Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
  • C07D303/04—Compounds containing oxirane rings containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C41/00—Preparation of ethers; Preparation of compounds having groups, groups or groups
  • C07C41/01—Preparation of ethers
  • C07C41/02—Preparation of ethers from oxiranes
  • C07C41/03—Preparation of ethers from oxiranes by reaction of oxirane rings with hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C43/00—Ethers; Compounds having groups, groups or groups
  • C07C43/02—Ethers
  • C07C43/03—Ethers having all ether-oxygen atoms bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C43/04—Saturated ethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C43/00—Ethers; Compounds having groups, groups or groups
  • C07C43/02—Ethers
  • C07C43/03—Ethers having all ether-oxygen atoms bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C43/04—Saturated ethers
  • C07C43/10—Saturated ethers of polyhydroxy compounds
  • C07C43/11—Polyethers containing —O—(C—C—O—)n units with ≤ 2 n≤ 10
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
  • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08G65/329—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds
  • C08G65/331—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C08G65/3311—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing oxygen containing a hydroxy group
  • C08G65/3312—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing oxygen containing a hydroxy group acyclic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents

Definitions

• Biocide compositions comprising alkoxylation products of isoamyl alcohol derivatives
• the present invention relates to the area of agrochemicals and refers to new alkoxylation products of isoamyl alcohol derivatives, biocide compositions comprising them and their use as a solvent for biocides.
• fungicides such as fungicides, insecticides and herbicides
• a magnitude of actives exist which show very different chemical structures and behaviours. Nevertheless, it is well known from the state of the art that it remains difficult to prepare concentrates of these actives which are exhibiting a satisfying stability, especially if stored at very low or elevated temperatures over a longer period.
• the solutions show a strong tendency to either separate or to form crystals, which makes it necessary to re-disperse the actives in the compositions prior to every application in order to obtain a homogenous product.
• biocides, especially pesticides do exhibit suboptimal biological efficacy because of insufficient retention, adhesion, wetting, or penetration. Therefore, there is a need for a corresponding adjuvant which allows access to a better biological performance.
• a low CMC shows little intermolecular forces or high flexibility to migrate to new surfaces.
• the alkoxylated alcohol is mentioned.
• Tego Wet 5xx alkoxylation products of highly branched alcohols such as e.g. 3,5,5- trimethylhexanol are sold exhibiting an excellent low of dynamic surface tension and small foam potential.
• all the products found in the market use a synthetic starting alcohol as raw material, while the trend in agro science leads to products based on renewable, fully degradable sources. Therefore, the problem underlying the present invention has been to develop new additives for agrochemical compositions, useful as solvents, adjuvants, emulsifiers and the like, which are based on renewable alcohols.
• the new additives should exhibit a low foaming behavior and both a low dynamic and a low static surface tension.
• a low dynamic surface tension is attributed to an increased retention of agricultural sprays on crops, notably monocots or grasses which typically have a lower leaf area.
• a low static surface tension allows quicker and hence better penetration of the agricultural spray, so uptake of an active ingredient is enhanced leading to better biological performance.
• the present invention refers to alkoxylation products of 2-isopropyl- -methyl-hexan-l-ol according to formula (I)
• AO stands for an ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylenes oxide unit or their mixtures and n denominates an integer of from 1 to 100.
• biocide compositions comprising
• AO stands for an ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylenes oxide unit or their mixtures and n denominates an integer of from 1 to 100;
• alkoxylation products according to formula (I) represent efficient additives for biocide compositions.
• the products are about non-foaming and exhibit both a low dynamic and a low static surface tension, which allows them to improve the biological performance of a wide range of biocides.
• the alcohol component is derived from isoamyl alcohol or fusel alcohols, which means that the resource is fully renewable and highly degradable.
• AO stands for an ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylenes oxide unit or their mixtures and n denominates an integer of from 1 to 100, preferably 2 to 50 and more preferably 3 to 35.
• the alcohol component 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-hexan-l-ol
• guerbet alcohol which can be derived from isoamyl alcohol or fusel alcohols.
• Guerbet alcohols represent primary alcohols branched in the 2-position. They are well known for decades although only few are commercially available, like e.g. 2-ethylhexanol.
• the dimerisation (“Guerbet reaction”) can be described by the following equation: (R* is an aliphatic group):
• a primary or secondary alcohol as starting material and does obtain an alcohol which has about twice the molecular weight. It is also possible to use different starting alcohols, resulting in a mixed Guerbet alcohol.
• isoamyl alcohol can be obtained from synthetic sources; however, it is preferred to use alcohols from a renewable source.
• Fusel alcohol can be one source which contains other minor components such propanol and iso-propanol, butanol in various isomers, and isomers of amyl alcohol.
• Alkoxylation of the guerbet alcohols may take place according to the standard procedures known from organic chemistry. Typically, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylenes oxide or their mixtures are added to the alcohol component at a static pressure of 1 to 5 bar and temperatures between 80 and 120 °C; the presence of an alkaline catalyst, e.g. sodium methylate or potassium tert.-butylate is also preferred.
• an alkaline catalyst e.g. sodium methylate or potassium tert.-butylate is also preferred.
• One may add up to 100 Mol alkylene oxide to the starting alcohols, however it is preferred to add about 2 to about 50, in particular about 3 to about 35 Mol alkylene oxide.
• mixtures of alkylene oxides for example mixtures of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
• a biocide (component b) in the context of the present invention is a plant protection agent, more particular a chemical substance capable of killing different forms of living organisms used in fields such as medicine, agriculture, forestry, and mosquito control. Also counted under the group of biocides are so-called plant growth regulators. Usually, biocides are divided into two sub-groups:
• o pesticides which includes fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, algicides, moluscicides, miticides and rodenticides, (here, The Pesticide Ma nual, 14 th edition, BCPC 2006 is included as a reference, it provides information about the individual mode of actions of active ingredients) and
• antimicrobials which includes germicides, antibiotics, antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals and antiparasites.
• Biocides can also be added to other materials (typically liquids) to protect the material from biological infestation and growth.
• materials typically liquids
• certain types of quaternary ammonium compounds can be added to pool water or industrial water systems to act as an algicide, protecting the water from infestation and growth of algae.
• a pesticide as "any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest".
• a pesticide may be a chemical substance or biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria) used against pests including insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms) and microbes that compete with humans for food, destroy
• a fungicide is one of three main methods of pest control - the chemical control of fungi in this case.
• Fungicides are chemical compounds used to prevent the spread of fungi in gardens and crops.
• Fungicides are also used to fight fungal infections.
• Fungicides can either be contact or systemic.
• a contact fungicide kills fungi when sprayed on its surface.
• a systemic fungicide has to be absorbed by the fungus before the fungus dies. Examples for suitable fungicides, according to the present invention, encompass the following chemical classes and corresponding examples:
• Anilinopyrimidines such as cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil,
• Heteroaromatics such as hymexazol
• Heteroaromatic hydrocarbons such as etridiazole
• Chlorophenyls/Nitroanilines such as chloroneb, dicloran, quintozene, tecnazene, tolclofos-methyl,
• Benzimidazoles such as acibenzolar, benomyl, benzothiazole, carbendazim, fuberidazole, metrafenone, probenazole, thiabendazole, triazoxide, and benzimidazole precursor fungicides,
• o Carbamates such as propamocarb, diethofencarb,
• Carboxamides such as boscalid, diclocymet, ethaboxam, flutolanil, penthiopyrad, thifluzamide
• o Cinnamic acid amides such as dimethomorph, flumorph,
• Cyanoacetamide oximes such as cymoxanil
• Dicarboximides such as iprodione, octhilinone, procymidone, vinclozolin
• Dithiocarbamates such as mancopper, mancozeb, maneb, metiram, nabam, propineb, zineb,
• Glucopyranosyl antibiotics such as streptomycin, validamycin
• Guanidines such as dodine, guazatine, iminoctadine, o Hexopyranosyl antibiotics such as kasugamycin,
• Imidazoles such as imazalil, oxpoconazole, pefurazoate, prochloraz, triflumizole, o Imidazolinones such as fenamidone,
• Inorganics such as Bordeaux mixture, copper hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oleate, copper oxychloride, copper(l l) sulfate, copper sulfate, copper(l l) acetate, copper(l l) carbonate, cuprous oxide, sulfur,
• Morpholines such as dodemorph, fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, piperalin, spiroxamine, aldimorph
• o Oxazolidinones such as oxadixyl
• Phenylamides such as benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, furalaxyl, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, of u race,
• Phenylpyrroles such as fludioxonil
• Phthalamic acids such as tecloftalam
• Phthalimides such as captafol, captan, folpet,
• o Qils such as cyazofamid
• o Strobilurines such as azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, famoxadone, fluoxastrobin, , kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, orysastrobin,
• o Thiocarbamates such as methasulfocarb
• o Thiophanates such as thiophanate-methyl
• Triazole fungicides such as azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole difenoconazole, diniconazole, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole flusilazole, flutriafol, fluotrimazole, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole quinconazole
• Triazolobenzothidazoles such as tricyclazole
• Valinamide carbamates such as iprovalicarb, benthiavalicarb
• herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Some of these act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often based on plant hormones. Herbicides used to clear waste ground are nonselective and kill all plant material with which they come into contact. Herbicides are widely used in agriculture and in landscape turf management. They are applied in total vegetation control (TVC) programs for maintenance of highways and railroads. Smaller quantities are used in forestry, pasture systems, and management of areas set aside as wildlife habitat. In general, active ingredients representing including various chemical classes and corresponding examples can be used
• Aryloxycarboxylic acids e.g. MCPA-thioethyl
• Aryloxyphenoxypropionates e.g. clodinafop-propargyl, cyhalofop-butyl, diclofops, fluazifops, haloxyfops, quizalofops,
• Chloroacetamides e.g. acetolochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethenamid, metolachlor, propachlor
• Cyclohexanedione oximes e.g. clethodim, sethoxydim, tralkoxydim,
• Benzimidazoles such as dicamba, ethofumesate
• Dinitroanilines e.g. trifluralin, pendimethalin,
• Diphenyl ethers e.g. aclonifen, oxyfluorfen,
• glycine derivative glyphosate a systemic nonselective (it kills any type of plant) herbicide used in no-till burndown and for weed control in crops that are genetically modified to resist its effects.
• Hydroxybenzonitriles e.g. bromoxynil
• Imidazolinones e.g. fenamidone, imazapic, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, o Isoxazolidinones e.g. clomazone
• Phenyl carbamates e.g. desmedipham, phenmedipham,
• Phenylpyrazoles e.g. pyraflufen-ethyl
• Phenylpyrazolines e.g. pinoxaden
• Sulfonyureas e.g. amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, nicosulfuron, rim- sulfuron, sulfosulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, trifloxysurlfuron-sodium, triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron,
• amidosulfuron azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, nicosulfuron, rim- sulfuron, sulfosulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, trifloxysurlfuron-sodium, triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron,
• Triazolopyrimidines e.g. penoxsulam, metosulam, florasulam,
• Triketones e.g. mesotriones, sulcotrione
• Phenoxycarboxylic acids such as 2,4-D, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprops,
• Triazines such as atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine,
• insecticide is a pesticide used against insects in all developmental forms. They include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and the household. In the following, suitable chemical classes and examples of insecticides are mentioned:
• Anthranilic diamides such as rynaxypyr
• Chlorinated insecticides such as, for example, Camphechlor, DDT, Hexachloro- cyclohexane, gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane, Methoxychlor, Pentachlorophenol, TDE, Aldrin, Chlordane, Chlordecone, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Endrin, Heptachlor, Mirex, o Juvenile hormone mimics such as pyriproxyfen, o Neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, o Organophosphorus compounds such as acephate, azinphos-methyl, bensulide, chlorethoxyfos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyriphos-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos (DDVP), dicrotophos, dimethoate, disulfoton, dthoprop, fenamiphos,
• Plant toxin derived compounds such as derris (rotenone), pyrethrum, neem (azadirachtin), nicotine, caffeine,
• Pyrethroids such as, for example, allethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, resmethrin, sumithrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin,
• Plant hormones are chemicals that regulate plant growth. Plant hormones are signal molecules produced within the plant, and occur in extremely low concentrations. Hormones regulate cellular processes in targeted cells locally and when moved to other locations, in other locations of the plant. Plants, unlike animals, lack glands that produce and secrete hormones. Plant hormones shape the plant, affecting seed growth, time of flowering, the sex of flowers, senescence of leaves and fruits. They affect which tissues grow upward and which grow downward, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, plant longevity and even plant death. Hormones are vital to plant growth and lacking them, plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells. I n the following, suitable plant growth regulators are mentioned:
• Quaternary ammoniums such as chlormequat chloride, mepiquat chloride,
• Rodenticides are a category of pest control chemicals intended to kill rodents. Rodents are difficult to kill with poisons because their feeding habits reflect their place as scavengers. They would eat a small bit of something and wait, and if they do not get sick, they would continue eating. An effective rodenticide must be tasteless and odorless in lethal concentrations, and have a delayed effect. I n the following, examples for suitable rodenticides are given:
• Anticoagulants are defined as chronic (death occurs after 1 - 2 weeks post ingestion of the lethal dose, rarely sooner), single-dose (second generation) or multiple dose (first generation) cumulative rodenticides. Fatal internal bleeding is caused by lethal dose of anticoagulants such as brodifacoum, coumatetralyl or warfarin. These substances in effective doses are antivitamins K, blocking the enzymes Ki-2,3-epoxide-reductase (this enzyme is preferentially blocked by 4-hydroxycoumarin/4-hydroxythiacoumarin derivatives) and Ki-quinone-reductase (this enzyme is preferentially blocked by indandione derivatives), depriving the organism of its source of active vitamin Ki.
• Rodenticidal anticoagulants are either first generation agents (4-hydroxycoumarin type: warfarin, coumatetralyl; indandione type: pindone, diphacinone, chlorophacinone), generally requiring higher concentrations (usually between 0.005 and 0.1%), consecutive intake over days in order to accumulate the lethal dose, poor active or inactive after single feeding and less toxic than second generation agents, which are derivatives of 4-hydroxycoumarin (difenacoum, brodifacoum, bromadiolone and flocoumafen) or 4-hydroxy-l-benzothiin-2-one (4-hydroxy-l-thiacoumarin, sometimes incorrectlly referred to as 4-hydroxy-l-thiocoumarin, for reason see heterocyclic compounds), namely difethialone.
• first generation agents 4-hydroxycoumarin type: warfarin, coumatetralyl
• indandione type pindone, diphacinone, chlorophacinone
• second generation agents which are derivatives of 4-hydroxycoumarin
• Second generation agents are far more toxic than first generation agents, they are generally applied in lower concentrations in baits (usually in the order of 0.001 - 0.005%), and are lethal after single ingestion of bait and are effective also against strains of rodents that have become resistant against first generation anticoagulants; thus the second generation anticoagulants are sometimes referred to as "superwarfarins".
• anticoagulant rodenticides are potentiated by an antibiotic, most commonly by sulfaquinoxaline. The aim of this association (e.g.
• warfarin 0.05% + sulfaquinoxaline 0.02%, or difenacoum 0.005% + sulfaquinoxaline 0.02% etc. is that the antibiotic/bacteriostatic agent suppresses intestinal/gut symbiotic microflora that represents a source of vitamin K.
• the symbiotic bacteria are killed or their metabolism is impaired and the production of vitamin K by them is diminuted, an effect which logically contributes to the action of anticoagulants.
• Antibiotic agents other than sulfaquinoxaline may be used, for example co- trimoxazole, tetracycline, neomycin or metronidazole.
• a further synergism used in rodenticidal baits is that of an association of an anticoagulant with a compound with vitamin D-activity, i.e. cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol (see below).
• a typical formula used is, e. g., warfarin 0.025 - 0.05% + cholecalciferol 0.01%.
• anticoagulant + antibiotic + vitamin D e. g. difenacoum 0.005% + sulfaquinoxaline 0.02% + cholecalciferol 0.01%.
• Second-generation anticoagulant with an antibiotic and/or vitamin D are considered to be effective even against the most resistant strains of rodents, though some second generation anticoagulants (namely brodifacoum and difethialone), in bait concentrations of 0.0025 - 0.005% are so toxic that no known resistant strain of rodents exists and even rodents resistant against any other derivatives are reliably exterminated by application of these most toxic anticoagulants.
• Vitamin Ki has been suggested and successfully used as an antidote for pets or humans, which/who were either accidentally or intentionally (poison assaults on pets, suicidal attempts) exposed to anticoagulant poisons.
• these poisons act by inhibiting liver functions and in progressed stages of poisoning, several blood-clotting factors as well as the whole volume of circulating blood lacks, a blood transfusion (optionally with the clotting factors present) can save a person's life who inadvertently takes them, which is an advantage over some older poisons.
• Metal phosphides have been used as a means of killing rodents and are considered single- dose fast acting rodenticides (death occurs commonly within 1-3 days after single bait ingestion).
• a bait consisting of food and a phosphide (usually zinc phosphide) is left where the rodents can eat it.
• the acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas.
• the individual rodents that survived anticoagulant bait poisoning can be eradicated by pre-baiting them with nontoxic bait for a week or two (this is important to overcome bait shyness, and to get rodents used to feeding in specific areas by offering specific food, especially when eradicating rats) and subsequently applying poisoned bait of the same sort as used for pre- baiting until all consumption of the bait ceases (usually within 2-4 days).
• These methods of alternating rodenticides with different modes of action provides a factual or an almost 100% eradication of the rodent population in the area if the acceptance/palatability of bait is good (i.e., rodents readily feed on it).
• Phosphides are rather fast acting rat poisons, resulting in that the rats are dying usually in open areas instead of the affected buildings.
• Typical examples are aluminum phosphide (fumigant only), calcium phosphide (fumigant only), magnesium phosphide (fumigant only) and zinc phosphide (in baits).
• Zinc phosphide is typically added to rodent baits in amounts of around 0.75-2%.
• the baits have a strong, pungent garlic-like odor characteristic for phosphine liberated by hydrolysis.
• Vitamins D are used as rodenticides, which are toxic to rodents for the same reason that they are beneficial to mammals: they are affecting calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body.
• Vitamins D are essential in minute quantities (few lUs per kilogram body weight daily, which is only a fraction of a milligram), and like most fat soluble vitamins they are toxic in larger doses as they readily result in the so-called hypervitaminosis, which is, simply said, poisoning by the vitamin.
• the poisoning is severe enough (that is, if the dose of the toxicant is high enough), it eventually leads to death.
• rodents consuming the rodenticidal bait it causes hypercalcemia by raising the calcium level, mainly by increasing calcium absorption from food, mobilising bone-matrix-fixed calcium into ionised form (mainly monohydrogencarbonate calcium cation, partially bound to plasma proteins, [CaHC0 3 ] + ), which circulates dissolved in the blood plasma, and after ingestion of a lethal dose the free calcium levels are raised sufficiently so that blood vessels, kidneys, the stomach wall and lungs are mineralised/calcificated (formation of calcificates, crystals of calcium salts/complexes in the tissues thus damaging them), leading further to heart problems (myocard is sensitive to variations of free calcium levels that are affecting both myocardial contractibility and excitation propagation between atrias and ventriculas) and bleeding (due to capillary damage) and possibly kidney failure.
• ionised form mainly
• Sorexa ® D (with a different formula than today's Sorexa ® D) back in the early 1970's, containing warfarin 0.025% + ergocalciferol 0.1%.
• Sorexa ® CD contains a 0.0025% difenacoum + 0.075% cholecalciferol combination.
• Numerous other brand products containing either calciferols 0.075 - 0.1% e. g.
• Miticides are pesticides that kill mites. Antibiotic miticides, carbamate miticides, formamidine miticides, mite growth regulators, orga istlorine, permethrin and organophosphate miticides all belong to this category.
• Molluscicides are pesticides used to control mollusks, such as moths, slugs and snails. These substances include metaldehyde, methiocarb and aluminium sulfate.
• a nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill parasitic nematodes (a phylum of worm). A nematicide is obtained from a neem tree's seed cake; which is the residue of neem seeds after oil extraction. The neem tree is known by several names in the world but was first cultivated in India since ancient times. h) Antimicrobials
• antimicrobials suitable for agrochemical compositions according to the present invention are given.
• Bactericidal disinfectants mostly used are those applying o active chlorine (i.e., hypochlorites, chloramines, dichloroisocyanurate and trichloroisocyanurate, wet chlorine, chlorine dioxide, etc.),
• active oxygen peroxides such as peracetic acid, potassium persulfate, sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate and urea perhydrate
• iodpovidone povidone-iodine, Betadine
• Lugol's solution iodine tincture, iodinated nonionic surfactants
• o concentrated alcohols mainly ethanol, 1-propanol, called also n-propanol and 2- propanol, called isopropanol and mixtures thereof; further, 2-phenoxyethanol and 1- and 2-phenoxypropanols are used
• phenolic substances such as phenol (also called “carbolic acid”), cresols (called “Lysole” in combination with liquid potassium soaps), halogenated (chlorinated, brominated) phenols, such as hexachlorophene, triclosan, trichlorophenol, tribromophenol, pentachlorophenol, Dibromol and salts thereof),
• o cationic surfactants such as some quaternary ammonium cations (such as benzalkonium chloride, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide or chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzethonium chloride) and others, non-quarternary compounds such as chlorhexidine, glucoprotamine, octenidine dihydrochloride, etc.),
• o strong oxidizers such as ozone and permanganate solutions
• Heavy metals and their salts such as colloidal silver, silver nitrate, mercury chloride, phenylmercury salts, copper sulfate, copper oxide-chloride etc.
• Heavy metals and their salts are the most toxic and environmentally hazardous bactericides and, therefore, their use is strongly suppressed or forbidden; further, also
• o alcalis sodium, potassium, calcium hydroxides
• pH ⁇ 1 or > 13 particularly below elevated tem peratures (above 60°C) kill bacteria.
• antiseptics i.e., germicide agents that can be used on human or animal body, skin, mucoses, wounds and the like
• disinfectants can be used under proper conditions (mainly concentration, pH, temperature and toxicity toward man/animal). Among them, important are
• chlorine preparations e. g. Daquin's solution, 0.5% sodium or potassium hypochlorite solution, pH-adjusted to pH 7 - 8, or 0.5 - 1% solution of sodium benzenesulfochloramide (chloramine B)
• some properly diluted chlorine preparations e. g. Daquin's solution, 0.5% sodium or potassium hypochlorite solution, pH-adjusted to pH 7 - 8, or 0.5 - 1% solution of sodium benzenesulfochloramide (chloramine B)
• iodine preparations such as iodopovidone in various galenics (ointments, solutions, wound plasters), in the past also Lugol's solution,
• o peroxides as urea perhydrate solutions and pH-buffered 0.1 - 0.25% peracetic acid solutions.
• o alcohols with or without antiseptic additives used mainly for skin antisepsis,
• o weak organic acids such as sorbic acid, benzoic acid, lactic acid and salicylic acid o some phenolic compounds such as hexachlorophene, triclosan and Dibromol, and o cation-active compounds such as 0.05 - 0.5% benzalkonium, 0.5 - 4% chlorhexidine, 0.1 - 2% octenidine solutions.
• Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria; bacteriostatic antibiotics only slow down their growth or reproduction.
• Penicillin is a bactericide, as are cephalosporins.
• Aminoglycosidic antibiotics can act in both a bactericidic manner (by disrupting cell wall precursor leading to lysis) or bacteriostatic manner (by connecting to 30s ribosomal subunit and reducing translation fidelity leading to inaccurate protein synthesis).
• Other bactericidal antibiotics according to the present invention include the fluoroquinolones, nitrofurans, vancomycin, monobactams, co-trimoxazole, and metronidazole
• Preferred actives are those with systemic or partially systemic mode of action such as for example azoxystrobin.
• Suitable oil components or co-solvents are, for example, Guerbet alcohols based on fatty alcohols having 6 to 18, preferably 8 to 10, carbon atoms, esters of linear C 6 - C 22 -fatty acids with linear or branched C 6 -C 22 -fatty alcohols or esters of branched C 6 -C i3 - carboxylic acids with linear or branched C 6 -C 22 -fatty alcohols, such as, for example, myristyl myristate, myristyl palmitate, myristyl stearate, myristyl isostearate, myristyl oleate, myristyl behenate, myristyl erucate, cetyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, cetyl stearate, cetyl isostearate, cetyl oleate, cetyl behenate, cetyl erucate, stearyl myristate, ste
• esters of linear C 6 -C 22 -fatty acids with branched alcohols in particular 2-ethylhexanol
• esters of Ci 8 -C 38 - alkylhydroxy carboxylic acids with linear or branched C 6 -C 22 -fatty alcohols in particular Dioctyl Malate
• esters of linear and/or branched fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols such as, for example, propylene glycol, dimerdiol or trimertriol
• Guerbet alcohols triglycerides based on C 6 -Ci 0 -fatty acids, liquid mono-/di-/triglyceride m j x t U res based on C 6 -Ci 8 -fatty acids
• esters of C 6 - C 22 - fatty alcohols and/or Guerbet alcohols with aromatic carboxylic acids in particular benzoic acid
• esters of C 2 - Ci 2 -dicarboxylic acid esters of C
• Cetiol AB linear or branched, symmetrical or asymmetrical dialkyl ethers having 6 to 22 carbon atoms per alkyl group, such as, for example, dicaprylyl ether (Cetiol OE), ring-opening products of epoxidized fatty acid esters with polyols, silicone oils (cyclomethicones, silicone methicone grades, etc.), aliphatic or naphthenic hydrocarbons, such as, for example,
• the preferred oil components or co-solvents show an ester or an amide structure.
• Suitable emulsifiers include non-ionic and anionic surfactants and their mixtures.
• Non-ionic surfactants include for example:
• Ci 2 /i8 fatty acid monoesters and diesters of addition products of 1 to 80 , preferably 10 - 60 mol ethylene oxide onto glycerol;
• polyglycerol esters such as, for example, polyglycerol polyricinoleate, polyglycerol poly-12-hydroxystearate or polyglycerol dimerate isostearate. Mixtures of compounds from several of these classes are also suitable; o addition products of 2 to 15 mol ethylene oxide onto castor oil and/or hydrogenated castor oil;
• o partial esters based on linear, branched, unsaturated or saturated C 6 / 22 fatty acids, ricinoleic acid and 12-hydroxystearic acid and glycerol, polyglycerol, pentaerythritol, - dipentaerythritol, sugar alcohols (for example sorbitol), alkyl glucosides (for example methyl glucoside, butyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside) and polyglucosides (for example cellulose);
• the addition products of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide onto fatty alcohols, fatty acids, alkylphenols, glycerol mono- and diesters and sorbitan mono- and diesters of fatty acids or onto castor oil are known commercially available products. They are homologue mixtures of which the average degree of alkoxylation corresponds to the ratio between the quantities of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and substrate with which the addition reaction is carried out. C12/18 fatty acid monoesters and diesters of addition products of ethylene oxide onto glycerol are known as lipid layer enhancers for cosmetic formulations.
• the preferred emulsifiers are described in more detail as follows: a) Partial glycerides
• Suitable partial glycerides are hydroxystearic acid monoglyceride, hydroxystearic acid diglyceride, isostearic acid monoglyceride, isostearic acid diglyceride, oleic acid monoglyceride, oleic acid diglyceride, ricinoleic acid monoglyceride, ricinoleic acid diglyceride, linoleic acid monoglyceride, linoleic acid diglyceride, linolenic acid monoglyceride, linolenic acid diglyceride, erucic acid monoglyceride, erucic acid diglyceride, tartaric acid monoglyceride, tartaric acid diglyceride, citric acid monoglyceride, citric acid diglyceride, malic acid monoglyceride, malic acid diglyceride and technical mixtures thereof which may still contain small quantities of triglyceride from the production process. Addition products of 1
• Suitable sorbitan esters are sorbitan monoisostearate, sorbitan sesquiisostearate, sorbitan diisostearate, sorbitan triisostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan dioleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan monoerucate, sorbitan sesquierucate, sorbitan dierucate, sorbitan trierucate, sorbitan monoricinoleate, sorbitan sesquiricinoleate, sorbitan diricinoleate, sorbitan triricinoleate, sorbitan monohydroxystearate, sorbitan sesquihydroxy- stearate, sorbitan dihydroxystearate, sorbitan trihydroxystearate, sorbitan monotartrate, sorbitan sesquitartrate, sorbitan ditartrate, sorbitan tritartrate, sorbitan monocitrate,
• alkyl or alkenyl oligoglycosides representing also preferred emulsifiers may be derived from aldoses or ketoses containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably glucose. Accordingly, the preferred alkyl and/or alkenyl oligoglycosides are alkyl or alkenyl oligoglucosides. These materials are also known generically as "alkyl polyglycosides" (APG).
• APG alkyl polyglycosides
• the alk(en)yl oligoglycosides according to the invention correspond to formula (I I) :
• the index p in general formula (I I) indicates the degree of oligomerisation (DP degree), i.e. the distribution of mono- and oligoglycosides, and is a number of 1 to 10. Whereas p in a given compound must always be an integer and, above all, may assume a value of 1 to 6, the value p for a certain alkyl oligoglycoside is an analytically determined calculated quantity which is mostly a broken number.
• Alk(en)yl oligoglycosides having an average degree of oligomerisation p of 1.1 to 3.0 are preferably used. Alk(en)yl oligoglycosides having a degree of oligomerisation below 1.7 and, more particularly, between 1.2 and 1.4 are preferred from the applicational point of view.
• the alkyl or alkenyl radical R 3 may be derived from primary alcohols containing 4 to 22 and preferably 8 to 16 carbon atoms.
• Typical examples are butanol, caproic alcohol, caprylic alcohol, capric alcohol, undecyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmitoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, petroselinyl alcohol, arachyl alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol and technical mixtures thereof such as are formed, for example, in the hydrogenation of technical fatty acid methyl esters or in the hydrogenation of aldehydes from Roelen's oxo synthesis.
• Alkyl oligoglucosides based on hydrogenated C 8 -C 16 coconut oil alcohol having a DP of 1 to 3 are preferred. Also suitable are alkoxylation products of alkyl oligoglucosides, for example adducts of 1 to 10 moles ethylene oxide and/or 1 to 5 moles propylene oxide to C 8 -Cio or Ci2-Ci8 alkyl oligoglucoside having a DP between 1.2 and 1.4. d) Alkoxylated vegetable oils
• Suitable emulsifiers are castor oil, rape seed oil, soy been oil ethoxylated with 3 to 80 moles ethylene oxide (Agnique ® CSO 35, Agnique ® SBO 10, Agnique ® SBO 60)) e) Alkoxylated copolymers
• Typical copolymers are ethoxylated and propoxylated block and/or random polymers of C 2 - C 22 linear or branched alcohols, alkoxylated oligosaccharides and alkoxylated oligoglycerol esters. f) Anionic emulsifiers
• Typical anionic emulsifiers encompass alkylbenzene sulfonic acids and their salts, as for example calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate dissolved in isobutanol (Agnique ABS 65C) or 2- ethylhexanol (Agnique ABS 60C-EH), dialkyl sulfosuccinates, as for example di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate or dioctyl sulfosuccinate, and polyacrylates having a molar weight of from 1,000 to 50,000.
• Miscellaneous emulsifiers encompass alkylbenzene sulfonic acids and their salts, as for example calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate dissolved in isobutanol (Agnique ABS 65C) or 2- ethylhexanol (Agnique ABS 60C-EH), dialkyl sulfosuccinate
• Suitable emulsifiers are zwitterionic surfactants.
• Zwitterionic surfactants are surface- active compounds which contain at least one quaternary ammonium group and at least one carboxylate and one sulfonate group in the molecule.
• Particularly suitable zwitterionic surfactants are the so-called betaines such as the N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium glycinates, for example cocoalkyl dimethyl ammonium glycinate, N-acylaminopropyl-N,N- dimethyl ammonium glycinates, for example cocoacylaminopropyl dimethyl ammonium glycinate, and 2-alkyl-3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxyethyl imidazolines containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl or acyl group and cocoacylaminoethyl hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl glycinate.
• betaines such as the N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium glycinates, for example cocoalkyl dimethyl ammonium glycinate, N-acylaminopropyl-N,N- dimethyl ammonium glycinates, for example cocoacylaminopropy
• Ampholytic surfactants are also suitable emulsifiers.
• Ampholytic surfactants are surface-active compounds which, in addition to a Cg/is alkyl or acyl group, contain at least one free amino group and at least one -COOH- or -S0 3 H- group in the molecule and which are capable of forming inner salts.
• am pholytic surfactants are N-alkyl glycines, N-alkyl propionic acids, N-alkylaminobutyric acids, N-alkyliminodipropionic acids, N-hydroxyethyl-N-alkylamidopropyl glycines, N-alkyl taurines, N-alkyl sarcosines, 2-alkylaminopropionic acids and alkylaminoacetic acids containing around 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.
• Particularly preferred ampholytic surfactants are N-cocoalkylaminopropionate, cocoacylaminoethyl aminopropionate and 12/18 acyl sarcosine.
• compositions may show the following compositions:
• compositions represent concentrates to be diluted with water to give aqueous formulations for end-users comprising about 0.5 to about 5, preferably about 0.5 to about 1 % of the active matter represented by the concentrate.
• Another embodiment of the present invention is related to the use of alkoxylation products of 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-hexan-l-ol according to formula (I) as adjuvants or additives, for example green solvents, dispersants, carrier oils a nd the like, for enhancing the biological efficacy of biocides.
• the present invention also encompasses spray solutions comprising at least one pesticide and alkoxylation products of 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-hexan-l- ol according to formula (I).
• Isoamylguerbet alcohol Triply branched alcohol consisting of 10 carbon atoms that was synthesized from 3-methyl-l-butanol in the presence of catalytic amounts of aldehyde, alkali and palladium on coal by a Guerbet reaction: A mixture of 2500 g 3-methyl-l-butanol (a isoamyl alcohol), 75 g 3-methyl-l-butanal, 4 g Pd/C (5% Pd/C 3610 (Johnson Matthey) 50% in water) was heated to 180 °C, 320 g KOH (50% in water) added in portions and the mixture stirred under pressure decreasing from 4.6 bar to 1.4 bar over 18 hours. The obtained alcohol (referred to as isoamyl guerbet alcohol) exhibits a hydroxy value of 354.2 mg KOH/g.
• Monocots are preferred because they typically have a lower leaf area than dicots or broadleaved plants.
• Monocotyledons also known as monocots, are one of two major groups of flowering plants that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots.
• Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon (seed-leaf), in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots.
• the true grasses, family Poaceae (Gramineae) are the most economically important family in this group. These include all the true grains (rice, wheat, maize, etc.), the pasture grasses, sugar cane, and the bamboos.
• Opus SC125 was tested to control barley powdery mildew (BPM) in a curative greenhouse trial, Azoxystrobin SC 250 in a protective trial. In each case, barley was cultivated in a substrate "Frustorder Erde" for three weeks. Each treatment was replicated 14 times. The adjuvant dose rate in each treatment was 50 ml/ha. Curative trial with Opus
• leaf segments were cut off at a length of 7 cm from the stem.
• the leaves of the F and F-1 leaf were placed on agar. After the inoculation, the incubation time was 10 d.
• the assessment of the infection rate was conducted by a trained biologist.
• Jsoamylguerbet stands for the residue of the 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-hexan-l-ol starting alcohol Table 2
• Table 1 shows that products comprising blocks of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide show excellent improvement of the control of powdery mildew; using ethylene oxide alone still provides acceptable performance.
• Table 2 proofs that the claimed substances show in deed a low static and dynamic surface tension. Additionally, they almost develop any foam.

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