Classifications

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  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
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  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
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  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
  • A61K31/353—3,4-Dihydrobenzopyrans, e.g. chroman, catechin
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  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/385—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having two or more sulfur atoms in the same ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
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  • A61K36/25—Araliaceae (Ginseng family), e.g. ivy, aralia, schefflera or tetrapanax
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  • A61K36/31—Brassicaceae or Cruciferae (Mustard family), e.g. broccoli, cabbage or kohlrabi
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  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
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  • A61K36/63—Oleaceae (Olive family), e.g. jasmine, lilac or ash tree
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
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  • A61K36/73—Rosaceae (Rose family), e.g. strawberry, chokeberry, blackberry, pear or firethorn
  • A61K36/736—Prunus, e.g. plum, cherry, peach, apricot or almond
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
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  • A61K36/75—Rutaceae (Rue family)
  • A61K36/752—Citrus, e.g. lime, orange or lemon
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Definitions

• an oral formulation can include at least one, or a plurality of, agents that modulate expression of genetic pathways regulating cellular repair, detoxification, or cytoprotection including Nrf2-associated genes upon ingestion of the oral formulation by a subject.
• the Nrf2-associated genes can include at least one gene encoding intrinsic antioxidants, and/or at least one gene encoding cellular detoxiiiers.
• at least one of the plurality of agents attenuates inflammation.
• at least one of the plurality of agents substantially reverses age-related changes in expression of an Nrf2-related gene.
• at least one of the agents upregulates expression of intrinsic
• antioxidants in another particular aspect, at least one of the agents upregulates expression of cellular detoxiiiers.
• Other embodiments of the present technology set forth oral formulations that include one or more agents that provide one, a plurality, or all of these elements. That is, in one example an oral formulation can include at least one or a plurality of agents that modulates expression of Nrf2 -associated genes so as to promote cellular detoxification. In another example, an oral formulation can include at least one or a plurality of agents that modulates expression of Nrf2-associated genes and attenuates inflammation. In still another example, an oral formulation can include at least one or a plurality of agents that modulates expression of Nrf2-associated genes, to promote cellular detoxification and attenuate inflammation.
• a method for promoting detoxification in cells of a subject can include administering to the subject an oral formulation comprising a plurality of agents that modulate expression of Nrf2-associated genes.
• administration can be done at night.
• administration can be done when the subject retires to bed.
• an oral formulation can include at least two of broccoli seed extract, alpha lipoic acid, red orange extract, grape seed extract, whole grape extract, olive leaf extract, olive fruit extract, coenzyme Qui, pomegranate extract, curcumin, EGCG, lutein, iycopene, zeaxanthin, resveratrol, Schizandra berry extract, tart cherry, ginseng, rosemary extract, and Cordyceps sinensis.
• Administration of such an oral formulation can constitute a method for promoting detoxification in the cells of a subject.
• a system for promoting health can include a performance- enhancing formulation having a plurality of agents that enhance metabolic performance in a subject when administered thereto and also a detoxification formulation having a plurality of agents that promote recoveiy from a metabolic effect of enhanced metabolic performance experienced by the subject.
• a method for promoting health can include administration of such formulations to a subject, particularly according to a time schedule.
• the term “about” means that dimensions, sizes, formulations, parameters, shapes and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but may be approximated and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like and other factors known to those of skill. Further, unless otherwise stated, the term “about” shall expressly include “exactly,” consistent with the discussion above regarding ranges and numerical data.
• up-regulation and downstream-regulation refer respectively to increased or decreased expression of one or more genes and as a result the protein(s) encoded by those genes, e.g. in response to some signal, condition, or agent.
• an effective amount refers to an amount of an ingredient which, when included in a composition, is sufficient to achieve an intended compositional or physiological effect.
• a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to a non-toxic, but sufficient amount of an active agent, to achieve therapeutic results in treating or preventing a condition for which the active agent is known to be effective. It is understood that various biological factors may affect the ability of a substance to perform its intended task. Therefore, an “effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount” may be dependent in some instances on such biological factors. Further, while the achievement of therapeutic effects may be measured by a physician or other qualified medical personnel using evaluations known in the art, it is recognized that individual variation and response to treatments may make the achievement of therapeutic effects a subjective decision. The determination of an effective amount is well within the ordinary skill in the art of pharmaceutical and nutritional sciences as wel l as medicine.
• carrier ' ' and carrier ' ' may be used interchangeably, and refers to any inert and pharmaceutically or nutritionally acceptable material with which a bioactive agent or a nutritional agent may be combined to achieve a specific dosage formulation for deliver ⁇ ' to a subject.
• carriers must not react with the bioactive agent in a manner which substantially degrades or otherwise adversely affects the bioactive agent.
• Attenuation of a process includes results in which the process is slowed, halted, reversed, or prevented from increasing.
• attenuation of inflammation can be achieved by slowing or halting of pro-inflammatory processes and pathways, as well as by up-regulating anti-inflammatory processes and pathways.
• Nrf2-associated genes refers to genes (e.g. NFE2L2) that encode for Nuclear Factor (erythroid derived 2)-like 2 protein (referred to herein as “Nrf2”) as well as genes in which expression can be modulated by the binding of Nrf2 to antioxidant response elements (AREs) associated with these genes.
• Nrf2 nuclear Factor (erythroid derived 2)-like 2 protein
• excipient refers to substantially inert substance, which may be combined with an active agent and a carrier to achieve a specific dosage formulation for delivery to a subject, or to provide a dosage form with specific performance properties.
• excipients may include binders, lubricants, etc., but specifically exclude active agents and carriers,
• subject refers to a mammal that may benefit from the administration of a composition or method as recited herein. Most often, the subject will be a human.
• administering refers to the manner in which an active agent, or composition containing such, is presented to a subject. Administration can be accomplished by various routes well-known in the art such as oral and non-oral methods.
• oral administration refers to a route of administration that can be achieved by swallowing, chewing, or sucking of an oral dosage form comprising the drug or nutritional formula.
• oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, caplets, powders, granulates, beverages, syrups, elixirs, confections, or other food items, etc.
• the present technology includes a novel nutritional intervention to enhance cellular purification and oppose or attenuate the negative effects of aging.
• Oxidative injur ⁇ ', electrophilic damage and inflammation are intimately involved in the aging process and the development of age-related diseases.
• Conventional anti-aging strategies have typically focused solely on the delivery of exogenous antioxidants to combat the negative effects of aging.
• the present innovation reflects a new strategy of identifying natural compounds that can directly target intrinsic cytoprotective mechanisms including: 1 ) upregulation of genes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and xenobiotic metabolites, 2) upregulation of genes involved in the synthesis and regulation of intrinsic antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes and 3) modulation of genes in vol ved in the attenuation of inflammation.
• Nrf2 is a transcription factor that positively regulates the basal and inducible expression of a large battery of genes encoding for cytoprotective factors including those that defend against electrophilic stressors and oxidative insults. Nrf2 activity has been observed upon exposure of cells to oxidative and electrophilic stress.
• Nrf2-associated genes include:
• NFE2L2 Nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2.
• ARE antioxidant response element
• Glutamate-cysteine ligase also known as gamma- glutamy icy stefne synthetase, is the first rate limiting enzyme of glutathione (GSH) synthesis.
• the enzyme consists of two subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit (GCLC) and a light regulatory subunit (GCLM).
• GCLC heavy catalytic subunit
• GCLM light regulatory subunit
• GSR encodes a member of the ciass-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide
• GSR glutathione reductase
• GSTA1 encodes an alpha class glutathione S-tranferase, which functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with GSH.
• alpha class glutathione S-tranferases exhibit glutathione peroxidase activity, thereby protecting the cells from reactive oxygen species and the products of peroxidation,
• GPX1 encodes for glutathione peroxidase, an intrinsic antioxidant enzyme responsible for the removal of the damaging reacti ve oxygen species hydrogen peroxide (H 2 0 2 ) and synthetic organic peroxides, utilizing GSH as an electron donor.
• GPX4 encodes for phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, an intrinsic antioxidant enzyme with the same activity as GPXl , but with the additional ability to remove the metabolic toxicants fatty acid hydroperoxides and cholesterol hydroperoxides.
• SOD1 encodes for the soluble form of copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase
• CuZnSODl an intrinsic antioxidant enzyme involved in the catalytic removal of the reactive superoxide radical (0 2 -).
• HMOX1 encodes for heme oxygenase (HG-1), the inducible isoform of the first and rate-limiting enzyme of heme degradation.
• HG-1 has potent antioxidant and also anti-inflammatory functions. Induction of HG-1 protects against the cytotoxicity of oxidative stress and apoptotic cel l death.
• NQOl is a member of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) family and encodes a cytoplasmic 2-electron reductase. Altered expression of this protein has been observed in many tumors and is also associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• SRXN1 a key Nrf2 -regulated gene, contributes to protection against oxidative injury in the lung. Disruption of Nrf2 signaling by genetic knockout in mice or RNAi in ceils downregulated the expression of Srxl .
• RABs antioxidant-response elements
• Reporter and chromatiii-immunoprecipitation assays have demonstrated that ARE! at -228 is critical for the Nrf2 -regulated response. Attenuation of SRXN1 expression with RNAi potentiated the toxicity of H 2 O 2 , whereas overexpression of SRXN1 protected against H 2 0 2 -mediated cell death in vitro,
• UGT1 A6 encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the
• glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, bilirubin, hormones, and drugs, into water-soluble, exeretable metabolites.
• the enzyme encoded by this gene is active on phenolic and planar compounds.
• Nitric oxide is a reactive free radical which acts as a biologic mediator in several processes, including neurotransmission and antimicrobial and anti-tumoral activities. This gene encodes the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which is highly expressed in liver.
• iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase
• NOS3 encodes for endotbelium-derived NOS (eNOS) which is responsible for the production of nitric oxide necessary for vasodilation; dysregulated in inflammatory conditions and in aging.
• eNOS endotbelium-derived NOS
• PTGS Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase
• cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), is the key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase.
• COX2 cyclooxygenase 2
• PTGS a constitutive PTGS l and an inducible PTGS2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. This gene encodes the inducible isozyme. It is regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is responsible for the prostanoid biosynthesis involved in inflammation and mitogenesis.
• an oral formulation can comprise a plurality of agents that modulate expression of Nrf2 -associated genes upon ingestion of the oral formulation by a subject.
• the genes modulated can be any of those encoding for products that act as antioxidants in cells or enzymes that mediate redox reactions, as well as proteins that are involved in removal or recycling waste products.
• the Nrf2 -associated genes can include at least one gene encoding intrinsic antioxidants, and at least one gene encoding cellular detoxifiers.
• at least one of the plurality of agents attenuates inflammation.
• the effect on inflammation can involve modulating gene expression.
• inflammation can be attenuated by down- regulating expression of gene products that contribute to inflammatory pathways (e.g.
• At least one of the agents can stimul ate inducible autophagy in such a way that enhances response to oxidative stress.
• the protein p62 is known to be crucial for the formation of uhiquitylated protein aggregates. P62 also interacts with Keap l , a component of a ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates proteasomal degradation of Nrf2. However, the inhibitory effect of Keapl on Nrf2 is dependent on the redox status of Keapl cysteines, such that Nrf2 ubiquitination and proteolysis are inhibited in oxidized conditions.
• the formulation can include agents that are selected based on their action on particular Nrf2 ⁇ associated genes or panels or pathways of such genes.
• one such group of genes can include but is not limited to NFE2L2, GCLM, GCLC, GSR, GSTAL GPX1, GPX4, HMOX1, NQOl, SRXN1 , SQSTM1 , SOD1 , UGT1 A6, NOS2, NOS3, and PTGS2,
• the formulation can include agents that modulate a plurality of Nrf2 -associated genes, In a further aspect, the formulation can include a plurality of such agents selected so that the combined agents modulate at least some minimum number of Nrf2-associated genes.
• the agents in such a formulation can combine to modulate at least three such genes but in a more specific embodiment of modulating at least four to five of such genes, It is noted that this is but one example, so many combinations of agents can be selected to combine to modulate other numbers of genes.
• Administration of the oral formulation can lessen the impact of aging on cytoprotective mechanisms.
• use of the formulation in an aged subject can oppose, attenuate, or reverse age-related effects on these mechanisms.
• the oral formulation is effective in opposing, attenuating, or reversing age-related changes in the expression of genes whose transcription products are involved in cytoprotective mechanisms.
• administration of the oral formulation substantially reverses an about 1.1 fold to about 3.0 fold age-related downregulation of Nrf2, In another aspect, administration of the oral formulation opposes age-related downregulation of genes involved in glutathione synthesis.
• the oral formulation reverses an age-related decrease of 1.1 fold to 3,0 fold in expression of any of GCLC, GCLM, and GSR. In another example, the oral formulation is effective to substantially re verse an age-related decrease of from about 1.5 fold to about 6.0 fold in expression of GSTAL
• administration of the oral formulation reverses age-related upregulation of antioxidant and detoxification gene expression.
• the oral formulation is effective to substantially reverse an age-related increase of about 1.05 to about 4.0 fold in expression of any of Gpxl, Gpx4, and SRXN1.
• the oral formulation is effective to substantially reverse an age-related increase of about 1.05 to about 3.0 fold in expression of SOD 1.
• the oral formulation is effective to reverse age-related effects in expression that is associated with inflammation.
• the oral formulation is effective to substantially reverse an age-related increase of about 1 ,05 to about 3.0 fold in expression of either of NOS2 and NOS3.
• the oral formulation is effective to substantially reverse age-related changes in DNA stability.
• the formulation reverses age-related downregulation of pathways for DNA repair.
• the formulation can exert other protective effects such as upregulating pathways for telomere maintenance and organization.
• the oral formulation is effective to substantially reverse age-related changes in autophagy.
• the oral formulation is effective to substantially reverse age-related changes in inflammatory responses.
• the plurality of agents in the formulation can comprise natural compounds such as nutrients and plant extracts that, when ingested, modulate the expression of Nrf2- associated genes.
• natural compounds such as nutrients and plant extracts that, when ingested, modulate the expression of Nrf2- associated genes.
• Such compounds include broccoli seed extract, alpha lipoic acid, red orange extract, grape seed extract, whole grape extract, ginseng, olive leaf extract, olive fruit extract, coenzyme Q !0 , pomegranate extract, curcumin, EGCG, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, resveratroL Schizandra berry extract, tart cherry extract, rosemary extract, and Cordyceps sinensis.
• the oral formulation includes at least two of these compounds.
• broccoli seed extract, red orange extract, and grape seed extract can be combined in an oral formulation.
• the formulation can include from 20 to 30 wt% broccoli seed extract, from 25 wt% to 35 wt% red orange extract, and from 45 to 55 wt% grape seed extract.
• the formulation comprises olive leaf extract, olive fruit extract, red orange extract, grape seed extract, and coenzyme Q 10 .
• the formulation comprises from 25 to 35 wt% olive leaf extract, from 5 wt% to 15 wt% olive fruit extract, from 15 wt% to 25 wt% red orange extract, from 25 to 35 wt% grape seed extract, and from 5 to 15 wt% coenzyme Qio.
• Another embodiment of the oral formulation comprises broccoli seed extract, alpha lipoic acid, and grape seed extract.
• a specific example of this embodiment comprises from 10 wt% to 30 wt% broccoli seed extract, from 15 wt% to 60 wt% alpha lipoic acid, and from 25 wt% to 55 wt % grape seed extract.
• Still another embodiment comprises olive leaf extract, olive fruit extract, alpha lipoic acid, grape seed extract, and coenzyme Q 10 .
• the ingredients are from 20 to 35 wt% olive leaf extract, from 5 wt% to 15 wt% olive fruit extract, from 10 wt% to 50 wt% alpha lipoic acid, from 20 to 35 wt% grape seed extract, and from 5 to 15 wt% coenzyme Qio.
• grape seed extract can be standardized to contain from about 50% to about 99% polyphenols.
• the grape seed extract contains about 95% polyphenols.
• the red orange extract can be standardized to contain from about 2.5% to about 25% polyphenols.
• the red orange extract contains about 15% polyphenols.
• the broccoli seed extract used is standardized to contain from about 1 % to about 20%» sulphoraphane. In one specific example, the broccoli seed extract contains about 13% sulphoraphane.
• the coenzyme Qio can be standardized to contain from about 15% to about 99% ubiquinone. In one specific example, the coenzyme Qio contains about 20% ubiquinone.
• the formulation includes olive leaf extract standardized to contain from about 1% to about 25 % oleuropein, and olive fruit extract can be standardized to contain from about 1% to about 10% hydroxytyrosol. In a specific example, the olive leaf extract contains about 20% oleuropein; and olive fruit extract about 6% hydroxytyrosol.
• the oral formulation can be prepared in any delivery or dosage form suited for oral administration.
• the active agents in the formulation can be combined with a liquid carrier and then concentrated or diluted to prepare a liquid form.
• the active agents can be dried, processed, and combined with appropriate materials such as carriers, fillers, tabletting agents, plasticizers, and the like for preparation of a solid dosage form.
• the oral formulation may consist essentially of a dried and powdered form of the acti ve agents, or an extract from a natural source containing the active agent, which is packaged and presented for suitable oral administration.
• Solid and liquid dosage forms known in the food and pharmaceutical arts are contemplated to he used, such as capsules, tablets, powders, beverages, wafers, confectionaries, chewables, gels, pastes, elixirs, syrups, drops, lozenges, and the like.
• the oral formulation is processed into a powder that may optionally include sweeteners and flavors and is dissolvable in water or other liquid to create a beverage.
• the oral formulation is processed and placed in a capsule, such as a gelatin capsule.
• the oral formulation can further include one or more excipients as called for to prepare a deliver ⁇ ' form.
• excipients commonly known in the pharmaceutical, nutritional supplement and food industry for making various dosage forms may be used. These include, for example, liquid carriers, solvents, fillers, binders, lubricants, glidants, flavorings, and colorings.
• the oral formulation includes one or more of food grade gum, anti-caking agents, lecithin, microcrystalline cellulose, silica gel, flavoring, and sweetener.
• Food grade gums include xanthar gum and guar gum.
• Anti-caking agents include without limitation silicon dioxide, stearic acid, tricalcium phosphate, calcium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate, magnesium carbonate, talc, bentonite, sodium ferrocyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, and bone phosphate.
• a method for promoting cellular purification, or cleansing can comprise administering to the subject an oral formulation comprising a plurality of agents that modulate expression of Nrf2-associated genes.
• the Nrf2 -associated genes can include at least one gene encoding intrinsic antioxidants, and at least one gene encoding cellular detoxifiers.
• at least one of the plurality of agents attenuates inflammation.
• at least one of the plurality of agents stimulates autophagy in tissues of the subject.
• the oral formulation can be formulated to provide an effective amount of the active agents in accordance with a particular dosage regimen.
• the oral formulations herein can provide each of the active agents according to a desired daily dose.
• administering the oral formulation provides the subject with a daily dosage of 125 mg red orange extract, 210 mg grape seed extract, and 1 15 mg broccoli seed extract.
• administering the oral formulation provides the subject with a daily dosage of 125 mg red orange extract, 210 mg grape seed extract, 75 mg coenzyme Qio, 200 mg olive leaf extract, and 67 mg olive fruit extract.
• the oral formulation can be administered to a subject so as to deliver a desired amount of active agent on a per body weight basis.
• an effective amount of the oral formulation delivers to the subject a daily dose per kg of body weight comprising from about 0.15 to about 18 mg red orange extract, from about 0.3 to about 30 mg grape seed extract, and from about 0.15 to about 16.5 mg broccoli seed extract.
• administering the formulation provides the subject with a dosage per kg of body weight of from about 0.15 to about 18 mg red orange extract, from about 0,3 to about 30 mg grape seed extract, from about 0.1 to about 11 mg coenzyme Q 10 , from about 0.28 to about 28 mg olive leaf extract, and from about 0.09 to about 9,6 mg olive fruit extract.
• the time of administration can be selected based on the activity cycle of the subject. For example, a subject who engages in prolonged nocturnal activity (e.g.
• the formulation can be administered to the subject at whatever time the subject retires to bed.
• the formulations and methods discussed herein can be employed in conjunction with other treatments.
• the formulations discussed herein can be used in conjunction with a performance-enhancing formulation such as described in U.S. Patent Application No, 13/115,027, which is incorporated here by reference in its entirety.
• the performance-enhancing formulation comprising agents that enhance metabolic performance can be taken in the morning, and a detoxification formulation according to the present technology can be taken at night.
• the increased activity facilitated by the performance-enhancing formulation can result in metabolic effects such as increased oxidative stress and increased metabolic waste, and therefore a greater need for the detoxification and recovery provided by the present formulation.
• a performance- enhancing formulation as described above and a detoxification formulation according to the present technology can be included in a kit.
• the kit can further include user instructions guiding a user to administer each formulation according to a particular timetable, for example within a 24-hour period of each other.
• mice C57BL/6J mice were obtained at 6 weeks of age and individually housed in shoebox cages and provided with 24 grams ('-84 kcal) of AIN-93 M diet per week (7 grams on Monday and Wednesday and 10 grams on Friday).
• mice were either 1) maintained on the AIN93 M diet (Young Controls, YC); 2) fed a Calorie Restricted (CR) diet providing 63 kcal/week of a modified AIN93 M formulation; or 3) were assigned to an AIN93 M diet supplemented with one of several plant extracts, vitamins or phytocliemicals; the amount of each ingredient per kilogram diet varied depending on the experimental ingredient studied.
• tissues were collected from mice, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at - 80°C for later analysis.
• Quercetin from Fava d'Anta), Tart cherry (Primus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) cv.
• RT-qPCR quantitative real-time PCR
• a panel of 10 genes representati ve of the Nrf2 and inflammatory pathways was selected for screening the ingredients: GCLM, GCLC, GSR, GSTA1, HMOX1, NQO l, 8RXN1 , UGT1 A6, NOS2, and PTGS2,
• mice were obtained and housed as in Example 1 ,
• mice were maintained on the AIN93 M diet;
• mice were either 1) maintained on the ⁇ 93 > ⁇ diet (old controls, OC); 2) fed a calorie or energy restricted (CR) diet providing 63 kcal/week of a modified AIN93 M formulation; or 3) were assigned to an AIN93 M diet supplemented with one of several plant extracts, vitamins or phytochemicais; the amount of each ingredient per kilogram diet varied depending on the experimental ingredient studied.
• a panel of 5 genes representative of the Nrf2 pathway was selected for screening the ingredients: GCLM, GCLC, GSR, GSTA1, and NQO 1.
• ingredients screened in the muscle included: alpha lipoic acid, CoQio, Pomegranate, Resveratrol and others.
• Alpha lipoic acid unregulated GCLC (glutathione synthesis related gene) and GSR (maintains GSH in reduced form, indicator of oxidative stress status). Furthermore, alpha lipoic acid opposed age-related decreases in the expression of GCLC and GSR. CoQio upregulated GCLC and opposed age related decreases in the expression of GCLC, Pomegranate extract upregulated GCLM (glutathione synthesis related gene) and opposed age-related decreases in the expression of GCLM. EXAMPLE 3 - Testing effects of ingredients on Nr/2-associated gene expression in young and middle-aged mice
• mice are fed one of four mixtures of compounds tha t were tested singly under approved VA Animal Care Protocols. These mixtures are fed to middle-aged mice (-15 months of age). All mice are individually housed and fed defined A1N93 M diets in calorie-controlled amounts as in Example 1 , At the end of the experimen ts, tissues are collected from mice to determine if the mixtures had the ability to modify the path ways of interest and/or slow the aging process,
• MAC Middle -Aged Controls
• Treatment 1 red orange extract, grape seed extract and broccoli seed
• Gene expression profiling is used to identify individual genes and functional classes of genes that are changed with treatment. Liver, adipose, heart, brain, lung and gastrocnemius muscle are examined. Detailed experimental methods for sample preparation and microarray analysis are published elsewhere.
• the average value of the Mi ddl e- Aged Controls sampl es are compared with the average val ues of t he Y oung Controls.
• the a verage value of the Treatment samples are compared with the average values of the Mi ddl e- Aged Controls. Two-tailed /-tests (assuming equal variance) are used to determine if the change in expression for individual genes is statistically significant. The magnitude of the changes in expression are reported as "fold change" values which are log 2 -adjusted to fit normality assumptions for statistical analyses.
• the PAGE technique also calculates a z-score for each GO term, with positive values indicating that a GO term is upreguiated with treatment and negative values indicating downregulation of a GO term by treatment.
• Microarray findings are confirmed by quantitative real-time PGR (RT-qPCR) analysis on RNA isolated from tissues from ail groups of mice using a representative subset of genes. The magnitude of change is determined for each gene (YC vs. MAC; MAC vs. treated mice). Two-tailed /-tests (assuming equal variance) are used to determine if the change in expression for indi vidual genes is statistically significant. The magnitude of the change in expression is reported as "fold change" values which are Unadjusted to fit normality assumptions for statistical analyses. Results
• mice supplemented with mixtures of nutritional compounds are seen to oppose or attenuate age-related changes in gene expression pathways related to Phase I I detoxification pathway and other cytoprotective pathways. They also oppose or attenuate age-related changes in genes related to the control of autophagic and inflammatory regulation. Finally, they oppose age-related declines in the expression of genes responsible for antioxidant protection mechanisms.
• the supplement blends have greater effects in opposing age-related changes in gene expression than the effects of the individual ingredients fed alone.
• the blends oppose: 1) downregulation of genes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotic and xenobiotic metabolites, 2) downregulation of genes involved in the synthesis and regulation of intrinsic antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes, 3) downregulation of genes involved in autophagic control and 4) age-related modulation of genes involved in the regulation of inflammation.

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