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Definitions

• This application relates to compounds which selectively inhibit glycosidases and uses thereof.
• a wide range of cellular proteins, both nuclear and cytoplasmic, are post- translationally modified by the addition of the monosaccharide 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-B-D- glucopyranoside ( ⁇ - ⁇ -acetylglucosamine) which is attached via an O-glycosidic linkage.1
• This modification is generally referred to as O-Hnked N-acetylglucosamine or O-GlcNAc.
• the enzyme responsible for post-translationally linking ⁇ - ⁇ -acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to specific serine and threonine residues of numerous nucleocytoplasmic proteins is O- GlcNAc transferase (OGT).2-5
• GCT O- GlcNAc transferase
• a second enzyme, known as 0-GlcNAcase6,7 removes this post-translational modification to liberate proteins making the O-GlcN Ac-modification a dynamic cycle occurring several times during the lifetime of a protein.8
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• cancer cancer
• AD and a number of related tauopathies including Downs' syndrome, Pick's disease, Niemann-Pick Type C disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are characterized, in part, by the development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs).
• NFTs neurofibrillary tangles
• PHFs paired helical filaments
• tau Normally tau stabilizes a key cellular network of microtubules that is essential for distributing proteins and nutrients within neurons.
• tau becomes hyperphosphorylated, disrupting its normal functions, forming PHFs and ultimately aggregating to form NFTs.
• Six isoforms of tau are found in the human brain. In AD patients, all six isoforms of tau are found in NFTs, and all are markedly
• Neurons do not store glucose and therefore the brain relies on glucose supplied by blood to maintain its essential metabolic functions. Notably, it has been shown that within brain, glucose uptake and metabolism decreases with aging .43 Within the brains of AD patients marked decreases in glucose utilization occur and are thought to be a potential cause of neurodegeneration.44 The basis for this decreased glucose supply in AD brain45-47 1S thought to stem from any of decreased glucose transport,48,49 impaired insulin signaling,50,51 and decreased blood flow.52
• UDP-GlcNAc uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine
• OGT O-GlcNAc transferase
• OGT recognizes many of its substrates54,55 and binding partner s 1,56 through its tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains. 7,58 As described above, 0-G!cNAcase6,7 removes this post-translational modification to liberate proteins making the O-GIcNAc-modification a dynamic cycle occurring several times during the lifetime of a protein.8 O-GlcNAc has been found in several proteins on known phosphorylation sites, 10,37,38,59 including tau and neurofilaments.60 Additionally, OGT shows unusual kinetic behaviour making it extraordinarly sensitive to intracellular UDP- GlcNAc substrate concentrations and therefore glucose supply .41
• GlcNAcase should compensate for the age related impairment of glucose metabolism within the brains of health individuals as well as patients suffering from AD or related
• O-GlcN Acase inhibitors to limit tau hyperphosphorylation for treatment of AD and related tauopathies.
• the O-GlcN Acase inhibitor thiamet-G has been implicated in the reduction of tau phosphorylation in cultured PC- 12 cells at pathologically relevant sites.
• oral administration of thiamet-G to healthy Sprague-Dawley rats has been implicated in reduced phosphorylation of tau at Thr231 , Ser396 and Ser422 in both rat cortex and hippocampus.63
• GlcNAc protein modification provides protection against pathogenic effects of stress in cardiac tissue, including stress caused by ischemia, hemorrhage, hypervolemic shock, and calcium paradox.
• stress caused by ischemia ischemia
• hemorrhage hemorrhage
• hypervolemic shock hypervolemic shock
• calcium paradox hexosamine biosynthetic pathway
• O-GlcNAc modification plays a role in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.79
• O- glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-p-D-glucopyranosidase O-GlcNAcase
• O-GlcNAcase is a member of family 84 of glycoside hydrolases that includes enzymes from organisms as diverse as prokaiyotic pathogens to humans (for the family classification of glycoside hydrolases see Coutinho, P.M. & Henrissat, B.
• O-GlcNAcase acts to hydrolyse O-GlcNAc off of serine and threonine residues of post-translationally modified proteins.1>6,7, 80, 81 Consistent with the presence of O-GlcNAc on many intracellular proteins, the enzyme O- GlcNAcase appears to have a role in the etiology of several diseases including type II diabetes, 14,82 AD, 1 ,21,83 and cancer.22,84 Although O-GlcNAcase was likely isolated earlier on, 18,19 about 20 years elapsed before its biochemical role in acting to cleave O- GlcNAc from serine and threonine residues of proteins was understood.6 More recently O- GlcNAcase has been cloned,? partially characterized,20 and suggested to have additional activity as a histone
• HEXA and HEXB encode enzymes catalyzing the hydro lytic cleavage of terminal ⁇ - ⁇ -acetylglucosamine residues from glycoconjugates.
• the gene products of HEXA and HEXB predominantly yield two dimeric isozymes,
• Hexosaminidase A a heterodimeric isozyme
• Hexosaminidase B a homodimeric isozyme
• the two subunits, a- and ⁇ - bear a high level of sequence identity. Both of these enzymes are classified as members of family 20 of glycoside hydrolases and are normally localized within lysosomes.
• glycosidases87-90 As a result of the biological importance of these ⁇ -N-acetyl-glucosaminidases, small molecule inhibitors of glycosidases87-90 have received a great deal of attention,91 both as tools for elucidating the role of these enzymes in biological processes and in developing potential therapeutic applications.
• the control of glycosidase function using small molecules offers several advantages over genetic knockout studies including the ability to rapidly vary doses or to entirely withdraw treatment.
• NAG-thiazoline has been found to be a potent inhibitor of family 20 hexosaminidases, ⁇ , 109 and more recently, the family 84 O-GlcNAcases. 08 Despite its potency, a downside to using NAG-thiazoline in a complex biological context is that it lacks selectivity and therefore perturbs multiple cellular processes.
• PUGNAc is another compound that suffers from the same problem of lack of selectivity, yet has enjoyed use as an inhibitor of both human 0-GlcNAcase6, 110 and the family 20 human ⁇ -hexosaminidases 1 1
• This molecule developed by Vasella and coworkers, was found to be a potent competitive inhibitor of the ⁇ -N-acetyl-glucosaminidases from Canavalia ensiformis, Mucor ro xii, and the ⁇ -hexosaminidase from bovine kidney, 88 it has been demonstrated that administration of PUGNAc in a rat model of trauma hemorrhage decreases circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-oc and IL-6.11 it has also been shown that administration of PUGNAc in a cell-based model of lymphocyte activation decreases production of the cytokine IL-2.
• PUGNAc can be used in an animal model to reduce myocardial infarct size after left coronary artery occlusions.1 14 of particular significance is the fact that elevation of O- GlcNAc levels by administration of PUGNAc, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase, in a rat model of trauma hemorrhage improves cardiac function.
• the invention is directed to compounds for selectively inhibiting glycosidases, uses of the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds, and methods of treating diseases and disorders related to deficiency or overexpression of O-GlcNAcase, and/or accumulation or deficiency of O-GlcNAc.
• the invention encompasses compounds of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
• each R is independently H or C(0)CH3; Rl and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl-6alkyl, C2-6al enyl, Ci-6alkoxy,TM(CH2)n- cyclopropyl and ⁇ (CH2)n-cyclobutyl wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or Rl and R2 may be joined together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine or isoxazolidine, said Ci-galkyL C2-63 ⁇ 4ikenyl, Ci-6alkoxy, - (CH2)n-cyclopropyl, -(CH2)n-cyclobutyl, azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine and isoxazolidine optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with fluoro, hydroxy and methyl; R3 is selected from the group consisting of: Cl-8alkyl, C2-8alkenyl, C
• the invention also encompasses compounds of Formula (I) or a
• each R is independently H or C(0)CH3;
• Rl and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Ci_6alkyl, Cl_6alkoxy, ⁇ (CH2)n-cyclopropyl and - (CH2)n-cyclobutyl wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or Rl and R2 may be joined together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form azetidine, pyrrolidine or piperidine, said Cj.galkyl, Ci_6alkoxy, -(CH2)n-cyclopropyl, -(CH2)n-cyclobutyl, azetidine, pyrrolidine and piperidine optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with fluoro and methyl;
• R.3 is selected from the group consisting of: Cj-galkyl, C2-8alkenyl, C2-8alkynyl, C3-6cycioalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, each
• the invention also encompasses a genus of compounds of Formula (la) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
• Rl and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Q-galkyl, Ci-6alkoxy, -(CH2)n -c y c l°P r °pyl and -(CH2)n-cyclobutyl wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or Rl and R2 may be joined together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form azetidine, pyrrolidine or piperidine, said Ci-galkyl, Ci-6alkoxy, -(CH2)n- cyclopropyl, -(CH2)n ⁇ cyclobutyl, azetidme, pyrrolidine or piperidine optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with fluoro or methyl; R3 is selected from the group consisting of: Chalky!, C2-8alkenyl, C2-83 ⁇ 4lkynyl, C3-,6cycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, each optionally
• R3 and R4 and the carbon atom to which they are attached may join together to form vinyl or a 3 to 7- membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, said 3 to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring optionally containing a double bond and optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with fluoro and OH; and R.5 is selected from H, F and OH; with the proviso that when R4 is F then R5 is other than OH.
• the invention encompasses a first sub-genus of compounds of Formula (la) wherein: Rl and R2 are independently Ci galkyl; R is Cl-6alkyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of: H and Ci-6alkyl; and R5 is OH.
• the invention further encompasses compounds of Formula (la) wherein: Rl and R2 are independently methyl or ethyl; R3 is methyl or ethyl; and R4 is selected from the group consisting of: H, methyl and ethyl.
• the invention encompasses a second sub-genus of compounds of Formula (la) wherein :R3 and R4 and the carbon atom to which they are attached may join together to form a 3 to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, said 3 to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring optionally containing a double bond and optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with fluoro and OH.
• the invention encompasses a third sub-genus of compounds of Formula (la) wherein: Rl and 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Ci -galkyl and cyclopropylmethyl; or Rl and R may be joined together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form azetidine or pyrrolidine, said Cl- 6alkyl, cyclopropylmethyl, azetidine or pyrrolidine optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from fluoro and methyl; R3 is selected from the group consisting of: Ci-salkyl, C2-8 a lk en yl > C2-8alkynyl and C3-6cycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with
• R is selected from the group consisting of: H, F, Ci-Sa!kyl, C2-8all ien yl an l C2-8alkynyl, each excluding hydrogen optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from fluoro and OH; or R3 and R4 and the carbon atom to which they are attached may join together to form a 3- to 6- membered carbocyclic ring optionally containing a double bond and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from fluoro and OH.
• the invention encompasses a fourth sub-genus of compounds of Formula (la) wherein R3 is CF3 and R$ is OH.
• the invention also encompasses the compounds that follow or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• An embodiment of the invention encompasses compounds of Formula (I) wherein: each R is H, R5 is OH, R3 is Ci_6alkyl, optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with fluoro and hydroxy, and R4 is H.
• An embodiment of the invention encompasses compounds of Formula (I) wherein: each R is H, R5 is H, R3 is Ci -galley 1, optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with fluoro and hydroxy, and R4 is H or Ci-galkyl.
• An embodiment of the invention encompasses compounds of Formula (I) wherein Rl is Cl-galkyl, optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with hydroxy, and R2 is H.
• An embodiment of the invention encompasses compounds of Formula (I) wherein Rl is C2-6alkenyl and R2 is H.
• An embodiment of the invention encompasses compounds of Formula (I) wherein each R is H and R5 is F.
• the invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Formula (I) or (la) in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention also encompasses a method of selectively inhibiting O- GlcNAcase in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or (la), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the invention also encompasses a method of elevating the level of O- GlcNAc in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or (la), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the invention also encompasses a method of treating a condition that is modulated by O-GlcNAcase, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising
• An aspect of the invention encompasses this method wherein the condition is selected from one or more of the group consisting of an inflammatory disease, an allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, hypersensitivity lung diseases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonias, delayed-type hypersensitivity, atherosclerosis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, ILD associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, polymyositis or dermatomyositis, systemic anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity response, drug allergy, insect sting allergy, autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, systemic lup
• the invention also encompasses a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of a neurodegenerative disease, a tauopathy, cancer and stress, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or (la), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• An aspect of the invention encompasses this method wherein the condition is selected from one or more of the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with cognitive impairment (ALSci), Argyrophilic grain dementia, Bluit disease, Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), Dementia pugilistica, Diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification, Down's syndrome, Familial British dementia, Familial Danish dementia, Frontoteraporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, Guadeloupean parkinsonism, Hallevorden-Spatz disease (neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1), Multiple system atrophy, Myotonic dystrophy, Niemann-Pick disease (type C), Pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration, Parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam, Pick's disease (PiD
• the stress is a cardiac disorder.
• the cardiac disorder is selected from one or more of the group consisting of ischemia; hemorrhage; hypovolemic shock; myocardial infarction; an interventional cardiology procedure; cardiac bypass surgery; fibrinolytic therapy; angioplasty; and stent placement.
• the compounds of the invention are capable of inhibiting an O-glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-p-D-glucopyranosidase (O-GlcNAcase).
• O-GlcNAcase is a mammalian O-GlcNAcase, such as a rat, mouse or human O-GlcNAcase.
• the ⁇ -hexosaminidase is a mammalian ⁇ -hexosaminidase, such as a rat, mouse or human ⁇ -hexosaminidase.
• a compound that "selectively" inhibits an O-GlcNAcase is a compound that inhibits the activity or biological function of an O-GIcNAcase, but does not substantially inhibit the activity or biological function of a ⁇ - hexosaminidase.
• a selective inhibitor of an O-GlcNAcase is a compound that inhibits the activity or biological function of an O-GIcNAcase, but does not substantially inhibit the activity or biological function of a ⁇ - hexosaminidase.
• GlcNAcase selectively inhibits the cleavage of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside (O-GlcNAc) from polypeptides.
• a selective inhibitor of an O- GlcNAcase selectively binds to an O-GlcNAcase.
• a selective inhibitor of an O-GIcNAcase inhibits hyperphosphorylation of a tau protein and/or inhibits formations of NFTs.
• a selective inhibitor of an O-GlcNAcase elevates or enhances O-GlcNAc levels e.g., O-GlcNAc-modified polypeptide or protein levels, in cells, tissues, or organs (e.g., in brain, muscle, or heart (cardiac) tissue) and in animals.
• O-GlcNAc levels e.g., O-GlcNAc-modified polypeptide or protein levels
• O-GlcNAc-modified polypeptide or protein levels in cells, tissues, or organs (e.g., in brain, muscle, or heart (cardiac) tissue) and in animals.
• elevating or “enhancing” is meant an increase by any value between 10% and 90%, or of any integer value between 30% and 60%, or over 100%, or an increase by 1-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, 100-fold or more.
• a selective inhibitor of an O-GlcNAcase exhibits a selectivity ratio, as described herein, in the range 10 to 100000, or in the range 100 to 100000, or in the range 1000 to 100000, or at least 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 6000, 7000, 10,000, 25,000, 50,000, 75,000, or any value within or about the described range.
• the compounds of the present invention elevate O-GlcNAc levels on O- GlcN Ac-modified polypeptides or proteins in vivo specifically via interaction with an O- GlcNAcase enzyme, and are effective in treating conditions which require or respond to inhibition of O-GlcNAcase activity.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful as agents that produce a decrease in tau phosphorylation and NFT formation, in some embodiments, the compounds are therefore useful to treat Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. In some embodiments, the compounds are thus capable of treating Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies by lowering tau phosphorylation and reducing NFT formation as a result of increasing tau O-GlcNAc levels. In some embodiments, the compounds produce an increase in levels of O-GlcNAc modification on O-GlcNAc- modified polypeptides or proteins, and are therefore useful for treatment of disorders responsive to such increases in O-GlcNAc modification; these disorders include without limitation neurodegenerative, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and immunoregulatory diseases.
• the compounds are also useful as a result of other biological activites related to their ability to inhibit the activity of glycosidase enzymes.
• the compounds of the invention are valuable tools in studying the physiological role of O-GlcNAc at the cellular and organismal level.
• the invention provides methods of enhancing or elevating levels of protein O-GlcNAc modification in animal subjects, such as, veterinary and human subjects. In alternative embodiments, the invention provides methods of selectively inhibiting an O-GlcNAcase enzyme in animal subjects, such as, veterinary and human subjects. In alternative embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting phosphorylation of tau polypeptides, or inhibiting formation of NFTs, in animal subjects, such as, veterinary and human subjects.
• the invention also encompasses the use of the compounds of the invention for treating one or more of the diseases or conditions described herein.
• the invention also encompasses the use of the compounds of the invention for the manufacture of a
• a compound refers to one or more of such compounds
• the enzyme includes a particular enzyme as well as other family members and equivalents thereof as known to those skilled in the art.
• the term "compound” or “compounds” refers to the compounds discussed herein and includes precursors and derivatives of the compounds, including acyl-protected derivatives, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds, precursors, and derivatives.
• the invention also includes prodrugs of the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and pharmaceutical compositions including prodrugs of the compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, all of the compounds of the invention contain at least one chiral center.
• the formulations, preparation, and compositions including compounds according to the invention include mixtures of stereoisomers, individual stereoisomers, and enantiomeric mixtures, and mixtures of multiple
• the compound may be supplied in any desired degree of chiral purity,
• Alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation and including, for example, from one to ten carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as described herein. Unless stated otherwise specifically herein, it is understood that the substitution can occur on any carbon of the alkyl group.
• Alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one double bond and including, for example, from two to ten carbon atoms, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond or a double bond.
• the alkenyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as described herein. Unless stated otherwise specifically herein, it is understood that the substitution can occur on any carbon of the alkenyl group.
• Alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one triple bond and including, for example, from two to ten carbon atoms. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the alkenyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as described herein.
• Aryl means mono- or bicyclic aromatic rings containing only carbon atoms, including for example, 6-14 members.
• aryl include phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzopyranyl, 1,4- benzodioxanyl, and the like.
• aryl is meant to include aryl groups optionally substituted by one or more substituents as described herein.
• Heteroaryl refers to a single or fused aromatic ring group containing one or more heteroatoms in the ring, for example N, O, S, including for example, 5-14 members, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13 or 14 members.
• heteroaryl groups include furan, thiophene, pyrrole, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1 ,3 ,4-thiadiazole, tetrazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1 ,3,5-triazine, imidazole, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, indolizine, indole, isoindole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, lH-indazole 5 purine, 4H-quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1 ,8-naphthyridine, p
• Cycloalkyl refers to a stable monovalent monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, having for example from 3 to 15 carbon atoms, and which is saturated and attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Unless otherwise stated specifically herein, the term “cycloalkyl” is meant to include cycloalkyl groups which are optionally substituted as described herein.
• 3 to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring means a monocylic carbon ring of 3 to 7 atoms or a monocyclic ring of 3 to 7 atoms containing one or more heterotaoms selected from O, N and S.
• Optional or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event of circumstances may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.
• optionally substituted alkyl means that the alkyl group may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both substituted alkyl groups and alkyl groups having no substitution. Examples of optionally substituted alkyl groups include, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.
• cycloalkyls such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, etc.
• examples of optionally substituted alkenyl groups include allyl, crotyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2-cyclopentenyl, 2-cyclohexenyl,
• optionally substituted alkyl and alkenyl groups include Cj-6 alkyls or alkenyls.
• Halo refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, etc.
• suitable halogens include fluorine or chlorine.
• optionally substituted carbonyl groups, or sulfonyl groups include optionally substituted forms of such groups formed from various hydrocarbyls such as alkyl, alkenyl and 5- to 6-membered monocyclic aromatic group (e.g., phenyl, pyridyl, etc.), as described herein.
• the invention provides methods of treating conditions that are modulated, directly or indirectly, by an O-GlcNAcase enzyme or by O-GlcNAc-modified protein levels, for example, a condition that is benefited by inhibition of an O-GlcNAcase enzyme or by an elevation of O-GlcNAc-modified protein levels.
• Such conditions include, without limitation, glaucoma, schizophrenia, tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease,
• the compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment of diseases or disorders related to deficiency or over- expression of O-GlcN Acase or accumulation or depletion of O-GlcN Ac, or any disease or disorder responsive to glycosidase inhibition therapy.
• diseases and disorders include, but are not limited to, glaucoma, schizophrenia, neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), or cancer.
• diseases and disorders may also include diseases or disorders related to the accumulation or deficiency in the enzyme OGT.
• a method of protecting or treating target cells expressing proteins that are modified by O-GlcNAc residues, the dysregulation of which modification results in disease or pathology is also included.
• treating includes treatment, prevention, and amelioration.
• the invention provides methods of enhancing or elevating levels of protein O-GlcNAc modification in animal subjects, such as, veterinary and human subjects.
• This elevation of O-GlcNAc levels can be useful for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease; prevention or treatment of other neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease); providing neuroprotective effects; preventing damage to cardiac tissue; and treating diseases associated with inflammation or immunosuppression.
• the invention provides methods of selectively inhibiting an O-GlcNAcase enzyme in animal subjects, such as veterinary and human subjects.
• the invention provides methods of inhibiting phosphorylation of tau polypeptides, or inhibiting formation of NFTs, in animal subjects, such as, veterinary and human subjects. Accordingly, the compounds of the invention may be used to study and treat AD and other tauopathies.
• the methods of the invention are effected by administering a compound according to the invention to a subject in need thereof, or by contacting a cell or a sample with a compound according to the invention, for example, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the compound according to Formula (I) or (la). More particularly, they are useful in the treatment of a disorder in which the regulation of O-GlcNAc protein modification is implicated, or any condition as described herein.
• Disease states of interest include Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related neurodegenerative tauopathies, in which abnormal hyperphosphorylation of the AD.
• microtubule-associated protein tau is involved in disease pathogenesis.
• the compounds may be used to block hype:qphosphorylation of tau by maintaining elevated levels of O-GlcNAc on tau, thereby providing therapeutic benefit.
• the effectiveness of the compounds in treating pathology associated with the accumulation of toxic tau species may be confirmed by testing the ability of the compounds to block the formation of toxic tau species in established cellular* 18-120 and/or transgenic animal models of disease.32,33
• Tauopathies that may be treated with the compounds of the invention include: Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with cognitive impairment (ALSci), Argyrophilic grain dementia, Bluit disease, Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), Dementia pugilistica, Diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification, Down's syndrome, Familial British dementia, Familial Danish dementia, Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, Guadeloupean parkinsonism, Hallevorden-Spatz disease (neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1), Multiple system atrophy, Myotonic dystrophy, Niemann- Pick disease (type C), Pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration, Parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam, Pick's disease (PiD), Post-encephalitic parkinsonism (PE
• the compounds of this invention are also useful in the treatment of conditions associate with tissue damage or stress, stimulating cells, or promoting
• the compounds of this invention may be used to provide therapeutic benefit in a variety of conditions or medical procedures involving stress in cardiac tissue, including but not limited to: ischemia;
• hemorrhage hemorrhage; hypovolemic shock; myocardial infarction; an interventional cardiology procedure; cardiac bypass surgery; fibrinolytic therapy; angioplasty; and stent placement.
• the effectiveness of the compounds in treating pathology associated with cellular stress may be confirmed by testing the ability of the compounds to prevent cellular damage in established cellular stress assays, 105, 1 16, 117 and to prevent tissue damage and promote functional recovery in animal models of ischemia- reperfusionJO, 11 and trauma-hemorrhage J2, 112, 115
• Compounds that selectively inhibit O-GlcNAcase activity may be used for the treatment of diseases that are associated with inflammation, including but not limited to, inflammatory or allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, hypersensitivity lung diseases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonias, delayed-type
• ILD interstitial lung disease
• autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, myastenia gravis, glomerulonephritis, autoimmune thyroiditis, graft rejection, including allograft rejection or graft-versus-host disease; inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; spondyloarthropathies; scleroderma; psoriasis (including T-cell mediated psoriasis) and inflammatory dermatoses such as dermatitis, eczema, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, urticaria; vasculitis (e.g., necrotizing, cutaneous, and hypersensitivity vasculitis); eosin
• the compounds of the invention may be useful for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
• Other conditions that may be treated are those triggered, affected, or in any other way correlated with levels of O-GlcNAc post-translational protein modification. It is expected that the compounds of this invention may be useful for the treatment of such conditions and in particular, but not limited to, the following for which a association with O-GlcNAc levels on proteins has been established: graft rejection, in particular but not limited to solid organ transplants, such as heart, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas transplants (e.g.
• kidney and lung allografts cancer, in particular but not limited to cancer of the breast, lung, prostate, pancreas, colon, rectum, bladder, kidney, ovary; as well as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and melanoma; epilepsy, pain, fibromyalgia, or stroke, e.g., for neuroprotection following a stroke.
• compositions including compounds according to the invention, or for use according to the invention are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention.
• pharmaceutical compositions including an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or (la) are provided.
• the compounds of Formula (I) or (la) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, solvates, and derivatives are useful because they have pharmacological activity in animals, including humans.
• the compounds according to the invention are stable in plasma, when administered to a subject.
• compounds according to the invention, or for use according to the invention may be provided in combination with any other active agents or pharmaceutical compositions where such combined therapy is useful to modulate O- GlcNAcase activity, for example, to treat neurodegenerative, inflammatory, cardiovascular, or immunoregulatory diseases, or any condition described herein.
• compounds according to the invention, or for use according to the invention may be provided in combination with one or more agents useful in the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Examples of such agents include, without limitation,
• AChEIs -acetylcholine esterase inhibitors
• Aricept® Donepezil
• Exelon® Rastigmine
• Razadyne® Razadyne ER®, Reminyl®, Nivalin®, Galantamine
• Cognex® Tacrine
• Dimebon Huperzine A, Phenserine, Debio-9902 SR (ZT-1 SR), Zanapezil (TAK0147), ganstigmine, NP7557, etc.
• -NMDA receptor antagonists such as Namenda® (Axura®, Akatinol®, Ebixa®, Memantine), Dimebon, SGS-742, Neramexane, Debio-9902 SR (ZT-1 SR), etc.; gamma-secretase inhibitors and/or modulators such as FlurizanTM (Tarenflurbil, MPC- 7869, R-flurbiprofen), LY450139, MK 0752, E2101, BMS-289948, BMS-299897, BMS- 433796, LY-411575, GSI- 136, etc.;
• -beta-secretase inhibitors such as ATG-Z1, CTS-21 166, etc.;
• -alpha- secretase activators such as NGX267, etc;
• -amyloid- ⁇ aggregation and/or fibrillization inhibitors such as AlzhemedTM (3 APS, Tramiprosate, 3-amino-l-propanesulfonic acid), AL-108, AL-208, AZD-103, PBT2, Cereact, ONO-2506PO, PPI-558, etc.;
• -tau aggregation inhibitors such as methylene blue, etc.
• microtubule stabilizers such as AL-108, AL-208, paclitaxel, etc.
• -RAGE inhibitors such as TTP488, etc.
• -5-HTla receptor antagonists such as Xaliproden, Lecozotan, etc.
• -5-HT4 receptor antagonists such as PRX-03410, etc.
• -kinase inhibitors such as SRN-003-556, am urindamide, LiCl, AZD1080, NP031 1 12, SAR-502250, etc.
• -humanized monoclonal anti- ⁇ antibodies such as Bapineuzumab (AAB- 001), LY2062430, RN1219, ACU-5A5, etc.;
• -amyloid vaccines such as AN- 1792, ACC-001
• -neuroprotective agents such as Cerebrolysin, AL-108, AL-208, Huperzine
• -L-type calcium channel antagonists such as MEM- 1003, etc.
• -nicotinic receptor antagonists such as AZD3480, GTS -21, etc.
• -nicotinic receptor agonists such as MEM 3454, Nefiracetam, etc.
• PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
• PDE4 -phosphodiesterase IV
• MAO -monoamine oxidase
• -AMP A receptor modulators such as Ampalex (CX 516), etc.
• nerve growth factors or NGF potentiators such as CERE-1 10 (AAV-NGF), T-588, T- 817MA, etc;
• luteinizing hormone LH
• VP-4896 leuoprolide
• -GABA receptor modulators such as AC-3933, NGD 97-1, CP-457920, etc.; benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists such as SB-737552 (S-8510), AC-3933, etc.;
• -noradrenaline-releasing agents such as T-588, T-817MA, etc.
• combination of compounds according to the invention, or for use according to the invention, with Alzheimer's agents is not limited to the examples described herein, but includes combination with any agent useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
• Combination of compounds according to the invention, or for use according to the invention, and other Alzheimer's agents may be administered separately or in conjunction.
• the administration of one agent may be prior to, concurrent to, or subsequent to the administration of other agent(s).
• the compounds may be supplied as "prodrugs" or protected forms, which release the compound after administration to a subject.
• the compound may carry a protective group which is split off by hydrolysis in body fluids, e.g., in the bloodstream, thus releasing the active compound or is oxidized or reduced in body fluids to release the compound.
• a “prodrug” is meant to indicate a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvo lysis to a biologically active compound of the invention.
• the term “prodrug” refers to a metabolic precursor of a compound of the invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable.
• a prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject in need thereof, but is converted in vivo to an active compound of the invention.
• Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the invention, for example, by hydrolysis in blood.
• the prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a subject.
• prodrug is also meant to include any covalently bonded carriers which release the active compound of the invention in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a subject.
• Prodrugs of a compound of the invention may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound of the invention in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound of the invention.
• Prodrugs include compounds of the invention wherein a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the compound of the invention is administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively.
• Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and acetamide, formamide, and benzamide derivatives of amine functional groups in the compounds of the invention and the like.
• prodrugs may be found in "Smith and Williams' Introduction to the Principles of Drug Design,” H.J. Smith, Wright, Second Edition, London (1988); Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21-24 (Elsevier, Amsterdam); The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, Camille G. Wermuth et al. ⁇ Ch 31 , (Academic Press, 1996); A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, P. rogsgaard-Larson and H.
• Compounds according to the invention, or for use according to the invention can be provided alone or in combination with other compounds in the presence of a liposome, an adjuvant, or any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, in a form suitable for administration to a subject such as a mammal, for example, humans, cattle, sheep, etc. If desired, treatment with a compound according to the invention may be combined with more traditional and existing therapies for the therapeutic indications described herein.
• Compounds according to the invention may be provided chronically or intermittently. "Chronic" administration refers to administration of the compound(s) in a continuous mode as opposed to an acute mode, so as to maintain the initial therapeutic effect (activity) for an extended period of time.
• Intermittent administration is treatment that is not consecutively done without interruption, but rather is cyclic in nature
• administration should be understood to mean providing a compound of the invention to the subject in need of treatment.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient” includes without limitation any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, or emulsifier that has been approved, for example, by the United States Food and Drug Administration or other governmental agency as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals.
• compositions in accordance with this invention may comprise a salt of such a compound, preferably a physiologically acceptable salt, which are known in the art.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt means an active ingredient comprising compounds of Formula (I) or (la) used in the form of a salt thereof, particularly where the salt form confers on the active ingredient improved pharmacokinetic properties as compared to the free form of the active ingredient or other previously disclosed salt form.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base addition salts.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, trifiuoroacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
• Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine,
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” encompasses all acceptable salts including but not limited to acetate, lactobionate, benzenesulfonate, laurate, benzoate, malate, bicarbonate, maleate, bisulfate, mandelate, bitartarate, mesylate, borate, methylbromide, bromide, methylnitrite, calcium edetate, methylsulfate, camsylate, mucate, carbonate, napsylate, chloride, nitrate, clavulanate, N-methylglucamine, citrate, ammonium salt, dihydrochloride, oleate, edetate, oxalate, edisylate, pamoate (embonate), estolate, palmitate, esylate, pantothenate, fumarate, phosphate/diphosphate, gluceptate,
• polygalacturonate polygalacturonate, gluconate, salicylate, glutame, stearate, glycol iylarsanilate, sulfate, hexylresorcinate, subacetate, hydradamine, succinate, hydrobromide, tannate,
• hydrochloride tartrate, hydroxynaphthoate, teoclate, iodide, tosylate, isothionate, triethiodide, lactate, panoate, valerate, and the like.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention can be used as a dosage for modifying solubility or hydrolysis characteristics, or can be used in sustained release or prodrug formulations.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention may include those formed from cations such as sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, zinc, and from bases such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methyl-glutamine s lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline,
• compositions will typically include one or more carriers acceptable for the mode of administration of the preparation, be it by injection, inhalation, topical administration, lavage, or other modes suitable for the selected treatment.
• Suitable carriers are those known in the art for use in such modes of administration.
• Suitable pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated by means known in the art and their mode of administration and dose determined by the skilled practitioner,
• a compound may be dissolved in sterile water or saline or a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle used for administration of non-water soluble compounds such as those used for vitamin K.
• the compound may be administered in a tablet, capsule or dissolved in liquid form.
• the table or capsule may be enteric coated, or in a formulation for sustained release.
• Many suitable formulations are known, including, polymeric or protein microparticles encapsulating a compound to be released, ointments, gels, hydrogels, or solutions which can be used topically or locally to administer a compound.
• a sustained release patch or implant may be employed to provide release over a prolonged period of time.
• Many techniques known to skilled practitioners are described in Remington: the Science & Practice of Pharmacy by Alfonso Gennaro, 20 m ed., Williams & Wilkins, (2000).
• Formulations for parenteral administration may, for example, contain excipients, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, or hydrogenated naphthalenes.
• Biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lacttde/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers may be used to control the release of the compounds.
• Formulations for inhalation may contain excipients, for example, lactose, or may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, glycocholate and deoxycholate, or may be oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel.
• the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention may be administered by oral or non-oral, e.g., intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intracisternal injection or infusion, subcutaneous injection, transdermal or transmucosal routes.
• compounds or pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with this invention or for use in this invention may be administered by means of a medical device or appliance such as an implant, graft, prosthesis, stent, etc.
• Implants may be devised which are intended to contain and release such compounds or compositions.
• the compounds may be administered alone or as a mixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g., as solid formulations such as tablets, capsules, granules, powders, etc.; liquid formulations such as syrups, injections, etc.;
• compounds or pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with this invention or for use in this invention may be administered by inhalation spray, nasal, vaginal, rectal, sublingual, or topical routes and may be formulated, alone or together, in suitable dosage unit formulations containing conventional non- toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles appropriate for each route of administration.
• the compounds of the invention may be used to treat animals, including mice, rats, horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, and monkeys. However, compounds of the invention can also be used in other organisms, such as avian species (e.g., chickens). The compounds of the invention may also be effective for use in humans.
• the term "subject” or alternatively referred to herein as "patient” is intended to be referred to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment. However, the compounds, methods and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be used in the treatment of animals.
• a "subject” may be a human, non-human primate, rat, mouse, cow, horse, pig, sheep, goat, dog, cat, etc.
• the subject may be suspected of having or at risk for having a condition requiring modulation of O-GlcNAcase activity.
• an “effective amount” of a compound according to the invention includes a therapeutically effective amount or a prophylactically effective amount.
• a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result, such as inhibition of an O-GlcNAcase, elevation of O-GlcNAc levels, inhibition of tau phosphorylation, or any condition described herein.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the compound to elicit a desired response in the individual. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response.
• a therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the compound are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
• a “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result, such as inhibition of an O-GlcNAcase, elevation of O-GlcNAc levels, inhibition of tau phosphorylation, or any condition described herein.
• a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, so that a prophylactically effective amount may be less than a therapeutically effective amount.
• a suitable range for therapeutically or prophylactically effective amounts of a compound may be any integer from 0.1 nM-O.lM, 0.1 nM-0.05M, 0.05 ⁇ -15 ⁇ or 0.01 ⁇ -10 ⁇ ,
• an appropriate dosage level in the treatment or prevention of conditions which require modulation of O-GlcNAcase activity, will generally be about 0.01 to 500 mg per kg subject body weight per day, and can be administered in singe or multiple doses. In some embodiments, the dosage level will be about 0,1 to about 250 mg/kg per day. It will be understood that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound used, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the patient undergoing therapy.
• dosage values may vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated.
• specific dosage regimens may be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgement of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions.
• Dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and do not limit the dosage ranges that may be selected by medical practitioners.
• the amount of active compound(s) in the composition may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the subject. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It may be advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
• compounds of the invention should be used without causing substantial toxicity, and as described herein, the compounds exhibit a suitable safety profile for therapeutic use.
• Toxicity of the compounds of the invention can be determined using standard techniques, for example, by testing in cell cultures or experimental animals and determining the therapeutic index, i.e., the ratio between the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the LD100 (the dose lethal to 100% of the population). In some circumstances however, such as in severe disease conditions, it may be necessary to administer substantial excesses of the compositions
• the atoms may exhibit their natural isotopic abundances, or one or more of the atoms may be artificially enriched in a particular isotope having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number predominantly found in nature.
• the present invention is meant to include all suitable isotopic variations of the compounds of generic Formula (I) or (la).
• different isotopic forms of hydrogen (H) include protium (Ipf), deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H). Protium is the predominant hydrogen isotope found in nature.
• Enriching for deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages, such as increasing in vivo half-life or reducing dosage requirements, or may provide a compound useful as a standard for characterization of biological samples.
• Isotopically-enriched compounds within generic Formula (I) or (la) can be prepared without undue
• a compound of Formula (I) or (la) may be used in screening assays for compounds which modulate the activity of glycosidase enzymes, preferably the O-
• test compound is any naturally- occurring or artificially-derived chemical compound. Test compounds may include, without limitation, peptides, polypeptides, synthesised organic molecules, naturally occurring organic molecules, and nucleic acid molecules.
• a test compound can "compete" with a known compound such as a compound of Formula (I) or (la) by, for example, interfering with inhibition of O-GlcNAcase-dependent cleavage of O-GlcNAc or by interfering with any biological response induced by a compound of Formula ( ⁇ ) or (la).
• a test compound can exhibit any value between 10% and 200%, or over 500%, modulation when compared to a compound of Formula (I) or (la) or other reference compound.
• a test compound may exhibit at least any positive or negative integer from 10% to 200% modulation, or at least any positive or negative integer from 30%) to 150% modulation, or at least any positive or negative integer from 60% to 100%> modulation, or any positive or negative integer over 100%> modulation.
• a compound that is a negative modulator will in general decrease modulation relative to a known compound, while a compound that is a positive modulator will in general increase modulation relative to a known compound.
• test compounds are identified from large libraries of both natural products or synthetic (or semi-synthetic) extracts or chemical libraries according to methods known in the art.
• test extracts or compounds are not critical to the method(s) of the invention. Accordingly, virtually any number of chemical extracts or compounds can be screened using the exemplary methods described herein. Examples of such extracts or compounds include, but are not limited to, plant-, fungal-, prokaryotic- or animal-based extracts, fermentation broths, and synthetic compounds, as well as
• libraries of natural compounds in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant, and animal extracts are commercially available from a number of sources, including Biotics (Sussex, UK), Xenova (Slough, UK), Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (Ft. Pierce, FL, USA), and PharmaMar, MA, USA.
• Biotics Sussex, UK
• Xenova Slough, UK
• Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute Ft. Pierce, FL, USA
• PharmaMar, MA PharmaMar, MA, USA.
• natural and synthetically produced libraries are produced, if desired, according to methods known in the art, e.g., by standard extraction and fractionation methods.
• any library or compound is readily modified using standard chemical, physical, or biochemical methods.
• the compounds are useful in the development of animal models for studying diseases or disorders related to deficiencies in O-GlcNAcase, over-expression of O-GlcNAcase, accumulation of O-GlcNAc, depletion of O-GlcNAc, and for studying treatment of diseases and disorders related to deficiency or over-expression of O-GlcNAcase, or accumulation or depletion of O-GlcNAc.
• diseases and disorders include neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, and cancer.
• reaction mixture was treated with TFA ( 1.6 g, 14 mmol) overnight at room temperature.
• TFA saturated sodium bicarbonate
• the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under vacuum to provide a residue, which was purified by silica gel column, eluted with 1 % MeOH in dichloromethane to give compound 6 as yellow oil (1.65 g, 85 %).
• reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (300 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under vacuum to provide a residue, which was purified by silica gel column, eluted with 1 % MeOH in dichloromethane to give compound 14 as a yellow oil (50 g, 84 %).
• reaction mixture was condensed to give a residue, which was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions [(3#-Agilent 1200 detect prep HPLC): Column, C18, 19* 150mm s Sum; mobile phase, water with 0.03% ammonia and CH3CN (10 % CH3CN up to 45 % in 10 min);
• methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (5.9 g, 16.5 mmol) in THF (70 mL) was treated with n-BuLi (5.9 ml , 2.5 M in THF) for 30 min at 0 °C, and followed by addition of
• reaction mixture was quenched by sat. aqueous Na2S203 solution (20 mL) and sat. aqueous NaHC03 solution (20 mL), and extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 20 mL).
• dichloromethane (2 x 20 mL).
• the combined, organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a residue, which was purified by silica gel column, eluted with 2 - 3 % methanol in dichloromethane to give compound 33 as a yellow syrup (400 mg, 88 %).
• Step 2 (3aR,5S,6S,7R,7aR)-5-(2-flaoropropan-2-yl)-2-(raethylamino)-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro- 3aH-pyrano[3,2-d)thiazole-6,7-diol and (3aR,5R,6S,7R,7aR) -2- (raethylamino)-5- (prop-l-en-2-yl)-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-3aH-pyrano[3,2-d]thiazole-6,7-diol.
• Example 145 was prepared in a similar fashion to Example 144.
• Example 145 was prepared in a similar fashion to Example 144.
• dichloromethane (10 mL) was treated with DAST (262 mg, 1.63 mmol) overnight at room temperature, then quenched by saturated aqueous Na 2 C0 3 (10 mL), extracted with dichloromethane (3 10 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum to give crude compound 89 as a yellow foam (100 mg), which was dissolved into dichloromethane (5 mL) and treated with TFA (0.5 mL) for 3 hours at room temperature.
• 1,3-dithiane (14.1 g, 1 17 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was treated with n-BuLi (44.9 mL, 1 12 mmol , 2.5M in hexane) at 0 °C for 1 hour, followed by the addition of a solution of the above aldehyde 95 in THF (20 mL) at -50°C. After kept additional 1 hour at 0°C, the reaction was quenched by saturated aqueous NH 4 CI (150 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x80 mL).
• Example 151 Example 152
• Example 152 (3aR,5R,6S,7R,7aR)-5-((S)-l,2-dihydroxyethyl)-2-(dimethylamino)-5,6,7,7a ⁇ tetrahydro-3aH-pyrano[3,2-d]thiazole-6,7-diol (Example 152) & (3aR,5R,6S,7R,7aR)- 5-((R)-l,2-dihydroxyethyI)-2-(dimethylaraino)-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-3aH-pyrano[3,2- d]thiazole-6,7-dioI (Example 151) : A solution of 102 (500 mg, 0.9 mmol) in
• dichloromethane (20 mL) was treated with BC1 3 (9 ml, 9 mmol, 1 M in dichloromethane) at -60 °C under nitrogen for 30 min. The reaction was then quenched with methanol (20 mL). Volatiles were distilled out to give a residue, which was dissolved into methanol (5 mL) and neutralized with Con. NH 4 OH (2 ml, 26% aqueous solution).
• the crude product was purified by a silica gel column, eluted with 10 % methanol in dichloromethane to give a mixture of the two epimers; the two epimers were separated by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Agilent Prep 1200 Detecl): Column, SunFire Prep CI 8; mobile phase, Water with 0,05% ammonia and CH 3 CN; 5% CH 3 CN up to 60% in 8 min; Detector, 220nm) to afford (3aR,5R,6S !
• Example 153 Example 154
• Example 155 ((3aR,5R,6S,7R,7aR)-6,7 ⁇ is(benzyloxy)-2-(dimethylaraino)-5,6 J 7,7a-tetrahydro-3aH- pyrano[3,2-d]thiazol-5-yl)methyl methanesulfonate (105). To a solution of
• dichloromethane (20 mL) was treated with BC1 3 (7 mL, 7 mmol, 1 M in dichloromethane) for 2 hours at -60°C, then quenched by the addition of methanol (10 mL). Volatiles were distilled out under vacuum to give a residue, which was dissolved into methanol (5 mL) and neutralized by Con. NH4OH (2 ml, 26% aqueous solution).
• 106 109 (3aR,5R,6R,7R ? 7aR)-6,7-bis(benzyloxy)-5-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-5,6,7,7a- tetrahydro-3aH-pyrano[3,2-d]thiazol-2-amine (109).
• dichloromethane (20 mL) was treated with BC1 3 (6 mL, 6 mmol, 1 in dichloromethane ) for 2 hours at -60°C, then the reaction was quenched with methanol (20 mL). Volatiles were distilled out under vacuum to give a residue, which was dissolved into methanol (5 mL) and neutralized by Con. NH 4 OH (2 ml, 26% aqueous solution).
• 26 114 tert-butyI (3aR,5R,6S,7R.7aR)-6,7-bis(aIlyloxy)-5-((tert- butyldimethyIsilyloxy)methyl)-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-3aH-pyrano[3,2-d]thiazol-2" yl(methyl)carbamate (114): A solution of 26 (35 g, 78 mmol) (Prepared according to the synthesis of Example 3, step 4) in DMF (250 mL) was treated with NaH (70%, 8 g, 233 mmol) at 5°C for 30 min, then Allyl-Br (28 g, 233 mmol) was added slowly.
• Example 160 (3aR,5S,6S,7R,7aR)-2-(ethylamino)-5-((S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)-5,6,7,7a- tetrahydro-3aH-pyrano[3,2-d]thiazole-6,7-diol as a white solid (2.41 g, 16 %, faster eluting isomer by HPLC).
• 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione (126) A solution of 2-aminoethanol (41 g, 0.67 mol) and isobenzofuran-l,3-dione (1 0 g, 0.52 mol) in toluene (300 mL) was refluxed for 12 hours. Volatiles were distilled out to give a residue, which was purified by re- crystallization from chloroform/hexane (v/v, 1 :6) to afford 126 as a white solid (110 g, 85 %).
• 2-(benryloxy)ethanamine (128) A solution of 127 (10 g, 35 mmol) in ethanol (200 mL) was treated with hydrazine (84 g, 71 mmol, 80 % in water) at reflux for 12 hours. After a filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to give a residue, which was purified by a silica gel column, eluted with 5 % methanol in dichloromethane to afford 128 as light yellow oil (4 g, 74 %).
• the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2x40 mL), and the combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum.
• the crude product was purified by a silica gel column, eiuted with 1 % - 3 % methanol in dichloromethane to afford 132 as a white solid (2.6 g, 75 %).
• Example 162 was purified by a silica gel column, eluted with 5 % - 20 % methanol in dichloromethane to give a mixture of the above two compounds. Separation by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column, Sun fire prep. C18; mobile phase, water with 0.03 % NH 4 OH and CH 3 CN (10 % up to 45 % in time 10); Detector, UV 220nm) gave Example 162 as a white solid (35 mg, 8.3 %, faster eluting isomer).
• Step 4 tert-butyl N-[(3aR,5R,6S,7R,7aR)-6,7-bis(benzyloxy)-5-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l- hydroxyethyl)-3aH,5H,6H,7H.7aH-pyrano[3,2-d][l,3]thiazol-2-yl]-N-(prop-2-en-l- yl)carbamate (141): A mixture of TBAF (500 mg, 2 mmol) and 4A molecular sieves (3 g) in THF (30 mL) was stirred for 30 minutes at 0 °C, followed by addition of a mixture of crude 140 and CF 3 TMS (3.7 g, 26 mmol) in THF (30 mL).

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