Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
  • C01B21/20—Nitrogen oxides; Oxyacids of nitrogen; Salts thereof
  • C01B21/22—Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
  • C07C49/587—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring
  • C07C49/607—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring of a seven-to twelve-membered ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C29/48—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by oxidation reactions with formation of hydroxy groups
  • C07C29/50—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by oxidation reactions with formation of hydroxy groups with molecular oxygen only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C37/60—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by oxidation reactions introducing directly hydroxy groups on a =CH-group belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring with the aid of other oxidants than molecular oxygen or their mixtures with molecular oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
  • C07C45/27—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation
  • C07C45/28—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation of CHx-moieties
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
  • C07C51/31—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation of cyclic compounds with ring-splitting
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
  • C07C51/31—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation of cyclic compounds with ring-splitting
  • C07C51/316—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation of cyclic compounds with ring-splitting with oxides of nitrogen or nitrogen-containing mineral acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
  • C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/18—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a ring being at least seven-membered
  • C07C2601/20—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a ring being at least seven-membered the ring being twelve-membered
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/30—Improvements relating to adipic acid or caprolactam production

Definitions

• the invention relates to the use of an N 2 0-containing ionic liquid as a reagent in a chemical reaction, for example as an oxidising agent.
• the invention also relates to a reaction process in which ionic liquids are used to absorb nitrous oxide (hereinafter referred to as N 2 0) from a mixture of by-products produced during the reaction process. More particularly, the invention relates to a process for the synthesis of adipic acid using nitric acid which employs an ionic liquid to absorb N 2 0 from a mixture of by-products produced during the synthesis.
• N 2 0 can be used as an oxidising agent.
• the oxidation of an olefinic compound to an aldehyde or a ketone by means of N 2 0 is described in GB 649,680 or the equivalent U.S. Pat. No. 2,636,898. Both documents quite generally disclose that the oxidation can in principle be effected in the presence of a suitable oxidation catalyst.
• WO 03/078370 discloses a process for preparing carbonyl compounds from aliphatic alkenes with N 2 0. The reaction is carried out at temperatures in the range from 20 to 350°C and pressures of from 0.01 to 100 atm.
• WO 03/078374 discloses a corresponding process for preparing cyclohexanone.
• WO 03/078372 cyclic ketones having from 4 to 5 carbon atoms are prepared.
• WO 03/078375 cyclic ketones are prepared under these process conditions from cyclic alkenes having from 7 to 20 carbon atoms.
• WO 03/078371 discloses a process for preparing substituted ketones from substituted alkenes.
• WO 04/000777 discloses a process for reacting di- and polyalkenes with N 2 0 to give the corresponding carbonyl compounds.
• N 2 0 as an oxidising agent
• V.N. Parmon et al "Nitrous oxide in oxidation chemistry and catalysis: application and production", Catalysis Today, 100 (2005), 1 15-131.
• Various preparation processes for N 2 0 are known in the art.
• WO 98/25698 discloses a process for preparing N 2 0 by catalytic partial oxidation of NH 3 with oxygen.
• a catalyst composed of manganese oxide, bismuth oxide and aluminium oxide is used, which leads to N 2 0 with high selectivity.
• a similar catalyst system is also described in detail in a scientific study (Noskov et al., Chem. Eng. J.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,257 likewise discloses a process for preparing N 2 0 by oxidation of ammonia. The oxidation takes place in the presence of a copper-manganese oxide catalyst.
• WO 00/01654 discloses a process in which N 2 0 is prepared by reducing a gas stream comprising NO x and ammonia. N 2 0 is also obtained as a by-product in various chemical processes, especially in oxidations with nitric acid.
• adipic acid is generally carried out via the nitric acid oxidation of cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone or a mixture of the two (commonly referred to as ketone-alcohol oil or KA oil).
• N 2 0 is the major by-product in the synthesis, along with other nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and some lower molecular mass dicarboxylic acids. Some by-products arising from impurities in the KA oil are also present.
• N 2 0 is obtained as a by-product
• processes in which N 2 0 is obtained as a by-product are the oxidation of cyclododecanone and/or cyclododecanol with nitric acid to give dodecanedicarboxylic acid and the partial oxidation of NH 3 to NO.
• N 2 0 in these processes presents a number of problems for industry.
• the usual practice is to abate the N 2 0 as waste gas and no commercial value is derived from it.
• N 2 0 is a strong greenhouse gas (at least 100 times the strength of C0 2 ) and industry is coming under increasing pressure to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Therefore, it would be advantageous if N 2 0 produced in industrial processes could be captured and used in an economical and efficient way, for example as an oxidising agent in a subsequent chemical reaction, rather than simply being abated as a waste gas.
• US 2008/0274032 describes a process for purifying and concentrating N 2 0 containing off-gases obtained from various chemical processes.
• the process requires a number of successive absorption and desorption steps and uses a combination of organic solvents and water, to produce the N 2 0 solutions.
• the recovery of the purified N 2 0 requires extensive and expensive downstream refining steps.
• the N 2 0 solutions obtained by the processes can be used directly in a further reaction process.
• the inventors have found that the use of an ionic liquid enables N 2 0 produced in industrial processes to be readily and selectively absorbed and thus captured for later use. so avoiding unfavourable abatement of gaseous N 2 0 into the atmosphere.
• the N 2 0- containing ionic liquid thus obtained has particularly advantageous properties such as thermal stability and low vapour pressure which enables the N 2 0 to be recovered relatively easily, if desired.
• Ionic liquids are also good solvents for a range of other substrates, and this enables the N 2 0-containing ionic liquids obtained to be used directly as oxidising agents in further chemical processes.
• N 2 0-containing ionic liquids as oxidising agents have been found to give favourable conversion of reactants to products, and to lead to higher selectively for the desired product than corresponding reactions in the absence of an ionic liquid.
• the use of N 2 0-containing ionic liquids gives higher yields and higher conversion to the desired reaction products.
• the invention provides the use of an N 2 0-containing ionic liquid as a reagent in a chemical reaction.
• the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid can be used as a reagent in a number of different reactions, for example as an oxidising agent, as an epoxidising agent, in oxidative dehydrogenation reactions and as a catalyst.
• the invention provides the use of an N 2 0-containing ionic liquid as a reagent in a chemical reaction for the purpose of improving the reaction yield and conversion compared to a reaction conducted in the absence of an ionic liquid.
• the invention provides the use of an N 2 0-containing ionic liquid as a reagent in a chemical reaction for the purpose of improving the selectivity of the reaction for the desired product compared to a reaction conducted in the absence of an ionic liquid.
• the invention also provides a method corresponding to the use described herein.
• the invention provides a method of conducting a chemical reaction, the method comprising contacting one or more reactants with an N 2 0-containing ionic liquid.
• an N 2 0-containing ionic liquid describes a composition in which an ionic liquid and N 2 0 are associated with each other.
• the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid is a solution of N 2 0 in an ionic liquid.
• the N 2 0-containing ionic liquids of the invention are not limited to such physical solvent- solute interactions between the ionic liquid and the N 2 0 and they also encompass relationships in which there is some chemical interaction between the N 2 0 and the ionic liquid, for example the formation of a lewis acid/base adduct, or the chemical reaction of the N 2 0 and the ionic liquid to form N 2 0 and ionic liquid derivatives which themselves are associated with each other for example the formation of an intermediate peroxide or epoxide compound from reaction of the N 2 0.
• the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid is used as an oxidising agent.
• the invention provides the use or method described above, wherein the N 2 0- containing ionic liquid is obtained via the reaction process described herein.
• the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid can be used as an oxidising agent in a number of different oxidation reactions.
• the use or method comprises oxidising benzene to produce phenol or oxidising cyclohexene to cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone or a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone.
• the use or method comprises the oxidative dehydrogenation of an alcohol to a ketone or the oxidative dehydrogenation of butene to 1,3 -butadiene.
• the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid is used as an epoxidising agent.
• the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid is reacted with an olefin to produce an epoxide.
• the use of the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid, or the method of conducting a chemical reaction comprises the oxidation of cyclopentene to cyclopentanone.
• the use of the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid, or the method of conducting a chemical reaction comprises the oxidation of cyclododecene (CDDC) to cyclododecanone (CDDK).
• Ionic liquids or low temperature molten salts are known in the art as very low volatility solvents suitable for carrying out a range of chemical processes.
• solubility of N 2 0 in certain ionic liquids has been investigated ("Anion Effects on Gas Solubility in Ionic Liquids ", J.Phys.Chem.B 2005, 109, 6366-6374, Brennecke et al.)
• ionic liquids can be employed as selective solvents for absorption of N 2 0 from a mixture of by-products produced in an oxidation process, particularly an adipic acid synthesis process. Furthermore, the use of an N 2 0-containing ionic liquid as a reagent in a chemical reaction has not been investigated previously.
• ionic liquid is a liquid that contains essentially only ions, i.e. molten salts, although some ionic liquids are in a dynamic equilibrium wherein the majority of the liquid is made up of ionic rather than molecular species.
• ionic liquid is used to refer to such salts whose melting point is below 100°C.
• Such ionic liquids are sometimes also referred to as room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL).
• RTIL room temperature ionic liquids
• Ionic liquids are typically salts of bulky and asymmetric organic cations.
• compositions based on N-substituted pyrrohdinones having a pendant ammonium cation separated from the pyrrolidone ring by a variable length alkyl spacer WO 2006/136529 teaches pyrazolium alkylsulfates and a method for their production.
• WO 2008/150842 describes a broad class of ionic liquids comprising heterocyclic nitrogen containing cations.
• the term "ionic liquid" as used in the context of the invention refers to a salt whose melting point is below about 100°C.
• the ionic liquids used in the invention comprise an organic cation.
• Organic cations are cations containing at least one carbon atom.
• the organic cation contains at least one alkyl group.
• the ionic liquid comprises an asymmetric organic nitrogen containing cation.
• the ionic liquids used in the invention comprise an organic anion.
• Organic anions are anions containing at least one carbon atom.
• organic anions are anions containing at least one carbon atom but excluding carbonate anions or bicarbonate anions.
• the ionic liquids used in the invention comprise an organic cation and an organic anion, wherein the organic cation and anion are as defined above.
• the ionic liquids used in the invention comprise an inorganic anion.
• the use and method of the present invention may utilise a single ionic liquid or a mixture of two or more ionic liquids. Typically, one or two, and typically only one ionic liquid is used.
• the ionic liquid comprises a cation selected from one or more of 1-alkylpyridinium (N-alkylpyridinium); alkyl- or polyalkyl-pyridinium; alkyl- or polyalkyl-guanidinium (particularly tetraalkylguanidinium); phosphonium (PR ); alkyl- or polyalkyl-phosphonium (particularly tetraalkylphosphonium); imidazolium, alkyl- or polyalkyl-imidazolium (particularly 1,3-dialkylimidazolium); ammonium (NR-t*), alkyl- or poly alkyl -ammonium (particularly tetraalkylammonium); alkyl- or polyalkyl- pyrazoliuml; alkyl- or polyalkyl-pyrrolidinium (particularly dialkylpyrrolidinium); alkyl- or polyalkyl-piperidinium (particularly 3-methylpiperidinium); al
• Each R group of the phosphonium and ammonium cations may be independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkyl ethers, alkyl esters, alkyl amides, alkyl carboxylic acids, or sulfonate.
• N-ethylpyridinium N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium such as N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium; N-methyl-N-(butyl-4-sulfonic acid)pyrrolidinium; 1 - alkyl-3-alkylimidazolium such as l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (bmim) and N-methyl- N'-ethylimidazolium; trimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium; and tetradecyltrihexylphosphonium ([CAS# 258864-54-9], referred to herein as [ ⁇ 6 66 ⁇ ]) ⁇
• the anion of the ionic liquid(s) is selected from one or more of a halide (conveniently chloride, bromide or iodide), nitrate, an alkylsulfonate or alkyl polyalkoxysulfonate, hydrogensulfonate, hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate, and other anions based on nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, boron, silicon, selenium, tellurium, gallium, indium, halogens, and oxoanions of metals.
• a halide conventionally chloride, bromide or iodide
• nitrate an alkylsulfonate or alkyl polyalkoxysulfonate
• hydrogensulfonate hydrogensulfonate
• hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate and other anions based on nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, boron
• Suitable anions include, but are not limited to tetrafluoroborate (BF 4 " ), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf 2 " ), hydrogensulfate (HS0 4 ⁇ ), methylsulfonate, trifluoromethylsulfonate, methoxyethylsulfonate, 2-methoxyethylsulfonate, ethoxyethylsulfonate, 2-ethoxyethylsulfonate, (methoxypropoxy)propylsulfonate, 1 -( 1 - methoxypropoxy)-propylsulfonate, (methoxyethoxy)-ethylsulfonate, 1 -( 1 - methoxyethoxy)-ethylsulfonate, methyl(diethoxy)ethylsulfonate, 1 - methyl(diethoxy)ethylsulfonate
• the cation and/or the anion of each of the ionic liquids present in the mixture may be the same or different.
• the or each ionic liquid comprises at least one C 2 - C 6 alkyl group.
• the C 2 - C 6 alkyl group may be a substituent on either the anion or the cation of the ionic liquid(s).
• the C 2 - C 6 alkyl group is a substituent on the cation of the ionic liquid(s).
• the ionic liquid is selected from; 1 -n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium[Ga 2 Cl ], 1 -n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium[In 2 Cl 7 ],
• the invention also provides a reaction process comprising the steps, (a) contacting a reactant with a reagent to produce a product and a mixture of by-products comprising N 2 0; and (b) contacting the mixture of by-products with an ionic liquid to absorb the N 2 0 to produce an N 2 0-containing ionic liquid.
• the reaction process can be any one in which N 2 0 is produced.
• the reagent can be an oxidising agent, a reducing agent, a catalyst, a nucleophile or an electrophile.
• the reaction is an oxidation reaction
• the reagent is an oxidising agent
• the product is an oxidised product.
• N 2 0 present in a mixture of by-products produced in a reaction process for example an oxidation process
• This process therefore enables the N 2 0 to be recovered and used, rather than it being abated into the atmosphere.
• the invention provides an oxidation process as described above, wherein the oxidising agent is a nitrogen containing oxidising agent.
• the oxidising agent is N 2 0 or nitric acid.
• the oxidising agent is nitric acid.
• the N 2 0 present in the mixture of by-products represents the portion of the N 2 0 used as the oxidising agent which is not consumed during the oxidation reaction.
• the unreacted N 2 0 can be recovered and reused in another oxidation process, or recycled back into the same oxidation process.
• the invention provides an oxidation process comprising steps (a) and (b) as described above, wherein the reactant is selected from cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone or a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone.
• the oxidised product formed in step (a) is adipic acid.
• the oxidising agent is nitric acid
• the reactant is selected from cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone or a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone
• the oxidised product is adipic acid.
• the preferred oxidation process of the invention represents the synthesis of adipic acid, in which a mixture of by-products comprising N 2 0 is produced, the mixture of by-products being contacted with an ionic liquid to absorb the N 2 0 to produce an N 2 0-containing ionic liquid.
• the synthesis of adipic acid is made more economical and environmentally friendly, as the by-product N 2 0 is recovered for further use and not abated into the atmosphere.
• KA oil Differences among commercial adipic acid synthesis processes are mainly in the manufacture of the KA oil.
• the six carbon atoms of the adipic acid backbone come from benzene.
• benzene is hydrogenated to cyclohexane and the cyclohexane is oxidised to give the KA oil.
• benzene is first oxidised to phenol, the phenol then being hydrogenated to give the KA oil.
• the reactant is produced by the oxidation of cyclohexane and the cyclohexane is produced by the hydrogenation of benzene.
• the reactant is produced by the hydrogenation of phenol and the phenol is produced by the oxidation of benzene.
• Adipic acid is a commercially important aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. Its primary application is in the production of nylon 6,6.
• the invention provides a process for the manufacture of nylon 6,6 from the adipic acid produced via the oxidation process described above. Therefore, the process of the invention allows for a more economical and environmentally friendly synthesis of nylon, owing to the recovery and re-use of the N 2 0 produced in synthesis of the intermediate adipic acid.
• the mixture of by-products obtained in step (a) of the process of the invention contains one or more components selected from; oxides of carbon (for example, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide), nitrogen, oxides of nitrogen (for example, NO, N0 2 , N 2 0 3 , N 2 0 4 and N 2 0 5 - known collectively as NOx) and C]-C 5 dicarboxylic acids.
• the N 2 0 is separated from the other components of the mixture of by-products owing to the selective absorption of the N 2 0 into the ionic liquid to form the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid.
• the solubility of NOx in ionic liquids is very low (see J. Phys. Chem.
• the oxidation process of the invention further comprises a step (c) of using the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid produced in step (b) as an oxidising agent.
• the use of the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid comprises the oxidation of benzene to produce phenol.
• the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid produced in step (b) is recycled and used as an oxidising agent to oxidise benzene to phenol, said phenol being subsequently hydrogenated to produce the reactant used in step (a) of the process of the invention.
• the by-product N 2 0 is recovered and recycled back into the process.
• the invention provides an oxidation process described above, further comprising the step of recovering the N 2 0 from the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid by desorption of the N 2 0.
• the N 2 0 is recovered via thermal desorption or pressure swing desorption.
• the N 2 0 is recovered via thermal desorption.
• the ionic liquids used in the present invention are suitable for this process owing to their high capacity for the reversible absorption of N 2 0. That is, N 2 0 is readily absorbed in the ionic liquids but it is also readily desorbed by heating or lowering the pressure.
• the temperature of the desorption step is at or below 200°C.
• the temperature is at or below 150°C, more preferably at or below 100°C, more preferably, at or below 50°C.
• Typical saturation solubilities for the N 2 0-containing ionic liquids of the present invention at room temperature are approximately 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 or 0.9 mol% for a Henry's constant of 30. At higher pressure and lower temperature solubilities above 1 mol% may be achieved. More preferably, solubilities above 5 mol%, more preferably above 10 mol %, more preferably above 15 mol% can be achieved.
• the N 2 0-containing ionic liquid is obtained from a commercial adipic acid synthesis. Such adipic acid syntheses are described by M.T Musser, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th edition, Al , 259, incorporated herein by reference.
• Adipic acid synthesis results in the production of N 2 0 as a by-product. Accordingly, contacting the N 2 0 with an ionic liquid enables an N 0- containing ionic liquid to be obtained as a useful additional product form the adipic acid synthesis.
• the N 2 0 can be obtained as a by-product in the off gas from a nitric acid production process. In a still further embodiment the N 2 0 can be produced as a by-product of a hydroxylamine production process.
• Figure 1 shows the GC analysis of the reaction mixture for the reaction of CDDC with N 2 0 at 30bar, 200°C for 12 hours, in the absence of an ionic liquid.
• Figure 2 shows the GC analysis of the organic layer of the reaction mixture for the reaction of CDDC with N 2 0-containing [bmim][NTf 2 ] ionic liquid, at 30bar, 200°C for 12 hours.
• Figure 3 shows the ⁇ NMR analysis of the ionic liquid layer of the reaction mixture for the reaction of CDDC with N 2 0-containing [bmim][NTf 2 ] ionic liquid, at 30bar, 200°C for 12 hours.
• Figure 4 shows ⁇ NMR analysis of the ionic liquid layer of the reaction mixture for the reaction of CDDC with N 2 0-containing [P 666 i4][NTf 2 ] ionic liquid, at 30bar, 200°C for 12hours.
• Figure 5 shows a summary of % CDDC conversion for reaction of CDDC with N 2 0 and various N 2 0-containing ionic liquids at 200°C, 45bar for 12 hours.
• Figure 6 shows a GC calibration curve for CDDC.
• Figure 7 shows a GC calibration curve for CDDK.
• Cyclododecene (CDDC) (mixture cisltrans) was purchased from sigma-Aldrich. Analysis by ⁇ NMR and GC-MS show that the mixture content is 25.5 % cis and 71.6 % trans.
• [bmim][NTf 2 ] was synthesised in the laboratory.
• [bmim][Ga 2 Cl 7 ] was prepared by reacting [bmimJCl with GaCI 3 (2 eq.).
• [P 6 6 6 i4]Ga 2 Cl7 was made from the corresponding chloride [P 66 6i 4 ]Cl using GaCl 3 in the laboratory.
• [P666i4]InCl 4 was made from the corresponding chloride [P 66614 ]C1 using InCl 3 in the laboratory.
• [P 666 i4]NTf 2 was made in the laboratory from [P6 6 6i4]Cl. Nitrous oxide was purchased from Air liquide.

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