WO2012169569A1 - 放熱部材用プレコートアルミニウム合金板及びこれを用いた放熱部材 - Google Patents

放熱部材用プレコートアルミニウム合金板及びこれを用いた放熱部材 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012169569A1
WO2012169569A1 PCT/JP2012/064634 JP2012064634W WO2012169569A1 WO 2012169569 A1 WO2012169569 A1 WO 2012169569A1 JP 2012064634 W JP2012064634 W JP 2012064634W WO 2012169569 A1 WO2012169569 A1 WO 2012169569A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
aluminum alloy
alloy plate
heat radiating
coating film
radiating member
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2012/064634
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
孝聡 城戸
貴道 渡邉
隆徳 道木
直隆 冨田
Original Assignee
住友軽金属工業株式会社
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Application filed by 住友軽金属工業株式会社 filed Critical 住友軽金属工業株式会社
Priority to CN201280028383.2A priority Critical patent/CN103717393B/zh
Priority to KR1020147000385A priority patent/KR101984482B1/ko
Publication of WO2012169569A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012169569A1/ja

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/20—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising aluminium or copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B32B27/308—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
    • F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
    • F21V29/77—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical diverging planar fins or blades, e.g. with fan-like or star-like cross-section
    • F21V29/773—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical diverging planar fins or blades, e.g. with fan-like or star-like cross-section the planes containing the fins or blades having the direction of the light emitting axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
    • F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
    • F21V29/76—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical parallel planar fins or blades, e.g. with comb-like cross-section
    • F21V29/763—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical parallel planar fins or blades, e.g. with comb-like cross-section the planes containing the fins or blades having the direction of the light emitting axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
    • F21V29/83—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks the elements having apertures, ducts or channels, e.g. heat radiation holes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/85—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems characterised by the material
    • F21V29/89—Metals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
    • F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a pre-coated aluminum alloy plate for a heat radiating member suitable as a material for a heat radiating member that promotes heat radiating from an electric device such as a lighting fixture, and a heat radiating member produced using the same.
  • Such a luminaire includes, for example, a heat radiating member integrally formed with heat radiating fins in order to promote heat radiation.
  • a heat radiating member integrally formed with heat radiating fins in order to promote heat radiation.
  • a conventional heat radiating member a forged product or cast product of an aluminum alloy integrally provided with a heat radiating fin as shown in Patent Document 1, for example, is often used.
  • a conventional heat radiating member made of an aluminum alloy forging or casting can secure heat radiation to some extent, but is heavy, has low productivity, and is relatively expensive. Therefore, development of a lightweight and low-cost heat radiating member is desired while exhibiting a heat radiating property equivalent to or higher than that of a conventional heat radiating member.
  • the present invention has been made in view of such a background, and intends to provide a material capable of forming a lightweight heat radiating member having excellent heat dissipation and a light weight and low cost heat radiating member manufactured using the material. Is.
  • One aspect of the present invention is a precoated aluminum alloy plate comprising an aluminum alloy plate, a first coating film formed on one surface thereof, and a second coating film formed on the other surface thereof,
  • the first coating film has better heat dissipation than the surface of the aluminum alloy plate,
  • the said 2nd coating film exists in the precoat aluminum alloy plate for heat radiating members characterized by having the adhesion
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a heat dissipating member having a bottom surface portion having a bonding surface for bonding to another member, and a fin portion erected from the bottom surface portion, The bottom part and the fin part are formed by bending the precoat aluminum alloy plate for the heat dissipation member,
  • the joining surface in the bottom portion is a heat dissipating member that is constituted by a surface having the second coating film.
  • Still another aspect of the present invention is a heat dissipating member obtained by bending the precoated aluminum alloy plate for a heat dissipating member along a plurality of bending origin lines into a corrugated shape,
  • the heat dissipating member has a joining end for joining to another member on one end side in the formation direction of the bending starting point line.
  • the pre-coated aluminum alloy plate for a heat radiating member has the first coating film excellent in heat dissipation as described above and the second coating film having the adhesion function. Therefore, the surface which has the said 2nd coating film is made to contact
  • the member can be easily integrated with the other members. Thereby, the heat
  • the pre-coated aluminum alloy plate for a heat dissipation member is provided with the aluminum alloy plate as a base material, has excellent workability, and can be easily processed into a desired shape. Therefore, it can be easily processed into an optimum shape for another member (a member such as a lighting fixture or other electric device) that is an object for improving the heat dissipation characteristics.
  • the precoat aluminum alloy plate for a heat radiating member can be efficiently applied in large quantities using a continuous line for the coating of the first coating film and the second coating film. Therefore, it can process very efficiently and inexpensively.
  • the precoated aluminum alloy plate for a heat radiating member can be used in a form that is simply stuck along the surface of the object in the form of a plate.
  • the excellent heat dissipation of the first coating film is also possible.
  • the heat transmitted from other members can be efficiently radiated using
  • the said heat radiating member of the type which formed the said bottom face part and the fin part by bending the said precoat aluminum alloy plate for said heat radiating member has the said 2nd coating film in the joining surface in a bottom face part as mentioned above. Consists of surfaces. Thereby, another member and a bottom face part can be easily integrated using the adhesive function of the second coating film, and a state where the fin part is erected can be easily obtained. And by the presence of a fin part, the surface area of the said 1st coating film can be enlarged, and the outstanding heat dissipation can be obtained.
  • the surface area of the first coating film can be increased, and excellent heat dissipation is obtained. be able to.
  • the heat dissipation member having a joining end portion for joining to another member on one end side in the formation direction of the bending origin line increases the surface area of the corrugated side surface, thereby improving heat dissipation from the side surface. it can.
  • the joining end portion of the heat radiating member is disposed on the other member and heated.
  • the second coating film of the heat dissipation member is at least partially melted or softened, and the melted or softened second coating film spreads on other members by its own weight. Further, by allowing to cool, the melted or softened second coating film is cured, and the other member and the heat dissipation member can be easily joined.
  • FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram illustrating a configuration of a downlight equipped with a heat dissipation member in the first embodiment. Explanatory drawing which shows the heat radiating member in the state adhere
  • FIG. Explanatory drawing which expands and shows the partial cross section of the radial direction of the cylindrical-shaped heat radiating member in Example 12.
  • FIG. Explanatory drawing which shows the structure of the downlight which mounted
  • FIG. Explanatory drawing which shows the heat radiating member in the state adhere
  • the material of the aluminum alloy plate which is the base material of the precoated aluminum alloy plate for the heat radiating member
  • a material suitable for forming such as 1000 series, 3000 series, 5000 series, 6000 series, etc. can be used.
  • the thickness of the aluminum alloy plate is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.3 mm to 1.5 mm from the viewpoint of ease of manufacture and ease of processing.
  • the first coating film has a softening point exceeding 150 ° C., a fluororesin, a urethane resin having a number average molecular weight of 10,000 to 40,000, a polyolefin resin having a number average molecular weight of 10,000 to 40,000,
  • a configuration in which a heat-dissipating substance is contained in at least one first base resin selected from an epoxy resin having a number average molecular weight of 1,000 to 15,000 and a polyester resin having a number average molecular weight of 10,000 to 40,000 can be employed.
  • the first coating film a synthetic resin having a softening point exceeding 150 ° C. can be used as the base resin.
  • the softening point of the base resin of the first coating film is 170 ° C. or higher, and more preferably 200 ° C. or higher.
  • a synthetic resin having a softening point of 300 ° C. or lower can be used as the base resin of the first coating film.
  • the synthetic resin of the range of the above-mentioned number average molecular weight can be used, respectively.
  • a synthetic resin having a number average molecular weight in this range it becomes easy to ensure the moldability of the coating film. If the number average molecular weight of each synthetic resin is less than the value set as the lower limit, the coating film may become hard and the moldability may deteriorate, whereas if it exceeds the value set as the upper limit, the coating film is soft. Too much scratch resistance may be reduced.
  • a fluororesin can be used as said 1st coating film,
  • the molecular weight of a fluororesin is not specifically limited, The thing of the range which can be obtained industrially can be employ
  • polyolefin resin a polyethylene resin, a polypropylene resin, etc. can be used, for example.
  • the first coating film can contain one or more of titanium oxide, carbon, silica, alumina, and zirconium oxide as the heat-dissipating substance. By adopting these materials as the heat dissipation material, the heat dissipation performance of the first coating film can be easily increased.
  • the heat dissipation characteristics of the first coating film can be evaluated by infrared integrated emissivity.
  • the first coating film is preferably adjusted such that the infrared integrated emissivity is 70% or more. Thereby, stable heat dissipation characteristics can be obtained.
  • the infrared integrated emissivity can be measured by comparing the amount of infrared radiation of the sample and the ideal black body by FT-IR.
  • the integral emissivity of infrared rays of the aluminum alloy plate is 15 to 18%.
  • the first coating film 0.5 to 200 parts by weight of titanium oxide having an average particle size of 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m and 0.5 to 25 carbons of fine powder are added to 100 parts by weight of the first base resin. At least one selected from parts by weight, 0.5 to 200 parts by weight of silica, 0.5 to 200 parts by weight of alumina, and 0.5 to 200 parts by weight of zirconium oxide can be contained.
  • the average particle size is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m.
  • the content when titanium oxide is contained in the first coating film is preferably 0.5 to 200 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the first base resin.
  • the fine powder carbon carbon having an average particle diameter of 1 nm to 500 nm can be used. Further, when carbon is contained in the first coating film, the content is preferably 0.5 to 25 parts by weight. Thereby, the stable heat dissipation improvement effect can be acquired, suppressing the malfunction which the particle
  • the silica for example, one having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m can be used. Further, the content when silica is contained in the first coating film is preferably 0.5 to 200 parts by weight. Thereby, the stable heat dissipation improvement effect can be acquired, suppressing the malfunction which the particle
  • the alumina for example, one having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m can be used.
  • the content is preferably 0.5 to 200 parts by weight.
  • zirconium oxide for example, one having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m can be used.
  • the content when zirconium oxide is contained in the first coating film is preferably 0.5 to 200 parts by weight. Thereby, the stable heat dissipation improvement effect can be acquired, suppressing the malfunction which the particle
  • the film thickness of the first coating film can be set to 0.5 to 100 ⁇ m, for example.
  • the second coating film has a softening point of 150 ° C. or less, and a second base resin composed of one or more of acrylic resin, urethane resin, ionomer resin, polyolefin resin, epoxy resin, and polyester resin. It can be included. In this case, by setting the softening point to 150 ° C. or lower, the heating for exhibiting the adhesive function of the second coating film can be performed at a relatively low temperature.
  • the softening point can be easily adjusted by adjusting the number average molecular weight of each resin. More preferably, the softening point of the second coating film is 140 ° C. or lower.
  • the lower limit of the softening point is preferably limited to 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably 70 ° C.
  • a polyolefin resin in a 2nd coating film a polyethylene resin, a polypropylene resin, etc. can be used similarly to the said 1st coating film, for example.
  • the second coating film may contain a heat conductive substance in the second base resin.
  • the heat conductive substance here is a substance that is superior in heat conductivity to the second base resin and can improve the heat conductivity of the entire second coating film.
  • the second coating film improves the heat transfer efficiency from other members, and further improves the heat dissipation by the heat dissipation member configured using the precoated aluminum alloy plate for the heat dissipation member. be able to.
  • alumina, titanium oxide, silica, carbon, or nickel can be contained as the heat conductive material. These substances have excellent thermal conductivity and are suitable for inclusion in the second coating film.
  • the form of the alumina, titanium oxide, silica, carbon or nickel is preferably granular or powdery.
  • the particle size and content of these substances are not particularly limited, and can be selected within a range that does not impair the paintability of the second coating film.
  • the average particle diameter of alumina, titanium oxide, silica, or nickel can be 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m, and the content is 0.5 to 200 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the second base resin. can do.
  • the average particle diameter of carbon can be 10 to 100 nm, and the content can be 0.5 to 25 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the second base resin.
  • the heat conductive material to be included in the second coating film is nickel, for example, a Ni spherical filler having an average particle size of 0.3 to 100 ⁇ m and a thickness of 0.2 to 5 ⁇ m are easily available. At least one of the scaly Ni fillers having a major axis of 2 to 50 ⁇ m can be selected.
  • the softening point of the first coating Tm 1 ° C., the softening point of the second coating layer and Tm 2 ° C. is Tm 1 -Tm 2 ⁇ 20 It is preferable.
  • Tm 1 -Tm 2 ⁇ 20 it is difficult to melt or soften the second coating without softening the first coating when the second coating is heated to melt or soften. There is a fear.
  • Tm 1 ⁇ Tm 2 ⁇ 40 is better, and even more preferably Tm 1 ⁇ Tm 2 ⁇ 800.
  • At least one of the first coating film and the second coating film may contain one or two inner waxes of carnauba, polyethylene, microcrystalline, and lanolin. Thereby, the improvement of workability and the effect of improving scratch resistance can be enhanced.
  • the content of the inner wax can be, for example, 0.05 to 3 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of each base resin. By selecting this range, it is possible to easily obtain the effect of improving the workability and scratch resistance, and it is possible to suppress the occurrence of the phenomenon of blocking in which the precoated aluminum alloy plates are stuck to each other.
  • first coating film and the second coating film are preferably formed in an upper layer of a coating type or reactive type chromate or non-chromate layer formed on the surface of the aluminum alloy plate.
  • adhesion between the aluminum alloy plate and the precoat layer can be improved, and workability, durability, and the like can be further improved.
  • each of the first coating film and the second coating film may be composed of only one layer, and another synthetic resin coating film may be disposed as a base coating film in the lower layer.
  • pigments and dyes may be added to the first coating film and the second coating film within a range that does not impair heat dissipation, workability, adhesion, and the like to improve design properties.
  • the heat-dissipating member is formed by bending the pre-coated aluminum alloy plate, and the heat-dissipating member having the bottom portion and the fin portion is not limited to the embodiments described later, and is applied. Various forms can be taken corresponding to the shape and function of other members.
  • the precoat aluminum alloy plate for heat radiating members used for preparation of a heat radiating member although it is desirable that it is only one sheet, you may combine several sheets.
  • the fin portion can be configured by folding the pre-coated aluminum alloy plate for heat radiating member 180 degrees so that the first coating film comes to the surface, and overlapping the two. Specifically, as shown in Example 2 described later, for example, by using a single precoated aluminum alloy plate for a heat radiating member, a combination of 90-degree bending and 180-degree bending is performed a plurality of times. It is possible to have a configuration in which the portions and the fin portions composed of two folded layers are alternately formed and the bottom portions are arranged substantially flush with each other.
  • the fin portion constituted by the 180-degree bending is in contact with the second coating films of the two layers, the bonding surface made of the second coating film on the bottom surface portion is connected to another member.
  • the second coating film in the fin portion is also melted or softened by heating when adhering to the fin, and exhibits an adhesion function. Therefore, the two-layered fin portion can be integrated, and rigidity can be improved.
  • the fin portion can be formed by folding the preheated aluminum pre-coated aluminum alloy plate into a corrugated state in a single sheet. Specifically, for example, as shown also in Example 1 described later, a single precoated aluminum alloy plate for a heat radiating member is used, and a 90 ° bend is combined multiple times to provide a bottom portion and a gap.
  • the opposing fin portions can be formed in a zigzag shape and the bottom portions can be arranged substantially flush with a gap.
  • the heat dissipation member when providing a plurality of fin portions, it is preferable to provide a space between the fins of 5 mm or more in order to improve air permeability. More preferably, it is 8 mm or more.
  • the shortest interval is preferably 5 mm or more as described above, and more preferably 8 mm or more.
  • a through-hole penetrating the fin portion in the plate thickness direction may be formed in the fin portion made of the precoated aluminum alloy plate for the heat radiating member. it can.
  • the air permeability of the heat dissipating member is improved, and the heat dissipating property can be further improved.
  • the fin portion has an upstanding surface standing up in a substantially vertical direction from the bottom surface portion, It can be constituted by a convex body formed of a top plate surface extending in a direction substantially parallel to the bottom surface portion from the standing surface and a descending surface descending in a substantially vertical direction from the top plate surface to the bottom surface portion.
  • the through hole can be formed on any of the standing surface, the top plate surface, and the descending surface of the fin portion.
  • one end side in the formation direction of the bending origin lines can be a joining end portion for joining to another member.
  • the heat dissipation member has a tubular shape as a whole in a state in which the bending start line is aligned in the axial direction, and has the joining end portion at one end in the axial direction of the tubular shape.
  • the surface area of the side surface of the cylindrical heat radiating member can be increased, and the heat dissipation from the side surface can be enhanced.
  • air cooling performance can be improved.
  • the interval between the fins is to improve air permeability. It is preferable to provide 3 mm or more.
  • the shortest interval is preferably 3 mm or more as described above, and more preferably 5 mm or more.
  • the heat radiating member preferably has a cylindrical shape as a whole.
  • a tubular heat dissipation member can be easily formed by forming (curving) a member in which a pre-coated aluminum alloy plate for a heat dissipation member is bent along a plurality of bending origin lines into a corrugated shape. Can be produced. Moreover, it becomes easy to apply to the heat radiating member for lighting fixtures, such as a downlight with a suitable cylindrical shape.
  • the heat dissipating member has a plurality of fin portions radially arranged in the radial direction of the cylindrical shape, and the adjacent fin portions are alternately connected on the inner peripheral side and the outer peripheral side of the cylindrical shape, respectively.
  • the inner peripheral side and the outer peripheral side connecting portions of the fin portions are formed by flat surfaces or curved surfaces arranged in the circumferential direction of the cylindrical shape.
  • the surface area of the first coating film can be increased due to the presence of the fin portion, and excellent heat dissipation can be obtained.
  • the surface excellent in heat dissipation is formed in the fin part distribute
  • a through hole is formed in the connecting portion.
  • the connecting portion on the inner peripheral side constitutes an inner surface portion of the cylindrical heat radiating member
  • the connecting portion on the outer peripheral side constitutes an outer surface portion of the cylindrical radiating member.
  • the through hole is a hole penetrating in the thickness direction of the pre-coated aluminum alloy plate constituting the heat dissipation member.
  • One or a plurality of through holes can be provided.
  • through holes may be provided in all the outer peripheral connection portions and / or all the inner peripheral connection portions.
  • the connecting portion By making the connecting portion flat or curved as described above, a through hole can be formed in the connecting portion, but the connecting portion can also be formed by a line parallel to the cylindrical axial direction. That is, it is also possible to configure a heat radiating member in which a precoated aluminum alloy plate bent in a zigzag shape is formed into a cylindrical shape with a plurality of bending origin lines aligned in the axial direction.
  • the connecting portion is not a flat surface or a curved surface, but has a linear shape parallel to the axial direction, and an acute protruding corner portion is formed in the connecting portion.
  • the first coating film of the precoated aluminum alloy plate for the heat radiating member is on the outer peripheral side of the cylindrical shape
  • the second coating film is preferably on the inner peripheral side of the cylindrical shape.
  • the 1st coating film excellent in heat dissipation is arrange
  • the one end of the axial direction of the said cylindrical shape turns into a joining edge part for joining to another member.
  • the second coating film is at least partially melted or softened, and the second paint film is melted or softened. Spreads on other members and hardens by cooling.
  • the second coating film is arranged on the inner peripheral side of the cylindrical shape as described above, the bonded portion by the second coating film can be formed inside the cylindrical shape that is difficult to visually recognize from the outside. . Therefore, it becomes possible to improve the aesthetics after joining.
  • Example 1 The example applied to the downlight which is a kind of lighting fixture as an example of the heat radiating member produced using the precoat aluminum alloy plate for heat radiating members is shown.
  • the heat dissipating member 5 of this example includes a bottom surface portion 50 having a joint surface 51 for joining to another member (base member) 81 (FIG. 4), and fins erected from the bottom surface portion 50. Part 52.
  • the bottom surface part 50 and the fin part 52 are formed by bending the precoated aluminum alloy plate 1 for a heat radiation member shown in FIG.
  • the precoat aluminum alloy plate 1 for heat dissipation member includes an aluminum alloy plate 10, a first coating film 11 formed on one surface thereof, and a second coating film 12 formed on the other surface thereof. It has.
  • the 1st coating film 11 has the heat dissipation superior to the surface of the aluminum alloy plate.
  • the second coating film has an adhesion function of being melted or softened by heating to become an adhesive.
  • the joint surface 51 (FIG. 2) in the bottom face part 50 is comprised by the surface which has the 2nd coating film 12.
  • the precoat aluminum alloy plate 1 for heat radiating members was produced as follows. First, as the aluminum alloy plate 10 as a base material, a material A1050-O material having a thickness of 0.5 mm was used. After degreasing both surfaces of this aluminum alloy 10 with an alkaline degreasing agent, it was immersed in a phosphoric acid chromate bath and subjected to chemical conversion treatment. The obtained chemical conversion film (phosphate chromate film) 105 was within a range of 20 ⁇ 5 mg / m 2 as the Cr content in the film.
  • the first coating film 11 was formed on one surface of the aluminum alloy plate 10.
  • the melting point exceeds 200 ° C. (softening point: 240 ° C.)
  • a polyester resin having a number average molecular weight of 16000 is used as the first base resin, and the solid content ratio is 100 parts by weight of the first base resin.
  • a material containing 100 parts by weight of titanium oxide having an average particle size of 0.3 ⁇ m as a heat radiating substance and 1 part by weight of polyethylene wax as an inner wax was used.
  • the coating was performed using a bar coater, and the film thickness of the first coating film 11 was 50 ⁇ m.
  • the baking conditions of the 1st coating film 11 were made into the conditions hold
  • the second coating film 12 was formed on the other surface of the aluminum alloy plate 10.
  • a coating material composed only of a 40% aqueous solution of bisphenol A type epoxy resin having a number average molecular weight of 10,000 mixed with block isocyanate: fixer # 212 manufactured by Murayama Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd. at a ratio of 7: 3 was used. .
  • the coating was performed using a bar coater, and the film thickness of the second coating film 12 was 20 ⁇ m.
  • the baking conditions of the 2nd coating film 12 were made into the conditions hold
  • the obtained second coating film 12 has a melting point of 170 ° C. and a softening point of 85 ° C.
  • the said 1st coating film 11 and the 2nd coating film 12 can be applied using a continuous coating line at the time of mass production.
  • a heat radiating member 5 was produced as follows. First, a blank material (not shown) corresponding to a shape in which the heat radiation member 5 having the final shape shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 was developed in a flat plate shape was formed from the precoated aluminum alloy plate 1 for heat radiation member.
  • the blank material is repeatedly bent 90 degrees and formed into a corrugated shape, and a bottom portion 50 arranged in a substantially horizontal manner and a fin portion erected from the bottom portion 50. 52.
  • the bottom surface portion 50 is a surface having the second coating film 12 on the surface opposite to the side where the fin portions 52 are erected, which is the bonding surface 51.
  • each fin part 52 was comprised only from the one precoat aluminum alloy plate, respectively, and the space
  • the obtained heat dissipating member 5 can be used in a state where it is integrally joined to other members by heating the bottom surface portion 50 in contact with the other members.
  • a configuration in which the heat radiating member 5 is bonded to the base plate 81 as the other member can be employed. It is also possible to recognize the entire combination of the base member 81 and the heat dissipation member 5 as a heat dissipation member.
  • the base member 81 is made of an aluminum alloy disk (diameter: 85 mm, thickness: 3 mm).
  • the base member 81 and the heat radiating member 5 are joined by placing the joint surface 51 of the bottom surface portion 50 of the heat radiating member 5 on the upper surface of the base member 81 and applying the load to some extent to the entire base member 81 and the heat radiating member 5. After heating to 170 ° C., it is allowed to cool. By this heating, the 2nd coating film 12 of the precoat aluminum alloy plate 1 for heat radiating members which comprises the heat radiating member 5 fuse
  • a downlight main body 80 is separately prepared in which a substrate 83 on which a light source 82 composed of LED elements is mounted and a reflector 84 for reflecting light emitted from the light source 82 in a desired direction are separately prepared. Keep it. Then, the base member 81 integrated with the heat radiating member 5 is disposed on the substrate 83 of the downlight main body portion 80 and joined via the insulating film 85. Thereby, the downlight 8 provided with the heat radiating member 5 is completed.
  • the light source 82 When the downlight 8 is turned on, the light source 82 generates heat. This heat is transmitted to the heat dissipation member 5 through the substrate 83, the insulating film 85, and the base member 81. In the heat radiating member 5, the heat transmitted through the aluminum alloy plate 10 is efficiently radiated by the action of the first coating film 11 having excellent heat radiating properties. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the temperature of the light source 82 in the downlight 8 from rising excessively, to prevent a reduction in life and to maintain the light emission performance.
  • the heat radiating member 6 of this example is applicable to a downlight type lighting fixture as in the first embodiment.
  • the heat dissipating member 6 of this example includes a bottom surface portion 60 having a joint surface 61 for joining to another member (base member) 81 (FIG. 8), and fins erected from the bottom surface portion 60. Part 62.
  • the bottom surface portion 60 and the fin portion 62 are formed by bending the heat-dissipating member precoated aluminum alloy plate 1 having the same configuration as that of the first embodiment.
  • a blank member (not shown) corresponding to a shape in which the final shape of the heat dissipating member 6 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 is developed into a flat plate shape is formed from the precoated aluminum alloy plate 1 for the heat dissipating member. .
  • the blank material is folded 90 degrees and 180 degrees as appropriate, and the bottom surface portion 60 arranged in a substantially horizontal manner and the fins erected from the bottom surface portion 60.
  • Part 62 is provided.
  • the bottom surface 60 is a surface having the second coating film 12 on the surface opposite to the side where the fins 62 are erected, which is the bonding surface 61.
  • each fin part 62 was comprised by bending the precoat aluminum alloy plate for heat radiating members 180 degree
  • the interval D2 between the adjacent fin portions 62 was set to 8 mm.
  • the obtained heat dissipating member 6 can be used in a state of being integrally joined to other members by heating the bottom surface portion 60 in contact with the other members.
  • the heat radiating member 6 is joined to the base plate 81 as the other member. It is also possible to recognize the entire combination of the base member 81 and the heat dissipation member 6 as a heat dissipation member.
  • the base member 81 and the heat radiating member 6 are joined by placing the joint surface 61 of the bottom surface portion 60 of the heat radiating member 6 on the upper surface of the base member 81 and applying the load to some extent to the entire base member 81 and the heat radiating member 6. After heating to 170 ° C., it is allowed to cool. By this heating, the second coating film 12 of the pre-coated aluminum alloy plate 1 for the heat radiating member constituting the heat radiating member 6 is melted or softened, and then the second coating film 12 is cured by being allowed to cool, thereby exhibiting an adhesive function. . Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 9, the base member 81 and the heat radiating member 6 are integrated, and the two overlapping portions of the fin portions 62 are integrally joined.
  • a base member 81 integrated with the heat radiating member 6 is joined to a downlight main body 80 separately prepared in the same manner as in the first embodiment via an insulating film 85, thereby downlighting. 802 is completed.
  • the heat generated from the light source 82 when the downlight 802 is turned on is transmitted to the heat radiating member 6 through the substrate 83, the insulating film 85, and the base member 81.
  • the heat transmitted through the aluminum alloy plate 10 is efficiently radiated by the action of the first coating film 11 having excellent heat radiating properties. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the temperature of the light source 82 in the downlight 802 from excessively rising, to prevent a reduction in life and to maintain the light emission performance.
  • the heat dissipating member 6 of this example has a structure in which two fin portions 62 are stacked, and therefore the fin portion 62 has higher rigidity than that of the first embodiment. Moreover, since the area of the joining surface 61 of the bottom part 60 is also large compared with the case of Example 1, joining stability is also high.
  • the outer shape of the heat dissipating members 5 and 6 is circular. However, it goes without saying that the shape can be changed within the range of the area of the base member 81 such as a quadrangle and an octagon.
  • Comparative Example 1 As shown in FIG. 10, in order to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of the heat dissipating members of Examples 1 and 2, as a comparative example, a portion in which the base portion 81 and the heat dissipating member 5 or 6 described above are integrated as a material. A downlight 809 that was changed to a cast heat radiating member 95 made of an aluminum alloy of ADC12 was prepared.
  • downlight 8 (Example 1)
  • downlight 802 (Example 2)
  • downlight 809 (Comparative Example 1) were prepared as test materials 1, 2, and 3, and these were respectively set to ambient temperature.
  • the test materials 1, 2, and 3 were each arrange
  • the temperature measurement positions are point A (substrate outer peripheral edge), point B (base outer peripheral edge), point C (heat radiating member lower part), point D (heat radiating member upper part), There are six points, point E (lower square tube) and point F (upper square tube).
  • the weight of the heat dissipation member in each test material was measured.
  • the weights of the heat dissipating members 5 and 6 of the first and second embodiments are weights not including the base member 81.
  • Table 1 shows the temperature measurement results and the weight of the heat dissipation member. Furthermore, the measurement result of the said A point is shown in FIG. In the figure, the horizontal axis indicates the type of material to be measured, the left vertical axis indicates the temperature at point A, and the right vertical axis indicates the weight of the heat dissipating member. The weight was indicated by a plot point (O).
  • the heat radiating member 5 of Example 1 and the heat radiating member 6 of Example 2 are lighter in weight than the conventional cast heat radiating member 95, but the heat radiating effect is improved. I understand.
  • Examples 3 to 11 In the above-described Examples 1 and 2, an example of the pre-coated aluminum alloy plate for a heat dissipation member on which the first coating film and the second coating film having a specific composition were formed was shown. Is an example of a pre-coated aluminum alloy plate for a heat dissipation member on which a first coating film and a second coating film having different compositions are formed. The compositions of the first coating film and the second coating film formed in this example are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below, respectively. Examples 3 to 11 are precoated aluminum alloy plates for heat dissipation members having the same configuration as Example 1 except that the first coating film and the second coating film are different. A specific method for forming the first coating film and the second coating film is the same as in Example 1.
  • Table 2 shows the emissivity (%) and softening point Tm 1 (° C.) of the first coating film.
  • the emissivity of the first coating film can be measured by infrared integrated emissivity.
  • the emissivity of the aluminum alloy plate (material A1050-O, thickness 0.5 mm) in this example is 15%.
  • Table 3 shows the softening point Tm 2 (° C.) and peel strength (kg / 0.5 cm 2 ) of the second coating film.
  • the peel strength of the second coating film was measured according to JIS-K6854-3 “Adhesive—Peeling peel strength test method: T-type peel”. Specifically, first, the aluminum alloy plate on which the second coating film was formed was cut into a width of 10 mm and a length of 100 mm. And the coating surface of the 2nd coating film of the aluminum alloy plate in which the 2nd coating film was formed, and the uncoated aluminum alloy plate were piled up so that an adhesion surface might be 50 mm in length, and it fixed with the metal clip. Subsequently, it heated at the temperature of 150 degreeC for 20 minutes. The measurement was performed by performing a tensile test with a tensile tester at a tensile speed of 50 mm / min, and the peel strength at this time was measured. The test temperature was 25 ° C.
  • the softening points Tm 1 and Tm 2 in Tables 2 and 3 were measured according to the Vicat softening temperature (VST) test method of plastic-thermoplastic plastic specified in JIS-K7206 (1999).
  • VST Vicat softening temperature
  • the first coating film and the second coating film shown in Table 2 and Table 3 were respectively formed in the combinations shown in Table 4 to prepare nine types of precoated aluminum alloy plates for heat radiating members (Examples 3 to 11). .
  • the specific method for forming the first coating film and the second coating film is the same as in Example 1.
  • corrugated heat dissipation members were produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
  • downlights are configured using these heat dissipating members in the same manner as in Example 1, and each of these downlights is placed in a temperature-controlled room at an ambient temperature of 25 ° C. and lighted for 1 hour.
  • the heat dissipating members using the precoated aluminum alloy plates of Examples 3 to 11 can exhibit a heat dissipating effect superior to that of the conventional cast heat dissipating member (Comparative Example 1). Further, as shown in Table 3, the precoated aluminum alloy plates of Examples 3 to 11 have the second coating film having excellent peel strength. Therefore, when used as a heat dissipation member, it can be bonded with other members such as a base member of a downlight with excellent adhesion.
  • a corrugated heat radiating member similar to that of Example 1 was produced using the preheated aluminum material plate of the heat radiating part material of Examples 3 to 11. However, as in Example 2, two sheets were stacked. A heat dissipating member having a configuration can also be produced.
  • Example 12 This example is an example of a heat radiating member having a different shape from the first and second embodiments.
  • the heat radiating member 7 of this example is applicable to a downlight type lighting fixture similarly to Examples 1 and 2 (see FIG. 12).
  • the heat dissipating member 7 of this example is formed in a corrugated shape by bending the precoated aluminum alloy plate 1 for heat dissipating members along a plurality of bending origin lines 71.
  • the heat dissipating member 7 has a joining end portion 72 for joining to another member 81 on one end side 715 in the forming direction of the bending starting point line 71.
  • the heat radiating member 7 has a cylindrical shape as a whole in a state in which the bending origin line 71 is aligned in the axial direction X, and has a joining end 72 at one end 715 in the axial direction X of the cylindrical shape.
  • the heat radiating member 7 can be used by joining the joining end 72 to another member 81.
  • the heat dissipating member 7 has a plurality of fin portions 73 arranged radially in a cylindrical radial direction.
  • the adjacent fin portions 73 are alternately connected to each other on the cylindrical inner peripheral side 701 and outer peripheral side 702.
  • the connecting portions 74 and 75 on the inner peripheral side 701 and the outer peripheral side 702 of the fin portions 73 are formed by planes arranged in the circumferential direction of the cylindrical shape.
  • the connecting portion on the inner peripheral side 701 will be referred to as the inner surface portion 74 and the connecting portion on the outer peripheral side 702 will be referred to as the outer surface portion 75 as appropriate.
  • the interval between adjacent fin portions 73 differs in the radial direction, and the interval increases from the inner peripheral side 701 toward the outer peripheral side 702.
  • the interval between adjacent fin portions 73 is minimized on the inner peripheral side 701.
  • the distances D3 and D4 on the inner peripheral side 701 are set to be the same regardless of whether or not the inner surface portion 74 that is the connecting portion on the inner peripheral side 701 is present, and both are 5 mm. That is, the intervals between the inner peripheral sides 701 of the fin portions 73 are all uniform and 5 mm.
  • the interval between the outer peripheral sides 702 of the adjacent fin portions 73 is also uniform regardless of the presence or absence of the outer surface portion 75 that is the connecting portion of the outer peripheral side 702, and is set to 8 mm in this example.
  • the interval between the inner peripheral side 701 and the interval between the outer peripheral side 702 of the adjacent fin portions 73 are made uniform, but the interval can also be changed.
  • the shortest distance between adjacent fin portions 73 is preferably 3 mm or more.
  • through holes 740 and 750 that penetrate the precoated aluminum alloy plate constituting the heat radiating member 7 in the thickness direction are formed in the connecting portions, that is, the flat inner surface portion 74 and the outer surface portion 75, respectively. Is formed.
  • through holes 740 and 750 are provided in all inner surface portions 74 and outer surface portions 75.
  • a through hole can be formed in the fin portion 73.
  • the inner surface portion 74 is provided with two through holes 740a and 740b arranged in series in the cylindrical axial direction X, respectively.
  • the outer surface portion 75 is also provided with two through holes 750a and 750b arranged in series in the axial direction X. Between the through holes 740a, 740b, 750a, and 750b, a portion constituted by the precoated aluminum alloy plate 1 is left.
  • the heat dissipating member 7 is formed by bending a single precoated aluminum alloy plate 1 into a corrugated shape and bending the entire shape into a cylindrical shape with the folding origin line aligned in the axial direction.
  • the precoat aluminum alloy plate 1 As the precoat aluminum alloy plate 1, the precoat aluminum alloy plate 1 for heat dissipation member shown in Example 1 is used. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 15, the heat dissipation member 7 includes an aluminum alloy plate 10, a first coating film 11 formed on one surface thereof, and a second coating film 12 formed on the other surface.
  • a precoated aluminum alloy plate 1 for a heat radiating member having the same configuration as that of Example 1 was prepared, and this precoated aluminum alloy plate 1 was not overlapped.
  • the sheet is folded into a corrugated shape along a plurality of folding starting point lines 71.
  • through holes 740 and 750 are formed in advance in portions that become the connecting portions 74 and 75 of the final shape (see FIGS. 12 to 14).
  • the entire shape is bent into a cylindrical shape (diameter: 85 mm, height: 5 cm) with the bending origin line 71 aligned in the axial direction X.
  • the ends in the circumferential direction can be joined using an adhesive or the like.
  • the second coating film of the precoated aluminum alloy plate 1 for heat radiating member is softened or melted by heating and then cured by standing to fix the overall shape to the cylindrical shape. You can also.
  • the 1st coating film 11 of the precoat aluminum alloy plate 1 for heat radiating members is the cylindrical outer peripheral side 702, and the 2nd coating film 12 becomes the cylindrical inner peripheral side 701. It is shaped as follows. In FIGS. 12 to 14 and FIG. 16 to be described later, the first coating film and the second coating film are omitted for convenience of drawing, but actually, as shown in FIG. A first coating film 11 and a second coating film are formed on the surface of the aluminum alloy plate 10, respectively.
  • the cylindrical heat radiating member 7 can have one end in the axial direction X as a joining end portion 72 with respect to another member 81. By heating the joining end portion 72 of the heat radiating member 7 in contact with the other member 81, it can be used in a state of being joined integrally with the other member 81.
  • a configuration in which the heat radiating member 7 is bonded to the base plate 81 as the other member can be employed. It is also possible to recognize the entire combination of the base member 81 and the heat dissipation member 7 as a heat dissipation member.
  • the heat radiating member 7 disposed on the downlight main body 80 shows a cross section taken along line AA in FIG.
  • the base member 81 is made of an aluminum alloy disk (diameter: 85 mm, thickness 3 mm), and the base member 81 and the heat radiating member 7 are joined to the upper surface of the base member 81 in a cylindrical shape having a diameter of 85 mm and a height of 5 cm.
  • the heat dissipating member 7 is placed so that one end (joining end portion 72) in the axial direction X is in contact with the heat dissipating member 7 and heated in the same manner as in Example 1 with a certain amount of load applied, and then allowed to cool. As shown in FIG.
  • the second coating film 12 of the pre-coated aluminum alloy plate 1 for heat radiating member constituting the heat radiating member 7 is melted or softened and spreads on the other member 81 by its own weight. Then, the second coating film 12 is cured by standing to cool and exhibits an adhesive function. Thereby, as shown in FIG.16 and FIG.17, the base member 81 and the thermal radiation member 7 are integrated. After the integration, a portion 127 in which the constituent components of the second coating film spread so as to cover the surface of the base member 81 is formed (see FIG. 17).
  • the base member 81 integrated with the heat dissipation member 7 is joined to the downlight main body 80 separately prepared in the same manner as in the first embodiment via the insulating film 85, thereby The downlight 803 with 7 is completed.
  • the light source 82 When the downlight 803 is turned on, the light source 82 generates heat. This heat is transmitted to the heat dissipation member 7 through the substrate 83, the insulating film 85, and the base member 81. In the heat radiating member 7, the heat transmitted through the aluminum alloy plate 10 is efficiently radiated by the action of the first coating film 11 having excellent heat radiating properties. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the temperature of the light source 82 in the downlight 803 from excessively rising, to prevent a reduction in life and to maintain the light emission performance.
  • the heat radiating member 7 of this example has the joining end part 72 for joining to another member in the one end side of the formation direction of a bending starting point line. Therefore, the surface area of the cylindrical side surface is increased, and the heat dissipation from the side surface can be improved.
  • the connection parts 74 and 75 of the inner peripheral side 701 and the outer peripheral side 702 of the fin parts 73 are formed in the plane or curved surface arranged in the cylindrical circumferential direction. Further, through holes 740 and 750 are formed in the connecting portions 74 and 75. The air permeability from the side surface of the cylindrical heat radiating member 7 can be improved. Therefore, excellent heat dissipation performance can be exhibited.
  • Other functions and effects of the heat dissipation member 7 of this example are the same as those of the first embodiment.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Cooling Or The Like Of Semiconductors Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Arrangement Of Elements, Cooling, Sealing, Or The Like Of Lighting Devices (AREA)
PCT/JP2012/064634 2011-06-08 2012-06-07 放熱部材用プレコートアルミニウム合金板及びこれを用いた放熱部材 WO2012169569A1 (ja)

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KR1020147000385A KR101984482B1 (ko) 2011-06-08 2012-06-07 방열 부재용 프리코트 알루미늄 합금판 및 이것을 사용한 방열 부재

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FR3041080A1 (fr) * 2015-09-14 2017-03-17 Valeo Vision Dispositif de dissipation thermique pour un module lumineux de vehicule automobile

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JP6210449B2 (ja) * 2013-04-12 2017-10-11 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 照明装置
JP6280821B2 (ja) * 2014-06-10 2018-02-14 株式会社Uacj 放熱性アルミニウム塗装材
CN104235654B (zh) * 2014-09-19 2017-02-01 浙江宏恩智能装备技术有限公司 一种散热的led灯
CN109683438B (zh) * 2019-02-02 2024-08-30 杭州海珀森科技有限公司 旋转散热结构及具有该结构的荧光轮和投影仪
KR102084981B1 (ko) 2019-02-27 2020-04-23 주식회사 아이씨티나까조 드럼식 제빙기
CN111442682A (zh) * 2020-05-12 2020-07-24 昆山嘉升精密电子工业有限公司 板材冲压成型散热模组结构及其方法
JP2023074091A (ja) * 2021-11-17 2023-05-29 株式会社Uacj 樹脂被覆アルミニウム合金板及び樹脂被覆アルミニウム合金板用樹脂組成物
KR20240105004A (ko) 2022-12-28 2024-07-05 정호신 방열용 알루미늄 합금제 박형 진공 챔버의 제조방법

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JP2013014132A (ja) 2013-01-24
CN103717393B (zh) 2015-11-25
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KR101984482B1 (ko) 2019-05-31
TW201319233A (zh) 2013-05-16
JP5497102B2 (ja) 2014-05-21

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