えばTiから成る接続層20Aを形成する。一方、第3副セル13を構成するp+-GaAsから成る化合物半導体層13A上に、例えばTiから成る接続層20Bを形成する。尚、接続層20A,20Bは、実施例1の[工程-110]と同様にして形成することができる。こうして、図6の(A)に概念図を示す構造を得ることができる。
次に、実施例1の[工程-120]と同様にして、接続層20A,20BにArプラズマを照射して表面を活性化させ、併せて、非晶質化した後、接合を行う(図6の(B)参照)。その後、エッチングによって第2剥離用犠牲層46を除去することで、第2成膜用基板44を剥離した後、実施例1の[工程-130]と同様にして、第2電極19及び反射防止膜18を形成する。こうして、図7に概念図を示す実施例4の多接合型太陽電池を得ることができる。
先ず、実施例4の[工程-400]と同様にして、n型InP基板から成る第1成膜用基板41の上に、第1剥離用犠牲層42、n+-InP層43、第2副セル12、第1トンネル接合層15、第1副セル11を、順次、形成する。一方、n型GaAs基板から成る第2成膜用基板44の上に、第2剥離用犠牲層46、第3副セル13、第2トンネル接合層16、第4副セル14、窓層17、及び、第3剥離用犠牲層47を、順次、形成する。こうして、図8の(A)に概念図を示す構造を得ることができる。
その後、エッチングによって第1剥離用犠牲層42を除去することで、第1成膜用基板41を剥離する。また、エッチングによって第2剥離用犠牲層46を除去することで、第2成膜用基板44を剥離する。こうして、図8の(B)に概念図を示す構造を得ることができる。
次に、第2副セル12を構成するn+-In0.79Ga0.21As0.43P0.57から成る化合物半導体層12C上に形成されているn+-InP層43上に、例えばTiから成る接続層20Aを形成する。一方、第3副セル13を構成するp+-GaAsから成る化合物半導体層13A上に、例えばTiから成る接続層20Bを形成する。尚、接続層20A,20Bは、実施例1の[工程-110]と同様にして形成することができる。こうして、図9の(A)に概念図を示す構造を得ることができる。
その後、例えば、ワックスや粘性の高いレジストを用いて、第1副セル11を支持基板33に貼り付け、また、第3剥離用犠牲層47を支持基板34に貼り付ける。こうして、図9の(B)に概念図を示す構造を得ることができる。
次いで、実施例1の[工程-120]と同様にして、接続層20A,20BにArプラズマを照射して表面を活性化させ、併せて、非晶質化した後、接合を行う(図10の(A)参照)。その後、エッチングによって第3剥離用犠牲層47を除去することで、支持基板34を剥離し、次いで、実施例1の[工程-130]と同様にして、第2電極19及び反射防止膜18を形成する。こうして、図10の(B)に概念図を示す実施例5の多接合型太陽電池を得ることができる。
出射レーザ光の波長
第3半導体レーザ素子103 0.65μm乃至0.69μm
第2半導体レーザ素子102 0.78μm乃至0.88μmあるいは0.98μm
第1半導体レーザ素子101 1.1μm、1.3μm、あるいは1.55μm乃至 2.5μm
組成
第3半導体レーザ素子103
化合物半導体層103C n-(Al0.70Ga0.30)0.52In0.48P
化合物半導体層103B In0.48Ga0.52P
化合物半導体層103A p-(Al0.70Ga0.30)0.52In0.48P
トンネル接合層105 p+-InGaAs(上層)
/n+-InGaAs(下層)
第2半導体レーザ素子102
化合物半導体層102C n-Al0.30Ga0.70As
化合物半導体層102B In0.08Ga0.92As
化合物半導体層102A p-Al0.30Ga0.70As
接続層104 Ti
第1半導体レーザ素子101
化合物半導体層101C n-InP
化合物半導体層101B (InP)1-Z(Ga0.47In0.53As)Z
化合物半導体層101A p-InP
窓層306 :AlInP
太陽電池305 :n+-GaAs/p-GaAs
化合物半導体層304 :p+-GaAs
接続層303 :TiあるいはAl
半導体レーザ素子
化合物半導体層302C:n-InP
化合物半導体層302B:(InP)1-Z(Ga0.47In0.53As)Z
化合物半導体層302A:p-InP
窓層406 :AlN
太陽電池405 :n-AlGaN/p-AlGaN
化合物半導体層404 :p+-GaN
接続層403 :Pd
半導体レーザ素子
化合物半導体層402D:n-GaN
化合物半導体層402C:n-Al0.05Ga0.95N
化合物半導体層402B:In0.30Ga0.70N
化合物半導体層402A:p-Al0.05Ga0.95N
第4副セル:InGaP層
第3副セル:GaAs層
第2副セル:InGanAsP層
第1副セル:InGaAs層
といった構成としたが、代替的に、例えば、光入射側から順に、以下の表6に示す構成である[構成-A]~[構成-D]を採用してもよい。あるいは又、GaAs基板上に第2副セル、第3副セル、第4副セルを形成し、InP基板上に第1副セルを形成し、第1副セルと第2副セルを接合する構成である[構成-E]~[構成-H]、及び、GaAs基板上に第3副セル、第4副セル、第5副セルを形成し、InP基板上に第1副セル、第2副セルを形成し、第2副セルと第3副セルを接合する構成である[構成-I]を、以下の表7に示す。尚、表6~表7の第3欄はバンドギャップの値を表し、第4欄は格子定数の値を表す。また、表6~表7において、同じ組成であるがバンドギャップの値や格子定数の値が異なる化合物半導体層は、異なる原子百分率を有する。
[1]《多接合型太陽電池》
複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成る副セルの複数が、積層されて成り、
隣接する副セルの間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている多接合型太陽電池。
[2]接続層が設けられていない隣接する副セルの間には、トンネル接合層が設けられている[1]に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
[3]接続層は、チタン、アルミニウム、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、タングステン、タンタル、モリブデン、ニオブ及びバナジウムから成る群から選択された少なくとも1種の原子を含む[1]又は[2]に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
[4]接続層の厚さは5nm以下である[3]に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
[5]接続層は、AZO、IZO、GZO、IGO、IGZO及びITOから成る群から選択された材料から構成されている[1]又は[2]に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
[6]接続層は、非晶質の化合物半導体から成る[1]又は[2]に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
[7]互いに隣接する副セルにおける対向した化合物半導体層の導電型は異なっている[1]乃至[6]のいずれか1項に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
[8]副セルを構成する化合物半導体層の内、p型の導電型を有する化合物半導体層の厚さは100nm以下である[7]に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
[9]化合物半導体層は、GaAs又はInPから構成されている[1]乃至[8]のいずれか1項に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
[10]《化合物半導体デバイス》
複数の複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成り、
隣接する化合物半導体層の間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている化合物半導体デバイス。
[11]接続層は、チタン、アルミニウム、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、タングステン、タンタル、モリブデン、ニオブ及びバナジウムから成る群から選択された少なくとも1種の原子を含む[10]に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
[12]接続層の厚さは5nm以下である[11]に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
[13]接続層は、AZO、IZO、GZO、IGO、IGZO及びITOから成る群から選択された材料から構成されている[10]に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
[14]接続層は、非晶質の化合物半導体から成る[10]に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
[15]接続層を挟んで対向する化合物半導体層の導電型は異なっている[11]乃至[14]のいずれか1項に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
[16]化合物半導体層は、GaAs又はInPから構成されている[11]乃至[15]のいずれか1項に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
[17]《光電変換素子》
複数の複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成り、
隣接する化合物半導体層の間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている光電変換素子。
[18]《化合物半導体層・積層構造体》
複数の複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成り、
隣接する化合物半導体層の間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている化合物半導体層・積層構造体。
Claims (18)
- 複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成る複数の副セルが積層されて成り、
隣接する前記副セルの間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている多接合型太陽電池。 - 前記接続層が設けられていない隣接する前記副セルの間には、トンネル接合層が設けられている請求項1に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
- 前記接続層は、チタン、アルミニウム、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、タングステン、タンタル、モリブデン、ニオブ及びバナジウムから成る群から選択された少なくとも1種の原子を含む請求項1に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
- 前記接続層の厚さは5nm以下である請求項3に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
- 前記接続層は、AZO、IZO、GZO、IGO、IGZO及びITOから成る群から選択された材料から構成されている請求項1に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
- 前記接続層は、非晶質の化合物半導体から成る請求項1に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
- 互いに隣接する副セルにおける対向した前記化合物半導体層の導電型は異なっている請求項1に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
- 前記副セルを構成する化合物半導体層のうち、p型の導電型を有する化合物半導体層の厚さは100nm以下である請求項7に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
- 前記化合物半導体層は、GaAs又はInPから構成されている請求項1に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
- 複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成り、
隣接する前記化合物半導体層の間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている化合物半導体デバイス。 - 前記接続層は、チタン、アルミニウム、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、タングステン、タンタル、モリブデン、ニオブ及びバナジウムから成る群から選択された少なくとも1種の原子を含む請求項10に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
- 前記接続層の厚さは5nm以下である請求項11に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
- 前記接続層は、AZO、IZO、GZO、IGO、IGZO及びITOから成る群から選択された材料から構成されている請求項10に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
- 前記接続層は、非晶質の化合物半導体から成る請求項10に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
- 前記接続層を挟んで対向する化合物半導体層の導電型は異なっている請求項10に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
- 前記化合物半導体層は、GaAs又はInPから構成されている請求項10に記載の化合物半導体デバイス。
- 複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成り、
隣接する前記化合物半導体層の間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている光電変換素子。 - 複数の化合物半導体層が積層されて成り、
隣接する前記化合物半導体層の間の少なくとも1箇所には、導電材料から成る非晶質の接続層が設けられている化合物半導体層・積層構造体。
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CN106611805A (zh) * | 2015-10-22 | 2017-05-03 | 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 | 光伏器件及其制备方法、多结GaAs叠层激光光伏电池 |
KR20170123643A (ko) * | 2015-02-27 | 2017-11-08 | 더 리젠츠 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 미시간 | 중간 광학 필터를 구비한 기계적 적층형 탠덤 광전지 |
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