WO2013020328A1 - 圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试验装置及方法 - Google Patents

圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试验装置及方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013020328A1
WO2013020328A1 PCT/CN2011/081451 CN2011081451W WO2013020328A1 WO 2013020328 A1 WO2013020328 A1 WO 2013020328A1 CN 2011081451 W CN2011081451 W CN 2011081451W WO 2013020328 A1 WO2013020328 A1 WO 2013020328A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
radial
test piece
axial
test
loading
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PCT/CN2011/081451
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
黄玉美
刘耀
惠烨
张广鹏
高创
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西安理工大学
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Application filed by 西安理工大学 filed Critical 西安理工大学
Priority to US14/237,336 priority Critical patent/US9304057B2/en
Publication of WO2013020328A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013020328A1/zh

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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01MTESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M5/00Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
    • G01M5/0075Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by means of external apparatus, e.g. test benches or portable test systems

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of joint surfaces of mechanical structures, relates to a cylindrical mating joint surface with a matching between a shaft and a hole, and particularly relates to a test device for rigidity and nonlinear relationship of a cylindrical mating joint surface, and the invention also relates to a cylindrical joint Test method for stiffness and nonlinear relationship of joint surfaces.
  • the surface of the shaft and the hole with the same nominal diameter is the cylindrical mating joint surface, hereinafter referred to as the cylindrical mating joint surface, and the cylindrical mating joint surface is divided into the fixed cylindrical mating joint surface (such as the shaft and the hole press fit) combined with the moving cylinder.
  • the moving cylinder mating joint surface is further divided into a rotary motion cylinder mating joint surface (such as a rotary motion cylindrical joint joint surface of a rotary sliding bearing shaft and a hole) and a linear motion cylinder mating joint surface ( For example, the linear movement between the cylinder and the piston hole is matched with the cylindrical surface.
  • the analytical method is generally used to obtain the stiffness of the cylindrical joint surface.
  • the reliability of the analytical method and analytical results should be verified by experiments.
  • the test method is adopted.
  • the test device is very strict.
  • the loading and testing methods must strictly guarantee the realization of the desired model. It is necessary to separate the characteristics of the cylindrical joint surface of the test object from the characteristics of the test system to ensure the accuracy of the test.
  • the joint-related stiffness test has been greatly limited due to the complicated structure of the test method and test equipment, and high test cost. Summary of the invention
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a test device for the stiffness and nonlinear relationship of a cylindrical mating joint surface, which overcomes the prior art that the characteristics of the cylindrical mating joint surface of the test object cannot be completely separated from the characteristics of the test system, and The structure is complicated and the test cost is high, which leads to the problem of limited application of the experimental device.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for testing the stiffness and nonlinear relationship of a cylindrical mating joint surface.
  • the technical solution adopted by the present invention is a test device for rigidity and nonlinear relationship of a cylindrical mating joint surface, which comprises a frame test bench, and an axial load is arranged along a horizontal center line inside the side wall of the frame test bench.
  • the component, the axial loading component is in contact with one end of the test piece shaft through the steel ball, and a radial loading component is disposed on the top center of the frame test bench under the vertical center line, and the vertical loading end of the radial loading component is extended In the vertical hole of the outer shell of the test piece housing,
  • the upper plane of the lower wall of the frame test bench is used for fixing the test piece shell for the test, and the test piece shell is connected with the test piece shaft through the cylindrical mating joint surface; the displacement sensor a1, a2 is fixed on the test piece shell , bl, b2, cl, C 2, C 3, c4 mounting brackets, each of which is provided with displacement sensors al, a2, bl, b2, cl, c2, c3, c4, each displacement sensor assembly
  • the probe is aligned with the test piece shaft.
  • the second technical solution adopted by the present invention is a method for testing the radial stiffness and the nonlinear relationship by using the above experimental device, using a set of devices, including a frame test bench, inside the side wall of the frame test bench An axial loading assembly is arranged along the horizontal center line, and the axial loading component is in contact with one end of the test piece shaft through the steel ball, and a radial loading component is arranged on the vertical center line of the frame test bench top plate downward, radial loading The vertical loader end of the assembly extends into the vertical hole of the outer casing of the test piece housing,
  • the displacement sensors al, a2, bl, b2, cl, c2, c3, c4 are fixed on the test piece housing Mounting brackets, each of which is provided with displacement sensors al, a2, bl, b2, C l, c2, c3, c4, and the probes of the respective displacement sensor assemblies are aligned with the test piece shaft,
  • the structure of the axial loading component is arranged in a horizontal direction, including a flange sleeve, and the flange of the flange sleeve is fixedly fastened on the outer wall of one side of the frame test bench, and the cylinder of the flange sleeve extends into the frame
  • the shaft of the flange sleeve is screwed with a loading screw
  • the rod of the loading screw extending into the barrel of the flange sleeve is provided with a retaining ring
  • the two sides of the retaining ring are provided with a stop screw
  • Push bearing, radial bearing, radial bearing on one side of the loading screw is provided with a nut
  • the retaining ring is fixedly connected with the sleeve port, the sleeve and the connecting piece, the force sensor, the horizontal loading member are sequentially sleeved, and the horizontal loading member passes through the steel
  • the ball is in contact with the test piece shaft,
  • the structure of the radial loading component comprises: a vertical loading component, a force sensor, a connecting component and a sleeve are arranged above the vertical loading component, the force sensor and the connecting component are fixedly connected by screws, and the lower sleeve of the sleeve is pressed against the connecting component
  • the upper port of the sleeve is fixedly connected with a retaining ring
  • the outer surface of the sleeve is sleeved with a sleeve of a flange sleeve, and the flange of the upper end of the flange sleeve is abutted on the upper plane of the upper wall of the frame test bench, along the method
  • the flange of the flange of the flange is equipped with a loading screw.
  • the loading screw is connected with the flange of the flange by thread, and the loading screw is passed down through the retaining ring.
  • the loading screw on both sides of the retaining ring is respectively equipped with a thrust bearing and a diameter.
  • a nut is provided on the loading screw end of the bearing, the radial bearing side,
  • the monitoring of the adjustment by the displacement sensors a1, a2, bl and b2 makes the reading values of the displacement sensors a1 and a2 change consistently, that is, the reading values of ⁇ al ⁇ 5 a2 , bl and b2 change Zero, ie S bl ⁇ O, 5 b2 ⁇ 0, while the other components of the force sensor monitoring force sensor are approximately zero, only the axial component along the force sensor to ensure only radial Force action 2, the displacement sensors a1, a2 are symmetrically arranged at the Z-direction midpoint of the cylindrical hole of the test piece housing, and the brackets of the displacement sensors a1, a2 are symmetrically mounted on the test piece housing and the mounting point is close to
  • the deformation of the test piece shaft and the test piece shell is calculated by finite element, and the influence is deducted from the test result.
  • the rotating loading screw is slightly moved downward, so that the vertical loading member applies a radial load F T to the test piece axis, the radial load F Y is measured by the force sensor, and the test piece is measured by the displacement sensors a1, a2
  • the third technical solution adopted by the present invention is a method for testing axial stiffness and nonlinear relationship by using the above experimental device, using a set of devices, including a frame test bench, inside the side wall of the frame test bench An axial loading assembly is arranged along the horizontal center line, and the axial loading component is in contact with one end of the test piece shaft through the steel ball, and a radial loading component is arranged on the vertical center line of the frame test bench top plate downward, radial loading The vertical loader end of the assembly extends into the vertical hole of the outer casing of the test piece housing,
  • each mounting bracket being provided with a displacement sensor are al, a2, bl, b2, C l , c2, C3, c4, the probe of each displacement sensor assembly is aligned with the test piece shaft,
  • the structure of the axial loading component is arranged in a horizontal direction, including a flange sleeve, and the flange of the flange sleeve is fixedly fastened on the outer wall of one side of the frame test bench, and the cylinder of the flange sleeve extends into the frame
  • the shaft of the flange sleeve is screwed with a loading screw
  • the rod of the loading screw extending into the barrel of the flange sleeve is provided with a retaining ring
  • the two sides of the retaining ring are provided with a stop screw
  • Push bearing, radial bearing, radial bearing on one side of the loading screw is provided with a nut
  • the retaining ring is fixedly connected with the sleeve port, the sleeve and the connecting piece, the force sensor, the horizontal loading member are sequentially sleeved, and the horizontal loading member passes through the steel Ball In contact with the test piece shaft,
  • the structure of the radial loading component comprises: a vertical loading component, a force sensor, a connecting component and a sleeve are arranged above the vertical loading component, the force sensor and the connecting component are fixedly connected by screws, and the lower sleeve of the sleeve is pressed against the connecting component
  • the upper port of the sleeve is fixedly connected with a retaining ring
  • the outer surface of the sleeve is sleeved with a sleeve of a flange sleeve, and the flange of the upper end of the flange sleeve is abutted on the upper plane of the upper wall of the frame test bench, along the method
  • the flange of the flange of the flange is equipped with a loading screw.
  • the loading screw is connected with the flange of the flange by thread, and the loading screw is passed down through the retaining ring.
  • the loading screw on both sides of the retaining ring is respectively equipped with a thrust bearing and a diameter.
  • a nut is provided on the loading screw end of the bearing, the radial bearing side,
  • the force is approximately zero, only the component force along the axial direction, the brackets of each displacement sensor are symmetrically mounted on the test piece housing and the mounting point is close to the test piece axis to reduce the influence of the deformation of the test piece shaft and the test piece housing on the test results. , using finite element to calculate the deformation of the test piece shaft and the test piece housing The effect is deducted from the test result.
  • the radial loading component is used. The loading screw of the rotating radial loading component is slightly moved downward, and a vertical force is applied to the test piece shaft by the vertical loading member. F" is measured by the force sensor.
  • the fourth technical solution adopted by the present invention is a method for testing the tilt stiffness and the nonlinear relationship by using the above experimental device, using a set of devices, including a frame test bench, inside the side wall of the frame test bench
  • the horizontal center line is provided with an axial loading component, and the axial loading component is in contact with one end of the test piece shaft through the steel ball, and a radial loading component is disposed on the top center of the frame test bench frame along the vertical center line, the radial loading component
  • the vertical loading end extends into the vertical hole of the outer casing of the test piece housing,
  • each mounting bracket being provided with a displacement sensor are al, a2, bl, b2, C l , c2, C3, c4, the probe of each displacement sensor assembly is aligned with the test piece shaft,
  • the structure of the axial loading component is arranged in a horizontal direction, including a flange sleeve, and the flange of the flange sleeve is fixedly fastened on the outer wall of one side of the frame test bench, and the cylinder of the flange sleeve extends into the frame
  • the shaft of the flange sleeve is screwed with a loading screw
  • the rod of the loading screw extending into the barrel of the flange sleeve is provided with a retaining ring
  • the two sides of the retaining ring are provided with a stop screw
  • Push bearing, radial bearing, radial bearing on one side of the loading screw is provided with a nut
  • the retaining ring is fixedly connected with the sleeve port, the sleeve and the connecting piece, the force sensor, the horizontal loading member are sequentially sleeved, and the horizontal loading member passes through the steel
  • the ball is in contact with the test piece shaft,
  • the structure of the radial loading assembly comprises: a vertical loading member, a force sensor, a connecting member and a sleeve are arranged in the vertical loading member, and the force sensor and the connecting member are fixedly connected by screws, and the sleeve is fixedly connected by screws.
  • the lower sleeve of the cylinder is pressed against the upper surface of the connecting member, the upper port of the sleeve is fixedly connected with a retaining ring, the outer surface of the sleeve is sleeved with a sleeve of a flange sleeve, and the flange of the upper end of the flange sleeve is abutted against the frame test bench
  • a loading screw is installed along the flange center of the flange sleeve, the loading screw is connected to the flange of the flange sleeve through the thread, the loading screw is passed down through the retaining ring, and the loading screw on both sides of the retaining ring
  • a thrust bearing and a radial bearing are respectively installed, and a nut is arranged on the end of the loading screw on one side of the radial bearing.
  • the displacement sensors a1, a2 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the Z-direction midpoint of the cylindrical hole of the test piece housing, and the brackets of the displacement sensors a1, a2 are symmetrically mounted on the test piece housing and the mounting point is close to the test piece axis to reduce the test piece axis and The deformation of the test piece shell affects the test results.
  • the deformation of the test piece shaft and the test piece shell is calculated by finite element, and the influence is deducted from the test result.
  • the axial load component is loosened and loaded by the radial load component.
  • the invention has the beneficial effects that the characteristics of the cylindrical mating joint surface of the test object can be completely separated from the characteristics of the test system, and can adapt to the experimental requirements in various situations, and can perform the radial stiffness test of the cylindrical joint joint surface, and the axial direction.
  • Stiffness test and tilt stiffness test can test the nonlinear relationship between radial stiffness, axial stiffness and tilt stiffness of different mating clearances and cylindrical mating joints; can perform radial stiffness, axial stiffness, tilt stiffness of cylindrical mating joints Non-linear relationship test between radial loads; It is possible to test the effects of different machining methods and machining accuracy on the nonlinearity of radial stiffness, axial stiffness and tilt stiffness of cylindrical mating joints; Impact test of surface radial stiffness, axial stiffness and tilt stiffness nonlinearity.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic structural view of a test device of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view showing the principle of the radial state test of the test method of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a K-direction view of Figure 2;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic view showing the principle of the axial state test of the test method of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a view taken along line M of Figure 4.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic view showing the principle of the tilting state test of the test method of the present invention.
  • Test piece housing 2. Test piece shaft, 3-1. Vertical loading piece, 3-2. Horizontal loading part, 4. Steel ball, 5. Force sensor, 6. Connecting piece, 7. Screw , 8. nut, 9. sleeve, 10. radial bearing,
  • e is the offset of the cylindrical mating joint surface
  • a a2, bl, b2, cl, c2, c3, c4 are displacement sensors
  • D is a cylindrical mating joint surface. Nominal diameter.
  • the structure of the testing device of the present invention comprises a frame test rig 15 in which an axial loading component is disposed along a horizontal center line of the cylindrical mating joint surface inside the side wall of the frame test rig 15, and the axial loading component passes
  • the steel ball 4 is in contact with one end of the test piece shaft 2, and a radial loading assembly is disposed on the top plate of the frame test stand 15 along the vertical center line, and the vertical loading member 3-1 end of the radial loading assembly is extended into the test.
  • the mounting brackets of the displacement sensors a1, a2, bl, b2, cl, C2, c3, and c4 are fixed on the specimen housing 1, and displacement sensors a1 are respectively disposed in each of the mounting brackets.
  • A2, bl, b2, cl, C2, c3, c4, the probe of each displacement sensor is aligned with the test piece shaft 2.
  • the brackets of the respective displacement sensors are symmetrically mounted on the specimen housing 1 and the mounting points are as close as possible to the specimen shaft 2.
  • the displacement sensors a1 and a2 are used to measure the radial relative displacement of the test piece shaft 2 and the test piece housing 1, and are also used for the monitoring of the radial stiffness and axial stiffness of the cylindrical mating joint surface, so that the radial load is applied.
  • the line of action of F Y is perpendicular to the Z-axis axis of the cylindrical mating joint surface and the point of action is at the Z-direction midpoint of the cylindrical mating joint surface (monitoring is adjusted to ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ),
  • the displacement sensors bl and b2 are used for the radial stiffness of the cylindrical mating joint surface and the monitoring adjustment during the axial stiffness test, so that the line of action of the radial load F Y is orthogonal to the Z-axis axis of the cylindrical mating joint surface (monitoring to S l ⁇ O, 5 b 2 0),
  • the displacement sensors C l, C2, c3, and C4 are used to measure the axial relative displacement of the test piece shaft 2 and the test piece housing 1, and are also used for the monitoring adjustment of the cylindrical joint joint surface axial stiffness test.
  • the line of action of the axial load ⁇ coincides with the Z-axis axis of the cylindrical mating joint (monitoring to S Cl ⁇ c ⁇ ⁇ c
  • the force sensor 5 is a three-way force sensor for measuring the axial load F z and is used for monitoring and adjusting the axial stiffness test of the cylindrical mating joint surface, so that the axial load is applied to the Z-axis of the joint surface of the cylinder. coincides with the axis (adjusted to monitor other component force sensor 5 is approximately zero, and only the axial direction component force sensor 5, that is axially joined with the cylindrical surface of the load F z).
  • the force sensor 25 is a three-way force sensor for measuring the radial load F". It is also used for the monitoring adjustment of the radial and axial stiffness test of the cylindrical mating joint surface, so that the radial load ⁇ action line and the cylinder
  • the z-axis axis of the mating surface is orthogonal and the point of action is at the midpoint of the z-direction of the cylindrical mating joint surface (the other component of the monitoring adjustment to the force sensor 25 is approximately zero, only the axial component along the force sensor 25 is The radial load F Y ) of the cylindrical mating joint surface.
  • the radial loading assembly is configured to include a vertical loading member 3-1.
  • the vertical loading member 3-1 is provided with a force sensor 25, a connecting member 26, and a sleeve 29, and the force sensor 25 and the connecting member 26 are fixedly connected by screws 27.
  • the lower sleeve of the sleeve 29 is pressed against the upper surface of the connecting member 26, and the upper port of the sleeve 29 is fixedly connected with the retaining ring 21, the outer surface of the sleeve 29 is provided with the sleeve of the flange sleeve 23, and the flange of the upper end of the flange sleeve 23
  • the disc is fixed on the upper plane of the upper wall of the frame test stand 15, and a loading screw 24 is mounted along the flange center of the flange sleeve 23, and the loading screw 24 is screwed to the flange of the flange sleeve 23, and the screw is loaded.
  • the loading screw 24 downwardly through the retaining ring 21, the loading screw 24 on both sides of the retaining ring 21 are respectively mounted with a thrust bearing 22 and a radial bearing 20, the radial bearing 20 - side of the loading screw 24 end is provided with a nut 28;
  • the mounting hole at the upper end of the thrust bearing 22 is sleeved with the shaft diameter of the loading screw 24, the upper end surface of the thrust bearing 22 is pressed against the shoulder surface of the loading screw 24, and the lower end surface of the thrust bearing 22 is pressed against the retaining ring 21
  • the upper end surface, the outer diameter of the sleeve 29 is matched with the inner hole of the flange sleeve 23
  • the hole of the radial bearing 20 is matched with the shaft diameter of the lower portion of the loading screw 24, and the outer diameter of the radial bearing 20 and the inner hole of the sleeve 29
  • the upper end surface of the outer ring of the radial bearing 20 is pressed against the lower end surface of the retaining ring 21, and the nut 28 is sleeved on the thread of the lower end of the loading screw 24, pressed against the lower end surface of the inner ring of the radial bearing 20, and the upper end of the connecting member 26
  • the diameter is matched with the inner hole of the lower
  • the structure of the axial loading assembly is similar to that of the radial loading assembly, but is arranged horizontally, including the flange sleeve 13, and the flange of the flange sleeve 13 is fixedly fastened to the outer wall of the side (left side) of the frame test bench 15
  • the barrel of the flange sleeve 13 extends into the side wall of the frame test stand 15, and the shaft center of the flange sleeve 13 is screwed with a loading screw 14, and the loading screw 14 extends into the rod of the sleeve of the flange sleeve 13.
  • a retaining ring 11 is provided.
  • the double-sided loading screw 14 of the retaining ring 11 is provided with a thrust bearing 12 and a radial bearing 10, and the loading screw 14 of the radial bearing 10 is provided with a nut 8, a retaining ring 11 and a sleeve 9.
  • the port is fixedly connected, the sleeve 9 is sequentially sleeved with the connecting member 6, the force sensor 5, and the horizontal loading member 3-2, and the horizontal loading member 3-2 is in contact with the test piece shaft 2 through the steel ball 4;
  • the mounting hole at the left end of the thrust bearing 12 is matched with the shaft diameter of the middle portion of the loading screw 14, the left end surface of the thrust bearing 12 is pressed against the shoulder surface of the loading screw 14, and the retaining ring 11 is fixedly connected with the port of the sleeve 9, the thrust bearing 12, the right end surface is pressed against the left end surface of the sleeve 9 through the retaining ring 11, the outer diameter of the sleeve 9 is matched with the inner cylinder hole of the flange sleeve 12, and the mounting hole of the radial bearing 10 is matched with the shaft diameter of the right end of the loading screw 14.
  • the outer diameter of the radial bearing 10 is matched with the inner hole of the sleeve 9, and the left end surface of the outer ring of the radial bearing 10 is pressed against the right end surface of the retaining ring 11; the nut 8 is sleeved on the thread of the right end of the loading screw 14, and is pressed against the diameter The right end of the inner ring of the bearing 10; the outer diameter of the left end of the connecting member 6 is matched and fixedly connected with the inner hole of the boss of the sleeve 9.
  • the inner hole of the right end of the connecting member 6 is matched with the outer diameter of the force sensor 5, and the screw 7 connects the connecting member 6 with the force
  • the sensor 5 is fixedly connected, the right end of the force sensor 5 is fixedly coupled to the horizontal loading member 3-2, the horizontal loading member 3-2 is pressed against the steel ball 4, and the steel ball 4 is pressed into the center hole of the test piece shaft 2.
  • the central axis of the loading screw, flange sleeve, sleeve, retaining ring, connecting piece, force sensor and loading member in each loading assembly are on the same straight line, when the cylindrical shaft fits between the test piece shaft 2 and the housing 1
  • the radial straight line intersects the central axis Z of the test piece shaft 2 perpendicularly; when the cylindrical mating joint surface between the test piece shaft 2 and the housing 1 is axially loaded, the axial straight line It is on the same straight line as the central axis Z of the test piece shaft 2.
  • test piece shaft 2 consists of a shaft body and two shaft heads, two shaft heads are respectively located at the two ends of the shaft body, the three The central axis is located on the same straight line Z; the shaft body is disposed in the horizontal through hole of the test piece housing 1, and the two are cooperatively connected by the cylindrical mating joint surface.
  • test piece housing 1 is fixed on the upper plane of the lower wall of the frame test stand 15, and the test piece shaft 2 and the test piece housing 1 are cooperatively connected by a cylindrical mating joint surface; the test piece shaft 2 is upwardly and the frame test stand 15
  • the radial loading assembly between the upper walls contacts, and the axial loading assembly between the test piece shaft 2 to the left and the left side wall of the frame test rig 15 is pressed by the steel ball 4 into the center hole of the test piece shaft 2.
  • the radial direction of the test piece shaft 2 and the test piece housing 1 due to the contact deformation of the cylindrical mating joint surface under radial force is measured.
  • the specific test method is: 1 Align the displacement sensors a1, a2 in the Z-direction of the cylindrical hole of the test piece housing 1 The point arrangement (as shown in Fig. 2, the displacement sensors a1, a2 are at a distance from the Z to the midpoint), and the brackets of the displacement sensors a1, a2 are symmetrically mounted on the specimen housing 1.
  • the mounting points of the displacement sensors a1 and a2 are as close as possible to the test piece axis 2, so as to reduce the influence of the deformation of the test piece shaft 2 and the test piece housing 1 on the detection result, if the measurement accuracy is high or
  • the test piece shaft 2 and the test piece housing 1 are easily deformed, and the deformation of the test piece shaft 2 and the test piece housing 1 can be calculated by using the finite element at the same time, and the influence thereof is deducted from the detection result; 2 adjusting the action line and the cylinder of the ⁇
  • the Z-axis axis of the mating joint surface is orthogonal and the point of action is at the Z-direction midpoint of the cylindrical mating joint surface (refer to FIG.
  • 2 the displacement sensor cl , c2, c3, c4 are symmetrically arranged with the axial center of the cylindrical mating joint surface (refer to Figs.
  • the monitoring adjustment makes the line of action of the axial load ⁇ coincide with the Z-axis axis of the cylindrical mating joint surface (monitoring adjustment to S) cl S C2 S C3 ⁇ 5 C4 , while monitoring the force sensor of the force sensor 5 5 He component is approximately zero, and only a force in the axial direction component force sensor 5).
  • the brackets of the respective displacement sensors are symmetrically mounted on the test piece housing 1 and the mounting points are as close as possible to the test piece shaft 2 to reduce the influence of the deformation of the test piece shaft 2 and the test piece housing 1 on the detection result.
  • the deformation of the test piece shaft 2 and the test piece housing 1 can be calculated by finite element, and the influence is deducted from the detection result.
  • the loading screw 24 of the rotating radial loading assembly is slightly moved downward, and a certain radial force F Y is applied to the test piece shaft 2 by the vertical loading member 3-1, and the radial direction is measured by the force sensor 25.
  • the loading screw 14 in the rotating axial loading assembly is slightly moved to the right, so that the horizontal loading member 3-2 applies an axial force F z to the test piece shaft 2, and the shaft is measured by the force sensor 5
  • the axial relative displacements ⁇ c l, S c2 , S c3 , ⁇ c4 of the test piece shaft 2 and the test piece housing 1 are measured by the displacement sensors cl, c2, c3, c4,
  • the actual diameters of the test piece housing 1 and the test piece shaft 2 are respectively D 2 , and the different test piece housing 1 and the test piece shaft 2 are replaced, and the matching gap size of Di and D 2 is changed, and a positive gap can be performed (Di > D 2 ), zero clearance CD ⁇ D, ), negative clearance, etc.
  • the radial stiffness, axial stiffness and tilt stiffness of the radial load and the cylindrical joint are nonlinear, and the radial force is changed.
  • the nonlinear relationship between the radial stiffness K e and the radial load F Y of the cylindrical joint surface is tested.
  • test device of the present invention can achieve the stiffness test in the above seven different situations.

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  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

一种圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试验装置,包括:框形试验台架(15);在框形试验台架(15)侧壁内部沿圆柱配合结合面水平中心线设置有轴向加载组件,轴向加载组件通过钢球(4)与试件轴(2)的一端接触;在框形试验台架(15)顶板向下沿竖直中心线设置有径向加载组件,径向加载组件的垂直加载件(3-1)端头伸进试件壳体(1)的外壳竖直孔之中;试件壳体(1)固定在框形试验台架(15)下壁的上平面,试件轴(2)与试件壳体(1)通过圆柱配合结合面配合连接;在试件壳体(1)上固定有多个位移传感器,各个位移传感器的测头对准试件轴(2)。一种圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试验方法,利用上述试验装置进行圆柱配合结合面的径向、轴向和倾斜刚度及非线性关系试验。

Description

圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试验装置及方法 技术领域
本发明属于机械结构的结合面技术领域, 涉及轴与孔之间相配合的圆柱 配合结合面, 具体涉及一种圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试验装置, 本发明还涉及一种圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试验方法。
背景技术
公称直径相等的轴和孔之间相接触的表面为圆柱配合结合面, 以下简称 圆柱配合结合面, 圆柱配合结合面分为固定圆柱配合结合面 (如轴和孔压配 合) 与运动圆柱配合结合面两大类, 其中的运动圆柱配合结合面又分为回转 运动圆柱配合结合面 (如回转滑动轴承的轴与孔之间动配合的回转运动圆柱 配合结合面) 和直线运动圆柱配合结合面 (如油缸与活塞孔之间的直线运动 圆柱配合结合面)。
目前一般采用解析方法获取圆柱配合结合面刚度, 解析方法及解析结果 的可靠性应该用实验进行验证, 但由于圆柱配合结合面存在于试验系统之中 且其刚度特性呈非线性, 因此对试验方法及试验装置要求非常严格, 其加载 和检测方法要严格保证期望模型的实现, 需要将被试对象圆柱配合结合面的 特性从试验系统的特性中分离出来, 以保证试验的准确性, 使得这种结合面 相关的刚度检测试验由于试验方法和试验设备结构复杂, 试验成本高, 受到 了很大的局限。 发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试验装置, 克服了现有技术不能将被试对象圆柱配合结合面的特性完全从试验系统的特 性中分离出来, 以及由于设备结构复杂, 试验成本高, 导致实验装置应用局 限性大的问题。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试验 的方法。
本发明所采用的技术方案为, 一种圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试 验装置, 包括一个框形试验台架, 在框形试验台架侧壁内部沿水平中心线设置 有轴向加载组件, 轴向加载组件通过钢球与试件轴的一端接触, 在框形试验台 架顶板向下沿竖直中心线设置有径向加载组件, 径向加载组件的垂直加载件端 头伸进试件壳体的外壳竖直孔之中,
框形试验台架下壁的上平面用于固定试验用的试件壳体, 试件壳体通过圆 柱配合结合面配合连接有试件轴; 在试件壳体上固定有位移传感器 al、 a2、 b l、 b2、 cl、 C2、 C3、 c4的安装支架, 每个安装支架之中分别设置有位移传感器 al、 a2、 bl、 b2、 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4, 各个位移传感器组件的测头对准试件轴。
本发明所采用的第二技术方案为, 利用上述的实验装置进行径向刚度及非 线性关系试验的方法, 利用一套装置, 包括一个框形试验台架, 在框形试验台 架侧壁内部沿水平中心线设置有轴向加载组件, 轴向加载组件通过钢球与试件 轴的一端接触, 在框形试验台架顶板向下沿竖直中心线设置有径向加载组件, 径向加载组件的垂直加载件端头伸进试件壳体的外壳竖直孔之中,
在试件壳体上固定有位移传感器 al、 a2、 b l、 b2、 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4的安 装支架, 每个安装支架之中分别设置有位移传感器 al、 a2、 b l、 b2、 Cl、 c2、 c3、 c4, 各个位移传感器组件的测头对准试件轴,
所述的轴向加载组件的结构是, 沿水平方向设置, 包括法兰套, 法兰套 的法兰盘固定扣压在框形试验台架一侧外壁上, 法兰套的筒体伸入框形试验 台架侧壁之内, 法兰套的轴心通过螺紋连接有加载螺杆, 加载螺杆伸入法兰 套的筒体内的杆上设置有挡圈, 挡圈的两面加载螺杆上设置有止推轴承、 径 向轴承, 径向轴承一边的加载螺杆上设置有螺母, 挡圈与套筒的端口固定连 接, 套筒与连接件、 力传感器、 水平加载件依次套接, 水平加载件通过钢球 与试件轴接触,
所述的径向加载组件的结构是, 包括垂直加载件, 垂直加载件上方依次 设置有力传感器、 连接件、 套筒, 力传感器和连接件通过螺钉固定连接, 套 筒下端口套压在连接件上表面, 套筒的上端口固定连接有挡圈, 套筒外表面 套装有法兰套的筒体, 法兰套上端的法兰盘挂靠在框形试验台架上壁的上平 面, 沿法兰套的法兰盘轴心安装有加载螺杆, 加载螺杆通过螺紋与法兰套法 兰盘连接, 加载螺杆向下穿过挡圈, 在挡圈两边的加载螺杆分别安装有止推 轴承和径向轴承, 径向轴承一边的加载螺杆端头上设置有螺母,
按照以下步骤实施:
①调整使 FY的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线正交且作用点在圆柱配 合结合面的 Z向中点, 使
Figure imgf000005_0001
, 即结合面偏移量 e=0, 利用位移传感器 al、 a2、 bl和 b2进行调整的监视,使位移传感器 al和 a2读数值变化一致,即 δ al ^ 5 a2 , bl和 b2读数值变化为零, 即 S b l ^O, 5 b2 ^0, 同时由力传感器监 视力传感器其他分力近似为零, 只有沿力传感器的轴向分力, 以保证只有径向 力^作用, ②将位移传感器 al、 a2对称于试件壳体的圆柱孔的 Z向中点布置, 位移传感器 al、 a2的支架对称安装在试件壳体上且安装点靠近试件轴, 以减少 试件轴和试件壳体变形对检测结果的影响, 同时用有限元计算试件轴和试件壳 体变形, 将其影响从检测结果中扣除, ③放松轴向加载组件, 使用径向加载组 件进行加载, 转动加载螺杆向下微动, 使得垂直加载件对试件轴施加径向载荷 FT, 由力传感器测出径向载荷 FY, 由位移传感器 al、 a2测出试件轴和试件壳体 之间的径向相对位移 5 al、 S a2, 取 δ y= ( δ al+ δ a2 ) /2 , 即由式 K径 =FY/ S y 求出径向刚度 K 。
本发明所采用的第三技术方案为, 利用上述的实验装置进行轴向刚度及非 线性关系试验的方法, 利用一套装置, 包括一个框形试验台架, 在框形试验台 架侧壁内部沿水平中心线设置有轴向加载组件, 轴向加载组件通过钢球与试件 轴的一端接触, 在框形试验台架顶板向下沿竖直中心线设置有径向加载组件, 径向加载组件的垂直加载件端头伸进试件壳体的外壳竖直孔之中,
在试件壳体上固定有位移传感器 al、 a2、 b l、 b2、 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4的安 装支架, 每个安装支架之中分别设置有位移传感器 al、 a2、 b l、 b2、 Cl、 c2、 C3、 c4, 各个位移传感器组件的测头对准试件轴,
所述的轴向加载组件的结构是, 沿水平方向设置, 包括法兰套, 法兰套 的法兰盘固定扣压在框形试验台架一侧外壁上, 法兰套的筒体伸入框形试验 台架侧壁之内, 法兰套的轴心通过螺紋连接有加载螺杆, 加载螺杆伸入法兰 套的筒体内的杆上设置有挡圈, 挡圈的两面加载螺杆上设置有止推轴承、 径 向轴承, 径向轴承一边的加载螺杆上设置有螺母, 挡圈与套筒的端口固定连 接, 套筒与连接件、 力传感器、 水平加载件依次套接, 水平加载件通过钢球 与试件轴接触,
所述的径向加载组件的结构是, 包括垂直加载件, 垂直加载件上方依次 设置有力传感器、 连接件、 套筒, 力传感器和连接件通过螺钉固定连接, 套 筒下端口套压在连接件上表面, 套筒的上端口固定连接有挡圈, 套筒外表面 套装有法兰套的筒体, 法兰套上端的法兰盘挂靠在框形试验台架上壁的上平 面, 沿法兰套的法兰盘轴心安装有加载螺杆, 加载螺杆通过螺纹与法兰套法 兰盘连接, 加载螺杆向下穿过挡圈, 在挡圈两边的加载螺杆分别安装有止推 轴承和径向轴承, 径向轴承一边的加载螺杆端头上设置有螺母,
按照以下步骤实施:
①调整使 ^的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线正交且作用点在圆柱 配合结合面的 Z向中点, 使 /^L/S, 即结合面偏移量 e=0, 利用位移传感器 al、 a2、 b l和 b2进行调整的监视, 使位移传感器 al和 a2读数值变化一致, 即 S al ^ S a2, b l和 b2读数值变化为零, S b l^O, δ b2^0, 同时由力 传感器监视力传感器其他分力近似为零, 只有沿力传感器的轴向分力, 以保 证只有径向力 FY作用, ②将位移传感器 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4对称于圆柱配合结合 面的轴心布置, 监视调整使轴向载荷 ^的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴 线重合, 监视调整至 S Cl ^ S C2^ 5 C3i¾i 5 C4, 同时由力传感器监视其他分力 近似为零, 只有沿轴向的分力, 各个位移传感器的支架对称安装在试件壳体 上且安装点靠近试件轴, 以减少试件轴和试件壳体变形对检测结果的影响, 用有限元计算试件轴和试件壳体变形, 将其影响从检测结果中扣除, ③首先 使用径向加载组件, 转动径向加载组件的加载螺杆向下微动, 由垂直加载件 对试件轴施加一定径向力 F" 由力传感器测出径向载荷; 然后使用轴向加载 组件, 转动轴向加载组件中的加载螺杆向右微动, 使得水平加载件对试件轴 施加轴向力 Fz, 由力传感器测出轴向载荷 Fz, 由位移传感器 c l、 c2、 c3、 c4 测出试件轴和试件壳体的轴向相对位移 5 c l、 5 c2、 S c3、 δ ο4,
取 δ Ζ= ( δ C l+ δ C2+ δ C3+ δ c4) /4, 即由式 K =FZ/ δ z求出在径向载荷条 件下的轴向刚度为 K 。
本发明所采用的第四技术方案为, 利用上述的实验装置进行倾斜刚度及非 线性关系试验的方法, 利用一套装置, 包括一个框形试验台架, 在框形试验台 架侧壁内部沿水平中心线设置有轴向加载组件, 轴向加载组件通过钢球与试件 轴的一端接触, 在框形试验台架顶板向下沿竖直中心线设置有径向加载组件, 径向加载组件的垂直加载件端头伸进试件壳体的外壳竖直孔之中,
在试件壳体上固定有位移传感器 al、 a2、 b l、 b2、 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4的安 装支架, 每个安装支架之中分别设置有位移传感器 al、 a2、 b l、 b2、 Cl、 c2、 C3、 c4, 各个位移传感器组件的测头对准试件轴,
所述的轴向加载组件的结构是, 沿水平方向设置, 包括法兰套, 法兰套 的法兰盘固定扣压在框形试验台架一侧外壁上, 法兰套的筒体伸入框形试验 台架侧壁之内, 法兰套的轴心通过螺紋连接有加载螺杆, 加载螺杆伸入法兰 套的筒体内的杆上设置有挡圈, 挡圈的两面加载螺杆上设置有止推轴承、 径 向轴承, 径向轴承一边的加载螺杆上设置有螺母, 挡圈与套筒的端口固定连 接, 套筒与连接件、 力传感器、 水平加载件依次套接, 水平加载件通过钢球 与试件轴接触,
所述的径向加载组件的结构是, 包括垂直加载件, 垂直加载件上方依次 设置有力传感器、 连接件、 套筒, 力传感器和连接件通过螺钉固定连接, 套 筒下端口套压在连接件上表面, 套筒的上端口固定连接有挡圈, 套筒外表面 套装有法兰套的筒体, 法兰套上端的法兰盘挂靠在框形试验台架上壁的上平 面, 沿法兰套的法兰盘轴心安装有加载螺杆, 加载螺杆通过螺纹与法兰套法 兰盘连接, 加载螺杆向下穿过挡圈, 在挡圈两边的加载螺杆分别安装有止推 轴承和径向轴承, 径向轴承一边的加载螺杆端头上设置有螺母,
按照以下步骤实施:
①调整使径向载荷 ^的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线正交, 但偏 离圆柱配合结合面的 Z向中点 e, 结合面偏移量 e≠o, ≠l2; ②将位移传感 器 al、 a2对称于试件壳体的圆柱孔的 Z向中点布置, 位移传感器 al、 a2的 支架对称安装在试件壳体上且安装点靠近试件轴, 以减少试件轴和试件壳体 变形对检测结果的影响, 同时用有限元计算试件轴和试件壳体变形, 将其影 响从检测结果中扣除, ③放松轴向加载组件, 使用径向加载组件进行加载, 由垂直加载件对试件轴施加径向载荷 FY, 由力传感器测出径向载荷 FY, 由位 移传感器 al、 a2 测出试件轴和试件壳体的相对位移 S al、 δ a2 , 则由 K « =ΜΧ/ θ χ= FYe/ ( ( δ al- δ a2 ) /2/) 求出倾斜刚度 K倾。
本发明的有益效果是, 能够将被试对象圆柱配合结合面的特性完全从试 验系统的特性中分离出来, 适应多种情况下的实验需求, 能够进行圆柱配合 结合面径向刚度试验、 轴向刚度试验和倾斜刚度的试验; 能够进行不同配合 间隙与圆柱配合结合面径向刚度、 轴向刚度和倾斜刚度非线性关系试验; 能 够进行圆柱配合结合面径向刚度、 轴向刚度、 倾斜刚度与径向载荷间的非线 性关系试验; 能够进行不同加工方法及加工精度对圆柱配合结合面径向刚度、 轴向刚度和倾斜刚度非线性的影响试验; 能够进行润滑介质对圆柱配合结合 面径向刚度、 轴向刚度和倾斜刚度非线性的影响试验。
附图说明
图 1是本发明试验装置的结构示意图;
图 2是本发明试验方法进行径向状态试验的原理示意图;
图 3是图 2的 K向视图;
图 4是本发明试验方法进行轴向状态试验的原理示意图;
图 5是图 4的 M向视图;
图 6是本发明试验方法进行倾斜状态试验的原理示意图。
图中, 1 . 试件壳体, 2. 试件轴, 3-1. 垂直加载件, 3-2. 水平加载件, 4. 钢球, 5. 力传感器, 6. 连接件, 7. 螺钉, 8. 螺母, 9. 套筒, 10. 径向轴承,
11. 挡圈, 12. 止推轴承, 13.法兰套, 14. 加载螺杆, 15. 框形试验台架, 20. 径向轴承, 21. 挡圈, 22.止推轴承, 23. 法兰套, 24. 加载螺杆, 25. 力传感 器, 26. 连接件, 27. 螺钉, 28. 螺母, 29. 套筒;
另外, e为圆柱配合结合面偏移量, L为 e=0时的圆柱配合结合面长度, a a2、 b l、 b2、 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4均为位移传感器, D为圆柱配合结合面公 称直径。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明进行详细说明。
如图 1, 本发明试验装置的结构是, 包括框形试验台架 15, 在框形试验 台架 15侧壁内部沿圆柱配合结合面水平中心线设置有轴向加载组件, 轴向加 载组件通过钢球 4与试件轴 2的一端接触, 在框形试验台架 15顶板向下沿竖 直中心线设置有径向加载组件,径向加载组件的垂直加载件 3-1端头伸进试件 壳体 1的竖直孔中。
参照图 2-图 6, 在试件壳体 1上固定有位移传感器 al、 a2、 bl、 b2、 cl、 C2、 c3、 c4的安装支架, 每个安装支架之中分别设置有位移传感器 al、 a2、 bl、 b2、 cl、 C2、 c3、 c4, 各个位移传感器的测头对准试件轴 2。 各个位移传 感器的支架对称安装在试件壳体 1上且安装点尽量靠近试件轴 2。
其中的位移传感器 al、 a2用于测量试件轴 2与试件壳体 1的径向相对位 移, 同时用于圆柱配合结合面径向刚度、 轴向刚度试验时的监视调整, 使径 向载荷 FY的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线垂直且作用点在圆柱配合结 合面的 Z向中点 (监视调整至 δ δ ¾),
其中的位移传感器 bl、 b2用于圆柱配合结合面径向刚度、 轴向刚度试验 时的监视调整,使径向载荷 FY的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线正交(监 视调整至 S l^ O, 5 b2 0),
其中的位移传感器 C l、 C2、 c3、 C4用于测量测出试件轴 2和试件壳体 1 的轴向相对位移, 同时用于圆柱配合结合面轴向刚度试验时的监视调整, 使 轴向载荷 ^的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线重合 (监视调整至 S Cl δ c δ δ c
力传感器 5为三向型力传感器, 用于测量轴向载荷 Fz, 同时用于圆柱配 合结合面轴向刚度试验时的监视调整, 使轴向载荷 ^作用线与圆柱配合结合 面的 Z轴轴线重合 (监视调整至力传感器 5的其他分力近似为零, 只有沿力 传感器 5的轴向分力, 即为圆柱配合结合面的轴向载荷 Fz)。
力传感器 25为三向型力传感器, 用于测量径向载荷 F" 同时用于圆柱配 合结合面径向、 轴向刚度试验时的监视调整, 使径向载荷 ^的作用线与圆柱 配合结合面的 z轴轴线正交且作用点在圆柱配合结合面的 z向中点 (监视调 整至力传感器 25的其他分力近似为零, 只有沿力传感器 25的轴向分力, 即 为圆柱配合结合面的径向载荷 FY)。
径向加载组件的结构是, 包括垂直加载件 3-1, 垂直加载件 3-1上方依次 设置有力传感器 25、 连接件 26、 套筒 29, 力传感器 25和连接件 26通过螺钉 27固定连接, 套筒 29下端口套压在连接件 26上表面, 套筒 29的上端口固定 连接有挡圈 21, 套筒 29外表面套装有法兰套 23的筒体, 法兰套 23上端的法 兰盘固定在框形试验台架 15上壁的上平面, 沿法兰套 23的法兰盘轴心安装 有加载螺杆 24, 加载螺杆 24通过螺紋与法兰套 23的法兰盘连接, 加载螺杆 24向下穿过挡圈 21,在挡圈 21两边的加载螺杆 24上分别安装有止推轴承 22 和径向轴承 20, 径向轴承 20—边的加载螺杆 24端头上设置有螺母 28;
止推轴承 22上端的安装孔与加载螺杆 24的轴径配合套接, 止推轴承 22 的上端面与加载螺杆 24的轴肩面压紧, 止推轴承 22的下端面压紧在挡圈 21 的上端面, 套筒 29的外径与法兰套 23的内孔配合, 径向轴承 20的孔与加载 螺杆 24下部的轴径配合, 径向轴承 20的外径与套筒 29的内孔配合, 径向轴 承 20的外环的上端面压在挡圈 21 的下端面, 螺母 28套在加载螺杆 24下端 的螺紋上, 压在径向轴承 20的内环下端面, 连接件 26上端外径与套筒 29下 端台阶内孔配合并固定连接, 连接件 26下端内孔与力传感器 25外径配合, 力传感器 25的下端与垂直加载件 3-1固定连接, 垂直加载件 3-1下部的圆杆 穿过试件壳体 1的竖直孔并压在试件轴 2上。
轴向加载组件的结构与径向加载组件相似, 只是沿水平设置, 包括法兰 套 13, 法兰套 13的法兰盘固定扣压在框形试验台架 15—侧(左侧)外壁上, 法兰套 13的筒体伸入框形试验台架 15侧壁之内, 法兰套 13的轴心通过螺紋 连接有加载螺杆 14, 加载螺杆 14伸入法兰套 13的筒体内的杆上设置有挡圈 11, 挡圈 11的两面加载螺杆 14上设置有止推轴承 12、 径向轴承 10, 径向轴 承 10—边的加载螺杆 14上设置有螺母 8,挡圈 11与套筒 9的端口固定连接, 套筒 9与连接件 6、 力传感器 5、 水平加载件 3-2依次套接, 水平加载件 3-2 通过钢球 4与试件轴 2接触;
止推轴承 12左端的安装孔与加载螺杆 14中部的轴径配合, 止推轴承 12 左端面与加载螺杆 14的轴肩面压紧, 挡圈 11与套筒 9的端口固定连接, 止 推轴承 12右端面经过挡圈 11压紧在套筒 9的左端面, 套筒 9的外径与法兰 套 12的筒体内孔配合, 径向轴承 10的安装孔与加载螺杆 14右端轴径配合, 径向轴承 10的外径与套筒 9的内孔配合, 径向轴承 10的外环左端面压在挡 圈 11的右端面; 螺母 8套在加载螺杆 14右端的螺紋上, 并压在径向轴承 10 的内环右端面; 连接件 6左端外径与套筒 9凸台内孔配合并固定连接, 连接 件 6右端内孔与力传感器 5外径配合, 螺钉 7将连接件 6与力传感器 5固定 连接, 力传感器 5的右端与水平加载件 3-2固定连接, 水平加载件 3-2压在钢 球 4上, 钢球 4压在试件轴 2的中心孔内。
每个加载组件中的加载螺杆、 法兰套、 套筒、 挡圈、 连接件、 力传感器 和加载件的中轴线位于同一条直线上, 当对试件轴 2和壳体 1之间圆柱配合 结合面进行径向加载时, 该径向直线与试件轴 2的中轴线 Z垂直相交; 当对 试件轴 2和壳体 1之间圆柱配合结合面进行轴向加载时, 该轴向直线与试件 轴 2的中轴线 Z位于同一条直线上。
利用本发明的试验装置, 进行圆柱配合结合面刚度及非线性关系试验方 法, 按照以下步骤根据不同情况实施- 预先安装试验部件, 如图 1所示, 试件轴 2 由轴体和两个轴头组成, 两 个轴头分别位于轴体的两端, 三者的中轴线位于同一条直线 Z上; 轴体设置 在试件壳体 1 的水平通孔内, 两者通过圆柱配合结合面配合连接。 将试件壳 体 1固定在框形试验台架 15下壁的上平面, 试件轴 2与试件壳体 1通过圆柱 配合结合面配合连接; 试件轴 2向上与框形试验台架 15上壁之间的径向加载 组件接触, 试件轴 2向左与框形试验台架 15左侧壁之间的轴向加载组件, 通 过钢球 4压在试件轴 2的中心孔内。
1 ) 径向刚度试验方法
参照图 1、 图 2、 图 3, 使用径向加载组件进行加载, 测出在径向力 ^作 用下由于圆柱配合结合面接触变形而产生的试件轴 2与试件壳体 1 的径向相 对位移 S y, 则圆柱配合结合面径向刚度为 K e=FY/ S y, 具体的试验方法是, ①将位移传感器 al、 a2对称于试件壳体 1的圆柱孔的 Z向中点布置 (如图 2 所示, 位移传感器 al、 a2距离 Z向中点均为 /), 位移传感器 al、 a2的支架 对称安装在试件壳体 1上。 为了使测量更为准确, 使位移传感器 al、 a2的安 装点尽量靠近试件轴 2,以减少试件轴 2和试件壳体 1变形对检测结果的影响, 如果对测量精度要求较高或者试件轴 2和试件壳体 1容易变形, 可以同时用 有限元计算试件轴 2和试件壳体 1 的变形, 将其影响从检测结果中扣除; ② 调整使 ^的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线正交且作用点在圆柱配合结 合面的 Z向中点(参照图 2, 使 A=/2=L/2, 即结合面偏移量 e=0), 利用位移传 感器 al、 a2、 b l和 b2进行调整的监视 (参照图 2、 图 3 ), 使位移传感器 al 和 a2读数值变化一致, 即 δ al ^ δ a2, b l和 b2读数值变化为零, 即 δ b l 0, 6b2^0, 同时监视力传感器 25使力传感器 25其他分力近似为零, 只 有沿力传感器 25的轴向分力, 以保证只有径向力 FY作用; ③放松轴向加载组 件, 使用径向加载组件进行加载, 转动加载螺杆 24向下微动, 使得垂直加载 件 3-1对试件轴 2施加径向载荷 F" 由力传感器 25测出径向载荷 F" 由位移 传感器 al、 a2测出试件轴 2和试件壳体 1之间的径向相对位移 5al、 δ a2, 取 δγ= ( 6al+5a2) /2, 即由式 K径 =FY/ δ y求出径向刚度 K径。
2) 轴向刚度试验方法
参照图 1、 图 4、 图 5, 由于试验的圆柱配合结合面只有当径向力存在时 才能承受轴向力, 故同时使用轴向加载组件和径向加载组件, 在施加一定径 向力 ^的条件下再施加轴向力 Fz (应保证不产生宏观位移), 测出在 FY、 Fz作 用下由于圆柱配合结合面接触变形而产生的试件轴 2与试件壳体 1 的轴向相 对位移 δζ, 则圆柱配合结合面轴向刚度为 K =FZ/5Z, 具体的试验方法是, ①调整使 ^的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线正交且作用点在圆柱配合 结合面的 Z向中点(如图 4, 使 / /^L/S, 即结合面偏移量 e=0), 调整方法与 径向刚度试验方法相同, ②将位移传感器 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4对称于圆柱配合结 合面的轴心布置 (参照图 4、 图 5), 监视调整使轴向载荷 ^的作用线与圆柱 配合结合面的 Z轴轴线重合 (监视调整至 SCl SC2 SC3^ 5C4, 同时监视 力传感器 5使力传感器 5的其他分力近似为零, 只有沿力传感器 5轴向的分 力)。 为了使测量更为准确, 各个位移传感器的支架对称安装在试件壳体 1上 且安装点尽量靠近试件轴 2,以减少试件轴 2和试件壳体 1变形对检测结果的 影响, 如果对测量精度要求较高或者试件轴 2和试件壳体 1容易变形, 可以 用有限元计算试件轴 2和试件壳体 1 的变形, 将其影响从检测结果中扣除, ③首先使用径向加载组件, 转动径向加载组件的加载螺杆 24向下微动, 由垂 直加载件 3-1对试件轴 2施加一定径向力 FY, 由力传感器 25测出径向载荷; 然后使用轴向加载组件, 转动轴向加载组件中的加载螺杆 14向右微动, 使得 水平加载件 3-2对试件轴 2施加轴向力 Fz, 由力传感器 5测出轴向载荷 Fz, 由 位移传感器 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4测出试件轴 2和试件壳体 1的轴向相对位移 δ cl、 S c2、 S c3、 δ c4,
取 δ Z二 ( δ Cl+ δ c2+ δ c3+ δ c4) /4, 即由式 K轴=^/ δ z求出在一定径向 载荷条件下的轴向刚度为 K ¾。 轴向载荷与轴向相对位移为线性关系, 改变轴 向载荷, 还能够进行一定径向载荷条件下的轴向载荷与轴向相对位移的线性 关系验证试验。
3 ) 倾斜刚度试验方法
使用径向加载组件进行加载, 施加径向力 FY且使其作用线与圆柱配合结 合面的 Z轴轴线正交, 但作用线偏离圆柱配合结合面的 Z向中点, 结合面偏 移量 e,径向力 FY产生的力矩 Mx=FYe, 测出在径向力 ^作用下由于圆柱配合结 合面接触变形而产生的试件轴 2与试件壳体 1的径向相对位移 δ al、 δ a2, 则相对角位移 θ x= ( δ al- δ a2 ) /21, 圆柱配合结合面倾斜刚度为 Κ «=ΜΧ/ θ χ, 具体的试验方法是, ①调整使径向载荷 FY的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴 轴线正交, 但偏离圆柱配合结合面的 Z向中点 e (图 6, 结合面偏移量 e≠0, !≠/2); ②各个位移传感器安装与径向刚度试验方法相同; ③放松轴向加载组 件, 使用径向加载组件进行加载, 由垂直加载件对试件轴 2施加径向载荷 F" 由力传感器 25测出径向载荷 FY, 由位移传感器 al、 a2测出试件轴 2和试件 壳体 1的相对位移 δ al、 δ a2, 则由 K «=ΜΧ/ θ χ= FTe/ ( ( δ al- δ a2 ) /2/) 求出倾斜刚度 (又称角刚度) K倾。
4) 配合间隙与圆柱配合结合面刚度的非线性关系试验方法
设试件壳体 1和试件轴 2的实际直径分别为 D2, 更换不同试件壳体 1 和试件轴 2, 改变 Di、 D2的配合间隙大小, 可以进行正间隙 (Di > D2)、 零间隙 CD^D, ), 负间隙 等不同配合间隙与圆柱配合结合面径向刚度、 轴 向刚度和倾斜刚度的非线性关系试验。
5 ) 径向载荷与圆柱配合结合面刚度的非线性关系试验方法
径向载荷与圆柱配合结合面径向刚度、 轴向刚度和倾斜刚度是非线性关 系,改变径向力 ^进行圆柱配合结合面径向刚度 K e与径向载荷 FY间的非线性 关系试验;改变径向力 ^进行圆柱配合结合面轴向刚度 Κ 与径向载荷 FY间的 非线性关系试验; 改变径向力 FY进行圆柱配合结合面径向刚度 Κ ί¾与径向载荷 ^间的非线性关系试验。
6) 加工方法及精度对圆柱配合结合面刚度非线性的影响试验方法 更换不同加工方法及加工精度的试件壳体 1和试件轴 2,能够进行不同加 工方法及加工精度对圆柱配合结合面径向刚度、 轴向刚度和倾斜刚度非线性 的影响试验。
7) 圆柱配合结合面之间润滑介质对圆柱配合结合面刚度非线性的影响试 验方法
改变圆柱配合结合面之间的润滑情况, 分别采用无润滑介质 (干)、 油润 滑 (分别采用不同型号的润滑油)、 脂润滑, 能够进行润滑介质对圆柱配合结 合面径向刚度、 轴向刚度和倾斜刚度非线性的影响试验。
综上所述, 本发明试验装置能够实现上述的七种不同情况下的刚度试验, 精度高, 工作效率高, 操作简单, 容易推广应用

Claims

1、一种圆柱配合结合面的刚度及非线性关系试验装置, 其特征在于: 包括 一个框形试验台架(15), 在框形试验台架(15)顶板向下沿竖直中心线设置有 径向加载组件, 所述的径向加载组件的结构是, 包括径向垂直加载件 (3-1), 径向垂直加载件(3-1)上方依次设置有第一力传感器(25)、第一连接件(26)、 第一套筒 (29), 第一力传感器 (25) 和第一连接件 (26) 通过第一螺钉 (27) 固定连接, 第一套筒 (29) 下端口套压在第一连接件 (26) 上表面, 第一套筒
(29) 的上端口固定连接有第一挡圈 (21), 第一套筒(29)外表面套装有第一 法兰套(23)的筒体,第一法兰套(23)上端的法兰盘固定在框形试验台架(15) 上壁的上平面, 沿第一法兰套 (23) 的法兰盘轴心安装有径向加载螺杆 (24), 径向加载螺杆 (24) 通过螺紋与第一法兰套 (23) 法兰盘连接, 径向加载螺杆
(24) 向下穿过第一挡圈 (21), 在第一挡圈 (21) 两边的径向加载螺杆 (24) 上分别安装有第一止推轴承 (22) 和第一径向轴承 (20), 第一径向轴承 (20) 一边的径向加载螺杆 (24) 端头上设置有第一螺母 (28),
径向加载组件的径向垂直加载件(3-1)端头伸进试件壳体(1) 的外壳竖直 孔之中,
框形试验台架 (15) 下壁的上平面用于固定试验用的试件壳体 (1), 试件壳体 (1) 通过圆柱配合结合面配合连接有试件轴 (2); 在试件壳体 (1) 上固定有 用于测量试件轴 (2) 相对于试件壳体 (1) 的径向相对位移的径向位移传感器 al、 a2、 bl、 b2 。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的试验装置, 其特征在于: 所述的轴向加载组件的 结构是, 沿水平方向设置, 包括第二法兰套(13), 第二法兰套 (13) 的法兰盘 固定扣压在框形试验台架 (15) —侧外壁上, 第二法兰套 (13) 的筒体伸入框 形试验台架 (15) 侧壁之内, 第二法兰套 (13) 的轴心通过螺紋连接有轴向加 载螺杆(14), 轴向加载螺杆(14)伸入第二法兰套(13) 的筒体内的杆上设置 有第二挡圈 (11), 第二挡圈 (11) 的两面轴向加载螺杆 (14)上设置有第二止 推轴承 (12)、 第二径向轴承 (10), 第二径向轴承 (10) —边的轴向加载螺杆 (14)上设置有第二螺母 (8), 第二挡圈 (11) 与第二套筒 (9) 的端口固定连 接,第二套筒(9)与第二连接件(6)、第二力传感器(5)、轴向水平加载件(3-2) 依次套接, 轴向水平加载件 (3-2) 通过钢球 (4) 与试件轴 (2) 接触,
在试件壳体 (1) 上固定有轴向位移传感器, 用于测量试件轴 (2) 相对于 试件壳体 (1) 的轴向相对位移的轴向位移传感器 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4。
3. 根据权利要求 1所述的试验装置,其特征在于:所述径向位移传感器 al、 a2, 关于试件壳体(1)的所述外壳竖直孔的中心轴对称地安装在试件壳体 1上 的安装架上,所述径向位移传感器 bl、 b2水平平行于试件轴 1的轴向安装于试 件壳体 1上, 所述位移传感器 al、 a2、 bl、 b2的测头对准试件轴 (2)。
4、 根据权利要求 2所述的试验装置, 其特征在于: 轴向位移传感器 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4对称于圆柱配合结合面的轴心布置, 并且测头对准试件轴 (2)。
5、 利用权利要求 1所述的实验装置进行径向刚度及非线性关系试验的方 法, 其特征在于
按照以下步骤实施:
①将径向位移传感器 al、 a2关于试件壳体 (1) 的所述外壳竖直孔的中心 轴对称地布置; ②调整使径向载荷 FY的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的中心轴 Z轴 轴线正交且作用点在圆柱配合结合面的 Z向中点,利用径向位移传感器 al、a2、 bl和 b2进行调整的监视, 使位移传感器 al和 a2读数值变化一致, 即 Sal^ Sa2, bl和 b2读数值变化为零, 即 Sbl^O, Sb2^0, 同时监视第一力传感 器(25)使第一力传感器(25)的其他分力近似为零,只有沿第一力传感器(25) 的轴向分力, 以保证只有径向力 FY作用; ③放松轴向加载组件, 使用径向加载 组件进行加载, 转动径向加载螺杆(24)向下微动, 使得径向垂直加载件(3-1) 对试件轴 (2)施加径向载荷 FY, 由第一力传感器(25)测出径向载荷 FY, 由径 向位移传感器 al、 a2 测出试件轴 (2) 和试件壳体 (1) 之间的径向相对位移 Sal、 Sa2, 取 δ y= ( δ al+ δ a2) /2, 即由式 K径 =FY/ δ y求出径向刚度 K径。
6、 根据权利要求 5所述的试验方法, 其特征在于: 分别改变试件轴 (2) 和试件壳体(1) 的圆柱配合结合面配合间隙、 不同加工方法及加工精度、 润滑 介质及径向载荷的大小条件, 然后执行步骤①、 ②、 ③, 以进行上述条件与圆 柱配合结合面径向刚度 K e的非线性关系试验。
7、 利用权利要求 2所述的实验装置进行轴向刚度及非线性关系试验的方 法, 其特征在于,
按照以下步骤实施:
①调整使 FY的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线正交且作用点在圆柱 配合结合面的 Z向中点, 利用位移传感器 al、 a2、 bl和 b2进行调整的监视, 使位移传感器 al和 a2读数值变化一致, 即 Sal^ Sa2, bl和 b2读数值变 化为零, 即 Sbl^O, Sb2^0, 同时监视第一力传感器 (25) 使第一力传感 器(25) 的其他分力近似为零, 只有沿力传感器 b (25) 的轴向分力, 以保证 只有径向力 FY作用; ②将位移传感器 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4对称于圆柱配合结合面 的轴心布置, 监视调整使轴向载荷 ^的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线 重合, 监视调整至 δ δ c2^ δ c3^ δ C4, 同时监视第二力传感器(5)使第 二力传感器 (5) 的其他分力近似为零, 只有沿轴向的分力; ③首先使用径向 加载组件, 转动径向加载组件的第一加载螺杆 (24) 向下微动, 由第一垂直 加载件(3-1)对试件轴 (2)施加一定径向力 FY, 由第一力传感器(25)测出 径向载荷;然后使用轴向加载组件,转动轴向加载组件中的轴向加载螺杆(14) 向右微动, 使得水平加载件(3-2)对试件轴 (2)施加轴向力 Fz, 由第二力传 感器 (5) 测出轴向载荷 Fz, 由轴向位移传感器 cl、 c2、 c3、 c4测出试件轴 (2) 和试件壳体 (1) 的轴向相对位移 SC1、 SC2、 SC3、 δ c4,
取 δΖ= ( δο1+δο2+δο3+δο4) /4, 即由式 Κ tt=Fz/ δ ζ求出在径向载荷条 件下的轴向刚度为 Ktt
8、 根据权利要求 7所述的试验方法, 其特征在于: 分别改变试件轴 (2) 和试件壳体(1) 的圆柱配合结合面配合间隙、 不同加工方法及加工精度、 润滑 介质及径向载荷的大小条件, 然后执行步骤①、 ②、 ③, 以进行上述条件与圆 柱配合结合面轴向刚度 K tt的非线性关系试验。
9、 利用权利要求 1所述的实验装置进行倾斜刚度及非线性关系试验的方 法, 其特征在于,
按照以下步骤实施:
①调整使径向载荷 FY的作用线与圆柱配合结合面的 Z轴轴线正交, 但偏 离圆柱配合结合面的 Z向中点 e; ②将径向位移传感器 al、 a2对称于试件壳 体 (1) 的圆柱孔的 Z向中点布置, 位移传感器 al、 a2距离试件壳体 (1) 的 圆柱孔的 Z向中点的距离为 /; ③放松轴向加载组件, 使用径向加载组件进行 加载, 由垂直加载组件对试件轴(2)施加径向载荷 FY, 由第一力传感器(25) 测出径向载荷 FY, 由径向位移传感器 al、 a2测出试件轴(2)和试件壳体(1) 的相对位移 Sal、 Sa2, 则由 K倾= FYe/ (( 6al-6a2) /2/) 求出倾斜刚度
K倾。
10、 根据权利要求 9所述的试验方法, 其特征在于: 分别改变试件轴 (2) 和试件壳体(1) 的圆柱配合结合面配合间隙、 不同加工方法及加工精度、 润滑 质及径向载荷的大小条件, 然后执行步骤①、 ②、 ③, 以进行上述条件与圆 配合结合面倾斜刚度 K «的非线性关系试验。
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