Classifications

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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
  • A61K31/422—Oxazoles not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
  • C07D213/75—Amino or imino radicals, acylated by carboxylic or carbonic acids, or by sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof, e.g. carbamates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
  • C07D263/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D263/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D263/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel GLUT1 inhibitors and modulator compounds useful for the treatment of various diseases. More particularly, the invention is concerned with such compounds, methods or treating diseases and methods of synthesis of the compounds.
• chemotherapeutic agents have been identified only by their ability to kill rapidly proliferating cells and therefore such agents cannot distinguish between normal, healthy dividing cells and tumor cells. For this reason, standard agents have low therapeutic indices and are often limited by their severe toxicity to normal tissue. While many solid tumors respond to different combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapies, kidney cancer is a particularly intractable disease. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type of kidney cancer, has proven to be particularly challenging, resistant to both radiation therapy and standard systemic chemotherapies (Atkins, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 10:6277S-6281 S. (2004); Motzer, R.
• HIFa A key mediator of hypoxic stress is HIFa.
• HIF is a bHLH heterodimeric transcription factor, made up of an oxygen- labile subunit (HIF-a) and a constitutive subunit (HIF- ⁇ ).
• HIF-a oxygen- labile subunit
• HIF- ⁇ constitutive subunit
• PHDs prolyl hydroxylases
• HIF-a In cells that lack VHL, stabilized HIF-a binds HIF- ⁇ to activate the transcription of genes involved in several processes. HIF transcribes genes that mediate glycolysis, angiogenesis, tissue remodelling, epithelial permeability and vascular tone. These genes, and processes driven by these genes, act to promote tumor growth and survival in hypoxic conditions.
• pVHL the protein product of VHL
• HIF hypoxia-inducible factor
• pVHL has been implicated in a variety of processes including extracellular matrix assembly, regulation of microtubule stability, polyubiquitination of atypical PKC family members, regulation of fibronectin, and RNA polymerase II subunits.
• Glucose transporter 1 also known as solute carrier family 2 (SLCA2) or facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1) is a 492 amino acid protein (NCBI accession numbers NP_006507.2 or PI 1166.2).
• GLUTl is a member of a small family 45-55 kDa hexose transport proteins and is invovled in facilitating the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells.
• HIF but via modulation of cellular processes in which HIF is integral.
• VHL-deficient cells namely reliance on GLUT1 and aerobic glycolysis can now be exploited in treatment of diseases related to rapidly dividing cells.
• High-throughput chemical synthetic lethal screens have been used to identifiy small molecules that exploit the loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene, which occurs in approximately 80% of renal carcinomas.
• VHL von Hippel-Lindau
• the present application describes small molecules that impair glucose transport in VHL-deficient cells, but not in cells with wild-type VHL, resulting in specific killing of renal carcinoma cells.
• the potential to target glucose uptake in VHL- deficient tumors therapeutically with the use of small molecules provides a new way to treat metastatic renal carcinoma, among others types of diseases mediated by elevated expression of GLUT1. Treatment with these small molecules inhibits the growth of VHL-deficient tumors by binding GLUT1 directly and impeding glucose uptake in vivo without toxicity to normal tissue.
• A is a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl ring chosen from pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, and imidazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
• X is CH2CH2NR, CH2NR, or NR wherein each R is independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which, except for hydrogen, is optionally substituted;
• Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R 6 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which, except for hydrogen, is optionally substituted;
• Y is chosen from O, S, NR; wherein each R is independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which, except for hydrogen, is optionally substituted;
• B is an optionally substituted aryl ring
• A is 3-pyridinyl
• X is CI3 ⁇ 4NH
• Ri, R2, and R 4 are each hydrogen
• R 3 is Me
• Y is O
• B is not phenyl or 4-methylphenyl.
• C is a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl ring chosen from pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, and thiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted; is attached to the phenyl ring at either the 3 or 4 position;
• R7, Re, and R9 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, and optionally substituted alkenyl;
• Rio is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, halo, carboxy, nitro, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, and optionally substituted amino;
• W is chosen from -NRS0 2 -, -S0 2 NR-, and -NRCO-, wherein each R is independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which, except for hydrogen, is optionally substituted; and
• D is heteroaryl.
• the compounds of Formula II are of the Formula IIA:
• Xi and X 2 are each independently chosen from N, NO, and CH, provided that at least one of Xi and X 2 is not CH; each D is individually taken from the group consisting of C, CH, NH, N, S and O, such that the resultant ring is selected from pyridyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, and thienyl;
• R7, Re, and R9 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, and optionally substituted alkenyl;
• Rio and Rn are independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, halo, carboxy, nitro, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, and optionally substituted amino; and for each occurrence, R12 is independently chosen from alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo, alkoxy, halo, nitro, heterocycloalkyl, and amino optionally substituted with C(0)R a , wherein R a is chosen from alkyl and optionally substituted alkoxy; each n is 0, 1 or 2; and p is 0 or 1.
• C is a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl ring chosen from pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, and thiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
• R7, Re, and R9 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, and optionally substituted alkenyl;
• W is chosen from -N(R)S0 2 R x -, -S0 2 N(R)R x -, and -N(R)COR x -, wherein each R is independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which, except for hydrogen, is optionally substituted; and R x is an bivalent C 0 - C 6 alkylene, bivalent C3-C6cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
• E is selected from Cs-Cecycloalkyl, Cs-Ceheterocycle, phenyl, wherein C is optionally substituted hydrogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, halo, carboxy, nitro, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, and optionally substituted amino; and
• D is an optionally substituted heterocycle.
• the compounds of Formula III are of the Formula IIIA:
• X3 is selected from CH or N;
• XA is selected from O. NH. or NRT: represents a single or double bond; each R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 is independently chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, and optionally substituted alkenyl;
• Rio and Rn are independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, halo, carboxy, nitro, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, and optionally substituted amino; for each occurrence, R12 is independently chosen from alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo, alkoxy, halo, nitro, heterocycloalkyl, and amino optionally substituted with C(0)R a , wherein R a is chosen from alkyl and optionally substituted alkoxy;
• R x is an bivalent C 4 alkylene, bivalent C 6 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and n is 0, 1, or 2.
• F is a heteroaryl selected from pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, 1,2,4-triazine or 1,3,5-triazine, optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxyl group, -CF3 group, C1-C6 alkoxy group, C1-C6 straight chain alkvl. C3-C6 branched chain alkvl or C3-C6 cvcloalkvl srouo. wherein the number of substituents does not exceed the number of available C-H bonds of the heteroaryl; with multiple substitutions, each substituent on the heteroaryl is chosen independent of the other substituents;
• G is a 5 membered heteroaryl selected from thiophene, imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, oxadiazole, and thiadiazole;
• m is an integer ranging from 0 to 3;
• p is an integer ranging from 1 to 5;
• H is -S(0)n-(CH2)q- -0-(CH2)q- or -C(0)-(CH2)q-; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; q is an integer ranging from 0 to 5;
• R13 is H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3- C6 cycloalkyl;
• R20 is H, -CF3, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl
• R14, R15 and R16 are each independently H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkoxy in which the alkoxy portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, - OH, -NH2, -CF3, C1-C6 monoalkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, optionally substituted nitrogen containing heterocycles selected from pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, azepane, 1 ,4-diazepane, 1 ,4-oxazepane and 1,4-thiazepane; or
• X can be a bond, O, S or NRg ;
• R17, R18 and R19 are each independently H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, -CF3; or R17 and R18 can be taken together to form a 4 to 7 membered optionally substituted ring containing 0-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O or S; r is an integer ranging from 0 to 3; t is an integer ranging from 1 to 2; and u is an integer ranging from 1 to 6. er aspect, the compounds of Formula Vare described:
• Formula V and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof; wherein: F is a heteroaryl selected from pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine,
• G is a 5 membered heteroaryl selected from thiophene, imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, oxadiazole, and thiadiazole;
• m is an integer ranging from 0 to 3;
• p is an integer ranging from 1 to 5;
• H is selected from -S(0)n-(CH2)q- -0-(CH2)q- or -C(0)-(CH2)q-; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; q is an integer ranging from 0 to 5;
• K is selected from C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with two or more of R4, R5, and R6, C1-C6 straight or branched optionally substituted alkyl,
• R 18 or R 18 ;
• R13 is selected from H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
• R20 is selected from H, -CF3, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
• R14, R15 and R16 can independently be H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkoxy in which the alkoxy portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, - OH, -NH2, -CF3, C1-C6 monoalkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, optionally substituted nitrogen containing heterocycles such as pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, azepane, 1 ,4- diazepane, 1 ,4-oxazepane and 1,4-thiazepane; or wherein X can be a bond, O, S or NR9;
• R17, R18 and R19 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, -CF3, or -C(0)0-, or R17 and R18 can be taken together to form a 4 to 7 membered optionally substituted monocycloalkyl ring or 8-14 bicycloalkyl ring, each optionally containing between 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O or S, or ; r is an integer ranging from 0 to 3; t is an integer ranging from 1 to 2; and u is an integer ranging from 1 to 6. aspect, compounds of Formula VI are provided:
• F is selected from the group consisting of C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with two or more of R14, R15, and R16, or C1-C6 straight or branched optionally substituted alkyl,
• G is a 5 membered heteroaryl selected from thiophene, imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, oxadiazole, and thiadiazole;
• m is an integer ranging from 0 to 3;
• p is an integer ranging from 1 to 5;
• H is -S(0)n-(CH2)q- -0-(CH2)q- or -C(0)-(CH2)q-; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; q is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; K is selected from
• Rl is H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 is H, -CF3, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl
• R14, R15 and R16 can independently be H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkoxy in which the alkoxy portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, - OH, -NH2, -CF3, C1-C6 monoalkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, optionally substituted nitrogen containing heterocycles such as pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, azepane, 1 ,4- diazepane, 1 ,4-oxazepane and 1,4-thiazepane; or wherein X can be a bond, O, S or NR19;
• R17, R18 and R19 are each independently be H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to
• the compounds of Formula IV are of the Formula la: Formula IVa and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof; wherein:
• F is a heteroaryl selected from pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, 1,2,4-triazine or 1,3,5-triazine, optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxyl group, -CF3 group, C1-C6 alkoxy group, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, wherein the number of substituents does not exceed the number of available C-H bonds of the heteroaryl; with multiple substitutions, each substituent on the heteroaryl is chosen independent of the other substituents; m is an integer ranging from 0 to 3; p is an integer ranging from 1 to 5;
• H is -S(0)n-(CH2)q- -0-(CH2)q- or -C(0)-(CH2)q-; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; q is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; K is selected from
• R13 is H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3- C6 cycloalkyl;
• R20 is H, -CF3, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl
• R14, R15 and R16 are each independently H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkoxy in which the alkoxy portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, - OH, -NH2, -CF3, C1-C6 monoalkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, optionally substituted nitrogen containing heterocycles selected from pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, azepane, 1 ,4-diazepane, 1 ,4-oxazepane and 1,4-thiazepane; or wherein X can be a bond, O, S or NR19;
• R17, R18 and R19 are each independently H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, -CF3; or R17 and R18 can be taken together to form a 4 to 7 membered optionally substituted ring containing 0-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O or S; r is an integer ranging from 0 to 3; t is an integer ranging from 1 to 2; and u is an integer ranging from 1 to 6.
• the compounds of Formula V are of the Formula Va:
• F is a heteroaryl selected from pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, 1,2,4-triazine or 1,3,5-triazine, optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxyl group, -CF3 group, C1-C6 alkoxy group, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, wherein the number of substituents does not exceed the number of available C-H bonds of the heteroaryl; with multiple substitutions, each substituent on the heteroaryl is chosen independent of the other substituents; m is an integer ranging from 0 to 3; p is an integer ranging from 1 to 5;
• H is selected from -S(0)n-(CH2)q- -0-(CH2)q- or -C(0)-(CH2)q-; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; q is an integer ranging from 0 to 5;
• K is selected from C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with two or more of R4, R5, and R6, C1-C6 straight or branched optionally substituted alkyl,
• R 18 or R 18 ;
• Rl is selected from H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
• R2 is selected from H, -CF3, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
• R4, R5 and R6 can independently be H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkoxy in which the alkoxy portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, -OH, -NH2, - CF3, C1-C6 monoalkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, optionally substituted nitrogen containing heterocycles such as pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, azepane, 1,4-diazepane, 1,4
• X can be a bond, O, S or NR9;
• R17, R18 and R19 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, -CF3, or -C(0)0-, or R7 and R8 can be taken together to form a 4 to 7 membered optionally substituted monocycloalkyl ring or 8-14 bicycloalkyl ring, each optionally containing between 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O or S, or ; r is an integer ranging from 0 to 3; t is an integer ranging from 1 to 2; and u is an integer ranging from 1 to 6.
• the compounds of Formula VI are of the Formula Via:
• F is selected from the group consisting of C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with two or more of R4, R5, and R6, or C1-C6 straight or branched optionally substituted alkyl,
• Rl8 or R 18 ;
• m is an integer ranging from 0 to 3;
• p is an integer ranging from 1 to 5;
• H is -S(0)n-(CH2)q- -0-(CH2)q- or -C(0)-(CH2)q-; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; q is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; K is selected from
• R13 is H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3- C6 cycloalkyl;
• R20 is H, -CF3, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl
• R14, R15 and R16 can independently be H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkoxy in which the alkoxy portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, -
• X can be a bond, O, S or NR9;
• R17, R18 and R19 are each independently be H, C1-C6 straight chain alkyl, C3-C6 branched chain alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl in which the alkoxy and alkyl portions each independently contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, -CF3; or R17 and R18 can be taken together to form a 4 to
• r is an integer ranging from 0 to 3
• t is an integer ranging from 1 to 2
• u is an integer ranging from 1 to 6.
• compositions comprising at least one compound of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, or VI and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Subject refers to an animal, such as a mammal, that has been or will be the object of treatment, observation, or experiment.
• the compounds and methods described herein may be useful for both human therapy and veterinary applications.
• the subject is a human.
• treatment refers to an amelioration of a disease or disorder, or at least one discernible symptom thereof.
• treatment refers to an amelioration of at least one measurable physical parameter, not necessarily discernible by the patient.
• treatment or “treating” refers to reducing the progression of a disease or disorder, either physically, e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom, physiologically, e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter, or both.
• treatment or “treating” refers to delaying the onset of a disease or disorder.
• prevention or “preventing” refers to a reduction of the risk of acquiring a given disease or disorder.
• pharmaceutically acceptable refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms that are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” refer to modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, and intrasternal injection and infusion.
• a dash (“-") that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent.
• -CONH2 is attached through the carbon atom.
• alkyl refers to refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon, such as a straight or branched group of 1-20, 1-8, or 1-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C1-C2 0 alkyl, Ci-Cs alkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkyl, respectively.
• Exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl- 1 -propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-l -butyl, 3-methyl-l -butyl, 2-methyl-3- butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-l -propyl, 2-methyl-l -pentyl, 3-methyl-l -pentyl, 4-methyl-l- pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-l- butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-l-butyl, 2-ethyl-l -butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and the like.
• alkenyl refers to an unsaturated straight or branched hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as a straight or branched group of 2-20, 2-8, or 2-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as (C2-C2 0 ) alkenyl,
• alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, allyl, butenvl, pentenvl, hexenvl, butadienvl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl, 2-ethylhexenyl, 2-propyl-2-butenyl, and 4-(2-methyl-3- butene)-pentenyl.
• alkynyl refers to an unsaturated straight or branched hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, such as a straight or branched group of 2-20, 2-8, or 2-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C2-C2 0 alkynyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, and C2-C6 alkynyl, respectively.
• alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, methylpropynyl, 4-methyl-l -butynyl, 4-propyl-2-pentynyl, and 4-butyl-2-hexynyl.
• Cycloalkyl refers to a saturated hydrocarbon ring group, having the specified number of carbon atoms, such as, for example from 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms.
• cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl as well as bridged and caged saturated ring groups such as, for example, adamantane.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl group attached to an oxygen (-O-alkyl-).
• Alkoxy also include an alkenyl group attached to an oxygen
• alkenyloxy or an alkynyl group attached to an oxygen (“alkynyloxy”) groups.
• alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, groups with an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group of 1-20, 1-8, or 1-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as (C1-C2 0 ) alkoxy, (Q-Cs) alkoxy, and (Ci-C 6 ) alkoxy, respectively.
• alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, 2-pentyloxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, 3-methylpentoxy, and the like.
• Acyl refers to the groups (alkyl)-C(O)-, (cycloalkyl)-C(O)-, (aryl)-C(O)-, (heteroaryl)-C(O)-, and (heterocycloalkyl)-C(O)-, wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality and wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl are as described herein.
• Acyl groups have the indicated number of carbon atoms, with the carbon of the keto group being included in the numbered carbon atoms.
• a Ci-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl group is an alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms attached through its oxygen to a carbonyl linker.
• amino is meant the group -N3 ⁇ 4.
• Aryl encompasses: 5- and 6-membered carbocyclic aromatic rings, for example, benzene; bicyclic ring systems wherein at least one ring is carbocyclic and aromatic, for example, naphthalene, indane, and tetralin; and tricyclic ring systems wherein at least one ring is carbocyclic and aromatic, for example, fluorene.
• aryl includes 5- and 6-membered carbocyclic aromatic rings fused to a 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring containing 1 or more heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S.
• bicyclic ring systems wherein only one of the rings is a carbocyclic aromatic ring, the point of attachment may be at the carbocyclic aromatic ring or the heterocycloalkyl ring.
• Bivalent radicals formed from substituted benzene derivatives and having the free valences at ring atoms are named as substituted phenylene radicals.
• Bivalent radicals derived from univalent polycyclic hydrocarbon radicals whose names end in "-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the carbon atom with the free valence are named by adding "-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a naphthyl group with two points of attachment is termed naphthylidene.
• Aryl does not encompass or overlap in any way with heteroaryl, separately defined below. Hence, if one or more carbocyclic aromatic rings is fused with a heterocycloalkyl aromatic ring, the resulting ring system is heteroaryl, not aryl, as defined herein.
• aryloxy refers to the group -O-aryl.
• halo includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo
• halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine
• Heteroaryl encompasses: 5- to 7-membered aromatic, monocyclic rings containing one or more, for example, from 1 to 4, or In some embodiments, from 1 to 3, heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, with the remaining ring atoms being carbon; and bicyclic heterocycloalkyl rings containing one or more, for example, from 1 to 4, or In some embodiments, from 1 to 3, heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, with the remaining ring atoms being carbon and wherein at least one heteroatom is present in an aromatic ring.
• heteroaryl includes a 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aromatic ring fused to a 5- to 7-membered cycloalkyl ring.
• the point of attachment may be at the heteroaromatic ring or the cycloalkyl ring.
• the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group exceeds 1, those heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another.
• the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group is not more than 2.
• the total number of S and O atoms in the aromatic heterocycle is not more than 1.
• heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, (as numbered from the linkage position assigned priority 1), 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2- pyrimidinyl, 3-pyrazolinyl, 2-thiazolyl, imidazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxazolinyl, thiazolinyl, thiadiazolinyl, tetrazolyl, thienyl, benzothiophenyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, benzoimidazolinyl, indolinyl, pyridizinyl, triazolyl, quinolinyl, and pyrazolyl.
• Bivalent radicals derived from univalent heteroaryl radicals whose names end in "-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the atom with the free valence are named by adding "-idene" to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a pyridyl group with two points of attachment is a pyridylidene.
• Heteroaryl does not encompass or overlap with aryl as defined herein.
• Substituted heteroaryl also includes ring systems substituted with one or more oxide (-0 ) substituents, such as pyridinyl N-oxides.
• Heterocycle refers to a single aliphatic ring, containing at least 2 carbon atoms in addition to 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing heteroatoms.
• Suitable heterocycloalkyl groups include, for example (as numbered from the linkage position assigned priority 1), 2-pyrrolinyl, 2,4-imidazolidinyl, 2,3-pyrazolidinyl, 2-piperidyl, 3-piperidyl, 4-piperdyl, and 2,5-piperzinyl.
• Morpholinyl groups are also contemplated, including 2-morpholinyl and 3- morpholinyl (numbered wherein the oxygen is assigned priority 1).
• Substituted heterocycloalkyl also includes ring systems substituted with one or more oxo moieties, such as piperidinyl N-oxide, morpholinyl-N-oxide, 1-oxo-l- thiomorpholinyl and 1,1-dioxo-l-thiomorpholinyl.
• cyano refers to -CN.
• carboxy refers to -COOH or its corresponding carboxylate salts (e.g., -COONa).
• carboxy also includes
• Carboxycarbonyl for example, a carboxy group attached to a carbonyl group, for example, -C(0)-COOH or salts, such as -C(0)-COONa.
• nitro refers to -N0 2 .
• hydroxy and "hydroxyl” refer to -OH.
• sulfinyl includes the groups: -S(0)-H, -S(0)-(optionally substituted (Ci-C6)alkyl), -S(0)-optionally substituted aryl), -S(0)-optionally substituted heteroaryl), -S(0)-(optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl); and -S(0)-(optionally substituted amino).
• sulfonyl includes the groups: -S(0 2 )-H, -S(0 2 )-(optionally substituted (Ci-C6)alkyl), -S(0 2 )-optionally substituted aryl), -S(0 2 )-optionally substituted heteroaryl), -S(0 2 )-(optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl), -S(0 2 )-(optionally substituted alkoxy), -S(0 2 )-optionally substituted aryloxy), -S(0 2 )-optionally substituted heteroaryloxy), -S(0 2 )-(optionally substituted heterocyclyloxy); and -S(0 2 )-H, -S(0 2 )-(optionally substituted (Ci-C6)alkyl), -S(0 2 )-optionally substituted aryl), -S(0 2 )-optionally substituted heteroaryl), -S(0 2 )-
• substituted means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom or group is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded.
• substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl include “substituted” pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, pyrazolyl, and thiazolyl"
• alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosen from:
• guanidine guanidine wherein one or more of the guanidine hydrogens are replaced with a lower-alkyl group, -NR b R°, halo, cyano, oxo (as a substituent for heterocycloalkyl), nitro, -COR b , -C0 2 R b , -CONR b R°, -OCOR b , -OC0 2 R a , -OCONR b R c , -NR°COR b , -NR c C0 2 R a , -NR c CONR b R°, -SOR a , -S0 2 R a ,
• R a is chosen from optionally substituted Ci-C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R b is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted Ci-C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R° is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl; or R b and R°, and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and
• each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or three, substituents independently selected from C1-C4 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
• -OC1-C4 alkyl -OC1-C4 alkyl, -OC1-C4 alkylphenyl, -C1-C4 alkyl-OH, -OC1-C4 haloalkyl, halo, -OH, -NH 2 , -C1-C4 alkyl-NH 2 , -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl)(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -NH(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl)(C 1 -C 4 alkylphenyl),
• -OC(0)Ci-C 4 alkyl -S0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), -S0 2 (phenyl), - S0 2 (Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -S0 2 NH 2 , -S0 2 NH(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -S0 2 NH(phenyl), - NHS0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), -NHS0 2 (phenyl), and -NHS0 2 (Ci-C 4 haloalkyl).
• the terms "substituted” alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl refer respectively to alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosen from: -R a , -OR b , -COR b , -C0 2 R b , N0 2 , -NR b R°, -NR°COR b , -NR c C0 2 R a , -NR c CONR b R°,
• R a , R b , and R c are as described herein.
• substituted acyl refers to the groups (substituted alkyl)-C(O)-, (substituted cycloalkyl)-C(O)-, (substituted aryl)-C(O)-, (substituted heteroaryl)-
• substituted acyl refers to the groups (substituted alkyl)-C(O)-, (substituted aryl)- C(O)-, and (substituted heteroaryl)-C(O)-, wherein substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, and substituted heteroaryl are as described herein.
• substituted alkoxycarbonyl refers to the group (substituted alkyl)-0- C(O)- wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality and wherein “substituted alkyl” is as described herein.
• substituted cycloalkyloxy refers to cycloalkyloxy wherein the cycloalkyl constituent is substituted (i.e., -0-(substituted cycloalkyl)) wherein “substituted cycloalkyl” is as described herein.
• substituted amino refers to the group -NR b R°, -NR°COR b , -NR c C0 2 R a , -NR c CONR b R°, and -NR c S0 2 R a , wherein R b and R c are as described herein.
• substituted amino also refers to N-oxides of the groups -NHR d , and NR d R d each as described herein.
• N-oxides can be prepared by treatment of the corresponding amino group with, for example, hydrogen peroxide or m- chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The person skilled in the art is familiar with reaction conditions for carrying out the N-oxidation.
• substituted aryloxy refers to aryloxy wherein the aryl constituent is substituted (i.e., -0-(substituted aryl)) wherein “substituted aryl” is as described herein.
• Compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, any stereoisomer, tautomer, rotomer, deuterated analogues, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt as defined herein.
• the compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated.
• optically active forms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms.
• Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically active starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis.
• the processes described herein can be stereoselective such that any given reaction starting with one or more chiral reagents enriched in one stereoisomer forms a product that is also enriched in one stereoisomer.
• the reaction can be conducted such that the product of the reaction substantially retains one or more chiral centers present in the starting materials.
• the reaction can also be conducted such that the product of the reaction contains a chiral center that is substantially inverted relative to a corresponding chiral center present in the starting materials.
• An example method includes fractional crystallization using a "chiral resolving acid" which is an optically active, salt- forming organic acid.
• Suitable resolving agents for fractional recrystallization methods are, for example, optically active acids, such as the D and L forms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric -acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid or the various optically active camphorsulfonic acids such as ⁇ - camphorsulfonic acid.
• Resolution of racemic mixtures can also be carried out by elution on a column packed with an optically active resolving agent (e.g., dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine).
• an optically active resolving agent e.g., dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine
• Suitable elution solvent composition can be determined by one skilled in the art.
• Compounds as described herein can also include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates or final compounds.
• Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
• isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.
• the compounds disclosed herein can be used in different enriched isotopic forms, e.g., enriched in the content of 2 H, 3 H, n C, 13 C, 14 C, and or 18 F.
• the compounds are deuterated.
• Such deuterated forms can be made by the procedure described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,846,514 and 6,334,997.
• deuteration can improve the efficacy and increase the duration of action of drugs.
• Deuterium substituted compounds can be synthesized using various methods such as described in: Dean, Dennis C; Editor. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Radiolabeled Compounds for Drug Discovery and Development. [In: Curr., Pharm. Des., 2000; 6(10)] 2000, 110 pp.; Kabalka, George W. and
• Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.
• Compounds as described herein also include crystalline and amorphous forms of those compounds, including, for example, polymorphs, pseudopolymorphs, solvates, hydrates, unsolvated polymorphs (including anhydrates), conformational polymorphs, and amorphous forms of the compounds, as well as mixtures thereof.
• Crystal form may be used interchangeably herein, and are meant to include all crystalline and amorphous forms of the compound, including, for example, polymorphs, pseudopolymorphs, solvates, hydrates, unsolvated polymorphs (including anhydrates), conformational polymorphs, and amorphous forms, as well as mixtures thereof, unless a particular crystalline or amorphous form is referred to.
• Compounds as described herein also include pharmaceutically acceptable forms of the recited compounds, including chelates, non-covalent complexes, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, and mixtures thereof.
• a “solvate” is formed by the interaction of a solvent and a compound.
• the term “compound” is intended to include solvates of compounds.
• “salts” includes solvates of salts.
• “salts” includes solvates of salts.
• Suitable solvates are pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates, including monohydrates and hemi-hydrates.
• a “chelate” is formed by the coordination of a compound to a metal ion at two (or more) points.
• the term “compound” is intended to include chelates of compounds.
• salts includes chelates of salts.
• non-covalent complex is formed by the interaction of a compound and another molecule wherein a covalent bond is not formed between the compound and the molecule.
• complexation can occur through van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions (also called ionic bonding).
• Such non-covalent complexes are included in the term "compound'.
• A, B, X, B, Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R5, and R 6 are as defined above for Formula I; provided that if A is 3-pyridinyl, X is CH 2 NH, Ri, R 2 , and R 4 are each hydrogen, R 3 is Me, and Y is O, then B is not phenyl or 4-methylphenyl.
• A is chosen from 2-pyrazinyl, 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, 4- pyridinyl, 2-imidazolyl, and 5-imidazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• A is chosen from 2-pyrazinyl, 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, 4- pyridinyl, (l-methyl)-2-imidazolyl, and (l-methyl)-5-imidazolyl.
• A is chosen from 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, and 4-pyridinyl.
• A is 3-pyridinyl.
• Ri is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl.
• Ri is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl.
• Ri is hydrogen or methyl
• Ri is hydrogen
• R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl.
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 3 is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl.
• R 3 is hydrogen or methyl.
• R4 is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl.
• R4 is hydrogen
• X is chosen from CH 2 CH 2 NR, CH 2 NR, or NR.
• R is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl.
• R is hydrogen
• Y is chosen from 0, S, or NR.
• R is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. In some embodiments, R is hydrogen.
• R is O
• R is S.
• B is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more groups chosen from halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
• heterocycloalkyl hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, N0 2, optionally substituted amino, and CN, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, and aryloxy groups may be optionally independently substituted with one or more groups chosen from halo, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkyl, and optionally substituted amino.
• B is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more groups chosen from optionally substituted amino, halo, and lower alkyl optionally substituted with optionally substituted amino, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, or hydroxyl.
• B is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more groups chosen from halo, optionally substituted amino and lower alkyl optionally substituted with optionally substituted amino or heterocycloalkyl.
• B is chosen from phenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3- methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 4- fluorophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-(4-methylpiperazinyl)phenyl, 4- morpholinylphenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, 3,4- dimethoxyphenyl.
• compounds of Formula I are as set forth below: 4-(5-Methyl-4- ⁇ [(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]methyl ⁇ - 1 ,3-oxazol-2-yl)-N-(3- pyridinyl)benzamide ;
• C is chosen from 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2- pyrazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 3-pyrazolinyl, imidazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxazolinyl, thiadiazolinyl, thiazole, tetrazolyl, benzoimidazolinyl, indolinyl, pyridizinyl, triazolyl, quinolinyl, and pyrazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• A is chosen from 3-pyrazolyl, 3-quinolinyl, 5-quinolinyl, 2- pyrazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, and 4-pyridinyl. In some embodiments, A is chosen from 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, and 4-pyridinyl. In some embodiments, A is 3-pyridinyl.
• C is
• Ri 2 is independently chosen from alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo, alkoxy, halo, nitro, heterocycloalkyl, and amino optionally substituted with C(0)R a , wherein R a is chosen from alkyl and optionally substituted alkoxy;
• Xi and X 2 are each independently chosen from N, NO, and CH, provided that at least one of Xi and X 2 is not CH.
• Xi is N and X 2 is CH.
• Ri 2 is independently chosen from methyl, methoxy, halo, nitro, morpholino, trifluoromethyl, and NHC(0)Me.
• n is 0.
• R7 is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl. In some embodiments, R 7 is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. In some embodiments, R7 is hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R7 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Rs and R9 are each independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl. In some embodiments, Rs is hydrogen.
• R9 is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen.
• Rio is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, halo, carboxy, and nitro. In some embodiments, Rio is chosen from hydrogen, methyl, halo, and nitro. In some embodiments, Rio is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. In some embodiments, Rio is hydrogen.
• W is -NRS0 2 . In some embodiments, W is -NRCO-. In some embodiments, W is S0 2 NR-. In some embodiments, R is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. In some embodiments, R is hydrogen.
• D is pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolinyl, thiazolyl, imidazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxazolinyl, thiazolinyl, thiadiazolinyl, tetrazolyl, thienyl, benzothiophenyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, benzoimidazolinyl, indolinyl, pyridizinyl, triazolyl, quinolinyl, and pyrazolyl.
• D is an optionally substituted pyridyl ring.
• D is pyridyl optionally substituted with one or more groups chosen from halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, N0 2, optionally substituted amino, and CN, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, and aryloxy groups may be optionally independently substituted with one or more groups chosen from halo, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkyl, and optionally substituted amino.
• D is pyridyl optionally substituted with one or more groups chosen from optionally substituted amino, halo, and lower alkyl optionally substituted with optionally substituted amino, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, or hydroxyl.
• D is pyridyl optionally substituted with one or more groups chosen from halo, optionally substituted amino and lower alkyl optionally substituted with optionally substituted amino or heterocycloalkyl.
• D is chosen from pyridyl, 2-methylpyridyl, 2- fluoropyridyl, 2-chloropyridyl, 2-bromopyridyl, 2-methoxycarbonylpyridyl, 2- trifluoromethylpyridyl, 2-cyanopyridyl, 3-aminopyridyl, 3-methoxypyridyl, 3- methylpyridyl, 3-fluoropyridyl, 3-chloropyridyl, 3-bromopyridyl, 3- trifluoromethylpyridyl, ieri-butylpyridyl, 4-ethynylpyridyl, 3-cyanopyridyl, 3- nitropyridyl
• D is chosen from 3-fluoropyridyl, 3-chloropyridyl, 3- bromopyridyl, 3-(2-pyrimidinyl)pyridyl, 3-(l -methyl- lH-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridyl, 3- (5-methyl-l ,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridyl, 3-(5-methyl- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridyl, 4-butoxypyridyl4-tert-butylpyridyl, 4-(2-pyrimidinyl)pyridyl, 3 ,4- dimethoxypyridyl, 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxypyridyl, 3,4-dimethylpyridyl, 3,5- dimethylpyridyl, 3-fluoro-4-methylpyridyl, 3-chloro-4-methylpyridyl, 2- (dimethyl)pyrid
• the radical is attached to the phenyl ring
• A is chosen from 2-thiazolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 3-quinolinyl, 5- quinolinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, and 4-pyridinyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• A is chosen from 2-thiazolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 3-quinolinyl, 5-quinolinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 2- pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, and 4-pyridinyl.
• A is chosen from 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, and 4-pyridinyl.
• A is 3-pyridinyl.
• A is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-phenyl
• Ri 2 is independently chosen from alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo, alkoxy, halo, nitro, heterocycloalkyl, and amino optionally substituted with C(0)R a , wherein R a is chosen from alkyl and optionally substituted alkoxy; and
• Xi and X 2 are each independently chosen from N, NO, and CH, provided that at least one of Xi and X 2 is not CH.
• Xi is N and X 2 is CH.
• R5 is independently chosen from methyl, methoxy, halo, nitro, morpholino, trifluoromethyl, and NHC(0)Me.
• n 0.
• R7 is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl. In some embodiments, R7 is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. In some embodiments, R7 is hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R7 is hydrogen.
• Rs and R9 are each independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl. In some embodiments, Rs is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9 is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. In some embodiments, R 9 is hydrogen.
• W is -N(R)S0 2 Rx-. In some embodiments, W is -S0 2 N(R)R x -. In some embodiments, W is -N(R)COR x -. In some embodiments, R is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. In some embodiments, R is hydrogen.
• Rx is an optionally substituted bivalent Co-C6alkylene.
• the bivalent Co-C6alkylene is C 4 alkylene.
• Rx is optionally substituted bivalent C3-C6cycloalkyl.
• the bivalent C3-C6cycloalkyl is Cecycloalkyl.
• Rx is optionally substituted phenyl.
• C is a Cs-Cecycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the C5-C6cycloalkyl is Cecycloalkyl. In some embodiments, C is a Cs-Ceheterocyle. In some embodiments, C is phenyl.
• X 3 X4, zzizz, R7 > R9, Rio, Rib Ri 2> and Rx are as defined above for Formula IIIA.
• X3 is CH.
• X3 is N.
• X 4 is NH. In some embodiments, X 4 is NR7 and R 7 is Cialkyl. In some embodiments, Rx is a bivalent C 4 alkylene. In some embodiments, Rx is a bivalent Cecycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R x is phenyl.
• all three represent single bonds. In some embodiments, all three represent double bonds.
• a compound of Formula III and Formula IIIA is as set forth below:
• Formula IV and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof; wherein F, G, H, K, R13, m and p are as defined above for Formula IV.
• F is chosen from 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2- pyrazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 3-pyrazolinyl, imidazolinyl, triazolyl, and pyrazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
• A is chosen from 3-pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, and 4-pyridinyl.
• A is chosen from 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, and 4-pyridinyl.
• A is 3-pyridinyl.
• G is selected from imidazole, pyrazole, and triazole. In some embodiments, G is selected from oxazole, isoxazole, and oxadiazole.
• G is selected from thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole, and thiadiazole.
• H is -S(0)n-(CH2)q-.
• H is -S(0) 2 .
• K is In some embodiments, K is
• Formula V and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof; wherein F, G, H, K, R13, m and p are as defined above for Formula V.
• F is chosen from 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2- pyrazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 3-pyrazolinyl, imidazolinyl, triazolyl, and pyrazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted. In some embodiments, F is chosen from
• F is chosen from 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, and 4-pyridinyl. In some embodiments, F is 3-pyridinyl.
• G is selected from imidazole, pyrazole, and triazole.
• G is selected from oxazole, isoxazole, and oxadiazole. In some embodiments, G is selected from thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole, and thiadiazole.
• H is -S(0)n-(CH2)q-. In some embodiments, H is -S(0) 2 .
• K is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with two or more of R14, R15, and R16.
• K is C1-C6 straight or branched optionally substituted alkyl.
• K is,
• K is,
• K is,
• K is,
• K is, l17
• K is,
• Formula VI and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof; wherein F, G, H, K, R13, m and p are as defined above for Formula VI.
• F is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with two or more of R14, R15, and R16. In some embodiments, F is C1-C6 straight or branched optionally substituted alkyl.
• F is
• F is
• F is
• F is
• F is
• F is
• G is selected from oxazole, isoxazole, and oxadiazole.
• G is selected from thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole, and thiadiazole.
• H is -S(0)n-(CH2)q-. In some embodiments, H is -S(0)2.
• K is N
• K is in other illustrative embodiments, compounds of Formula IV, V, and VI are as set forth below:
• Step 1 a compound of Formula 101, is combined with compound 100 in the presence of an acid (such as gaseous HC1) to give a compound of Formula 102, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• an acid such as gaseous HC1
• Step 2 a mixture of a compound of Formula 102 is combined with a chlorinating agent (such as POCI 3 ) in an organic solvent to give the product, a compound of Formula 103, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• a chlorinating agent such as POCI 3
• Step 3 a mixture of a compound of Formula 103 is combined with a arylsulfinic acid and a base, or with the salt of the arylsulfinic acid, in a polar organic solvent (such as DMF and/or THF) to give the product, a compound of Formula 104, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• a polar organic solvent such as DMF and/or THF
• an alternative preparation may be achieved by treating a mixture of compound 103 with an arylthiol and an inorganic base (such as K 2 CO 3 ) in a polar organic solvent (such as DMF). This mixture is subsequently treated with an oxidizing agent (such as meta- chloroperbenzoic acid) to give the product, a compound of Formula 104, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• a compound of Formula 104 is treated with an acidic solution (such as hydrochloric acid), or alternatively is treated with a basic solution (such as sodium hydroxide solution) to provide a compound of Formula 105, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• an acidic solution such as hydrochloric acid
• a basic solution such as sodium hydroxide solution
• a mixture of a compound of Formula 105 is combined with a halogenating agent (such as oxalyl chloride), to give an acid chloride, or reacted with other reagents to add other suitable leaving groups.
• a halogenating agent such as oxalyl chloride
• This intermediate is combined with an organic base (such as pyridine), in a polar organic solvent (such as DMF and/or THF).
• An amine is then added to give the product, a compound of Formula 106, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• Step 6 a mixture of a compound of Formula 104 is treated with an acidic solution (such as hydrochloric acid), or alternatively is treated with a basic solution (such as sodium hydroxide solution) to provide a compound of Formula 107, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• an acidic solution such as hydrochloric acid
• a basic solution such as sodium hydroxide solution
• a mixture of a compound of Formula 107 is combined with a coupling reagent such as HBTU and treated with the appropriate amine in a polar organic solvent (such as DMF and/or THF) and in the presence of a base such as DIEAThe product, a compound of Formula 108 , is isolated and optionally purified.
• Product 108 is then reacted first with MsCl in the presence of a base such as NEt 3 in a polar organic solvent (such as DMF and/or THF) and subsequently treated with an arylthiol, in the presence of a base such as
• a mixture of a compound of Formula 109 is treated with a thiating agent (such as 0,0-diethyl hydrogen dithiophosphate) to give a compound of Formula 110, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• a thiating agent such as 0,0-diethyl hydrogen dithiophosphate
• Step 9 a mixture of a compound of Formula 110 is treated with a dichloroketone (such as dichloroacetone) in a polar organic solvent (such as DMF) to give to provide a compound of Formula 111, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• a dichloroketone such as dichloroacetone
• a polar organic solvent such as DMF
• Step 10 a mixture of a compound of Formula 111 is combined with an arylsulfinic acid and a base, or with the salt of the arylsulfinic acid, in a polar organic solvent (such as DMF and/or THF) to give the product, a compound of Formula 112, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• a polar organic solvent such as DMF and/or THF
• an alternative preparation may be achieved by treating a mixture of compound 111 with an arylthiol and an inorganic base (such as K 2 CO 3 ) in a polar organic solvent (such as DMF). This mixture is subsequently treated with an oxidizing agent (such as meta- chloroperbenzoic acid) to give the product, a compound of Formula 112, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• an oxidizing agent such as meta- chloroperbenzoic acid
• a compound of Formula 113 is treated with an acidic solution (such as hydrochloric acid), or alternatively is treated with a basic solution (such as sodium hydroxide solution) to provide a compound of Formula 113, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• an acidic solution such as hydrochloric acid
• a basic solution such as sodium hydroxide solution
• halogenating agent such as oxalyl chloride
• acid chloride or other reagents to add other suitable leaving groups (such as HBTU).
• organic base such as pyridine
• polar organic solvent such as DMF and/or THF.
• An amine is then added to give the product, a compound of Formula 114, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• Step 1 a compound of Formula 1, is combined with an aqueous solution of base (such as NaOH in water), and treated with a compound of Formula 2, where P is a nitrogen protecting group (such as benzenesulfonyl), and L is a leaving group (such as bromide), to give a compound of Formula 3, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• a mixture of a compound of Formula 3 is combined with a halogenating agent (such as oxalyl chloride), an organic base (such as pyridine), in a polar organic solvent (such as DMF and/or THF).
• a compound of Formula 4 is then added to give the product, a compound of Formula 5, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• a compound of Formula 5 is treated with an acidic mixture (such as hydrobromic acid and acetic acid), to provide a compound of Formula 6, where X is a halogen (such as bromide), where the product, a compound of Formula 7, is isolated and optionally purified.
• a mixture of a compound of Formula 6 is combined with a compound of Formula 7, where L is a leaving group (such as chloride) and Q is a substitutent group (such as carbonyl or S0 2 ), and an organic base (such a pyridine) to give the product, a compound of Formula 8, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• Step IB a mixture of a compound of Formula 1 is combined with a compound of Formula 7, where L is a leaving group (such as chloride) and Q is a substitutent group (such as carbonyl or S0 2 ), and an organic base (such a pyridine) to give the product, a compound of Formula 9, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• a mixture of a compound of Formula 9 is combined with a halogenating agent (such as oxalyl chloride), an organic base (such as pyridine), in a polar organic solvent (such as DMF and/or THF).
• a compound of Formula 4 is then added to give the product, a compound of
• Step 1 the alcohol of alcohol 10, is reacted with thioacetic acid under Mitsunobu conditions to give the thioacetate 11.
• a mixture of the thioacetate 11 and potassium carbonate is stirred in aqueous methanol to give the thiol compound 12.
• Thiol 12 is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid to give the sulfonic acid 13.
• the sulfonic acid 13 is treated with triphosgene and then reacted with the amine of Compound5 to give the sulfonamide 14.
• the Boc protecting group of the carbamate 14 is removed by reacting with hydrogen chloride to form the amine 15 after aqueous base (such as sodium carbonate solution) treatment.
• the amine 15 is reacted with 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N- methylethanamine in the presence of a base (such as potassium carbonate) to give the product, compound III-l, which is isolated and optionally purified.
• a base such as potassium carbonate
• Ketone A is converted to thioketone B using hydrogen sulfide gas followed by sodium borohydride reduction to the thiol C.
• Thiol C is coupled with compound D in N,N-dimethylformamide.
• the thioether E is oxidized using m- chloroperbenzoic acid at 0°Cwith stirring at 0°C in an ice/water bath for 1 h to give compound F.
• ester F is hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide in ethanol at 50°C overnight to give the acid G.
• Pyridin-3-ylmethanamine is coupled to the free acid G using EDCI and HOBT in N,N-dimethylformamide.
• Compound H is deprotected using hydrogen chloride gas in dichloromethane at
• composition comprising at least one compound and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt described herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, that are compatible with pharmaceutical administration.
• aqueous solutions such as water or physiologically buffered saline or other solvents or vehicles such as glycols, glycerol, oils such as olive oil or injectable organic esters.
• the compositions may also contain other active compounds providing supplemental, additional, or enhanced therapeutic functions.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may contain physiologically acceptable agents that act, for example, to stabilize or to increase the absorption of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• physiologically acceptable agents include, for example, carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose or dextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins or other stabilizers or excipients.
• the choice of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, including a physiologically acceptable agent may depend, for example, on the route of administration of the composition.
• the pharmaceutical composition also may comprise a liposome or other polymer matrix, which may have incorporated therein, for example, a compound as described herein. Liposomes, for example, which consist of phospholipids or other lipids, are nontoxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable carriers that are relatively simple to make and administer.
• a "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent, or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject compounds from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent, or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject compounds from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• Each carrier is typically “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
• materials that may serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound and/or salt as described herein may be administered to a subject by any of a number of routes of administration including, for example, orally (for example, drenches as in aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions, tablets, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue); sublingually; anally, rectally, or vaginally (for example, as a pessary, cream, or foam);
• routes of administration including, for example, orally (for example, drenches as in aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions, tablets, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue); sublingually; anally, rectally, or vaginally (for example, as a pessary, cream, or foam);
• parenterally including intramusclularly, intravenously, subcutaneously, or intrathecally as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension); nasally;
• At least one compound and/or salt as described herein may also be formulated for inhalation.
• At least one compound of Formulae I, II, III, IV. V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be simply dissolved or suspended in sterile water. Details of appropriate routes of administration and compositions suitable for same can be found in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 6,110,973; 5,763,493; 5,731,000; 5,541,231 ; 5,427,798; 5,358,970; and
• compositions described herein may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of nharmarv Thp amnnnt nf artivp inarprlipnt that pan p rnmhinprl with a rarripr material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the subject being treated and the particular mode of administration.
• the amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound that produces a therapeutic effect.
• this amount ranges from about 1 percent to about 99 percent of active ingredient.
• this amount ranges from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, and in a further embodiment from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.
• Methods of preparing these compositions include the step of combining at least one compound and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt as described herein with at least one carrier and, optionally, one or more excipients.
• the pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by uniformly and combining at least one compound and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt as described herein with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
• compositions suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in- oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of at least one compound and/or salt as described herein as an active ingredient.
• the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may also be administered as a bolus, electuary, or paste.
• compounds and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts described herein are mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example,
• disintegrating agents such as agar- agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic
• compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard- filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
• the tablets, and other solid dosage forms pharmaceutical compositions may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres.
• compositions may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
• These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition in that they release the active ingredient(s) only, preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, or in a delayed manner.
• embedding compositions that may be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
• the active ingredient may also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
• liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor oils, sesame oils, glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
• inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as
• the emulsifiers are chosen from cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils.
• the oral compositions may also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.
• adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• compositions as described herein for rectal, vaginal, or urethral administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds or salts as described herein with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• compositions described herein may be formulated for delivery via a catheter, stent, wire, or other intraluminal device. Delivery via such devices may be especially useful for delivery to the bladder, urethra, ureter, rectum, or intestine.
• Formulations suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, and inhalants.
• the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required.
• the ointments, pastes, creams, and gels may comprise excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• Powders and sprays may contain, in addition to a compound as described herein, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, and poly amide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
• Sprays may additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
• Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery to the body.
• dosage forms may be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium.
• Absorption enhancers may also be used to increase the flux across the skin. The rate of such flux may be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
• Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions, and the like may also comprise at least one of the compounds or salts as described herein.
• compositions as described herein suitable for parenteral administration comprise at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions, or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
• aqueous and nonaqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
• polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
• vegetable oils such as olive oil
• injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
• Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
• compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, chelators and the like.
• isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like may be included into the compositions.
• prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents that delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• the absorption of the drug in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it may be advantageous to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
• Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsuled matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissue.
• biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide.
• Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissue.
• Methods of introduction may also be provided by rechargeable or biodegradable devices.
• Various slow release polymeric devices have been developed and tested in vivo in recent years for the controlled delivery of drugs.
• a variety of biocompatible polymers including hydrogels, including both biodegradable and non-degradable polymers, may be used to form an implant for the sustained release of a compound at a particular target site.
• compositions described herein may also comprise, or may be used in combination with, one or more known cytotoxic, vascular targeting agents or chemotherapeutic agents including, but not limited to,
• XelodaTM (capecitabine), PaclitaxelTM, FUDR (fluorouridine) FludaraTM (fludarabine phosphate), GemzarTM (gemcitabine), methotrexate, cisplatin, carboplatin, adriamycin, avastin, tarceva, taxol, tamoxifen, Femora,
• the aqueous solution is pyrogen free, or substantially pyrogen free.
• the excipients may be chosen, for example, to effect delayed release of an agent or to selectively target one or more cells, tissues or organs.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be in dosage unit form such as tablet, capsule, sprinkle capsule, granule, powder, syrup, suppository, injection or the like.
• the composition may also be present in a transdermal delivery system, e.g., a skin patch.
• pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs represents those prodrugs of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts described herein.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) refers to salts of acidic or basic groups that may be present in compounds used in the present compositions.
• compositions that are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic and organic acids.
• the acids that may be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of such basic compounds are those that form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, including but not limited to hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid, as well as organic acids such as para-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, oxalic, para- bromophenylsulfonic, carbonic, succinic, citric, benzoic and acetic acid, and related inorganic and organic acids.
• Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts thus include sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate,
• pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those formed with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid, and those formed with organic acids such as fumaric acid and maleic acid.
• Bases may include, for example, the mineral bases, such as NaOH and KOH, but one of skill in the art would appreciate that other bases may also be used. See Ando et al., Remington: The Science and Practice of
• the free base can be obtained by basifying a solution of the acid salt.
• an addition salt particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt
• a suitable organic solvent may be used to treat the solution with an acid, in apmrdanpp with rnnvpntinnal nrnppH rp3 ⁇ 4 fnr nrpnarina arirl arlrlitinn 3 ⁇ 4a1t3 ⁇ 4 frnm base compounds.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts of the compounds described herein may also exist as various solvates, such as, for example, with water, methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, and the like.
• solvates may also be prepared.
• the source of such solvate may be from the solvent of crystallization, inherent in the solvent of preparation or crystallization, or adventitious to such solvent.
• the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof described herein target cells which express HIF- ⁇ and/or HIF-2a. In some embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof described herein target cells which express HIF- ⁇ . In some embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof described herein target cells which express HIF-2a. In some embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof described herein target cells which express HIF- ⁇ and/or HIF-2a.
• the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof described herein target cells which do not have functional VHL.
• the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts described herein may be used to treat cells, and more particularly, cancerous cells, expressing HIF- ⁇ and/or HIF-2a. In some embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts described herein may be used to treat cells, and more particularly, cancerous cells, expressing HIF- ⁇ . In some embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts described herein may be used to treat cells, and more particularly, cancerous cells, expressing HIF-2a. In some embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts described herein may be used to treat cells, and more particularly, cancerous cells, expressing HIF- 1 a and/or HIF-2a.
• the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof interfere with glycol vsis.
• the disease treated or prevented is cancer.
• the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts described herein may be used to treat a disease mediated by defective pVHL protein, such as Von Hippel-Lindau disease (which may also be referred to as angiomatosis retinae, angiophakomatosis retinae et cerebelli, familial cerebello- retinal angiomatosis, cerebelloretinal hemangioblastomatosis, Hippel Disease, Hippel-Lindau syndrome, HLS, VHL, Lindau disease or retinocerebellar angiomatosis).
• Von Hippel-Lindau disease which may also be referred to as angiomatosis retinae, angiophakomatosis retinae et cerebelli, familial cerebello- retinal angiomatosis, cerebelloretinal hemangioblastomatosis, Hippel Disease, Hippel-Lindau syndrome, HLS, VHL, Lindau disease or retinocerebellar angiomatosis).
• the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts described herein may be used to treat a variety of malignant and/or benign tumors of the eye, brain, spinal cord, kidney, pancreas, and/or adrenal glands wherein individuals suffering from VHL may be disposed to such tumors.
• the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts described herein may be used to treat a disease mediated by defective pVHL protein, such as ngiomatosis, hemangioblastomas, pheochromocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cysts and cafe au lait spots.
• at least one compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is specifically cytotoxic to cells that have elevated HIF levels due to their increased rate and dependence on glucose uptake and glycolysis.
• Formula I selectively disrupts glucose uptake and utilization in the subject.
• at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof inhibits HIF-mediated induction of PDK1.
• the cells are contacted with at least one compound of
• Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that selectively disrupts glucose uptake and utilization in the cells.
• the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof inhibits HIF-mediated induction of PDK1.
• the cells are contacted with at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that selectively disrupts glucose uptake and utilization in the cells.
• at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof inhibits HIF-mediated induction of PDK1.
• Also provided is a method for treating a disease mediated by HIF- ⁇ and/or HIF-2 a comprising administering to a subject at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is specifically cytotoxic to cells that have elevated HIF levels due to their increased rate and dependence on glucose uptake and glycolysis.
• at least one compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof selectively disrupts glucose uptake and utilization in the subject.
• at least one compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof inhibits HIF-mediated induction of PDK1.
• Also provided is a method for selectively killing cells comprising genetic or epigenetic alterations that make them highly dependent on aerobic glycolysis for energy production comprising administering to the cells at least one compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is specifically cytotoxic to cells comprising genetic or epigenetic alterations that make them highly dependent on aerobic glycolysis for energy production.
• at least one compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof selectively disrupts glucose uptake and utilization in cells comprising genetic or epigenetic alterations that make them highly dependent on aerobic glycolysis for energy production.
• Also provided is a method for treating a disease mediated by GLUT1 comprising administering to a subject in need thereof at least one compound of Formula I II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Also provided is a method for treating a disease mediated by GLUTl , comprising administering to a subject at least one compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a
• Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof selectively disrupts glucose uptake and utilization in the subject.
• at least one compound of Formula I II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof inhibits glucose transport by GLUTl.
• Also provided is a method of identifying a compound as a candidate cancer therapy comprising exposing a first population of cells that have elevated expression of GLUTl but not GLUT2 to a test compound and assaying cytotoxicity of the test compound, exposing a second population of cells that have elevated expression of GLUT2 but not GLUTl to the test compound and assaying cytotoxicity of the test compound, and identifying the test compound as a candidate cancer therapy if the test compound induces significantly higher cytotoxicity in the first population of cells than in the second population of cells.
• at least one compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, identified by such method are also provided.
• the subject receiving treatment may be any mammal in need of such treatment.
• Such mammals include, e.g. , humans, ovines, bovines, equines, porcines, canines, felines, non-human primate, mice, and rats.
• the subject is a human.
• the subject is a non-human mammal.
• “Therapeutically-effective amount” refers to the concentration of a compound that is sufficient to elicit the desired therapeutic effect (e.g. , treatment or prevention of a disease). It is generally understood that the effective amount of the compound will vary according to the weight, gender, age, and medical history of the subject. Other factors that influence the effective amount may include, but are not limited to, the severity of the patient's condition, the disorder being treated, the stability of the compound, and, if desired, another type of therapeutic agent being administered with the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts described herein. A larger total dose may be delivered by multiple
• ar1mini3 ⁇ 4tratinn3 ⁇ 4 nf thp aopnt MpthnH3 ⁇ 4 tn Hp prminp pffirarv anrl Hn «aap arp known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g. , Roden, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Ch. 3, McGraw-Hill, 2004.
• Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound or pharmaceutically active salt as described herein may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
• a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
• the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds described herein employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
• a suitable daily dose of at least one compound of Formula I II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect.
• Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described herein.
• the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as one, two, three, four, five, six, or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms.
• the active compound may be administered two or three times daily. In another embodiment, the active compound is administered once daily.
• the optimal frequency of administration and effective dosage will vary from one individual to another and will depend upon the particular disease being treated and may be determined by one skilled in the art.
• effective dosages of at least one compound of Formula I II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may range from as low as about 1 mg per day to as high as about 1000 mg per day, including all intermediate dosages there between. In another embodiment, effective dosages may range from about 10 mg per day to about 100 mg per day, including all intermediate dosages there between.
• the compositions may be administered in a single dosage, or in multiple, divided dosages.
• At least one compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI may be used for treating or preventing cancer.
• such methods may, further comprise administration of a chemotherapeutic agent.
• Chemotherapeutic agents that may be coadministered with compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, may include: alemtuzumab, aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, asparaginase, Bacillus
• chemotherapeutic agents for combination with the compounds as described herein include MDX-010; MAb, AME; ABX-EGF; EMD 72 000;
• apolizumab apolizumab; labetuzumab; ior-tl ; MDX-220; MRA; H-l l scFv; Oregovomab; huJ591 MAb, BZL; visilizumab; TriGem; TriAb; R3; MT-201 ; G-250,
• chemotherapeutic agents may be categorized by their mechanism of action into, for example, the following groups: anti-metabolites/anti-cancer agents, such as pyrimidine analogs (e.g. , 5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, capecitabine, gemcitabine and cytarabine) and purine analogs, folate antagonists and related inhibitors (e.g. , mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine
• pyrimidine analogs e.g. , 5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, capecitabine, gemcitabine and cytarabine
• purine analogs e.g. , folate antagonists and related inhibitors (e.g. , mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine
• antiproliferative/antimitotic agents including natural products such as vinca alkaloids (e.g. , vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine), microtubule disrupters such as taxane (paclitaxel, docetaxel), vincristin, vinblastin, nocodazole, epothilones and navelbine, epidipodophyllotoxins (teniposide), DNA damaging agents (e.g.
• actinomycin amsacrine, anthracyclines, bleomycin, busulfan, camptothecin, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, Cytoxan, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, hexamethylmelamineoxaliplatin, iphosphamide, melphalan, merchlorethamine, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, nitrosourea, paclitaxel, plicamycin, procarbazine, teniposide, triethylenethiophosphoramide and etoposide (VP 16)); antibiotics such as dactinomycin (actinomycin D), daunorubicin, doxorubicin (adriamycin), idarubicin, anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, bleomycins,
• L-asparaginase which systemically metabolizes L- asparagine and deprives cells which do not have the capacity to synthesize their own asparagine
• antiplatelet agents such as nitrogen mustards (e.g. , mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide and analogs, melphalan, chlorambucil), ethylenimines and methylmelamines (e.g. ,
• alkyl sulfonates-busulfan nitrosoureas (e.g. , carmustine (BCNU) and analogs, streptozocin), trazenes - dacarbazinine (DTIC); antiproliferative/antimitotic antimetabolites such as folic acid analogs (e.g. , methotrexate); platinum coordination complexes (e.g. , cisplatin, carboplatin), procarbazine, hydroxyurea, mitotane, aminoglutethimide; hormones, hormone analogs (e.g.
• aromatase inhibitors e.g. , letrozole, anastrozole
• anticoagulants e.g. , heparin, synthetic heparin salts and other inhibitors of thrombin
• fibrinolytic agents such as tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase and urokinase), aspirin, COX-2 inhibitors, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, abciximab
• antimigratory agents e.g. , breveldin
• immunosuppressives e.g.
• cyclosporine tacrolimus (FK-506), sirolimus (rapamycin), azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil
• anti-angiogenic compounds e.g. , TNP-470, genistein
• growth factor inhibitors e.g. , vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) inhibitors, epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibitors
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• FGF fibroblast growth factor
• EGF epidermal growth factor
• angiotensin receptor blocker nitric oxide donors
• anti-sense oligonucleotides e.g. , trastuzumab and others listed above
• cell cycle inhibitors and differentiation inducers e.g. , tretinoin
• mTOR inhibitors topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g. , doxorubicin (adriamycin), amsa
• camptothecin daunorubicin, dactinomycin, eniposide, epirubicin, etoposide, idarubicin, irinotecan (CPT-1 1) and mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan), corticosteroids (e.g. , cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone,
• methylpednisolone, prednisone, and prenisolone growth factor signal transduction kinase inhibitors
• mitochondrial dysfunction inducers and caspase activators chromatin disrupters.
• compositions comprising at least one compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI,may be coadministered with chemotherapeutic agents either singly or in combination.
• Combination therapies comprising at least one compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a conventional chemotherapeutic agent may be advantageous over combination therapies known in the art because the combination allows the conventional chemotherapeutic agent to exert greater effect at lower dosage.
• the effective dose (ED5 0 ) for a chemotherapeutic agent, or combination of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, when used in combination with a compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as described herein is at least 2 fold less than the ED5 0 for the chemotherapeutic agent alone.
• the ED5 0 is about 5-fold less, about 10-fold less, and further about 25-fold less.
• the therapeutic index (TI) for such chemotherapeutic agent or combination of such chemotherapeutic agent when used in combination with a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt described herein may be at least 2-fold greater than the TI for conventional chemotherapeutic regimen alone.
• the TI is about 5 -fold greater, about 10-fold greater, and further about 25-fold greater.
• the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof described herein may be administered in combination with radiation therapy.
• dichloromethane DIE A refers to diisopropylethylamine
• DME dimethoxyethane
• DMF dry N,N-dimethylformamide
• ether refers to diethyl ether
• EtOAc refers to ethyl acetate
• EtOH refers to ethanol
• HBTU 0-benzotriazole-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
• MeOH refers to methanol
• pet. ether refers to petroleum ether, boiling range 40-60 °C
• THF refers to tetrahydrofuran dried over sodium benzophenone ketyl.
• Oxalyl chloride (1.5 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of benzoic acid (1.0 mmol) and DMF (2 drops) in dry THF (20 mL) and the solution was stirred at 20 °C for 2 h, then at 66 °C for 1 h. The solution was cooled to 20 °C and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in dry pyridine (10 mL) and amine (1.1 mmol) was added and the solution stirred at 20 °C for 16 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue suspended in ice/water (50 mL) for 1 h. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water (5 mL) and dried. The crude solid was purified by column chromatography to give benzamide.
• Example 1 Example 1
• Methyl 4-[4-(Chloromethyl)-l,3-thiazol-2-yl]benzoate (51).
• a mixture of methyl 4-cyanobenzoate (5.0 g, 31.0 mmol) and 0,0-diethyl hydrogen dithiophosphate (10.41 g, 62 mmol) in water (100 mL) was stirred at 80 °C for 16 h under N 2 .
• the mixture was cooled to 20 °C and filtered.
• Ci 9 H 17 N0 4 S 2 C, 58.90; H, 4.42; N, 3.61. Found: C, 58.83; H, 4.33; N, 3.55%.
• Benzoic acid 29 (150 mg, 0.34 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (5 mL), DIEA (0.12 mL, 0.69 mmol) and HBTU (171 mg, 0.45 mmol) were successively added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 20 °C for 10 min.
• Benzylamine (0.16 mL, 1.4 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 20 °C for 1 h.
• the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (150 mL), washed with H 2 0 (3 x 50 mL), washed with brine (50 mL) and dried. The solvent evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography, eluting with a gradient (50-
• PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 14 mg, 0.02 mmol was added to a stirred, degassed solution of bromide (100 mg, 0.19 mmol), acetylene 58 (105 mg, 0.25 mmol) and Cul (4 mg, 0.02 mmol) in a 1 : 1 mixture of NEt 3 /DMF (5 mL), and the mixture was stirred in a sealed pressure vessel at 70 °C 16 h. The mixture was cooled to 20 °C, diluted with EtOAc (200 mL) and washed with water (3 x 50 mL), washed with brine (50 mL) and dried. The solvent was evaporated and the residue purified by column chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-5%) of
• PdCl 2 (PP 3 ) 2 14 mg, 0.02 mmol was added to a stirred, degassed solution of bromide (94 mg, 0.18 mmol), acetylene 58 (105 mg, 0.25 mmol) and Cul (4 mg, 0.02 mmol) in a 1 : 1 mixture of NEt 3 /DMF (5 mL), and the mixture was stirred in a sealed pressure vessel at 70 °C 16 h. The mixture was cooled to 20 °C, diluted with EtOAc (200 mL) and washed with water (3 x 50 mL), washed with brine (50 mL) and dried.
• dihydrobromide salt 32 (1 mmol) in dilute aqueous ammonia solution (50 mL) was extracted into CHC1 3 (3 x 50 mL), the organic fraction dried and the solvent evaporated to give crude benzamide 33 which was used directly.
• Hydrogen sulfide gas was bubbled into a solution of ieri-butyl 4-oxopiperidine-l- carboxylate (2 g, 10.05 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in isopropanol (20 mL) contained in a 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude product was used in the next step directly without purification.
• Step 2 Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-mercaptopiperidine-l-carboxylate
• Step 3 Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-((2-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)-5- methyloxazol-4-yl)methylthio)piperidine-l-carboxylate
• Step 4 Synthesis of fert-butyl 4-((2-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)-5- methyloxazol-4-yl)methylsulfonyl)piperidine-l-carboxylate
• Step 5 Synthesis of 4-(4-((l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4- ylsulfonyl)methyl)-5-methyloxazol-2-yl)benzoic acid
• Step 6 Synthesis of fert-butyl 4-((5-methyl-2-(4-(pyridin-3- ylmethylcarbamoyl)phenyl) oxazol-4-yl)methylsulfonyl)piperidine-l- carboxylate
• Triethylamine (440 mg, 4.36 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added dropwise with stirring to a solution of pyridin-3-ylmethanamine (170 mg, 1.57 mmol, 1.10 equiv), 4-(4- ((l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylsulfonyl)methyl)-5-methyloxazol-2- yl)benzoic acid (670 mg, 1.44 mmol, 1.00 equiv), EDCI (330 mg, 1.73 mmol, 1.20 equiv) and HOBT (230 mg, 1.70 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in N,N- dimethylformamide (10 mL) contained in a 50-mL round-bottom flask. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 30 mL of water/ice. The precipitate was
• Step 7 Synthesis of 4-(5-methyl-4-((piperidin-4- ylsulfonyl)methyl)oxazol-2-yl)-N-(pyridine-3-ylmethyl)benzamide trifluoroacetic acid salt
• Step 1 Synthesis of 4-(5-methyl-4-((l-methylpiperidin-4- ylsulfonyl)methyl)oxazol-2-yl)-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)benzamide
• A water with 0.05 TF
• Phase B CH 3 CN Gradient: 5 -20 ; Detector, UV (254/220nm) to give 200 mg of product as its trifluoroacetic acid salt.
• the salt was dissolved in 20 mL of water and the pH value of the solution was adjusted to 10 with 1M sodium hydroxide solution. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of dichloromethane and the organic layers combined.
• Step 1 Synthesis of tert-butyl N-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate
• Step 2 Synthesis of of tert-butyl N-[4- (methanesulfonyloxy)cyclohexyl] carbamate
• Step 3 Synthesis of methyl 4-[4-[(acetylsulfanyl)methyl]-5-methyl- l,3-oxazol-2-yl]benzoate
• Step 4 Synthesis of methyl 4-[5-methyl-4-(sulfanylmethyl)-l,3-oxazol- 2-yl]benzoate
• Step 5 Synthesis of methyl 4-(4-[[(4-[[(tert- butoxy)carbonyl]amino]cyclohexyl)sulfanyl]methyl]-5-methyl-l,3- oxazol-2-yl)benzoate
• Step 6 Synthesis of methyl 4-(4-[[(4-[[(tert- butoxy)carbonyl]amino]cyclohexane)sulfonyl]methyl]-5-methyl-l,3- oxazol-2-yl)benzoate
• Step 7 Synthesis of 4-(4-[[(4-[[(tert- butoxy)carbonyl]amino]cyclohexane)sulfonyl]methyl]-5-methyl-l,3- oxazol-2-yl)benzoic acid
• Step 8 Synthesis of tert-butyl N-(4-[[(5-methyl-2-[4-[(pyridin-3- ylmethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl]-l,3-oxazol-4- yl)methane]sulfonyl]cyclohexyl)carbamate
• Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a solution of tert-butyl N-(4-[[(5-methyl- 2-[4-[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl]-l ,3-oxazol-4- yl)methane]sulfonyl]cyclohexyl)carbamate (430 mg, 0.76 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at 0°C for 2 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum.
• Example 3 A solution of 4-(4-(((lS,4S)-4-aminocyclohexylsulfonyl)methyl)-5-methyloxazol-
• Step 2 Synthesis of tert-butyl N-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate
• Step 3 Synthesis of tert-butyl N-[4- (methanesulfonyloxy)cyclohexyl]carbamate
• Step 4 Synthesis of methyl 4-(4-[[(4-[[(tert- butoxy)carbonyl]amino]cyclohexyl)sulfanyl]methyl]-5-methyl-l,3- oxazol-2-yl)benzoate
• Step 5 Synthesis of methyl 4-(4-[[(4-[[(tert- butoxy)carbonyl]amino]cyclohexane)sulfonyl]methyl]-5-methyl-l,3- oxazol-2-yl)benzoate
• reaction mixture was washed with 2x100 mL of aqueous sodium bisulphite solution, 2x100 mL of aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and 2x100 mL of brine.
• the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give
• Step 6 Synthesis of 4-(4-[[(4-[[(tert- butoxy)carbonyl]amino]cyclohexane)sulfonyl]methyl]-5-methyl-l,3- oxazol-2-yl)benzoic acid
• Step 7 Synthesis of tert-butyl N-(4-[[(5-methyl-2-[4-[(pyridin-3- ylmethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl]-l,3-oxazol-4- yl)methane]sulfonyl]cyclohexyl)carbamate
• Step 8 Synthesis of 4-(4-[[(4-aminocyclohexane)sulfonyl]methyl]-5- methyl-l,3-oxazol-2-yl)-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl) benzamide
• Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a solution of tert-butyl N-(4-[[(5-methyl- 2-[4-[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl]-l,3-oxazol-4- yl)methane]sulfonyl]cyclohexyl)carbamate (790 mg, 1.39 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (30 mg, 0.35 mmol, 0.25 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 0°C then concentrated under vacuum.
• the crude product (100 mg) was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (1#-Pre-HPLC- 005(Waters)): Column, Xbridge Prep C 18, 5um, 19* 150mm; mobile phase, WATER WITH 0.05%TFA and CH3CN (10.0% CH3CN up to 35.0% in 12 min, up to 100.0% in 1 min); Detector, UV 254nm. 33.1 mg product was obtained.

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