WO2012019980A1 - Messanordnung und verfahren zur erfassung einer analytkonzentration in einem messmedium - Google Patents
Messanordnung und verfahren zur erfassung einer analytkonzentration in einem messmedium Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012019980A1 WO2012019980A1 PCT/EP2011/063579 EP2011063579W WO2012019980A1 WO 2012019980 A1 WO2012019980 A1 WO 2012019980A1 EP 2011063579 W EP2011063579 W EP 2011063579W WO 2012019980 A1 WO2012019980 A1 WO 2012019980A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/4166—Systems measuring a particular property of an electrolyte
- G01N27/4167—Systems measuring a particular property of an electrolyte pH
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/302—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells pH sensitive, e.g. quinhydron, antimony or hydrogen electrodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/333—Ion-selective electrodes or membranes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/48—Systems using polarography, i.e. measuring changes in current under a slowly-varying voltage
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/49—Systems involving the determination of the current at a single specific value, or small range of values, of applied voltage for producing selective measurement of one or more particular ionic species
Definitions
- the invention relates to a measuring arrangement and a method for detecting a
- Analyte concentration in particular a pH, in a medium.
- Concentration of H + ions in the medium to be measured plays an important role in environmental analysis and in chemical or biochemical processes in the laboratory or in industrial process measurement technology. Suitable analytes are, for example, certain types of ions or other chemical compounds dissolved in the measuring medium. Electrochemical analysis methods such as voltammetry or potentiometry usually detect the
- Analyte activity from which the analyte concentration can be derived can be derived.
- the analyte activity can be set equal to the analyte concentration in a first approximation.
- a special case of the activity or concentration measurement is the measurement of the pH.
- the pH value corresponds to the negative decadic logarithm of the H + ion activity in the medium, which can be equated to the H + ion concentration in dilute solutions.
- potentiometric sensors are frequently used both in the laboratory and in the process analysis. These generally have a measuring half cell with an ion-selective electrode as the measuring half cell, which comprises, for example, an ion-selective glass, solid-state or polymer membrane.
- the relative change in the equilibrium galvanic voltage between a measuring medium and a deflection electrode of the measuring half-cell is essentially due to the change in activity
- determining ion species causes Based on a reference potential of a substantially potential-constant reference half-cell, eg a reference electrode of the second type such as the Ag / AgCl reference electrode, the desired ion concentration or the pH of the medium to be measured can be determined with high accuracy and low equipment expenditure by means of a high-resistance voltmeter.
- the potential difference between the measuring and reference half cells is used as the measuring signal of such a sensor.
- Ion-selective electrodes are described, for example, in “lon-selective electrodes", J. Koryta and K. Stulik, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 61 or in “Working with ion-selective electrodes ", K. Cammann, H.
- the best known and most frequently used in such potentiometric sensors as a measuring half cell ion-selective electrode is the pH glass electrode.
- the glass electrode typically has a tubular closed at one end by a membrane of a pH-sensitive glass Housing, which is filled with an inner electrolyte, such as a chloride-containing buffer solution, in which a diverter, such as a chlorided silver wire dips. In contact with the measuring medium forms on the glass membrane dependent on the pH
- the reference half cell is generally a reference electrode of the second type, for example an Ag / AgCl or calomel electrode, with a transfer between a half cell space containing the reference electrolyte and the measured medium.
- Measuring half-cell potential and the reference potential of the reference half cell which is ideally independent of the pH of the medium to be measured, forms the measuring signal of the sensor and is a direct measure of the H + ion activity or the pH of the medium to be measured.
- Reference half cells in practice generally drift, i. to a slow but steady change in the reference potential.
- Reference half cell leak or dry out it can be the transfer, over the one
- Reference half cell of the second kind is in contact with the measuring medium, by solids, in particular sparingly soluble salts, are added or it can pass over the transfer electrode poisons in the reference half cell. Due to the low conductivity of the pH-sensitive glass membrane, it is also necessary to measure the potential difference between the half-cells very high impedance, which can lead to instabilities in the measurement and Messwertveremblschept. Due to the high resistance of the glass membrane forming glass of the miniaturization of such sensors are limited, since with a reduction of the glass membrane surface of the Wderstand the
- WO 2005/066618 A1 discloses a sensor for determining an analyte concentration in one
- Measuring medium described in a borehole which includes a working electrode and a counter electrode and an external reference electrode.
- Two or more different molecular species R and M are bound to the surface of the working electrode, wherein the molecular species M has a sensitivity to the analyte L to be determined, for example binding the analyte L, while the molecular species R is insensitive to the analyte L.
- the analyte concentration can be measured with this sensor by detecting a square-wave voltammogram (technical term: (linear) square wave voltammogram, SWV) in the
- Measuring medium can be determined. Depending on whether the voltage between the working electrode and the counter electrode is increased or decreased during the detection of the voltammogram, an oxidation or a reduction of the molecular species R and M takes place at the working electrode.
- Oxidation or reduction processes are reflected by the current flowing through the working electrode during the detection of the voltammogram as a function of the associated voltage value as (local) current maxima or (local) current minima, also referred to as current peaks. Whenever we speak of maxima, minima or extremes below, we mean local maxima, minima or extrema unless otherwise stated.
- a first extremum assigned to the molecular species R and a second extremum assigned to the molecular species M result, provided that the voltage range of the voltammogram is chosen to be correspondingly broad. While the position of the extremum associated with the analyte-sensitive species M changes as a function of the analyte concentration in the surrounding measuring medium, the position of the extremum associated with the analyte-insensitive species R is independent of the analyte concentration of the measuring medium.
- the extremum assigned to the species R can thus serve as an additional internal reference, so that
- the measuring arrangement should manage without an external, conventional reference electrode.
- a measuring arrangement for detecting an analyte concentration in a measuring medium comprising a three-electrode arrangement with a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counterelectrode,
- the working electrode comprises an analyte-insensitive redox mediator
- the reference electrode comprises an analyte-sensitive electrode
- the counter electrode may comprise, for example, an inert electrically conductive material such as platinum or carbon.
- the measuring arrangement can be designed to set a predetermined setpoint voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode, and thereby between the
- the measuring arrangement can, for example, have a, in particular potentiostatic, control circuit which is designed to predetermine a setpoint voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode and to detect the current flowing between the working electrode and the counterelectrode.
- the measuring arrangement can be configured to regulate the predetermined setpoint voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode by controlling a current flowing through the measuring medium between the counterelectrode and the working electrode, while the working electrode, the counterelectrode and the
- the measuring arrangement may comprise a potentiostat which has a corresponding electronic
- Control circuit has.
- the measuring arrangement or the potentiostat may in particular be designed to perform amperometric, for example voltammetric, measurements by means of the three-electrode arrangement.
- An example of a voltammetric measurement is the Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV), in which a DC voltage ramp between the LSV.
- Working electrode and reference electrode voltage U mess (see Fig. 1) is varied as a linear function of time.
- Other examples of voltammetric measurements are the Staircase
- Reference electrode applied voltage U mess in a first step as a linearly increasing function of time, and is varied in a subsequent second step as a linear decreasing function of time, the output and end of the voltage U mess are identical in such a cycle.
- the current I flowing at a predetermined voltage U mess or at a predetermined curve of the voltage U mess between the counter electrode and the working electrode is detected as a function of time or as a function of the voltage U mess .
- a redox mediator is a chemical that is capable of reversibly releasing and absorbing electrons. This means that a redox mediator can be reversibly oxidized, in particular in a multiplicity of successive oxidation-reduction cycles, by a first electrical potential and reduced by a second electrical potential. In a voltammetric measurement, the oxidation or reduction of the redox mediator of the working electrode becomes noticeable as a current extremum.
- the analyte-sensitive electrode connected here as a reference electrode emits a pH-dependent "reference potential", ie the reference of the three-electrode arrangement or the position of the zero point of the voltammetric
- Measurement depends on the analyte concentration present in the measuring medium. Since the
- Redoxmediator is insensitive to the analyte, the potential difference U mess between the working and reference electrode, in which adjusts the extremum of the current, a measure of the analyte concentration of the measured medium.
- the analyte is H + ions, so that the pH of the measuring medium can be determined from the position of the extremum in relation to the zero point predetermined by the pH-sensitive reference electrode.
- the measuring arrangement may comprise a function generator for carrying out voltammetric measurements, which is designed to switch between the working electrode and the
- the measuring device is configured to the in the voltammetric measurement for adjusting the measuring device
- Sollecuringsverlaufs for example, a voltage ramp or a voltage triangular profile, between the counter electrode and the working electrode flowing current to detect.
- the setpoint voltage profile may in particular at least temporarily a linear increase, a linear drop, a step-like descent, a sawtooth, a
- the function generator may be part of an evaluation device of the measuring arrangement or connected to an evaluation device of the measuring arrangement.
- the evaluation unit can comprise, for example, a data processing device with a microprocessor and a data memory which can be accessed by the microprocessor.
- the data processing device may be a computer, for example a PC, a transmitter, a recording device or another data processing device with an input / output interface and / or a display device, for example a display.
- the evaluation device can be configured to determine a value of the voltage present between the working electrode and the reference electrode from a current profile between the working electrode and the counter electrode detected during a voltammetric measurement, in which the current profile has an extremum associated with an oxidation or reduction of the redox mediator, and from this value the analyte concentration of the measuring medium is deduced. Since the redox mediator is analytically insensitive, the position, ie the associated voltage value, of the current extremum assigned to an oxidation or reduction reaction of the redox mediator does not depend on the analyte concentration present in the measurement medium. In contrast, however, the position of the reference potential provided by the analyte-sensitive reference electrode depends on the analyte concentration. As a result, the position of a current extremum assigned to an oxidation or reduction of the redox mediator in the case of voltammetric measurements with the measuring arrangement according to the invention is a measure of the current present in the measuring medium
- Analyte concentration is. If the analyte is H + ions, the
- Evaluation device should be designed in accordance to be derived from the corresponding extremum of the current profile, the pH of the medium to be measured.
- the redox mediator may be selected from the group comprising: Berlin blue (iron (III) hexacyanoferrate (II / III)), analogs of Berlin blue, derivatives of berlin blue, ferrocene, ferrocene analogs, ferrocene derivatives, ferroin, the redox system Ce 3+ / Ce 4+ and the redox system I7I 2 .
- the redox mediator may be attached to an electrically conductive surface of the working electrode
- the redox mediator may be present as a sparingly soluble precipitate on the surface.
- the electrically conductive surface of the working electrode may also be coated with a polymer layer which covers and protects the redox mediator present at the surface of the working electrode.
- the redox mediator can also be in an electrically conductive
- a with a working electrode terminal of the measuring arrangement in which a with a working electrode terminal of the measuring arrangement, in particular if the measuring arrangement has a potentiostat, with the working electrode terminal of the potentiostat, connected diverter dives, wherein the inner electrolyte with the measuring medium via an overpass, in particular a porous
- Diaphragm in electrically conductive contact.
- Redox mediator as described above be immobilized on a surface of the diverter and / or dissolved in the inner electrolyte.
- This design of the working electrode is reminiscent of the structure of a reference electrode of the second kind, which is usually in potentiometric measuring chains for measuring an analyte concentration or a pH with the above-mentioned Disadvantages are used.
- a potentiometric measuring chain in a potentiometric measuring chain, however, the
- Potential of the reference electrode is dependent on the present in the inner electrolyte salt concentration, and thus a depletion of the inner electrolyte salts, a potential drift occurs, the position of the oxidation or reduction of the Redoxmediators associated current extremes in the working electrode described here is independent of the existing Redoxmediator concentration. Therefore, as long as there is redox mediator on a surface of the diverter element or in the inner electrolyte solution, no drift occurs.
- the inner electrolyte can be present in one embodiment as a liquid, in particular as an aqueous solution.
- the inner electrolyte may be present as a hydrogel.
- the inner electrolyte may comprise an ionic liquid in a further alternative embodiment.
- the redox mediator may be dissolved in the inner electrolyte.
- the inner electrolyte may be present in one embodiment as a liquid, in particular as an aqueous solution.
- the inner electrolyte may be present as a hydrogel.
- the inner electrolyte may comprise an ionic liquid in a further alternative embodiment.
- the redox mediator may be dissolved in the inner electrolyte.
- the inner electrolyte may be present in one embodiment as a liquid, in particular as an aqueous solution.
- the inner electrolyte may be present as a hydrogel.
- the inner electrolyte may comprise an ionic liquid in a further alternative embodiment.
- the redox mediator may be dissolved in the inner
- the counterelectrode may be a solid electrode of electrically conductive, inert material, for example of metal, in particular platinum, or of carbon, in particular glassy carbon, doped diamond or graphite.
- the counter electrode can dip into the inner electrolyte.
- the measuring arrangement may comprise an ion-selective electrode with a housing which is closed by an ion-selective membrane at a region intended for immersion in the measuring medium and in which an inner electrolyte is accommodated into which a deflection electrode is immersed.
- the deflection electrode is connected to a connection of the measuring arrangement intended for the reference electrode, in particular when using a potentiostat with a connection of the potentiostat intended for the reference electrode.
- the reference electrode may comprise a pH glass electrode with a housing sealed by a pH-sensitive glass membrane at a region intended for immersion in the measuring medium, in which an inner electrolyte, for example a pH buffer solution, is accommodated. into which a discharge electrode dips.
- the deflection electrode is connected to the terminal of the measuring arrangement intended for the reference electrode, in particular of the potentiostat.
- the analyte-sensitive reference electrode may also comprise an analyte-sensitive, in particular pH-sensitive, ISFET chip or a field effect transistor chip sensitive to other analyte molecules, in particular for biomolecules.
- the measuring arrangement can also comprise a housing in which a first, in particular tubular, chamber is formed, which is closed at one end by an analyte-sensitive membrane, and in which a first inner electrolyte is accommodated, into which a first
- Discharge element immersed which is connected to a reference electrode terminal of the measuring arrangement, in particular a potentiostat of the measuring arrangement.
- a second chamber in particular a second chamber surrounding the first chamber, may be formed, in which a second inner electrolyte is accommodated, in which a second and a third diverting element dip, wherein in the outer wall of the second chamber in a Immersion in the measuring medium certain area a transfer is arranged, via which the second inner electrolyte is in electrical or electrolytically conductive contact with the measuring medium.
- the second diverting element can be connected to a working electrode terminal of the measuring arrangement.
- the redox mediator may be immobilized on a surface of the second diverter element and / or may be present dissolved in the second internal electrolyte.
- the third diverting element can be connected to a counterelectrode terminal of the measuring arrangement, in particular of the potentiostat.
- the third diverting element may be formed from an inert material, for example from a metal such as platinum or carbon, and be connected to the reference electrode terminal of the measuring arrangement, in particular the potentiostat.
- the invention also relates to a method for determining an analyte concentration or a value derived therefrom, in particular a pH, in a measuring medium, wherein a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counter electrode are brought into electrically conductive contact with the measuring medium, wherein the working electrode an analyt insensitive redox mediator, the counter electrode an inert material and the reference electrode a
- analytesensitive electrode comprises, and wherein a voltammetric measurement is carried out, and based on the voltammetric measurement, the analyte concentration, in particular the pH, is determined.
- the voltammetric measurement may be the acquisition of a linear sweep voltammogram, a differential pulse voltammogram, a square wave voltammogram, or a
- Zykllovoltammogramms include, wherein the analyte concentration is determined based on at least one of an oxidation or a reduction of the redox mediator associated current extremum. If the analyte is H + ions, the pH of the medium to be measured can be deduced from at least one current extremum assigned to an oxidation or reduction of the redox mediator.
- the derivation of the analyte concentration or of the pH can be carried out, for example, by deriving from the linear sweep voltammogram, the differential pulse voltammogram, the square wave voltammogram or the cyclic voltammogram the voltage associated with at least one current or current reduction associated with a reduction or oxidation between the reference electrode and the working electrode , And from this the analyte concentration or the pH is determined.
- the derivation of the analyte concentration or of the pH can be carried out by the evaluation device described above. In a memory of
- Evaluation device can be deposited, for example, on the basis of calibration measurements ZuOrdnungsvorschrift assigns a pH value from a linear sweep voltammogram or a cyclic voltammogram determined, associated with a reduction or oxidation of the redox mediator associated current extremum voltage.
- This method can be automated, for example by means of the one described above
- Measuring arrangement in particular controlled by an evaluation device which a
- Data processing device e.g. a computer or a transmitter.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a three-electrode arrangement for carrying out a voltammetric measurement for determining an analyte concentration
- Fig. 2 shows two schematically represented Differenzpulsvoltammogramme at
- Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a first embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a second embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of a third embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically a three-electrode arrangement 1 with a working electrode WE, a reference electrode RE and a counter electrode CE, which dip into a measuring medium M.
- a predetermined voltage U mess is applied between the working electrode WE and the reference electrode RE.
- the predetermined voltage U m ess can be a constant DC voltage, but it can also vary over time, so that between the working electrode WE and the reference electrode RE a voltage curve U mess , ie a variable as a function of time voltage U mess , is applied.
- Voltage profile U mess can be for example a, in particular linearly rising or linearly decreasing DC voltage ramp for detecting a linear sweep voltammogram.
- the voltage U mess may also be triangular
- the predetermined voltage U mess between the working electrode WE and the reference electrode RE is set or adjusted, for example, by means of a current I flowing between the counterelectrode CE and the working electrode WE through the measuring medium.
- the regulation of the voltage applied between the working electrode WE and the reference electrode RE or of the voltage applied between the working electrode and WE of the reference electrode RE voltage curve to the predetermined voltage or the voltage curve U mess can be done by means of a potentiostat, which includes an electronic control amplifier for this purpose (Not shown in Fig. 1). No current flows through the reference electrode RE, so that the potential of the reference electrode RE remains unaffected by the control.
- the potentiostat further comprises means for detecting the for regulating the predetermined voltage or the voltage curve U mess between the working electrode WE and the
- These means may comprise in the simplest case an output, via which the current I or the current I I analog or digitized to an evaluation device ,
- a data processing device such as a
- the potentiostat can also itself a microprocessor and a data memory to which the _ _
- Microprocessor can access, and process the detected current I or derived from the current I, in particular digitized and / or amplified signal, for example, store in the data memory or output via a display device or a communication interface.
- Reference electrode RE applied voltage, so that can be detected between the working electrode WE and the counter electrode CE, a rising or falling between the working electrode and the counter electrode current flowing.
- Measurements for determining an analyte concentration of the measuring medium M are performed.
- the analyte is H + ions, so that the pH value of the measured medium M can be derived from the voltammetric measurement.
- the measuring principle described here can also be used in an analogous manner to determine the concentration of another analyte.
- the working electrode WE has a pH-insensitive redox mediator.
- the redox mediator may for example be immobilized on a surface of the working electrode. As described above, the redox mediator has the property of being capable of reversibly delivering and receiving electrons.
- the counterelectrode CE consists of an electrically conductive material which is inert with respect to the measuring medium. In the present example it is made of platinum.
- the reference electrode RE is formed of a pH-sensitive electrode, for example a glass electrode, which has a housing filled with an inner electrolyte, which is closed by a pH-sensitive glass membrane, and a discharge electrode immersed in the inner electrolyte.
- An interface potential forms on the pH-sensitive glass membrane, the value of which depends on the pH of the measuring medium M.
- a reference potential RE as a rule a potential-stable reference electrode, for example an Ag / AgCl reference electrode, is used
- the glass electrode used here is a dependent of the pH of the measuring medium reference potential.
- FIG. 2 shows two different pH values
- Fig. 2a shows a Differenzpulsvoltammogramm at pH 4
- Fig. 2b at pH 7. Due to the variability of the reference potential as a function of the pH of the measured medium M shifts the apparent due to the oxidation of the
- a measuring arrangement with a three-electrode arrangement 1, a potentiostatic control circuit and an evaluation unit, which is designed to evaluate the voltammograms detected by means of the potentiostatic control circuit as described, can thus be used in such a manner in a memory
- Evaluation unit stored ZuOrdnungsvorschrift, determine the pH of the medium and output appropriate readings and / or display.
- Fig. 3 is schematically a first embodiment with a three-electrode arrangement of a working electrode WE, a reference electrode RE and a counter electrode CE to
- Voltammetric determination of an analyte concentration here a pH
- the electrodes are connected to associated terminals of a potentiostat 2, which, as described above, is configured to apply a desired voltage or a desired voltage characteristic between the working electrode WE and the reference electrode RE and _ "
- the working electrode WE is formed from a platinum wire 3, which is coated with Berlin blue (iron (III) hexacyanoferrate (II / III)) as redox mediator 4.
- Berlin blue iron (III) hexacyanoferrate (II / III)
- the Berlin blue can be covered by a polymer layer or incorporated into a polymer layer.
- Reference electrode RE is in the example shown here by a glass electrode with a
- the inner electrolyte 6 may be, for example, a pH-buffered, 3 molar KCl solution.
- the lead-off electrode 7 can consist, for example, of a chlorided silver wire. It is connected to the reference electrode port of potentiostat 2.
- a glass electrode can be used as a pH-sensitive reference electrode RE, a pH-ISFET sensor with a pH-sensitive field effect transistor chip. ISFET transducers can also be used to determine the concentration of other analytes,
- An analyte-sensitive reference electrode for the determination of ions other than H + ions is an ion-selective electrode (ISE) which is sensitive to the corresponding ions.
- the counter electrode CE is formed in the present example from a platinum sheet.
- the working electrode WE has a housing in which an inner electrolyte 8 is accommodated, into which a discharge electrode 9 connected to the terminal of the potentiostat 2 intended for the working electrode WE dips.
- the Ableitelektrode 9 may for example consist of platinum.
- the inner electrolyte 8 is connected via an overpass 10, for example a porous diaphragm, with the measuring medium M in electrically or electrolytically conductive contact.
- the redox mediator may be present in this embodiment either, as described with reference to FIG. 3, on a surface of the discharge electrode 9, or - alternatively or additionally - in dissolved form in the inner electrolyte 8 of the working electrode WE.
- the inner electrolyte 8 may be, for example, an aqueous salt solution, but also a highly viscous hydrogel. In the latter case, bleeding of the inner electrolyte 8 by the transfer 10 is effectively avoided.
- FIG. 5 schematically shows a third exemplary embodiment with a three-electrode arrangement 1 ", the electrodes of which are connected to the corresponding terminals of the potentiostat 2.
- the reference electrode RE is designed in the same way as described with reference to the embodiment shown in Fig. 3.
- the working electrode WE and the counterelectrode CE are formed in a common housing 1 1.
- the housing 1 1 contains an internal electrolyte 8 into which a deflection electrode 9 is immersed, which is connected to the provided for the working electrode WE connection of the potentiostat 2.
- the inner electrolyte 8 is in electrical or electrolytically conductive contact with the measuring medium M via a transfer 10 arranged in the housing wall of the housing 11.
- the redox mediator may be present either on a surface of the discharge electrode 9, as in the example of FIG. or alternatively or additionally, in dissolved form in the inner electrolyte 8.
- the counterelectrode CE which in the example shown here is designed as a platinum wire, also dips into the inner electrolyte 8.
- FIG. 6 schematically shows a fourth embodiment of a three-electrode arrangement 1 "', which is accommodated in a compact manner in a single sensor housing 12.
- the sensor housing 12 has a first tubular chamber 15, in which the reference electrode RE of FIG.
- the chamber 15 is closed at its front end by a pH-sensitive membrane 14. It contains a first internal electrolyte, for example a pH-buffered, 3 M KCl solution - Connection of the potentiostat 2 connected diverting element 18.
- the diverting element 18 may be formed for example by a chlorided silver wire.
- a second chamber 13 is formed, which surrounds the first chamber 15 as an annular chamber, and in which the working electrode WE and the counter electrode CE of
- the second chamber 13 contains a second one
- Inner electrolyte 19 in which a second diverting element 16 is immersed, which is connected to the working electrode connection of the potentiostat 2.
- the second diverting element 16 may consist of a
- Platinum wire be formed on the surface of a redox mediator is applied.
- Redox mediator may alternatively or additionally be present dissolved in the second internal electrolyte 19.
- the second inner electrolyte 19 is connected via an arranged in an outer wall of the chamber 13 overpass 17 with the measuring medium M in electrically or electrolytically conductive contact.
- the counter electrode CE connected to the counter electrode terminal of the potentiostat 2, which may be formed of a platinum wire, for example, also appears.
- the invention is not limited to the embodiments described here. In particular, instead of those used in the examples described here as a reference electrode
- Glass electrode a pH-sensitive ISFET chip or a suitable for the measurement of other ion species suitable ion-selective electrode.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE112011102678T DE112011102678A5 (de) | 2010-08-10 | 2011-08-08 | Messanordnung und Verfahren zur Erfassung einer Analytkonzentration in einem Messmedium |
CN201180039443.6A CN103119431B (zh) | 2010-08-10 | 2011-08-08 | 用于测定在被测介质中的分析物浓度的测量装置及方法 |
US13/816,091 US9568450B2 (en) | 2010-08-10 | 2011-08-08 | Measuring arrangement and method for registering an analyte concentration in a measured medium |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102010033936 | 2010-08-10 | ||
DE102010033936.9 | 2010-08-10 | ||
DE102011102699.5 | 2011-05-20 | ||
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Cited By (5)
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CN103018295A (zh) * | 2012-11-23 | 2013-04-03 | 深圳大学 | 一种恒电位固体pH检测仪 |
WO2014016121A1 (de) * | 2012-07-27 | 2014-01-30 | Ancosys Gmbh | Verwendung eines referenzsystems für elektrochemische analyse- und abscheideverfahren |
CZ304464B6 (cs) * | 2013-03-27 | 2014-05-14 | Masarykova Univerzita | Zařízení pro proudové elektroanalýzy |
KR20150004278A (ko) * | 2013-07-02 | 2015-01-12 | 안코시스 게엠베하 | 전기화학적 증착 및/또는 전기화학적 에칭을 위한 인시튜 핑거프린팅 |
WO2019228979A1 (de) * | 2018-05-29 | 2019-12-05 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Potentiometrische messkette und verfahren zur ph-wert-bestimmung |
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US9243842B2 (en) | 2008-02-15 | 2016-01-26 | Black & Veatch Corporation | Combined synthesis gas separation and LNG production method and system |
US10113127B2 (en) | 2010-04-16 | 2018-10-30 | Black & Veatch Holding Company | Process for separating nitrogen from a natural gas stream with nitrogen stripping in the production of liquefied natural gas |
CA2819128C (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2018-11-13 | Black & Veatch Corporation | Ngl recovery from natural gas using a mixed refrigerant |
US10139157B2 (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2018-11-27 | Black & Veatch Holding Company | NGL recovery from natural gas using a mixed refrigerant |
DE102012112782A1 (de) * | 2012-12-20 | 2014-06-26 | Endress + Hauser Conducta Gesellschaft für Mess- und Regeltechnik mbH + Co. KG | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung eines Zustands eines in einem Prozessbehälter integrierten Messaufnehmers |
US10563913B2 (en) | 2013-11-15 | 2020-02-18 | Black & Veatch Holding Company | Systems and methods for hydrocarbon refrigeration with a mixed refrigerant cycle |
US9574822B2 (en) | 2014-03-17 | 2017-02-21 | Black & Veatch Corporation | Liquefied natural gas facility employing an optimized mixed refrigerant system |
CN105116015A (zh) * | 2015-08-17 | 2015-12-02 | 何长毛 | 一种蔬果离子浓度的检测方法及装置 |
US10532356B2 (en) * | 2017-11-09 | 2020-01-14 | International Business Machines Corporation | pH control for analyte detection |
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WO2014016121A1 (de) * | 2012-07-27 | 2014-01-30 | Ancosys Gmbh | Verwendung eines referenzsystems für elektrochemische analyse- und abscheideverfahren |
US20150212041A1 (en) * | 2012-07-27 | 2015-07-30 | Ancosys Gmbh | Use of a reference system for electrochemical analysis and deposition methods |
CN103018295A (zh) * | 2012-11-23 | 2013-04-03 | 深圳大学 | 一种恒电位固体pH检测仪 |
CZ304464B6 (cs) * | 2013-03-27 | 2014-05-14 | Masarykova Univerzita | Zařízení pro proudové elektroanalýzy |
KR20150004278A (ko) * | 2013-07-02 | 2015-01-12 | 안코시스 게엠베하 | 전기화학적 증착 및/또는 전기화학적 에칭을 위한 인시튜 핑거프린팅 |
JP2015011026A (ja) * | 2013-07-02 | 2015-01-19 | アンコーシーズ・ゲーエムベーハー | 電気化学堆積及び/又は電気化学エッチングのための現場でのフィンガプリントを採取する電気化学分析法 |
KR102194144B1 (ko) | 2013-07-02 | 2020-12-23 | 안코시스 게엠베하 | 전기화학적 증착 및/또는 전기화학적 에칭을 위한 인시튜 핑거프린팅 |
US11692282B2 (en) * | 2013-07-02 | 2023-07-04 | Ancosys Gmbh | In-situ fingerprinting for electrochemical deposition and/or electrochemical etching |
WO2019228979A1 (de) * | 2018-05-29 | 2019-12-05 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Potentiometrische messkette und verfahren zur ph-wert-bestimmung |
Also Published As
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CN103119431B (zh) | 2017-04-19 |
DE112011102678A5 (de) | 2013-06-06 |
US9568450B2 (en) | 2017-02-14 |
US20130213807A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
CN103119431A (zh) | 2013-05-22 |
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