WO2012090390A1 - 光半導体およびその製造方法、並びに、光半導体デバイス、光触媒、水素生成デバイスおよびエネルギーシステム - Google Patents
光半導体およびその製造方法、並びに、光半導体デバイス、光触媒、水素生成デバイスおよびエネルギーシステム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012090390A1 WO2012090390A1 PCT/JP2011/006617 JP2011006617W WO2012090390A1 WO 2012090390 A1 WO2012090390 A1 WO 2012090390A1 JP 2011006617 W JP2011006617 W JP 2011006617W WO 2012090390 A1 WO2012090390 A1 WO 2012090390A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- optical semiconductor
- niobium
- nbon
- photocatalyst
- hydrogen
- Prior art date
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000011941 photocatalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 34
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 150000002822 niobium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910020055 NbON Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 46
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 20
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 47
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 16
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 13
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 9
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 8
- CFJRGWXELQQLSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidyneniobium Chemical compound [Nb]#N CFJRGWXELQQLSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- -1 azide salt Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 6
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentachloroniobium Chemical compound Cl[Nb](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 5
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XITGHTRVSNMXOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Nb].ClOCl Chemical compound [Nb].ClOCl XITGHTRVSNMXOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PLZPBSZQBODRAT-UHFFFAOYSA-J [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Nb+5].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Nb+5].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] PLZPBSZQBODRAT-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium pentoxide Inorganic materials O=[Nb](=O)O[Nb](=O)=O ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910005793 GeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003775 Density Functional Theory Methods 0.000 description 1
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GTCLGKDQRMZBIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N O(Cl)N=[N+]=[N-].[Nb] Chemical compound O(Cl)N=[N+]=[N-].[Nb] GTCLGKDQRMZBIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000026 X-ray photoelectron spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- WYGQZDSIRBBVTA-UHFFFAOYSA-D [Nb+5].[Nb+5].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O Chemical compound [Nb+5].[Nb+5].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O WYGQZDSIRBBVTA-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003190 augmentative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Ge]=O YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hcl hcl Chemical compound Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodide Chemical compound [I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940006461 iodide ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron (II) ion Substances [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002821 niobium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KJSMVPYGGLPWOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium tin Chemical compound [Nb].[Sn] KJSMVPYGGLPWOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDPWMGUFXYRDRG-UHFFFAOYSA-I niobium(5+) pentaacetate Chemical compound [Nb+5].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O LDPWMGUFXYRDRG-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- XNHGKSMNCCTMFO-UHFFFAOYSA-D niobium(5+);oxalate Chemical compound [Nb+5].[Nb+5].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O XNHGKSMNCCTMFO-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- WPCMRGJTLPITMF-UHFFFAOYSA-I niobium(5+);pentahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Nb+5] WPCMRGJTLPITMF-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- QEHKBHWEUPXBCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen trichloride Chemical compound ClN(Cl)Cl QEHKBHWEUPXBCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen(.) Chemical compound [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000013032 photocatalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001443 photoexcitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000985 reflectance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003115 supporting electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G33/00—Compounds of niobium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
- C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
- C01B21/0821—Oxynitrides of metals, boron or silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/04—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
- C01B3/042—Decomposition of water
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0656—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by electrochemical means
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
- C01B2203/066—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/84—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by UV- or VIS- data
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical semiconductor, a manufacturing method thereof, an optical semiconductor device, a photocatalyst, a hydrogen generation device including the photocatalyst, and an energy system including the hydrogen generation device.
- An optical semiconductor When an optical semiconductor is irradiated with light, an electron-hole pair is generated in the optical semiconductor.
- An optical semiconductor includes an LED and a laser that extract light generated when the electron-hole pair recombines, a solar cell that spatially separates the pair and extracts photovoltaic power as electric energy, or water and It is promising because it can be applied to uses such as photocatalysts that produce hydrogen directly from sunlight.
- One group of optical semiconductors whose light that is absorbed or emitted is in the ultraviolet to visible light range is nitrides and oxynitrides. Examples include nitrides and oxynitrides such as tantalum, titanium, aluminum, gallium and indium.
- niobium oxynitride is used as an optical semiconductor. The following describes the synthesis method and physical characteristics of niobium oxynitride already reported.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2, Patent Document 1 As a method for producing niobium oxynitride, a method using niobium oxychloride or the like as a raw material, a method of firing niobium pentoxide in an ammonia atmosphere, and the like are known (see, for example, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2, Patent Document 1) ).
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses niobium oxynitride synthesized using niobium oxychloride or niobium pentachloride as a niobium source and a synthesis method thereof.
- niobium oxychloride When niobium oxychloride is used as a starting material, niobium oxychloride (NbOCl 3 ) is reacted with liquid ammonia.
- the sample obtained by the reaction contains ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) as a by-product.
- NH 4 Cl ammonium chloride
- the resulting sample is heated under vacuum at 653K.
- the heated sample is further baked for a long time at 773K. Thereby, black niobium oxynitride (NbON) is obtained.
- niobium pentachloride When niobium pentachloride is used as a starting material, niobium pentachloride (NbCl 5 ) and nitrogen chloride (ClN 3 ) are first reacted to obtain niobium tetrachloride azide (NbCl 4 N 3 ). The obtained niobium tetrachloride azide is hydrolyzed to give niobium oxychloride azide (NbOCl 2 N 3 ). Niobium oxynitride (NbON) is obtained by thermally decomposing this at 773K.
- Non-Patent Document 1 shows that the niobium oxynitride obtained by the above method has a baderite-type crystal structure and is represented by a composition formula of NbON by X-ray crystal structure analysis. .
- Non-Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 1 disclose niobium oxynitride synthesized by heat treatment in an ammonia gas stream atmosphere using niobium pentachloride as a niobium source and a method for synthesizing the same.
- Niobium chloride (NbCl 5 ) is used as a metal salt raw material. This is stirred and dissolved in a solution consisting of ethylene glycol (HOCH 2 CH 2 OH), citric acid (HOOCCH 2 C (OH) (COOH) CH 2 COOH) and methanol (CH 3 OH). Thereafter, the solution is stirred while being heated to 423K in an air atmosphere.
- a dehydrating ester reaction occurs between the carboxyl group of the oxycarboxylic acid and the hydroxyl group of the glycol, thereby obtaining a polyester polymer gel.
- heat treatment is performed for 3 hours at 773 K in a nitrogen stream atmosphere of 0.1 L / min.
- heat treatment is performed at 1023 K for 10 hours in an ammonia gas stream atmosphere of 0.5 L / min, and niobium oxynitride (Nb—O—N) is obtained.
- the Nb—O—N is a mixture of niobium pentoxide (Nb 2 O 5 ) and niobium nitride (NbN), as shown by the X-ray diffraction pattern disclosed in Non-Patent Document 2.
- Non-Patent Document 1 clearly shows that an NbON phase having a baderite crystal structure was detected in the obtained niobium oxynitride. However, it is considered that by-products and impurities remain in the sample synthesized by the method disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1 in addition to the NbON phase having a baderite crystal structure.
- One proof is the description of the band gap of NbON. Table 1 below shows the measured band gap of tantalum oxynitride (TaON) having the same crystal structure as NbON, the estimated band gap of TaON and NbON calculated by the first principle band calculation, and these values. The true value of the band gap of NbON estimated is shown.
- the first-principles band calculation was performed using a PAW (Projector Augmented Wave) method based on the density functional theory.
- GGA-PBE Generalized Gradient Approximation (generalized density gradient correction) based on the expression of Perdew-Burke-Emzerhof et al.) Is used to describe the electron density expressing the exchange correlation term, which is the interaction between electrons.
- Functional was used.
- the true value of the band gap of NbON is estimated to be about 2.0 eV.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes that the obtained niobium oxynitride is black. This means that the band gap value of the obtained sample is 1.5 eV or less.
- Non-Patent Document 1 includes a chemical species in which niobium is reduced in addition to NbON (Nb valence is +5 valence) in addition to the NbON phase having a baderite crystal structure. It is strongly suggested that such impurities and by-products are contained.
- Non-Patent Document 1 niobium tetrachloride azide, which is an azide salt of niobium, is passed through in the synthesis process.
- azide salts of heavy metals are explosive and are difficult to handle.
- the synthesis process of Non-Patent Document 1 has a drawback that it is very difficult and only a very small amount of niobium oxynitride can be synthesized to avoid explosion.
- Non-Patent Document 1 does not disclose that a material having a badelite type crystal structure and represented by the composition formula NbON can be used as an optical semiconductor.
- the niobium oxynitride synthesized by the methods disclosed in Non-Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 1 is a mixture of a nitrided NbN phase and a non-nitrided Nb 2 O 5 phase. It is not a niobium oxynitride having a crystal structure. This is because, as disclosed in Patent Document 1, in the nitriding reaction under an ammonia gas atmosphere, ammonia acts not only as a nitriding agent but also as a reducing agent. This action of ammonia as a reducing agent reduces the niobium source having a valence of +5 at the time of the starting material to +3.
- Non-Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 1 cannot synthesize niobium oxynitride having a baderite-type crystal structure, and a material suitable for an optical semiconductor is obtained. I can't.
- the present invention provides an optical semiconductor that can effectively use light in a longer wavelength region by providing a manufacturing method capable of supplying niobium oxynitride in a safe, simple, inexpensive, and large amount.
- the issue is to provide.
- another object of the present invention is to provide an optical semiconductor device, a photocatalyst, a hydrogen generation device, and an energy system using such an optical semiconductor.
- the present invention provides an optical semiconductor substantially composed of niobium oxynitride having a baderite crystal structure and a composition represented by the composition formula NbON.
- the present invention also provides: A mixing step of preparing a mixture containing at least a niobium compound containing oxygen in the composition and a reduction inhibitor; A nitriding step of reacting the mixture with a nitrogen compound gas to nitride the mixture; From the sample obtained by the nitriding step, a cleaning step of dissolving a chemical species other than niobium oxynitride using a cleaning liquid and isolating niobium oxynitride, An optical semiconductor manufacturing method is also provided.
- the present invention also provides: An optical semiconductor device comprising the optical semiconductor of the present invention is provided.
- the present invention also provides: There is also provided a photocatalyst comprising the above-described optical semiconductor of the present invention and comprising an optical semiconductor composed of a single phase of NbON.
- the present invention also provides: The photocatalyst of the present invention, An electrolyte containing water in contact with the photocatalyst; A housing for housing the photocatalyst and the electrolytic solution; With There is also provided a hydrogen generation device in which the water is decomposed to generate hydrogen by irradiating the photocatalyst with light.
- the present invention also provides: The hydrogen generation device of the present invention; A fuel cell; A line for supplying hydrogen generated by the hydrogen generation device to the fuel cell; It also provides an energy system with
- the optical semiconductor of the present invention consists essentially of niobium oxynitride (NbON).
- the optical semiconductor of the present invention absorbs light having a longer wavelength than that of an optical semiconductor made of niobium oxide, which is conventionally known as an optical semiconductor, and can be photoexcited.
- niobium oxynitride is synthesized by reacting a mixed sample of a niobium compound and a reduction inhibitor with a nitrogen compound gas.
- reduction of niobium by the nitrogen compound gas can be prevented by allowing the reduction inhibitor to coexist with the niobium compound.
- niobium can maintain a + 5-valent state that is its highest valence. Therefore, according to the production method of the present invention, niobium oxynitride having a baderite type crystal structure and represented by the composition formula NbON (Nb valence is +5) can be obtained.
- the steps necessary for the production include a mixing step of a niobium compound containing oxygen at least in the composition and a reduction inhibitor, a nitriding step of the mixture in a nitrogen compound gas atmosphere, and a cleaning to remove other than niobium oxynitride.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention does not require a special process.
- niobium oxynitride can be synthesized safely, simply and inexpensively.
- all the above three steps can be easily scaled up. Therefore, it is possible to manufacture a large amount of the optical semiconductor of the present invention using the manufacturing method of the present invention.
- optical semiconductor device photocatalyst, hydrogen generation device, and energy system of the present invention also use light in a longer wavelength range than an optical semiconductor device that uses an optical semiconductor made of niobium oxide, which is conventionally known as an optical semiconductor. So you can use sunlight efficiently.
- the optical semiconductor of the present embodiment is substantially made of niobium oxynitride.
- This niobium oxynitride has a badelite crystal structure and a composition represented by the composition formula NbON.
- an optical semiconductor substantially composed of niobium oxynitride includes, in addition to the optical semiconductor composed only of niobium oxynitride, other components such as impurities in a trace amount in addition to niobium oxynitride.
- An optical semiconductor is also meant to be included in the optical semiconductor of the present invention.
- an optical semiconductor containing niobium oxynitride in an amount of 90 mol% or more, preferably 99 mol% or more.
- an optical semiconductor substantially made of niobium oxynitride for example, when impurities are contained, the amount of the impurities is preferably below the detection limit of the X-ray crystal structure analysis.
- the optical semiconductor of the present embodiment is preferably made of the niobium oxynitride. That is, the optical semiconductor of the present embodiment is preferably composed of a single phase of NbON.
- the niobium oxynitride constituting the optical semiconductor of this embodiment can be synthesized by reacting a niobium compound as a starting material with a nitrogen compound gas in the presence of a reduction inhibitor.
- the manufacturing method of the present embodiment includes a mixing step of producing a mixture containing at least a niobium compound containing oxygen in the composition and a reduction inhibitor, and reacting the mixture with a nitrogen compound gas to produce the mixture.
- the niobium compound used as a starting material only needs to contain oxygen at least in its composition.
- niobium oxide, niobium hydroxide, niobium acetate, niobium carbonate, and niobium oxalate can be used.
- Such a niobium compound is mixed with a reduction inhibitor to produce a mixture.
- the reduction inhibitor those having a function of suppressing the reduction of niobium in the subsequent nitriding step can be used.
- a compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of tin, titanium, indium and germanium is preferably used.
- the mixing ratio of the niobium compound and the reduction inhibitor can be appropriately selected according to the specific substance used as the niobium compound and the reduction inhibitor.
- X satisfies 1 ⁇ X ⁇ 5.
- the specific method for mixing the niobium compound and the reduction inhibitor is not particularly limited.
- a mixture can be obtained by grinding and mixing a powdered niobium compound and a powdered anti-reducing agent.
- the niobium compound prepared as described above and the reduction inhibitor are reacted with a nitrogen compound gas (nitriding step).
- a nitrogen compound gas for example, ammonia, nitrogen, hydrazine and the like are preferably used. Among these, it is preferable to use a nitrogen compound gas containing at least ammonia.
- the nitrogen compound gas has a function as a reducing agent in addition to a function as a nitriding reagent. If only the niobium compound is reacted with the nitrogen compound gas, niobium contained in the niobium compound is reduced by the function of the nitrogen compound gas as a reducing agent.
- niobium nitride (NbN (Nb has a valence of +3)) as disclosed in Non-Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 1 is synthesized.
- the niobium compound is mixed with the reduction inhibitor, the reduction of the niobium compound can be prevented by reducing the reduction inhibitor preferentially over the niobium compound.
- the nitrogen compound gas can be nitrided without reducing the niobium compound.
- the reaction temperature at this time is preferably 773K to 1023K.
- the nitriding reaction can proceed more reliably while suppressing the reduction reaction of the niobium compound. Furthermore, the time required for the nitriding reaction and / or conditions such as the flow rate of the nitrogen compound gas can be relaxed.
- the flow rate of the nitrogen compound gas is preferably 0.05 cm / second to 5.00 cm / second as the linear velocity.
- the nitriding reaction can proceed more reliably while suppressing the reduction reaction of the niobium compound. Furthermore, conditions such as the time required for the nitriding reaction and / or the temperature of the nitriding reaction can be relaxed.
- a mixture of NbON and a reduction inhibitor partially or wholly reduced is obtained as a sample after the reaction.
- cleaning is performed using a cleaning liquid (cleaning step).
- cleaning liquid cleaning liquid
- the cleaning liquid preferably contains an acidic solution or an alkaline solution.
- optical semiconductor of the present embodiment can also be applied to optical semiconductor devices such as LEDs, lasers, and solar cells. Therefore, for example, an LED, a laser, and a solar cell can be implemented as an optical semiconductor device including the optical semiconductor of the present embodiment.
- Embodiment 2 An embodiment of the photocatalyst of the present invention will be described.
- the photocatalyst of the present embodiment is made of the optical semiconductor described in the first embodiment.
- the niobium oxynitride (NbON) described in Embodiment 1 can be used as a photocatalyst. The reason will be described below.
- FIG. 1 shows a state density distribution of NbON obtained by the first principle band calculation. From this, it can be seen that the band structure of NbON has a valence band mainly composed of N2p orbitals, a conduction band mainly composed of Nb4d orbitals, and a band gap sandwiched between the two.
- the actual measurement value of the band gap width is 2.2 eV as described later in Example 1. This corresponds to the energy of light having a wavelength of 560 nm. That is, when NbON is irradiated with light having a wavelength of 560 nm or less, electrons existing in the valence band absorb light and are excited to the conduction band.
- the reaction substrate exists near the NbON surface and the oxidation-reduction potential is located on the positive side of the NbON conduction band bottom, the excited electrons move from the NbON to the reaction substrate, and the reaction occurs.
- the reduction reaction of the substrate can proceed.
- the reaction substrate having such a redox potential include water, proton, oxygen, metal ions such as silver (I) ion and iron (III) ion, iodide ion and the like.
- metal ions such as silver (I) ion and iron (III) ion, iodide ion and the like.
- holes are generated in the valence band.
- reaction substrate if the reaction substrate is present near the NbON surface, and its oxidation-reduction potential is located on the negative side of the valence band upper end of NbON, hole transfer occurs from NbON to the reaction substrate, The oxidation reaction of the reaction substrate can proceed.
- the reaction substrate having such a redox potential include water, hydroxide ions, metal ions such as iron (II) ions, iodine ions, and organic compounds. Such a phenomenon indicates that NbON operates as a photocatalyst.
- the hydrogen generation device of this embodiment uses the photocatalyst (photocatalyst of Embodiment 2) made of the photo semiconductor described in Embodiment 1, and decomposes water by irradiating the photocatalyst with light to generate hydrogen. Is to be generated.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the hydrogen generation device of the present embodiment.
- the hydrogen generation device of the present invention is not limited to the structure shown in FIG.
- the photoelectrode 10 provided with the photocatalyst described in Embodiment 2 on a conductive substrate and a counter electrode made of a conductive material (a counter electrode made of a conductive material such as metal or carbon, or a metal or the like supported on a conductive base material)
- a counter electrode 11 having a structure, an electrolytic solution 14 containing water, and a housing 13 for housing them.
- the photoelectrode 10 and the counter electrode 11 are connected to each other by an external circuit 12.
- the photocatalyst provided in the photoelectrode 10 does not necessarily have to be a single-phase semiconductor, and may be a composite composed of a plurality of types of semiconductors, or may carry a metal or the like that functions as a promoter. . Further, a mechanism capable of applying a bias may be provided between the photoelectrode 10 and the counter electrode 11.
- the photoelectrode 10 and the counter electrode 11 are housed in the housing 13 together with the electrolytic solution 14.
- the electrolytic solution 14 only needs to contain water, and may further contain a supporting electrolyte, a redox material, and / or a sacrificial reagent.
- Part of the surface of the housing 13 on the side of the photoelectrode 10 is made of a material that transmits the light applied to the photoelectrode 10, for example, a material that transmits at least part of light having a wavelength of 850 nm or less.
- the housing 13 is provided with a photoelectrode side exhaust port 16 for discharging gas generated on the photoelectrode 10 side and a counter electrode side exhaust port 17 for discharging gas generated on the counter electrode 11 side. .
- the photoelectrode 10 and the counter electrode 11 are desirably separated by a separator 15 in order to separate the gas generated on the photoelectrode 10 side and the gas generated on the counter electrode 11 side.
- the separator 15 is preferably made of a material that allows liquid and ions contained therein to pass through but blocks gas.
- the gas generated at the photoelectrode 10 is discharged from the photoelectrode side exhaust port 16 and the gas generated at the counter electrode 11 is discharged from the counter electrode side exhaust port 17 to the outside of the housing 13.
- the housing 13 may further be provided with a mechanism for introducing water reduced by decomposition.
- the casing 13 may be provided with an inlet for the electrolyte solution 14 and a drain port on the photoelectrode side and the counter electrode side so that the electrolyte solution 14 is circulated.
- the photoelectrode side exhaust port 16 and the counter electrode side exhaust port 17 and the gas-liquid separation device provided outside the housing 13 in a state where the generated gas is mixed with the flowing water. It is good also as a structure which is transported to where hydrogen or oxygen is obtained.
- the energy system of the present embodiment is a system that uses the photocatalyst (photocatalyst of the second embodiment) made of the optical semiconductor described in the first embodiment.
- the energy system of the present embodiment decomposes water by irradiating a photocatalyst with light, supplies the generated hydrogen to a fuel cell, and converts it into electric energy.
- the energy system according to the present embodiment includes the hydrogen generation device as described in the third embodiment.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the energy system of the present embodiment using sunlight.
- the energy system of this invention is not limited to the structure shown in FIG.
- the energy system according to the present embodiment includes a hydrogen generation device 20 as described in the third embodiment, a fuel cell 22, and a line 21 that supplies hydrogen generated by the hydrogen generation device 20 to the fuel cell 22. I have.
- the hydrogen generation device 20 is installed in a place 23 where sunlight is often irradiated, for example, on a roof. At this time, it is desirable that the surface of the hydrogen generation device 20 on which the photocatalyst is provided is opposed to the sun so that the hydrogen generation device 20 can receive sunlight efficiently.
- the hydrogen obtained by decomposing water by the photocatalytic reaction inside the hydrogen generation device 20 is discharged to the outside of the hydrogen generation device 20 through the line 21 and supplied to the fuel cell 22.
- a hydrogen storage facility for storing hydrogen, a dehumidifying device for removing moisture in the hydrogen, and a compressor facility when hydrogen needs to be compressed during storage are provided. It may be.
- Example 1 Example 1 of the present invention will be specifically described.
- Niobium pentoxide Na 2 O 5 powder (1.28 g) was used as a starting material.
- stannic oxide SnO 2 powder (0.72 g) was used. These were sufficiently pulverized and mixed to obtain a mixture. This mixture was heated to 973 K at a heating rate of 100 K / hour under a nitrogen gas flow at a linear speed of 0.19 cm / sec. Thereafter, the flow gas was switched to ammonia gas having a linear velocity of 0.19 cm / sec, and the mixture was held at 973 K for 8 hours.
- the first intermediate product was obtained by switching the flow gas again to nitrogen gas having a linear velocity of 0.19 cm / sec and lowering the temperature to room temperature at a temperature lowering rate of 100 K / hr.
- the first intermediate product was suspended in 200 mL of an aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution having a concentration of 1.0 M (mol / L), stirred for 24 hours, and then filtered to take out only the powder. This powder was washed with pure water and dried at 353 K for 4 hours to obtain a second intermediate product.
- SnO 2 powder (0.72 g) was added as a reduction inhibitor, and the mixture was thoroughly ground and mixed.
- FIG. 4 shows X-ray diffraction patterns of the first to third intermediate products and the finally synthesized NbON.
- the diffraction peak of the first intermediate product was assigned to NbON, tin niobium composite oxide (SnNb 2 O 6 ), and metal tin (Sn). That is, the presence of NbON, SnNb 2 O 6 and Sn was confirmed in the first intermediate product.
- the diffraction peak of NbON finally synthesized by dissolving and removing Sn with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was all attributed to NbON. That is, it was confirmed that single-phase NbON was produced as the final synthesized product.
- the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of NbON synthesized in this example is shown in FIG.
- the Nb3d5 / 2 peak in the spectrum shown in FIG. 5 was located at a binding energy of 206.7 eV. This means that the valence of the Nb species contained in the sample is +5.
- the peak position is slightly lower than the position (207.5 eV) of the reference (Nb 2 O 5 ) of Nb 5+.
- Nb atoms are not only O atoms but also N atoms. Reflects the combination. That is, it was shown that Nb in NbON was prevented from being reduced by the effect of the reduction inhibitor (SnO 2 ), and the Nb 5+ state was maintained before and after calcination under ammonia gas flow.
- the ultraviolet and visible diffuse reflectance spectrum of NbON synthesized in this example is shown in FIG. From FIG. 6, it was found that the obtained sample absorbs visible light up to a wavelength of 560 nm. From this, it was shown that the sample of this example is a semiconductor having a band gap of 2.2 eV (Formula 1 below). This measured value almost coincided with the band gap value (2.0 eV) of NbON estimated by the first principle band calculation (see Table 1). From this result, it can be said that the value calculated by the first principle band calculation is appropriate, and that NbON synthesized in this example is a single phase containing no impurities. Further, the ratio of photons having a wavelength of 560 nm or less in sunlight is about 15%.
- Nb 2 O 5 which is a simple oxide semiconductor of niobium
- Example 2 of the present invention will be specifically described.
- the NbON synthesized in this example and its synthesis method are the same as the NbON synthesized in Example 1 and its synthesis method, except that the reduction inhibitor used is different.
- rutile type titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), or germanium oxide (GeO 2 ) was used.
- Nb 2 O 5 powder (0.98 g) / In 2 O 3 powder (1.02 g) were sufficiently pulverized and mixed as a starting material / reduction inhibitor to obtain a mixture. This mixture was heated to 973 K at a heating rate of 100 K / hour under a nitrogen gas flow at a linear speed of 0.19 cm / sec.
- the flow gas was switched to ammonia gas having a linear velocity of 0.19 cm / sec, and the mixture was held at 973 K for 8 hours. Thereafter, the flow gas was switched again to nitrogen gas having a linear velocity of 0.19 cm / sec, and the temperature was lowered to room temperature at a temperature lowering rate of 100 K / hr to obtain a sample.
- Table 2 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern analysis results of the samples synthesized using each of the above reduction inhibitors. From Table 2, formation of the NbON phase was recognized in all the reduction inhibitors used in this example.
- TiO 2 , In 2 O 3 and GeO 2 have a function as a reduction inhibitor like SnO 2, and at least a part of Nb contained in the sample before and after calcination under the flow of ammonia gas. It was shown that the Nb 5+ state was maintained without reduction.
- Example 3 In Example 3, the reaction with ammonia gas was performed at a temperature different from Example 1 in the nitriding step.
- the synthesis method of niobium oxynitride synthesized in this example is the same as the synthesis method of Example 1 except that the temperature is different.
- Nb 2 O 5 powder (1.28 g) was used as a starting material.
- SnO 2 powder (0.72 g) was used as a reduction inhibitor. These were sufficiently pulverized and mixed to obtain a mixture.
- the mixture was heated to 923 K at a heating rate of 100 K / hour under a nitrogen gas flow at a linear speed of 0.19 cm / sec. Thereafter, the flow gas was switched to ammonia gas with a linear velocity of 0.19 cm / sec, and the sample was held at 923 K for 8 hours. Thereafter, the flow gas was switched again to nitrogen gas having a linear velocity of 0.19 cm / sec, and the temperature was lowered to room temperature at a temperature lowering rate of 100 K / hr to obtain a sample.
- Example 4 the reaction with ammonia gas was performed in the nitriding step at a temperature and gas flow rate different from those in Example 1.
- the synthesis method of niobium oxynitride synthesized in this example is the same as the synthesis method of Example 1 except that the temperature and the gas flow rate are different.
- Nb 2 O 5 powder (1.28 g) was used as a starting material.
- SnO 2 powder (0.72 g) was used as a reduction inhibitor. These were sufficiently pulverized and mixed to obtain a mixture.
- the mixture was heated to 873 K at a heating rate of 100 K / hour under a nitrogen gas flow at a linear velocity of 2.89 cm / sec. Thereafter, the flow gas was switched to ammonia gas with a linear velocity of 2.89 cm / sec, and the sample was held at 873 K for 8 hours. Thereafter, the flow gas was switched again to nitrogen gas with a linear velocity of 2.89 cm / sec, and the temperature was lowered to room temperature at a temperature lowering rate of 100 K / hour, to obtain a sample.
- Comparative Example 1 niobium oxynitride was synthesized without mixing a reduction inhibitor.
- the synthesis method of niobium oxynitride synthesized in this comparative example is the same as the synthesis method of Example 1 except that a reduction inhibitor is not used.
- Nb 2 O 5 powder (2.00 g) was heated to 973 K at a heating rate of 100 K / hour under a nitrogen gas flow at a linear speed of 0.19 cm / sec. Thereafter, the flow gas was switched to ammonia gas having a linear velocity of 0.19 cm / sec, and the sample was held at 973 K for 8 hours. Thereafter, the flow gas was switched again to nitrogen gas having a linear velocity of 0.19 cm / sec, and the temperature was lowered to room temperature at a temperature lowering rate of 100 K / hr to obtain a sample.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern analysis result of the obtained sample is shown in FIG.
- NbN niobium nitride
- Nb 2 O 5 niobium nitride
- Example 5 The NbON synthesized in Example 1 was supported with platinum (Pt) as a promoter by the following method. Hexachloroplatinum (IV) acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ) equivalent to 1% by weight with respect to NbON was impregnated with NbON in an aqueous solution, dried on a hot water bath, and then subjected to hydrogen reduction treatment at 473 K for 2 hours. It was. As a result, Pt-supported NbON was obtained.
- Pt platinum
- FIG. 8 shows the change over time in the amount of hydrogen produced when the suspension is irradiated with visible light having a wavelength of 420 nm to 800 nm.
- a 300 W xenon lamp was used as a light source, and light irradiation was performed through a cold mirror that cuts off light having a wavelength other than 420 nm to 800 nm.
- generation of hydrogen was observed at an initial rate of 0.8 ⁇ mol / hour. From this, it was confirmed that Pt-supported NbON has a photocatalytic function for reducing protons in an aqueous methanol solution to hydrogen under irradiation with visible light.
- Example 6 NbON (0.10 g) synthesized in Example 1 was suspended in 200 mL of 0.01 M (mol / L) aqueous silver nitrate solution.
- FIG. 9 shows the change over time in the amount of oxygen produced when the suspension is irradiated with visible light having a wavelength of 420 nm to 800 nm.
- a 300 W xenon lamp was used as a light source, and light irradiation was performed through a cold mirror that cuts off light having a wavelength other than 420 nm to 800 nm.
- generation of oxygen was observed at an initial rate of 0.06 ⁇ mol / hour. From this, it was confirmed that NbON has a photocatalytic function for oxidizing water in an aqueous silver nitrate solution into oxygen under visible light irradiation.
- the optical semiconductor of the present invention can be suitably used as a visible light responsive photocatalyst, and is useful for photocatalyst-related technologies such as a device that generates hydrogen from sunlight.
- the method for producing an optical semiconductor of the present invention can also be used as a method for producing a visible light responsive photocatalyst, and can also be used for a nitriding process of a metal compound.
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Abstract
Description
少なくとも組成中に酸素を含むニオブ化合物と、還元防止剤とを含む混合物を作製する混合工程と、
前記混合物と窒素化合物ガスとを反応させて前記混合物を窒化する窒化工程と、
前記窒化工程によって得られた試料から、洗浄液を用いてニオブ酸窒化物以外の化学種を溶解させ、ニオブ酸窒化物を単離させる洗浄工程と、
を含む、光半導体の製造方法も提供する。
上記本発明の光半導体を備えた光半導体デバイスを提供する。
上記本発明の光半導体であって、かつNbONの単相からなる光半導体からなる光触媒も提供する。
上記本発明の光触媒と、
前記光触媒と接触する、水を含む電解液と、
前記光触媒と前記電解液とを収容する筐体と、
を備え、
前記光触媒への光の照射により、前記水が分解されて水素が発生する、水素生成デバイスも提供する。
上記本発明の水素生成デバイスと、
燃料電池と、
前記水素生成デバイスで生成された水素を前記燃料電池へ供給するラインと、
を備えた、エネルギーシステムも提供する。
本発明の光半導体の実施の形態について説明する。本実施の形態の光半導体は、実質的にニオブ酸窒化物からなる。このニオブ酸窒化物は、バデライト型結晶構造を有し、かつ組成式NbONで表される組成を有する。なお、「実質的にニオブ酸窒化物からなる光半導体」とは、ニオブ酸窒化物のみからなる光半導体に加え、ニオブ酸窒化物以外に例えば不純物等として他の成分が微量に含まれている光半導体も、本発明の光半導体に含む意味である。具体的には、ニオブ酸窒化物が90mol%以上、好ましくは99mol%以上含まれる光半導体のことをいう。「実質的にニオブ酸窒化物からなる光半導体」は、例えば不純物が含まれる場合に、その不純物の量がX線結晶構造解析の検出限界以下であることが好ましい。
X=(還元防止剤中の金属または金属イオンの物質量)/(ニオブ化合物中のニオブの物質量))、
と定義したとき、Xが1≦X≦5を満たすことである。このような混合比が満たされることにより、後の窒化工程においてニオブ化合物の還元がより確実に抑制できる。したがって、バデライト型結晶構造を有し、かつ、組成式NbONで表される組成を有するニオブ酸窒化物が得やすくなる。
本発明の光触媒の実施の形態について説明する。本実施の形態の光触媒は、実施の形態1で説明した光半導体からなる。実施の形態1で説明したニオブ酸窒化物(NbON)は、光触媒として使用することができる。以下、その理由について説明する。
本発明の水素生成デバイスの実施の形態について説明する。本実施の形態の水素生成デバイスは、実施の形態1で説明した光半導体からなる光触媒(実施の形態2の光触媒)を利用し、当該光触媒に光を照射することによって水を分解して水素を生成するものである。
本発明のエネルギーシステムの実施の形態について説明する。本実施の形態のエネルギーシステムは、実施の形態1で説明した光半導体からなる光触媒(実施の形態2の光触媒)を利用したシステムである。本実施の形態のエネルギーシステムは、光触媒への光照射により水を分解し、生成した水素を燃料電池に供給して電気エネルギーに変換するものである。
本発明の実施例1について、具体的に説明する。
本発明の実施例2について、具体的に説明する。本実施例で合成したNbONおよびその合成方法は、使用した還元防止剤が異なる点を除いては、実施例1で合成したNbONおよびその合成方法と同様である。
実施例3では、窒化工程において、実施例1と異なる温度でアンモニアガスとの反応を行った。本実施例で合成したニオブ酸窒化物の合成方法は、前記温度が異なる点を除いては、実施例1の合成方法と同様である。
実施例4では、窒化工程において、実施例1と異なる温度およびガス流速でアンモニアガスとの反応を行った。本実施例で合成したニオブ酸窒化物の合成方法は、前記温度およびガス流速が異なる点を除いては、実施例1の合成方法と同様である。
比較例1では、還元防止剤を混合せずに、ニオブ酸窒化物の合成を行った。本比較例で合成したニオブ酸窒化物の合成方法は、還元防止剤を使用しないことが異なる点を除いては、実施例1の合成方法と同様である。
実施例1で合成したNbONに、次の方法で助触媒である白金(Pt)を担持させた。NbONに対して1重量%に相当するヘキサクロロ白金(IV)酸(H2PtCl6)を、水溶液中でNbONに含浸させ、湯浴上で乾燥させた後、473Kで2時間水素還元処理を行った。これにより、Pt担持NbONが得られた。
実施例5と同様にして、Ptを担持したNbON(0.10g)を10体積%メタノール水溶液200mLに懸濁させた。この懸濁液を暗所に置いたときの水素生成量を測定した。しかし、開始から45時間経過後においても水素は検出されなかった。このことは、実施例5における懸濁液からの水素生成反応が、NbONの光触媒としての機能により進行したことを裏付けるものである。
実施例1で合成したNbON(0.10g)を0.01M(mol/L)硝酸銀水溶液200mLに懸濁させた。この懸濁液に波長420nm-800nmの可視光を照射したときの酸素生成量の経時変化が、図9に示されている。光源には300Wキセノンランプを用い、波長420nm-800nm以外の光をカットするコールドミラーを通して光照射を行った。その結果、図9に示されるように、初期速度0.06μmol/時で酸素の生成が見られた。このことから、NbONが、可視光照射下で硝酸銀水溶液中の水を酸素に酸化する光触媒機能を有することが確認された。
実施例6と同様にして、NbON(0.10g)を0.01M(mol/L)硝酸銀水溶液200mLに懸濁させた。この懸濁液を暗所に置いたときの酸素生成量を測定した。しかし、開始から45時間経過後においても酸素は検出されなかった。このことは、実施例6における懸濁液からの酸素生成反応が、NbONの光触媒としての機能により進行したことを裏付けるものである。
Claims (13)
- 実質的に、バデライト型結晶構造を有し、かつ、組成式NbONで表される組成を有するニオブ酸窒化物からなる、光半導体。
- NbONの単相からなる、請求項1に記載の光半導体。
- 少なくとも組成中に酸素を含むニオブ化合物と、還元防止剤とを含む混合物を作製する混合工程と、
前記混合物と窒素化合物ガスとを反応させて前記混合物を窒化する窒化工程と、
前記窒化工程によって得られた試料から、洗浄液を用いてニオブ酸窒化物以外の化学種を溶解させ、ニオブ酸窒化物を単離させる洗浄工程と、
を含む、光半導体の製造方法。 - 還元防止剤が、スズ、チタン、インジウムおよびゲルマニウムからなる群から選択される少なくとも何れか1つの元素を含む化合物である、請求項3記載の光半導体の製造方法。
- 前記ニオブ化合物と前記還元防止剤との混合比を、
X=(還元防止剤中の金属または金属イオンの物質量)/(ニオブ化合物中のニオブの物質量))、
と定義したとき、Xが1≦X≦5を満たす、請求項3に記載の光半導体の製造方法。 - 前記窒化工程における反応温度が773K~1023Kである、請求項3に記載の光半導体の製造方法。
- 前記窒化工程で用いられる前記窒素化合物ガスが、少なくともアンモニアを含む、請求項3に記載の光半導体の製造方法。
- 前記窒化工程で用いられる前記窒素化合物ガスの流通速度が、線速として0.05cm/秒~5.00cm/秒である、請求項3に記載の光半導体の製造方法。
- 前記洗浄工程で用いられる前記洗浄液が、少なくとも酸性溶液またはアルカリ性溶液を含む、請求項3に記載の光半導体の製造方法。
- 請求項1に記載の光半導体を備えた光半導体デバイス。
- 請求項2に記載の光半導体からなる光触媒。
- 請求項11に記載の光触媒と、
前記光触媒と接触する、水を含む電解液と、
前記光触媒と前記電解液とを収容する筐体と、
を備え、
前記光触媒への光の照射により、前記水が分解されて水素が発生する、水素生成デバイス。 - 請求項12に記載の水素生成デバイスと、
燃料電池と、
前記水素生成デバイスで生成された水素を前記燃料電池へ供給するラインと、
を備えた、エネルギーシステム。
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