WO2012029736A1 - 水生植物を用いた水処理方法 - Google Patents
水生植物を用いた水処理方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012029736A1 WO2012029736A1 PCT/JP2011/069518 JP2011069518W WO2012029736A1 WO 2012029736 A1 WO2012029736 A1 WO 2012029736A1 JP 2011069518 W JP2011069518 W JP 2011069518W WO 2012029736 A1 WO2012029736 A1 WO 2012029736A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
- C02F3/327—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae characterised by animals and plants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/722—Oxidation by peroxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/22—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the processing of animals, e.g. poultry, fish, or parts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
- C02F2305/02—Specific form of oxidant
- C02F2305/026—Fenton's reagent
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a water treatment method for decomposing / removing hardly decomposable organic substances existing in water using aquatic plants by a Fenton reaction mechanism.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 water purification methods (vegetation purification technology) using plants have been proposed for the purpose of removing nitrogen compounds, phosphorus compounds and heavy metals dissolved in waste water.
- vegetation purification technologies include purification of livestock wastewater containing high-concentration nutrients using floating plants, and water purification by aquatic plants absorbing and accumulating heavy metals in wastewater (for example, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- the hydroxyl radicals generated here become radical initiators, which draws electrons from the hardly-decomposable organic matter in the water to be treated, that is, by cutting the bonds between the atoms by pulling out the covalently-bonded electrons of the hardly-degradable organic matter. All persistent organic substances can be oxidatively decomposed, and finally carbon dioxide and water can be obtained.
- the reaction often does not proceed sufficiently even if a theoretical equivalent of a reagent is added, the amount of reagent and the amount of hydrogen peroxide used increase, the treatment cost increases, and hydrogen peroxide is added to the treated water.
- the processing cost is increased because of the remaining (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 3).
- Hiroshi Seno, Atsushi Murata, Junnosuke Tamagawa, Hiroshi Hasegawa “Development of a treatment system for wastewater containing persistent organic substances that excels in energy saving and can be substituted for the activated carbon adsorption method”, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Technical Report, No. 198, 34-38 Tarr, M.M. A. “Chemical Degradation Methods for Wastes and Pollutants: Environmental and Industrial Applications”; (2003), Marcel Decker Inc. , New York Parsons, S.M. "Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment” (2004), IWA Publishing, London Uchida A, Jagendorf A. T. T. et al. , Hibino T.
- the present invention is a new method for decomposing and removing various persistent organic substances remaining in water as described above more efficiently and at low cost by using the Fenton reaction. Is intended to provide.
- the present invention has the following contents.
- An aquatic plant grows in the water to be treated containing a hardly decomposable organic substance under light irradiation, and exists in the living body of the aquatic plant in the presence of divalent or trivalent iron ions in the water to be treated.
- a water treatment method using an aquatic plant characterized by causing a biological Fenton reaction with hydrogen peroxide to oxidatively decompose a hardly decomposable organic substance.
- the substance that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions is added to the water to be treated containing the hardly decomposable organic substance, and the hardly decomposable organic substance is oxidized and decomposed.
- the substance that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions is either an iron compound that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions or zero-valent iron.
- the water treatment method using the aquatic plant of description is either an iron compound that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions or zero-valent iron.
- An iron compound that generates trivalent iron ions is added to the water to be treated containing a hardly decomposable organic substance, and divalent iron ions are generated by hydrogen peroxide present in the living organism of the aquatic plant.
- the amount of the substance that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions is such that the concentration of iron is 1 mg / L to 2000 mg / L with respect to the water to be treated.
- the water treatment method using the aquatic plant in any one of.
- the iron compound that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions is any one of inorganic salts or organic salts of divalent or trivalent iron, (1) to (6) above A water treatment method using the aquatic plant according to any one of the above.
- the group in which the iron compound that generates divalent iron ions is composed of iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, iron (II) fumarate, and iron (II) acetate
- the group in which the iron compound that generates trivalent iron ions is composed of iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, iron (III) sulfate n hydrate, iron (III) fumarate, and iron (III) acetate
- Aquatic plants are duckweed, duckweed, matsumo, willow moss, amazon frog pid, gran matto film, spekiosmu, water lily, lotus, itadori, clam butterfly, mangrove, macomo, mung beetle, abragaya, gama, himegama, rush, kangarei, (1) to (10), wherein the plant is any one selected from the group consisting of reeds, sand oysters, oyster grasshoppers, proceedingsbies, tymbbies, hirshiro, asaza, water hyacinths, button duckweeds, red duckweeds, salamanders, ginkgo biloba, gabonba and lisia.
- the water treatment method using the aquatic plant in any one.
- the Fenton reaction can be carried out simply by adding a substance that generates water to the water to be treated, or by using iron ions present in the body of aquatic plants.
- the present invention will be described in detail below.
- the present invention pays attention to the presence of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of several hundred nanomoles per gram of wet weight of the aquatic plant in the living organism of the aquatic plant, and the Fenton reaction is performed using this hydrogen peroxide.
- various hardly decomposable organic substances can be decomposed and removed by the hydroxy radical having strong oxidizing power generated here.
- an aqueous plant is grown in water containing various persistent organic substances under light irradiation, and a substance that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions is added thereto.
- a substance that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions By simply adding a substance that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions and leaving it to stand, hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous plant is consumed, the Fenton reaction proceeds, and hydroxy radicals with strong oxidizing power are generated. , The hardly decomposable organic matter is decomposed.
- the Fenton reaction proceeds by the following mechanism. That is, when an aqueous plant is grown in water containing various persistent organic substances under light irradiation, and an iron compound that generates trivalent iron ions is added thereto, the aquatic plant is expressed by the following chemical formula (2). By reacting with hydrogen peroxide present in the body of the plant, divalent iron ions are regenerated and the Fenton reaction proceeds to decompose and remove hardly decomposable organic substances. Fe 3+ + H 2 O 2 ⁇ Fe 2+ + HO 2 + H + (2)
- the reaction of the above formula (2) occurs in the body of the aquatic plant to produce divalent iron ions. Therefore, the Fenton reaction can be allowed to proceed without adding a substance that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions in the water to be treated, and as a result, the hardly decomposable organic matter can be decomposed and removed.
- the iron compound that generates divalent iron ions used in the present invention can be used without particular limitation as long as it is an iron compound that generates divalent iron ions in water.
- iron compounds that generate such divalent iron ions include iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, iron (II) fumarate, iron (II) acetate. Etc.
- the iron compound that generates trivalent iron ions used in the present invention can be used without particular limitation as long as it is an iron compound that generates trivalent iron ions in water.
- iron compounds that generate such trivalent iron ions include iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, iron (III) sulfate n-hydrate, iron (III) fumarate, and iron (III) acetate. Etc.
- the zero-valent iron used in the present invention refers to metallic iron itself that generates divalent iron ions in water, and examples thereof include iron powder, micro iron particles, and nano iron particles.
- the amount of the substance that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions added to the water to be treated is such that the iron concentration relative to the water to be treated is 1 mg / L to 2000 mg / L. If the amount added is less than 1 mg / L or exceeds 2000 mg / L, the removal efficiency of the hardly decomposable organic matter is lowered, which is not preferable.
- divalent iron ions in the case of divalent iron ions, as described above, by adding the above-mentioned substances that generate divalent or trivalent iron ions to the treated water in which aquatic plants are grown under light irradiation.
- the divalent iron ions are regenerated by the Fenton reaction as shown in the chemical formula of the following formula (1), and in the case of trivalent iron ions, by the reaction of the following formula (2).
- Hydroxyl radicals are generated in the water to be treated by causing the Fenton reaction as shown in the chemical formula of Formula (1) between ions and hydrogen peroxide.
- the treatment temperature of the water to be treated for carrying out this Fenton reaction is preferably in the range of 20 to 30 ° C. Even if the temperature is lower than 20 ° C. or higher than 30 ° C., the removal efficiency is lowered, but the treatment is possible.
- the pH of the water to be treated for carrying out this Fenton reaction is preferably in the range of 5-7.
- a plant that grows in an acidic region as an aqueous plant for example, Japanese knotweed, can be treated at a pH lower than pH 5.
- an aquatic plant is grown in water under light irradiation to advance the Fenton reaction.
- the light irradiation condition requires a illuminance of 1000 lux or more, which is a compensation point for a typical vegetative plant or leaf, and is preferably 3000 lux or more.
- the aquatic plant used in the present invention can be used without particular limitation as long as it grows in water and has hydrogen peroxide in the living body.
- aquatic plants include duckweed, duckweed, matsumo, willow moss, amazon frog pid, granmatto film, speckosum, water lily, lotus, itadori, kingfisher, mangrove, macomo, scallop, abragaya, gama, higama, rush , Flounder, reeds, sand oysters, oyster grasshoppers, proceedingsubie, tainubie, hirume white, asaza, water hyacinth, button duckweed, red clover, salamander, ginkgo biloba, gabonba, lysia, etc. can be used.
- Such an aquatic plant generally contains 50 to 700 nanomoles of hydrogen peroxide per gram of the wet weight of the plant, and in the method of the present invention, this hydrogen peroxide is used for the Fenton reaction.
- the amount of hydrogen peroxide present in the body of a plant can be measured by using the color of the product produced during the reduction of hydrogen peroxide by peroxidase derived from horseradish. . Details are described in Non-Patent Document 6.
- the method of the present invention can efficiently decompose and remove difficult-to-decompose organic substances that are difficult to remove by ordinary methods.
- “Hard-degradable organic substances” used in this specification are organic substances that are difficult to be decomposed by microorganisms or the like when they are discharged into the natural environment, or that exist in the environment for a long period of time or accumulate in the environment. Means.
- the degree of degradability is determined as “hardly degradable” or “good degradable” by the existing chemical substance safety inspection based on the “Regulations on the Examination and Regulation of Chemical Substances (Chemical Substances Control Law)” Has been.
- the results of the existing chemical substance safety check were published by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and as of February 2011, the degradability of 1610 chemical substances has been judged.
- the degree of persistent decomposition in this specification refers to the same level of decomposition as that determined by the existing chemical substance safety inspection. This includes organic halogen compounds, residual agricultural chemicals, dyes, environmental hormone substances, organic solvents, various petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. that are frequently detected in the natural environment.
- this persistent organic substance is an environmental pollutant, and it is also a substance listed as an environmental standard item as various environmental regulations.
- environmentally controlled substances include, for example, substances listed in the Swiss Convention (POPs Convention) on persistent organic pollutants, water quality standard items in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water, items to be monitored, items to be investigated, Japan Substances that are designated as chemical release and transfer notification system (PRTR), substances designated as hazardous substance inventory in the United States (TRI), and the like can be decomposed and removed by the method of the present invention.
- Such persistent organic substances include organochlorine compounds such as PCB, DDT, pentachlorophenol and dioxin; residual agricultural chemicals such as thiuram, simazine, thiobencarb, 1,3-dichloropropene and isoxathione; diphenylmethane , 4-aminophenol, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine dyes and pigments; female hormones (E1, E2, E3), synthetic female hormones (EE2), environmental hormones such as bisphenol A, nonylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol Substances: Drugs such as carbamazepine, ibuprofen, sulfadiazine, azithromycin, amoxicillin and the like.
- organochlorine compounds such as PCB, DDT, pentachlorophenol and dioxin
- residual agricultural chemicals such as thiuram, simazine, thiobencarb, 1,3-dichloropropene and isoxathione
- an aquatic plant as described above is grown under light irradiation in a treatment tank, and a substance that generates divalent or trivalent iron ions is added thereto under the above-mentioned conditions. Leave for several dozen hours to several days. In some cases, slow stirring may be performed. By doing so, the Fenton reaction proceeds by divalent iron ions and hydrogen peroxide in the aquatic plant.
- a cylindrical glass container having an internal volume of about 1 liter is used, and 0.5 liters of water to be treated containing pentachlorophenol at a concentration of 100 ⁇ g / L is placed therein as a hardly decomposable organic substance.
- 5 g of duckweed was added as an aquatic plant, and a culture solution was added as a nutrient source.
- a culture solution containing three major elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) essential for plant growth, a large amount of elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.), and a trace element (copper, manganese, etc.) was used.
- iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate was added as an iron compound that generates divalent iron ions so that the iron concentration was 2.8 mM (156.4 mg / L).
- a fluorescent lamp was installed in the upper part of this treatment tank, and was left for 6 days while irradiating light with an illuminance of about 3000 lux on a duckweed under bright and dark conditions of 16 hours / 8 hours.
- the water to be treated in the two treatment tanks was collected, and the concentration of pentachlorophenol was measured.
- the content of pentachlorophenol in the water to be treated was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane, concentrated, and measured using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC / MS). Details are described in “Environmental Hormone Monitoring Technique (1998)” (The 24th Annual Meeting of the Environmental Society of Japan).
- iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate was added to each treatment tank as an iron compound that generates divalent iron ions so that the iron concentration was 3 mM (167.6 mg / L).
- Fluorescent lamps were installed in the upper part of these treatment tanks, and were allowed to stand for 3 days while irradiating light of about 3000 lux on Lithia and Matsumo under bright and dark conditions of 16 hours / 8 hours.
- Three glass water tanks having an internal volume of about 8 liters are used as the treatment tanks, and 2,4-dichlorophenol, nonylphenol, or 4- One liter of water to be treated containing tert-octylphenol was put, and 10 g of duckweed was put in each treatment tank as an aquatic plant. Further, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate was added to each treatment tank as an iron compound that generates divalent iron ions so that the iron concentration was 3 mM (167.6 mg / L). A fluorescent lamp was installed in the upper part of the treatment tank, and was left for 12 hours while irradiating light with an illuminance of about 3000 lux under conditions of 16 hours / 8 hours of light and dark.
- a glass water tank of 20 cm ⁇ 20 cm ⁇ 20 cm in volume of about 8 liters is used as a treatment tank, and 4 liters of treated water containing pentachlorophenol having a concentration of 5 g / L is placed therein as a hardly decomposable organic substance.
- 35 g of duckweed was added as a plant.
- iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate was added here as an iron compound which produces
- a fluorescent lamp was installed in the upper part of the treatment tank, and was left to stand for 3 hours while irradiating light with an illuminance of about 3000 lux on a duckweed under bright and dark conditions of 16 hours / 8 hours.
- Chloride ions in the water to be treated were measured by a silver nitrate titration method (Mohr method) using potassium chromate as an indicator.
- silver ions are introduced into a mixture of chloride ions and chromate ions, silver chloride having a low solubility product is first precipitated. After all the chloride ions are precipitated, a red precipitate derived from silver chromate (silver chromate) is generated. When the red color due to the precipitation occurs, the end point of the titration is taken, and the amount of chloride ions is calculated from the amount of silver nitrate required. Asked.
- the molar amount of chloride ions generated from the amount of pentachlorophenol removed can be calculated. That is, when 1 mol of pentachlorophenol is completely decomposed, 5 mol of chloride ions are generated. Therefore, the removal amount of pentachlorophenol (4.74 mg / L-2.52 mg / L) is reduced to the molecular weight of pentachlorophenol (266 .34 g / mol) is multiplied by 5 to obtain 0.0416 mol / L which is the molar concentration of the resulting chloride ion.
- a fluorescent lamp is installed in the upper part of this glass aquarium, and these aquatic plants are irradiated with light from a fluorescent lamp having an illuminance of about 3000 lux for 16 hours / 8 hours.
- Water to be treated containing the same concentration of organic matter is continuously introduced from the vinyl tube at one end of the water tank and is discharged from the vinyl tube at the opposite end, resulting in a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 days.
- the flow rate was set as follows.
- the experiment was carried out continuously for 110 days under these conditions. Samples of 5 types of aquatic plants in the aquarium were collected every 10 days after the start of the experiment, 5 days later and 10 days later, and hydrogen peroxide of each sample was collected. Concentration was measured. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aquatic plant was determined by the same method as in (ii) above. The result is shown in FIG. From these results, hydrogen peroxide is stably generated and maintained in the living body in these five types of aquatic plants, and it is difficult to carry out the Fenton reaction using these aquatic plants regardless of the type of plant. It can be seen that degradable organic substances can be decomposed and removed.
- FIG. 13 and FIG. 14 are ESR absorption spectra of the solution with and without the addition of an iron compound, respectively.
- the peaks at both ends of both figures are the peaks of the manganese marker measured simultaneously as a reference sample.
- four spectra unique to the DMPO-OH radical adduct were measured inside the manganese marker as shown in FIG. That is, the conditions of FIG. 13 indicate that hydroxy radicals are generated in the solution (see Non-Patent Document 10).
- the corresponding absorption spectrum does not exist as shown in FIG. 14, indicating that no hydroxy radical is generated.
- the Fenton reaction can be advanced by adding an iron compound to produce a hydroxy radical. If a plant having a high hydrogen peroxide concentration is used, more hydroxy radicals can be generated according to the formula (1).
- the method of the present invention can efficiently decompose and remove the hard-to-decompose organic matter mixed and accumulated in city water, industrial water, water industry water, etc., and is useful for effective use of these waters. Therefore, it is extremely important as a technology to protect the industry and living environment and to shift to a sustainable society.
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Abstract
Description
Fe2++H2O2→Fe3++HO-+HO・ (1)
しかし、この方法は、理論当量の試薬を添加しても反応が十分に進行しないことが多く、試薬量や過酸化水素の使用量が多くなり、処理コストがかさむとともに、処理水中に過酸化水素が残存するためその処理コストがかかるという問題があった(例えば、非特許文献3参照)。
(1)難分解性有機物を含有する被処理水中に水生植物を光照射下に生育させ、この被処理水中に二価または三価の鉄イオンの存在下に、水生植物の生体内に存在する過酸化水素と生物学的フェントン反応を行なわせ、難分解性有機物を酸化分解することを特徴とする、水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
本発明は、水生植物の生体内に、水生植物の湿潤重量1グラムあたり数百ナノモル程度の濃度で過酸化水素が存在していることに着目し、この過酸化水素を利用してフェントン反応を行なわせて、ここで発生する酸化力の強いヒドロキシラジカルによって種々の難分解性有機物を分解・除去することができたものである。
Fe3++H2O2→Fe2++HO2・+H+ (2)
Fe2++H2O2→Fe3++HO-+HO・ (1)
Fe3++H2O2→Fe2++HO2・+H+ (2)
ここで発生したヒドロキシラジカル(HO・)がラジカル開始剤となり、被処理水中に存在する難分解性有機物から電子を引き抜くことにより原子間の結合を切断し、ほとんど全ての難分解性有機物を酸化分解することができ、被処理水中に存在する難分解性有機物を除去することができる。フェントン反応を用いれば難分解性有機物を分解できるということは非特許文献4及び非特許文献5に記載されている。
図1に示す実験装置を用い、水生植物による水処理実験を行なった。本実施例では難分解性物質として、既存化学物質安全性点検により「難分解性」と判定され(官報公示整理番号3-2850)、また植物の光合成反応を阻害し、植物によっては分解がきわめて難しく、さらに殺菌剤・除草剤・防腐剤などとして用いられた経緯のある、ペンタクロロフェノールを用いた。このペンタクロロフェノールが植物によっては分解されづらいことなどについては非特許文献7および非特許文献8に詳しく記載されている。
さらに、この二つの水処理方法において、処理槽内の水生植物であるウキクサの生体内の過酸化水素の濃度を測定した。過酸化水素の濃度は、本発明の方法と比較対象のものの実験開始時と実験開始後2日間経過後の、それぞれの処理槽内のウキクサのサンプルを採取して、測定した。
図4に示す実験装置を用い、ウキクサ以外の水生植物としてリシアおよびマツモを用いて水処理実験を行なった。処理槽として、内容積約2リットルの円筒形のガラス製容器を用い、この中に難分解性有機物として100μg/Lの濃度のペンタクロロフェノールを含む被処理水1リットルを入れ、ここに水生植物としてリシア又はマツモを、ひとつの処理槽には一種類の水生植物を10g入れた。更に、それぞれの処理槽に二価の鉄イオンを生成する鉄化合物として、硫酸鉄(II)七水和物を鉄濃度が3mM(167.6mg/L)となるように添加した。これらの処理槽の上部に蛍光灯を設置し、照度約3000ルクスの光を、明暗条件を16時間/8時間の条件でリシアおよびマツモに照射しながら、3日間放置した。
その結果、硫酸鉄(II)七水和物を鉄濃度が3mMとなるように添加した本発明の方法では、実験開始時に89.1μg/Lであったペンタクロロフェノールが、リシアおよびマツモのいずれの場合とも3日経過後にはほぼゼロとなり、ペンタクロロフェノールの除去効率はそれぞれ99.8%、99.7%であった。一方、比較対照の硫酸鉄(II)七水和物を添加しない場合には、実験開始時に70.4μg/Lであったペンタクロロフェノールが、3日経過後にリシアの場合40.6μg/L、マツモの場合52.3μg/Lとなり、まだかなりの量で残存しており、ペンタクロロフェノールの除去効率はそれぞれ42.3%、25.7%であった。これらの結果を図5、図6にグラフで示す。なお、図2と同様に硫酸鉄(II)七水和物を添加しない場合に、ペンタクロロフェノールが若干減少した理由はSong and Huang(2007)が報告しているように、植物への吸着現象によるものと考えられる(非特許文献9参照)。
図7に示す実験装置を用い、水生植物による水処理実験を行なった。この実験では難分解性物質として、既存化学物質安全性点検により「難分解性」と判定された2,4-ジクロロフェノール(官報公示整理番号3-903)、ノニルフェノール(官報公示整理番号3-503)および環境省の報告で微生物による分解が「円滑ではない」とされる4-tert-オクチルフェノールを用いた。
本発明において、難分解性物質であるペンタクロロフェノールが分解されたことを確認するため、図7に示す実験装置を用い、ウキクサによる水処理実験を行なった。ペンタクロロフェノールは分子中に5つの塩素を含み、分解されると5つの塩化物イオンが生じる。この関係を利用してペンタクロロフェノールの分解の定量的な確認を行った。
処理槽として20cm×20cm×20cmの容積約8リットルのガラス製水槽を用い、この中に難分解性有機物として5g/Lの濃度のペンタクロロフェノールを含む被処理水4リットルを入れ、ここに水生植物として35gのウキクサを入れた。更に、ここに二価の鉄イオンを生成する鉄化合物として、硫酸鉄(II)七水和物を鉄濃度が3mM(167.6mg/L)となるように添加した。この処理槽の上部に蛍光灯を設置し、照度約3000ルクスの光を、明暗条件を16時間/8時間の条件でウキクサに照射しながら、3時間放置した。
図11に示す実験装置を用い、マツモ、ウィローモス、アマゾンフロッグピッド、ウキクサおよびアオウキクサの5種類の水生植物が難分解性有機物に連続的に曝された場合のそれぞれの生体内の過酸化水素の濃度変化を求めた。ひとつのガラス水槽には一種類の水生植物を入れ、計5つのガラス水槽を用意した。難分解性有機物としては、ペンタクロロフェノール、ビスフェノールA、ノニルフェノール、2,4-ジクロロフェノールおよび4-tert-オクチルフェノールの5種類の物質を用いた。
その結果を、図12に示す。この結果より、これらの5種類の水生植物においても、安定して過酸化水素が生体内で生成し、維持されており、植物の種類によらずにこれらの水生植物を用いてフェントン反応によって難分解性有機物を分解除去できることがわかる。
図12に示したように植物体内には0.1~0.7mMの過酸化水素が維持されている(水生植物がほとんど水分で構成されているため湿潤重量1グラムを水1cm3と近似した)。このような濃度レベルでヒドロキシラジカルが実際に生成されていることを検証するために、きわめて短時間で消滅するヒドロキシラジカルを一旦、スピントラップ剤であるDMPO(5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide)に補獲させてDMPO-OHアダクトを生成させ、その電子スピン共鳴(ESR:Electron Spin Resonance)の吸収ピークを測定した。過酸化水素が0.1mM、DMPOが1mMの溶液を調製し、鉄の濃度が50mMとなるように硫酸鉄(II)七水和物を添加した場合と添加しない場合について、ESR測定分析を行った。
2.被処理水
3.ウキクサ
4.蛍光灯
5.水生植物
6.流入口ビニルチューブ
7.流出口ビニルチューブ
Claims (11)
- 難分解性有機物を含有する被処理水中に水生植物を光照射下に生育させ、この被処理水に二価または三価の鉄イオンの存在下に、水生植物の生体内に存在する過酸化水素と生物学的フェントン反応を行なわせ、難分解性有機物を酸化分解することを特徴とする、水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
- 難分解性有機物を含有する被処理水中に二価または三価の鉄イオンを生成する物質を添加して、難分解性有機物を酸化分解することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
- 二価または三価の鉄イオンを生成する物質が、二価または三価の鉄イオンを生成する鉄化合物またはゼロ価鉄のいずれかでることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
- 難分解性有機物を含有する被処理水中に三価の鉄イオンを生成する鉄化合物を添加して、水生植物の生体内に存在する過酸化水素により二価の鉄イオンを生成させて、難分解性有機物を酸化分解することを特徴とする、請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載の水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
- 難分解性有機物を含有する被処理水中に二価または三価の鉄イオンを生成する物質を添加することなく、生体内に三価の鉄イオンを有する水生植物を光照射下に生育させ、難分解性有機物を酸化分解することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
- 二価または三価の鉄イオンを生成する物質の添加量が、被処理水に対して鉄の濃度が1mg/L~2000mg/Lであることを特徴とする、請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載の水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
- 二価または三価の鉄イオンを生成する鉄化合物が、二価または三価の鉄の無機塩または有機塩のいずれかであることを特徴とする、請求項1ないし6のいずれかに記載の水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
- 二価の鉄イオンを生成する鉄化合物が、塩化鉄(II)四水和物、硫酸鉄(II)七水和物、フマル酸鉄(II)および酢酸鉄(II)からなる群から選ばれる鉄化合物であることを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
- 三価の鉄イオンを生成する鉄化合物が、塩化鉄(III)六水和物、硫酸鉄(III)n水和物、フマル酸鉄(III)および酢酸鉄(III)からなる群から選ばれる鉄化合物であることを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
- ゼロ価鉄が、鉄粉、マイクロ鉄粒子またはナノ鉄粒子のいずれかであることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
- 水生植物が、ウキクサ、アオウキクサ、マツモ、ウィローモス、アマゾンフロッグピッド、グランマトフィルム、スペキオスム、スイレン、ロータス、イタドリ、ハマジンチョウ、マングローブ、マコモ、コウガイゼキショウ、アブラガヤ、ガマ、ヒメガマ、イグサ、カンガレイ、アシ、サンカクイ、カキツバタ、ケイヌビエ、タイヌビエ、ヒルムシロ、アサザ、ホテイアオイ、ボタンウキクサ、アカウキクサ、サンショウモ、イチョウウキゴケ、ガボンバおよびリシアからなる群から選ばれる植物のいずれかである、請求項1ないし10のいずれかに記載の水生植物を用いた水処理方法。
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CN104304010A (zh) * | 2014-10-11 | 2015-01-28 | 湖北师范学院 | 一种紫萍愈伤组织快速诱导、继代和再生的方法 |
CN105645633A (zh) * | 2016-01-07 | 2016-06-08 | 江苏南大环保科技有限公司 | 一种高浓硝基苯类废水预处理装置及处理方法 |
CN110092477A (zh) * | 2019-05-05 | 2019-08-06 | 辽宁大学 | 一种适用于人工湿地中处理含抗生素废水的方法 |
CN111054312A (zh) * | 2020-01-15 | 2020-04-24 | 中新曜昂环境修复(江苏)有限公司 | 浮萍生物炭负载纳米零价铁的制备方法和修复Pb污染物土壤的方法 |
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CN104304010A (zh) * | 2014-10-11 | 2015-01-28 | 湖北师范学院 | 一种紫萍愈伤组织快速诱导、继代和再生的方法 |
CN105645633A (zh) * | 2016-01-07 | 2016-06-08 | 江苏南大环保科技有限公司 | 一种高浓硝基苯类废水预处理装置及处理方法 |
CN105645633B (zh) * | 2016-01-07 | 2018-08-24 | 南京大学 | 一种高浓硝基苯类废水预处理装置及处理方法 |
CN110092477A (zh) * | 2019-05-05 | 2019-08-06 | 辽宁大学 | 一种适用于人工湿地中处理含抗生素废水的方法 |
CN110092477B (zh) * | 2019-05-05 | 2021-11-30 | 辽宁大学 | 一种适用于人工湿地中处理含抗生素废水的方法 |
CN111054312A (zh) * | 2020-01-15 | 2020-04-24 | 中新曜昂环境修复(江苏)有限公司 | 浮萍生物炭负载纳米零价铁的制备方法和修复Pb污染物土壤的方法 |
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