WO2012011170A1 - 触媒微粒子、及び触媒微粒子の製造方法 - Google Patents
触媒微粒子、及び触媒微粒子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012011170A1 WO2012011170A1 PCT/JP2010/062263 JP2010062263W WO2012011170A1 WO 2012011170 A1 WO2012011170 A1 WO 2012011170A1 JP 2010062263 W JP2010062263 W JP 2010062263W WO 2012011170 A1 WO2012011170 A1 WO 2012011170A1
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- palladium
- fine particles
- intermediate layer
- catalyst fine
- alloy
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 113
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 233
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- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
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- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/44—Palladium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J33/00—Protection of catalysts, e.g. by coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/51—Spheres
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to catalyst fine particles having high catalytic activity and a method for producing catalyst fine particles.
- Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy by supplying fuel and oxidant to two electrically connected electrodes and causing the fuel to oxidize electrochemically. Unlike thermal power generation, fuel cells are not subject to the Carnot cycle, and thus exhibit high energy conversion efficiency.
- a fuel cell is usually formed by laminating a plurality of single cells having a basic structure of a membrane / electrode assembly in which an electrolyte membrane is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes.
- a decrease in voltage due to overvoltage is one of the main causes of a decrease in output.
- the overvoltage includes activation overvoltage derived from electrode reaction, resistance overvoltage derived from resistance on the electrode surface and the whole battery, and concentration overvoltage derived from concentration distribution of reactants on the electrode surface.
- the electrode catalyst is effective in reducing the activation overvoltage.
- Platinum and platinum alloys are preferably used as electrocatalysts in the cathode and anode of fuel cells because of the high catalytic performance of platinum.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a particle composite material containing palladium or a palladium alloy coated with an atomic thin layer of platinum atoms.
- Patent Document 1 paragraph 236 et seq. Describes a method of forming a platinum monoatomic layer on the surface of palladium fine particles by a copper underpotential deposition method (hereinafter referred to as Cu-UPD method).
- Cu-UPD method a copper underpotential deposition method
- a problem peculiar to the Cu-UPD method there is a problem that a part of the center particle is exposed on the surface of the catalyst fine particle because the coating with the outermost layer such as platinum is insufficient and the catalytic activity is lowered.
- the lattice constant of the metal material forming the center particle is significantly smaller than the lattice constant of the metal material forming the outermost layer, so that the metal atoms forming the outermost layer become unstable on the surface of the center particle.
- one of the main causes is that lattice mismatch occurs.
- the outermost layer composed of platinum is formed in a region where copper is present in a high proportion on the surface of the central particles.
- Experimental results have shown that the coating is not sufficient.
- the cited document 1 does not show any solution.
- the present invention has been accomplished in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide catalyst fine particles having high catalytic activity and a method for producing catalyst fine particles.
- the catalyst fine particle of the present invention is a catalyst fine particle having a central particle containing a palladium alloy and an outermost layer containing platinum, and an intermediate layer made of only single palladium is provided between the central particle and the outermost layer. It is characterized by that.
- the intermediate layer is a layer having substantially no unevenness except for a portion located at an edge portion of the center particle.
- the palladium alloy is preferably an alloy containing palladium and a metal material having a standard electrode potential lower than that of palladium.
- the palladium alloy is preferably a metal material selected from the group consisting of copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, silver and manganese, and an alloy containing palladium.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably 0.2 to 1.4 nm.
- the catalyst fine particles of the present invention may be supported on a carrier.
- the method for producing catalyst fine particles of the present invention is a method for producing catalyst fine particles comprising central particles containing a palladium alloy and an outermost layer containing platinum, the step of preparing palladium alloy fine particles, The method includes a step of forming an intermediate layer made only of palladium, a step of forming a monoatomic layer on the surface of the intermediate layer, and a step of replacing the monoatomic layer with the outermost layer containing platinum. .
- the palladium alloy fine particles are preferably alloy fine particles containing palladium and a metal material having a standard electrode potential lower than that of palladium.
- the palladium alloy fine particles are preferably metal materials selected from the group consisting of copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, silver and manganese, and alloy fine particles containing palladium.
- the step of forming the intermediate layer may be a step of electrochemically depositing an intermediate layer made of only single palladium on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles.
- the step of forming the intermediate layer may be a step of selectively eluting a metal other than palladium among at least the metals exposed on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles.
- the step of forming the intermediate layer includes a step of selectively eluting a metal other than palladium among at least the metals exposed on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles, and other than palladium. There may be a step of electrochemically depositing an intermediate layer made of only single palladium on at least the eluted part of the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles after the metal is selectively eluted.
- the palladium alloy fine particles may be supported on a carrier.
- the lattice constant of the intermediate layer made of only single palladium is closer to the lattice constant of platinum as compared with the lattice constant of palladium alloy, platinum in the outermost layer can exist more stably. .
- the catalyst fine particle based on this invention can be manufactured with the manufacturing method of this invention.
- the outermost layer containing platinum can be coated on the central particles with a high coverage by forming an intermediate layer made of only single palladium on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles.
- the catalyst fine particle of the present invention is a catalyst fine particle comprising a central particle containing a palladium alloy and an outermost layer containing platinum, and an intermediate layer made of only a single palladium between the central particle and the outermost layer. It is characterized by providing.
- the catalyst fine particles of the present invention have a configuration in which center particles containing a palladium alloy are covered with an intermediate layer made of only single palladium, and further covered with an outermost layer containing platinum.
- the lattice constant (3.89 ⁇ ) of the intermediate layer made of only single palladium is closer to the lattice constant of platinum (3.92 ⁇ ) compared to the lattice constant of the palladium alloy. Therefore, in the catalyst fine particles of the present invention, the outermost platinum atom can exist more stably.
- the catalyst fine particles (Comparative Example 1) in which platinum is directly coated on the central particles made of a palladium-copper alloy are three times as large as the conventional carbon-supported platinum catalyst (Comparative Example 2). Only shows a certain degree of activity. This is because the difference between the lattice constant of the palladium-copper alloy and the lattice constant of platinum is large, resulting in lattice mismatch at the interface between the center particle and the platinum layer, and as a result, the platinum layer is more than the monoatomic layer. This is probably because platinum is deposited with an uneven distribution, such as a portion where the center particle is not covered with the platinum layer while a thick portion is generated.
- catalyst fine particles (Example 1) in which center particles made of a palladium-copper alloy are coated with an intermediate layer made of only a single palladium and further coated with platinum are conventionally obtained.
- the carbon-supported platinum catalyst (Comparative Example 2) was 12 times as active.
- the palladium intermediate layer has a function of preventing contamination of the fuel cell member due to elution of the palladium alloy in addition to the function of stabilizing the coating with platinum. Since the catalyst fine particles according to the present invention have the outermost layer having a thickness of only a few atomic layers, the central particles as the base are likely to be exposed. For example, when the center particle is a palladium alloy fine particle containing a 3d transition metal element such as copper, cobalt or iron, and palladium, the elution of the central particle may significantly reduce the durability and performance of the catalyst fine particle. I know it.
- iron ions promote the Fenton reaction even at concentrations on the order of ppm and degrade the electrolyte membrane and ionomer in the fuel cell.
- the palladium intermediate layer functions to prevent elution of these 3d transition metal elements.
- the intermediate layer made of only single palladium is preferably a layer that has substantially no unevenness except for the portion located at the edge of the center particle.
- the part located in the edge part of the center particle in the intermediate layer means a part covering the edge part of the center particle in the intermediate layer.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view showing truncated octahedron-shaped palladium particles or palladium alloy particles.
- the palladium particles and the palladium alloy particles usually form a truncated octahedron 50 composed of a plurality of atoms.
- the edge portion of the center particle refers to the side 5 and the vertex 6 of the truncated octahedron 50.
- the state having substantially no unevenness is a state in which almost all of the intermediate layer other than the portion located at the edge portion of the surface of the central particle is smooth, or a minute amount that can be ignored in the intermediate layer It refers to any state where only irregularities exist.
- the intermediate layer is a smooth layer except for the portion located at the edge of the center particle can be confirmed by various methods. For example, it is possible to determine that the intermediate layer is smooth when several portions of the intermediate layer are observed by TEM and there is no unevenness in all the observed portions.
- CO is adsorbed on the surface of the metal particles, and the surface area is evaluated by measuring the amount of CO adsorbed. There is a method of comparing the calculated geometric area.
- the palladium alloy used in the present invention is preferably an alloy containing palladium and a metal material having a standard electrode potential lower than that of palladium.
- the palladium alloy is preferably a metal material selected from the group consisting of copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, silver and manganese, and an alloy containing palladium.
- the outermost layer of the catalyst fine particles of the present invention may contain a minute amount of an element other than platinum. Specifically, when the total mass of the outermost layer is 100% by mass, elements other than platinum are preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less, and the outermost layer is only platinum alone. More preferably, it consists of.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer is 6 atomic layers or less from the viewpoint of cost and 4 atoms from the viewpoint of catalytic activity. Preferably it is below the layer. Considering that atoms forming the intermediate layer are palladium atoms, the thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably 0.2 to 1.4 nm. When the platinum layer is thicker than the monoatomic layer, it is preferable to reduce the thickness of the intermediate layer from the viewpoint of cost and activity.
- the coverage of the outermost layer with respect to the center particles is set to 1 when the surface of the center particles is completely covered with the outermost layer. Further, it is preferably 0.8 to 1. If the covering ratio of the outermost layer to the center particles is less than 0.8, the center particles are eluted in the electrochemical reaction, and as a result, the catalyst fine particles may be deteriorated.
- the coverage of the outermost layer with respect to the center particle is more preferably 0.9 to 1, and still more preferably 0.97 to 1.
- the “covering ratio of the outermost layer to the center particle” as used herein refers to the ratio of the area of the center particle covered by the outermost layer when the total surface area of the center particle is 1.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- TOF-SIMS time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
- the outermost layer is preferably a monoatomic layer made of only platinum.
- a fine particle has an advantage that the catalytic activity is extremely high as compared with a catalyst having an outermost layer of two atomic layers or more, and an advantage that the material cost is low because the coating amount of platinum is minimized.
- the average particle diameter of the catalyst fine particles of the present invention is preferably 2 to 20 nm, more preferably 4 to 10 nm. Since the outermost layer of the catalyst fine particles is preferably a monoatomic layer as described above, the thickness of the outermost layer is preferably 0.17 to 0.23 nm. Therefore, it is preferable that the thickness of the outermost layer is substantially negligible with respect to the average particle diameter of the catalyst fine particles, and the average particle diameter of the center particles and the average particle diameter of the catalyst fine particles are substantially equal.
- the average particle diameter of the particles in the present invention is calculated by a conventional method. An example of a method for calculating the average particle size of the particles is as follows.
- a particle size is calculated for a certain particle when the particle is considered to be spherical.
- Such calculation of the average particle diameter by TEM observation is performed for 200 to 300 particles of the same type, and the average of these particles is defined as the average particle diameter.
- the catalyst fine particles of the present invention may be supported on a carrier.
- the support is preferably a conductive material from the viewpoint of imparting conductivity to the catalyst layer.
- the conductive material that can be used as a carrier include Ketjen black (trade name: manufactured by Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd.), Vulcan (product name: manufactured by Cabot), Norit (trade name: manufactured by Norit), Examples thereof include carbon particles such as black pearl (trade name: manufactured by Cabot), acetylene black (trade name: manufactured by Chevron), and conductive carbon materials such as carbon fibers.
- the method for producing catalyst fine particles of the present invention is a method for producing catalyst fine particles comprising central particles containing a palladium alloy and an outermost layer containing platinum, the step of preparing palladium alloy fine particles, the palladium alloy A step of forming an intermediate layer made of only single palladium on the surface of the fine particles, a step of forming a monoatomic layer on the surface of the intermediate layer, and a step of replacing the monoatomic layer with the outermost layer containing platinum. It is characterized by that.
- the metal film is formed on the center particle
- the coating metal sufficiently dissipates the central particles. Since it becomes impossible to coat, there is a problem that durability and performance of the catalyst fine particles are lowered.
- an object of the production method of the present invention is to form an intermediate layer made of only single palladium having a lattice constant close to that of platinum contained in the outermost layer without unevenness on the surface of the central particle containing the palladium alloy. According to the present invention, catalyst fine particles having excellent durability and performance can be provided even when center particles containing a palladium alloy, which is a base metal than platinum, are used.
- the production method according to the present invention includes (1) a step of preparing palladium alloy fine particles, (2) a step of forming an intermediate layer, (3) a step of forming a monoatomic layer on the surface of the intermediate layer, and (4) Replacing the monoatomic layer with an outermost layer containing platinum.
- the present invention is not necessarily limited to only the above four steps, and may include, for example, a filtration / washing step, a drying step, a pulverizing step and the like as described later, in addition to the above four steps.
- the steps (1) to (4) and other steps will be described in order.
- Step of preparing palladium alloy fine particles The palladium alloy fine particles prepared in this step may be commercially available, or may be prepared using a material containing palladium and another metal material as a raw material. Moreover, you may use for this invention what prepared the commercially available palladium alloy fine particle suitably.
- the average particle diameter of the palladium alloy fine particles is not particularly limited.
- the palladium alloy fine particles are preferably alloy fine particles containing palladium and a metal material having a standard electrode potential lower than that of palladium. Specifically, alloy fine particles including the metal material exemplified in the description of the central particle described above are preferable.
- the palladium alloy fine particles may be supported on a carrier. Specific examples of the carrier are as described above.
- Step of forming intermediate layer This step is a step of forming an intermediate layer made of only single palladium on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles.
- the intermediate layer formed in this step may be a layer made of palladium atoms derived from palladium alloy fine particles, or a layer made of palladium atoms derived from palladium materials other than palladium alloy fine particles.
- the intermediate layer may be a layer containing both palladium atoms derived from palladium alloy fine particles and palladium atoms derived from a palladium material other than palladium alloy fine particles.
- the specific method is not particularly limited as long as the above-described intermediate layer can be formed on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles.
- a method of electrochemically depositing an intermediate layer made of only single palladium on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles, or at least a metal other than palladium among the metals exposed on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles is selectively used. It is possible to adopt a method of eluting in Moreover, the palladium alloy after using the above two methods in combination to selectively elute metals other than palladium out of at least the metal exposed on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles, and then selectively eluting metals other than palladium. You may employ
- this step is a step of selectively eluting a metal other than palladium among metals exposed at least on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles, and a step of electrochemically depositing an intermediate layer made of only single palladium. The case where it is divided into a total of two steps will be described in detail.
- Step of selectively eluting metal other than palladium This step is a step of selectively eluting metal other than palladium among at least metals exposed on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles.
- this step in order to selectively elute metals other than palladium, it is ideal to completely elute only metals other than palladium without eluting palladium at all.
- the purpose of this process is to completely remove the metal other than palladium exposed on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles, so in fact, even if a minute amount of palladium elutes, the metal other than palladium is removed. What is necessary is just to be able to elute completely.
- a method for eluting the metal exposed on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles include a method of applying a potential to the palladium alloy fine particles and a method of acid-treating the palladium alloy fine particles.
- the method is not limited. Of these methods, in the case of the acid treatment method, metals other than palladium can be selectively eluted by adjusting the pH and temperature.
- PdCu / C palladium-copper fine particles supported on a carbon support using a method of applying a potential
- PdCu / C palladium-copper fine particles supported on a carbon support using a method of applying a potential.
- PdCu / C is immersed in a saturated electrolyte solution of palladium ions.
- a potential at which palladium is difficult to dissolve and copper is easily dissolved is applied to the entire electrolytic solution. Since the standard electrode potential of copper is 0.337V and the standard electrode potential of palladium is 0.915V, palladium is difficult to dissolve, and the potential for copper to easily dissolve is within the range of 0.8 to 1.2V. Is preferably selected.
- PdCu / C When copper is selectively eluted from the surface of PdCu / C by using an acid treatment method, PdCu / C may be immersed in a strong acid.
- the pH at which copper ionizes and elutes is 4 or less, and the pH at which palladium ionizes and elutes is 1.5 or less. Therefore, it is difficult for palladium to dissolve and copper is easily dissolved. Washing with a strong acid adjusted to ⁇ 4 is preferred.
- the selectivity of the metal to elute can be improved by setting temperature appropriately. The elution easiness varies depending on the particle size of PdCu / C.
- the particle size of PdCu / C is 6 nm, which is a suitable particle size
- room temperature 15 ° C. to 25 ° C.
- the metal other than palladium is selectively eluted from at least the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles, so that the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles consists of only a single layer of palladium. Since the palladium lattice constant of 3.89 ⁇ is close to the platinum lattice constant of 3.92 ⁇ , the palladium alloy fine particles can be sufficiently covered with platinum in the step of coating the outermost layer containing platinum described later. In particular, when the above-described method of applying a potential to the palladium alloy fine particles is used, since it can be performed in a palladium saturated solution, there is an advantage that elution of palladium is minimized and noble metals can be used efficiently. .
- Step of electrochemically depositing an intermediate layer consisting only of single palladium This step was performed at least on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles after selectively eluting metal other than palladium after the elution step. In this step, an intermediate layer made of only single palladium is electrochemically deposited on the site.
- metal atoms other than palladium atoms are eluted from the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles, so that the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles is uneven. Therefore, even if the outermost layer is coated as it is, irregularities remain on the surface of the obtained catalyst fine particles. In particular, since the convex portion is more easily eluted than other portions, the durability of the catalyst fine particles may be reduced. Therefore, in this step, by forming an intermediate layer made of only single palladium on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles, catalyst fine particles having no irregularities on the surface and excellent in durability can be produced.
- PdCu / C is immersed in a saturated electrolyte solution of palladium ions. Subsequently, a potential at which palladium is likely to be deposited is applied to the entire electrolyte solution. Since the standard electrode potential of palladium is 0.915 V, it is deposited at a potential lower than that. It is preferable to select a potential within the range of 0.8 to 1.2 V as a potential at which palladium is likely to precipitate.
- a step of forming a monoatomic layer on the surface of the intermediate layer and a step of replacing the monoatomic layer with an outermost layer containing platinum As a specific example of this step, a single atomic layer is previously formed on the surface of the intermediate layer by an underpotential deposition method. After forming an atomic layer, the method of substituting the said monoatomic layer to the outermost layer containing platinum is mentioned. As the underpotential deposition method, it is preferable to use a Cu-UPD method.
- Pd / PdCu / C palladium-copper fine particles
- the Pd / PdCu / C paste is applied to the working electrode of the electrochemical cell.
- the Pd / PdCu / C paste may be adhered on the working electrode using an electrolyte such as Nafion (trade name) as a binder.
- an electrolyte such as Nafion (trade name) as a binder.
- platinum mesh or glassy carbon can be used as the working electrode.
- the apparatus for performing the Cu-UPD method is roughly divided into a cell 60 in which a copper solution and an electrode are stored, and a potentiostat for performing voltage / current control.
- a working electrode 61, a counter electrode 62, and a reference electrode 63, to which a Pd / PdCu / C paste is applied or adhered, are arranged so as to be sufficiently immersed in the copper solution 64.
- the nitrogen introduction pipe 65 is arranged so as to be immersed in the copper solution 64. Nitrogen is bubbled into the copper solution 64 for a certain time from a nitrogen supply source (not shown) installed outside the cell, and the copper solution is made of nitrogen. Saturated state. A circle 66 indicates a nitrogen bubble.
- a nitrogen supply source not shown
- a circle 66 indicates a nitrogen bubble.
- the working electrode is immediately immersed in a platinum solution, and copper and platinum are replaced by plating using the difference in ionization tendency.
- the displacement plating is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the platinum solution is not particularly limited.
- a platinum solution in which K 2 PtCl 4 is dissolved in 0.1 mol / L HClO 4 can be used.
- the platinum solution is thoroughly stirred and nitrogen is bubbled through the solution.
- the displacement plating time is preferably secured for 90 minutes or more. By passing through this step, the catalyst fine particles according to the present invention are obtained in which the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles is smooth and the fine particles are completely covered with the platinum layer.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the transition of the catalyst fine particle surface in each step of the production method of the present invention.
- White arrows drawn between the rectangles S1 to S5 indicate that the covering state changes from S1 to S5.
- the palladium alloy fine particles, the intermediate layer, and a part of the outermost layer containing platinum are indicated by three or four rows of circles. Each of these circles represents one metal atom. Of these circles, the lower circle is closer to the center of the palladium alloy fine particles, and the upper circle is closer to the outermost layer containing platinum. Note that circles with the same pattern indicate atoms of the same element.
- palladium alloy fine particles are prepared (S1). On the surface 10 of the palladium alloy fine particles, palladium atoms 1 and metal atoms 2 other than palladium are mixed.
- metals other than palladium are selectively eluted out of at least the metal exposed on the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles (S2).
- metal atoms 2 other than palladium are removed at least from the surface of the palladium alloy fine particles.
- an intermediate layer made of only single palladium is electrochemically deposited (S3). As a result of preferential deposition in the concave portion, an intermediate layer 20 made of only single palladium is formed on the surface 10 of the palladium alloy fine particles.
- the monoatomic layer 30 is formed on the surface of the intermediate layer 20 (S4).
- a copper atom layer made of copper atoms 3 formed by a Cu-UPD method can be given.
- the monoatomic layer 30 is replaced with the outermost layer 40 containing platinum atoms 4 to complete the catalyst fine particles according to the present invention (S5).
- the outermost platinum can be more stably present.
- the central particles can be completely covered with the outermost platinum, and the durability and performance of the catalyst fine particles can be improved.
- durability improves. Improvement of the durability of the catalyst fine particles means that the palladium alloy fine particles are more difficult to dissolve. Further, the improvement in the performance of the catalyst fine particles means that the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR: Oxygen Reduction Reaction) activity of the catalyst fine particles is improved.
- the catalyst fine particles may be filtered, washed, dried and pulverized.
- the filtration and washing of the catalyst fine particles are not particularly limited as long as the method can remove impurities without impairing the layer structure of the produced fine particles.
- Examples of the filtration / washing include a method of separating by suction filtration using filter paper (# 42, manufactured by Whatman) using pure water as a solvent.
- the drying of the catalyst fine particles is not particularly limited as long as the method can remove the solvent and the like. Examples of the drying include a vacuum drying method under a temperature condition of 60 to 100 ° C. for 10 to 20 hours.
- the pulverization of the catalyst fine particles is not particularly limited as long as it is a method capable of pulverizing a solid.
- Examples of the pulverization include pulverization using a mortar and the like, and mechanical milling such as a ball mill, a turbo mill, a mechanofusion, and a disk mill.
- Example 1 Preparation of catalyst fine particles [Example 1] First, a palladium-copper alloy supported on a carbon support was prepared. Next, a palladium-copper alloy supported on a carbon support, Nafion (trade name), which is one of electrolytes, and an aqueous ethanol solution were mixed to prepare a palladium-copper alloy paste supported on a carbon support. Subsequently, the apparatus shown in FIG. 4 was prepared. As the working electrode 61 in the cell, a glassy carbon electrode coated with the paste was used. Further, a 0.1 mol / L HClO 4 solution was added in the cell instead of the copper solution 64.
- the working electrode was removed from the cell and immersed in a saturated solution of platinum (II) ions for 5 minutes in a nitrogen or argon atmosphere.
- the copper monoatomic layer was replaced with a platinum monoatomic layer, and the catalyst fine particles of Example 1 were completed.
- a palladium-copper alloy supported on a carbon support was prepared.
- a palladium-copper alloy supported on a carbon support Nafion (trade name), which is one of electrolytes, and an aqueous ethanol solution were mixed to prepare a palladium-copper alloy paste supported on a carbon support.
- the apparatus shown in FIG. 4 was prepared.
- As the working electrode 61 in the cell a glassy carbon electrode coated with the paste was used. Further, a mixed solution of 0.05 mol / L CuSO 4 and 0.05 mol / L H 2 SO 4 was added into the cell.
- Comparative Example 2 A commercially available electrode catalyst for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd., trade name: TEC10E50E) was used as catalyst fine particles of Comparative Example 2.
- the current value of potential 0.9V (vs RHE) is A (A)
- the current value (limit current) of 0.1 to 0.2 V (vs RHE) is B (A)
- glassy If the platinum mass on the carbon electrode is D (g), the platinum mass activity C (A / g-Pt) can be expressed by the following formula (1).
- C ⁇ (A ⁇ B) / (BA) ⁇ / D Formula (1)
- FIG. 2 is a part of a cyclic voltammogram showing the electrochemical measurement results for the catalyst fine particles of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- Table 1 summarizes the platinum mass activity of the catalyst fine particles of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- the catalyst fine particles of Comparative Example 1 have a platinum mass activity three times higher than the catalyst fine particles of Comparative Example 2. This is because the catalyst fine particles of Comparative Example 1 have palladium fine particles as the central particles, so that less platinum is used compared to conventional platinum-supported carbon, and the activity per unit mass of platinum is high. Because. Another reason is that the specific activity of platinum in the outermost layer is improved by the interaction between platinum and palladium. From Table 1 above, it can be seen that compared to the catalyst fine particles of Comparative Example 1, the catalyst fine particles of Example 1 are 4 times higher in platinum mass activity. This indicates that the activity is further increased by the presence of an intermediate layer composed of only simple palladium. The reason is that the intermediate layer contributes to an improvement in the coverage of the platinum outermost layer with respect to the center particle, and the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) is improved, resulting in an increase in active sites on the surface of the catalyst fine particles. is there.
- ECSA electrochemical surface area
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Abstract
Description
白金及び白金合金は、白金の高い触媒性能のため、燃料電池のカソード及びアノードにおける電極触媒として好んで使用されている。しかし、燃料電池を商品化するにあたって、従来の白金触媒を用いたカソードにおける酸素還元反応速度の遅さ、及び、白金の高いコストが、重大な障害となっていた。このような課題を解決することを目的とした触媒として、特許文献1には、白金原子の原子的薄層によって被覆されたパラジウム又はパラジウム合金を含む粒子複合材が開示されている。
Cu-UPD法に特有の問題として、白金等の最外層による被覆が不十分なため、触媒微粒子表面に中心粒子の一部が露出し、触媒活性が低下する問題がある。これは、最外層を形成する金属材料の格子定数よりも、中心粒子を形成する金属材料の格子定数が著しく小さいため、中心粒子の表面において、最外層を形成する金属原子が不安定になること、すなわち格子不整合が生じることが主な原因の1つである。例えば、パラジウム-銅合金からなる中心粒子と、白金からなる最外層から構成される触媒微粒子の場合には、中心粒子の表面上において銅が高い割合で存在する領域において、白金からなる最外層による被覆が十分ではないことが、実験結果により分かっている。このような、原子的薄層により被覆された触媒微粒子特有の問題に対しては、引用文献1には、何ら解決策が示されていない。
本発明は、上記実状を鑑みて成し遂げられたものであり、触媒活性が高い触媒微粒子、及び触媒微粒子の製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
また、本発明の製造方法により、本発明に係る触媒微粒子が製造できる。さらに、本発明の製造方法において、パラジウム合金微粒子表面に単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を形成することにより、白金を含む最外層を中心粒子に高い被覆率で被覆することができる。
本発明の触媒微粒子は、パラジウム合金を含む中心粒子と、白金を含む最外層を備える触媒微粒子であって、前記中心粒子と前記最外層との間に、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を備えることを特徴とする。
本発明の触媒微粒子は、上述するように、パラジウム合金を含む中心粒子に、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層が被覆され、さらに白金を含む最外層によって覆われた構成をとる。
単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層の格子定数(3.89Å)は、パラジウム合金の格子定数と比較して、白金の格子定数(3.92Å)により近い。したがって、本発明の触媒微粒子においては、最外層の白金原子がより安定に存在することができる。
これに対し、後述する実施例において示すように、パラジウム-銅合金からなる中心粒子に、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層が被覆し、さらに白金が被覆した触媒微粒子(実施例1)は、従来のカーボン担持白金触媒(比較例2)と比較して12倍の活性を示した。
本発明に係る触媒微粒子は、数原子層の厚みしか最外層を備えていないため、下地である中心粒子がむき出しになりやすい。例えば、中心粒子が、銅、コバルト又は鉄等の3d遷移金属元素、及びパラジウムを含有するパラジウム合金微粒子である場合、中心粒子が溶出すると、触媒微粒子の耐久性、性能共に大幅に低下することが分かっている。特に、鉄イオンはppmオーダーの濃度でもフェントン反応を促進し、燃料電池内の電解質膜やアイオノマーを劣化させることが実証されている。パラジウム中間層は、これら3d遷移金属元素の溶出を防ぐ働きを有する。
ここで、中間層における中心粒子のエッジ部に位置する部分とは、中間層のうち、中心粒子のエッジ部を被覆している部分をいう。図3は、切頂八面体形のパラジウム粒子又はパラジウム合金粒子を示した斜視模式図である。パラジウム粒子及びパラジウム合金粒子は、通常、複数の原子からなる切頂八面体50を形成する。中心粒子のエッジ部とは、切頂八面体50の辺5及び頂点6を指す。
ここで、凹凸を実質的に有さない状態とは、中心粒子表面のエッジ部に位置する部分以外の中間層のほぼ全てが平滑である状態、又は、中間層に無視しうる程度の微小な凹凸しか存在していない状態のいずれかの状態をいう。
中間層が、中心粒子のエッジ部に位置する部分を除き平滑な層であるか否かは、種々の方法により確認することができる。例えば、TEMによって中間層の数か所を観察し、観察されたすべての部分において凹凸が無い場合に、中間層が平滑であることを決定することができる。
その他、中間層が平滑か否かを判断する方法の例としては、金属粒子表面にCOを吸着させ、吸着したCO量を測定することで表面積を評価し、当該評価結果と、凹凸が無いとして計算した幾何面積とを比較する方法が挙げられる。
具体的には、パラジウム合金は、銅、コバルト、鉄、ニッケル、銀及びマンガンからなる群から選ばれる金属材料、並びにパラジウムを含む合金であることが好ましい。
仮に、中心粒子に対する最外層の被覆率が、0.8未満であるとすると、電気化学反応において中心粒子が溶出してしまい、その結果、触媒微粒子が劣化してしまうおそれがある。中心粒子に対する最外層の被覆率が、0.9~1であることがより好ましく、0.97~1であることがさらに好ましい。
X線光電子分光(XPS:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy)や、飛行時間型二次イオン質量分析装置(TOF-SIMS:Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry)等を用いて、触媒微粒子の最表面に存在する成分を調べることによって、中心粒子に対する最外層の被覆率を算出することもできる。
本発明における粒子の平均粒径は、常法により算出される。粒子の平均粒径の算出方法の例は以下の通りである。まず、400,000倍又は1,000,000倍のTEM(透過型電子顕微鏡)画像において、ある1つの粒子について、当該粒子を球状と見なした際の粒径を算出する。このようなTEM観察による平均粒径の算出を、同じ種類の200~300個の粒子について行い、これらの粒子の平均を平均粒径とする。
担体として使用できる導電性材料の具体例としては、ケッチェンブラック(商品名:ケッチェン・ブラック・インターナショナル株式会社製)、バルカン(商品名:Cabot社製)、ノーリット(商品名:Norit社製)、ブラックパール(商品名:Cabot社製)、アセチレンブラック(商品名:Chevron社製)等の炭素粒子や、炭素繊維等の導電性炭素材料が挙げられる。
本発明の触媒微粒子の製造方法は、パラジウム合金を含む中心粒子と、白金を含む最外層を備える触媒微粒子の製造方法であって、パラジウム合金微粒子を準備する工程、前記パラジウム合金微粒子表面に単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を形成する工程、前記中間層の表面に単原子層を形成する工程、及び、前記単原子層を、白金を含む前記最外層に置換する工程を有することを特徴とする。
そこで、本発明の製造方法は、パラジウム合金を含む中心粒子の表面に、最外層に含まれる白金と格子定数が近い単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を凹凸なく形成することを目的とする。本発明により、白金よりも卑な金属であるパラジウム合金を含有する中心粒子を用いた場合においても、耐久性や性能に優れる触媒微粒子を提供することができる。
以下、上記工程(1)~(4)並びにその他の工程について、順に説明する。
本工程において準備するパラジウム合金微粒子は、市販のものであってもよいし、パラジウムを含む材料と他の金属材料を原料として調製したものであってもよい。また、市販のパラジウム合金微粒子を適宜調製したものを、本発明に用いてもよい。
パラジウム合金微粒子は、パラジウムと、パラジウムよりも標準電極電位の低い金属材料を含む合金微粒子であることが好ましい。具体的には、上述した中心粒子の説明において例示した金属材料を含む合金微粒子であることが好ましい。
パラジウム合金微粒子は、担体に担持されていてもよい。担体の具体例は、上述した通りである。
本工程は、パラジウム合金微粒子表面に単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を形成する工程である。
本工程で形成する中間層は、パラジウム合金微粒子由来のパラジウム原子からなる層であってもよいし、パラジウム合金微粒子以外のパラジウム材料由来のパラジウム原子からなる層であってもよい。また、当該中間層は、パラジウム合金微粒子由来のパラジウム原子と、パラジウム合金微粒子以外のパラジウム材料由来のパラジウム原子をいずれも含む層であってもよい。
本工程においては、例えば、パラジウム合金微粒子表面に、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を電気化学的に堆積させる方法や、少なくともパラジウム合金微粒子表面に露出した金属のうち、パラジウム以外の金属を選択的に溶出させる方法等を採用することができる。また、上記2つの方法を併用し、少なくともパラジウム合金微粒子表面に露出した金属のうち、パラジウム以外の金属を選択的に溶出させ、その後、パラジウム以外の金属を選択的に溶出させた後のパラジウム合金微粒子表面のうち、少なくとも当該溶出した部位に、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を電気化学的に堆積させる方法を採用してもよい。
本工程は、少なくともパラジウム合金微粒子表面に露出した金属のうち、パラジウム以外の金属を選択的に溶出させる工程である。
本工程において、パラジウム以外の金属を選択的に溶出させるためには、パラジウムを全く溶出させず、パラジウム以外の金属のみを完全に溶出させることが理想である。しかし、本工程はあくまで、パラジウム合金微粒子表面に露出したパラジウム以外の金属を完全に除去することが目的であるので、実際には、パラジウムが微小量溶出してしまっても、パラジウム以外の金属を完全に溶出させることができればよい。
まず、PdCu/Cを、パラジウムイオンの飽和電解液内に浸す。続いて、電解液全体に、パラジウムが溶解し難く、銅が溶解しやすい電位をかける。銅の標準電極電位が0.337V、パラジウムの標準電極電位が0.915Vであるので、パラジウムが溶解し難く、銅が溶解しやすい電位としては、0.8~1.2Vの範囲内の電位を選択することが好ましい。
また、温度を適宜設定することによって、溶出する金属の選択性を高めることができる。PdCu/Cの粒径によって溶出し易さも異なるが、例えば、PdCu/Cの粒径が好適な粒径である6nmの場合、80℃の温度条件下においては、室温(15℃~25℃)条件下の場合と比較して、パラジウムの溶出量は約6倍である。したがって、PdCu/Cの表面から銅を選択的に溶出させる場合には、pH=3~4に調整した酸を使用して、温度を上げずに、好ましくは冷却しながら銅を溶出させることが適している。
本工程は、上記溶出工程の後、パラジウム以外の金属を選択的に溶出させた後のパラジウム合金微粒子表面のうち、少なくとも当該溶出した部位に、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を電気化学的に堆積させる工程である。
したがって、本工程において、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層をパラジウム合金微粒子の表面に形成することにより、表面に凹凸がなく、耐久性に優れた触媒微粒子が製造できる。
まず、PdCu/Cを、パラジウムイオンの飽和電解液内に浸す。続いて、電解液全体に、パラジウムが析出しやすい電位をかける。パラジウムの標準電極電位は0.915Vであるので、それ以下の電位では析出する。パラジウムが析出しやすい電位として、0.8~1.2Vの範囲内の電位を選択することが好ましい。
なお、パラジウムが析出する際には、パラジウム合金微粒子の凹部分に優先的に析出する。これは、パラジウム合金微粒子の凸部分に析出するより、凹部分を埋める様に析出する方が、表面エネルギー的に安定であるという理由による。したがって、本工程を経ることによって、中心粒子表面に、平滑なパラジウム単一層が形成される。
本工程の具体例としては、アンダーポテンシャル析出法によって予め中間層の表面に単原子層を形成した後、当該単原子層を、白金を含む最外層に置換する方法が挙げられる。アンダーポテンシャル析出法としては、Cu-UPD法を用いることが好ましい。
まず、カーボン担体に担持され、表面がパラジウムのみからなる中間層で被覆されたパラジウム-銅微粒子(以下、Pd/PdCu/Cと称する場合がある。)粉末を水に分散させ、ろ過して得たPd/PdCu/Cペーストを電気化学セルの作用極に塗工する。なお、Pd/PdCu/Cペーストは、ナフィオン(商品名)等の電解質をバインダーにして、作用極上に接着してもよい。当該作用極としては、白金メッシュや、グラッシーカーボンを用いることができる。
次に、電気化学セルに銅溶液を加え、当該銅溶液中に上記作用極、参照極及び対極を浸し、Cu-UPD法により、Pd/PdCu/Cの表面に銅の単原子層を析出させる。
図4に示すように、Cu-UPD法を行う装置は、大別して銅溶液及び電極が格納されたセル60と、電圧・電流制御を行うポテンショスタットとに分かれる。セル60内には、Pd/PdCu/Cペーストが塗工又は接着された作用極61、対極62、参照極63が銅溶液64に十分に浸かるように配置されており、これら3つの電極は、ポテンショスタットと電気的に接続されている。また、窒素導入管65が銅溶液64に浸かるように配置されており、セル外部に設置された窒素供給源(図示せず)から一定時間窒素が銅溶液64にバブリングされ、銅溶液が窒素で飽和されている状態とする。円66は窒素の気泡を示す。
Cu-UPD法の具体的な条件の一例を下記に示す。
・銅溶液:0.05mol/L CuSO4と0.05mol/L H2SO4の混合溶液(窒素をバブリングさせる)
・雰囲気:窒素雰囲気下
・掃引速度:0.2~0.01mV/秒
・電位:0.8V(vsRHE)から0.4V(vsRHE)まで掃引した後、約0.4V(vsRHE)で電位を固定する。
・電位固定時間:1秒間~10分間
本工程を経ることによって、パラジウム合金微粒子の表面が平滑であり、且つ、当該微粒子が完全に白金層で被覆された、本発明に係る触媒微粒子が得られる。
次に、少なくともパラジウム合金微粒子表面に露出した金属のうち、パラジウム以外の金属を選択的に溶出させる(S2)。本工程において、少なくともパラジウム合金微粒子表面からはパラジウム以外の金属原子2は除去される。しかし、この状態のままでは、パラジウム粒子表面の凹凸が多く、微小な凸部が数多く生じるため、パラジウムが溶出しやすくなるおそれがある。
したがって、次の工程において、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を電気化学的に堆積させる(S3)。凹部分に優先的に析出する結果、パラジウム合金微粒子の表面10に、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層20が形成される。
最後に、単原子層30を、白金原子4を含む最外層40に置換し、本発明に係る触媒微粒子が完成する(S5)。
白金を含む最外層を形成した後は、触媒微粒子のろ過・洗浄、乾燥及び粉砕を行ってもよい。
触媒微粒子のろ過・洗浄は、製造された微粒子の層構造を損なうことなく、不純物を除去できる方法であれば特に限定されない。当該ろ過・洗浄の例としては、純水を溶媒にして、ろ紙(Whatman社製、#42)等を用いて吸引ろ過して分離する方法が挙げられる。
触媒微粒子の乾燥は、溶媒等を除去できる方法であれば特に限定されない。当該乾燥の例としては、60~100℃の温度条件下、10~20時間真空乾燥する方法が挙げられる。
触媒微粒子の粉砕は、固形物を粉砕できる方法であれば特に限定されない。当該粉砕の例としては、乳鉢等を用いた粉砕や、ボールミル、ターボミル、メカノフュージョン、ディスクミル等のメカニカルミリングが挙げられる。
[実施例1]
まず、カーボン担体に担持されたパラジウム-銅合金を準備した。次に、カーボン担体に担持されたパラジウム-銅合金、電解質の1種であるナフィオン(商品名)、及びエタノール水溶液を混合し、カーボン担体に担持されたパラジウム-銅合金ペーストを調製した。続いて、図4に示した装置を用意した。セル中の作用極61としては、上記ペーストが塗工されたグラッシーカーボン電極を使用した。またセル中には、銅溶液64の代わりに、0.1mol/L HClO4溶液を加えた。
まず、窒素又はアルゴン雰囲気下、電位0.05V~1.2V(vs RHE)の範囲で、掃引速度1mV/secにて電位サイクルを40回かけた。このことにより、作用極上のパラジウム-銅合金粒子の表面の銅を溶解させた。
次に、0.1mol/L HClO4溶液を、パラジウム飽和0.5mol/L硫酸溶液に交換した。窒素又はアルゴン雰囲気下、電位0.8V(vs RHE)から0.5Vまで掃引速度0.1mV/secにて掃引した後、約0.5V(vs RHE)で電位を固定した。このことにより、作用極上のパラジウム-銅合金粒子の表面にパラジウムを析出させ、パラジウムのみからなる中間層を形成させた。
続いて、パラジウム飽和0.5mol/L硫酸溶液を、0.05mol/L CuSO4と0.05mol/L H2SO4の混合溶液に交換した。窒素又はアルゴン雰囲気下、電位0.8V(vs RHE)から0.4Vまで掃引速度0.1mV/secにて掃引した後、約0.4V(vs RHE)で電位を固定した。このことにより、パラジウムのみからなる中間層の表面に銅単原子層を析出させた。
最後に、セルから作用極を取り出し、窒素又はアルゴン雰囲気下、白金(II)イオンの飽和溶液に5分間浸漬させた。このことにより、銅単原子層を白金単原子層に置換し、実施例1の触媒微粒子が完成した。
まず、カーボン担体に担持されたパラジウム-銅合金を準備した。次に、カーボン担体に担持されたパラジウム-銅合金、電解質の1種であるナフィオン(商品名)、及びエタノール水溶液を混合し、カーボン担体に担持されたパラジウム-銅合金ペーストを調製した。次に、図4に示した装置を用意した。セル中の作用極61としては、上記ペーストが塗工されたグラッシーカーボン電極を使用した。またセル中には、0.05mol/L CuSO4と0.05mol/L H2SO4の混合溶液を加えた。窒素又はアルゴン雰囲気下、電位0.8V(vs RHE)から0.4Vまで掃引速度0.1mV/secにて掃引した後、約0.4V(vs RHE)で電位を固定した。このことにより、パラジウム-銅合金粒子の表面に銅単原子層を析出させた。
最後に、セルから作用極を取り出し、窒素又はアルゴン雰囲気下、白金(II)イオンの飽和溶液に5分間浸漬させた。このことにより、銅単原子層を白金単原子層に置換し、比較例1の触媒微粒子が完成した。
市販品の固体高分子形燃料電池用電極触媒(田中貴金属工業株式会社製、商品名:TEC10E50E)を、比較例2の触媒微粒子とした。
以下の方法により、実施例1、並びに比較例1及び比較例2の触媒微粒子について電気化学測定を行い、白金質量活性を算出した。
まず、上記実施例1、又は、比較例1若しくは比較例2の触媒微粒子と、電解質の1種であるナフィオン(商品名)、及びエタノール水溶液を混合しペーストを調製した。次に、図4に示した装置を用意した。セル中の作用極61としては、上記ペーストが塗工されたグラッシーカーボン電極を使用した。またセル中には、銅溶液64の代わりに、0.1mol/L HClO4溶液を加えた。
電気化学測定は以下の(i)及び(ii)の条件で行った。(i)酸素雰囲気下、電位1.05V(vs RHE)から0.1V(vs RHE)まで、掃引速度10mV/secにて掃引した。(ii)電位が0.1V(vs RHE)となった後、電位1.05V(vs RHE)まで掃引速度10mV/secにて掃引し、電位を戻した。
上記(ii)の場合における、電位0.9V(vs RHE)の電流値をA(A)、0.1~0.2V(vs RHE)の電流値(限界電流)をB(A)、グラッシーカーボン電極上の白金質量をD(g)とすると、白金質量活性C(A/g-Pt)は、以下の式(1)で表すことができる。
C={(A×B)/(B-A)}/D 式(1)
上記表1より、比較例1の触媒微粒子と比べると、実施例1の触媒微粒子は白金質量活性がさらに4倍高いことが分かる。これは、単体パラジウムのみからなる中間層が存在することにより、活性がさらに高くなることを示す。その理由としては、当該中間層が、中心粒子に対する白金最外層の被覆率向上に寄与し、電気化学的表面積(ECSA:Elecrtrochemical Surface Area)が向上した結果、触媒微粒子表面の活性サイトが増えたためである。
2 パラジウム以外の金属原子
3 銅原子
4 白金原子
5 切頂八面体の辺
6 切頂八面体の頂点
10 パラジウム合金微粒子の表面
20 単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層
30 単原子層
40 最外層
50 切頂八面体
60 CVセル
61 作用極
62 対極
63 参照極
64 銅溶液
65 窒素導入管
66 窒素の気泡
Claims (13)
- パラジウム合金を含む中心粒子と、白金を含む最外層を備える触媒微粒子であって、
前記中心粒子と前記最外層との間に、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を備えることを特徴とする、触媒微粒子。 - 前記中間層が、前記中心粒子のエッジ部に位置する部分を除き、凹凸を実質的に有さない層である、請求の範囲第1項に記載の触媒微粒子。
- 前記パラジウム合金が、パラジウムと、パラジウムよりも標準電極電位の低い金属材料を含む合金である、請求の範囲第1項又は第2項に記載の触媒微粒子。
- 前記パラジウム合金が、銅、コバルト、鉄、ニッケル、銀及びマンガンからなる群から選ばれる金属材料、並びにパラジウムを含む合金である、請求の範囲第1項又は第2項に記載の触媒微粒子。
- 前記中間層の厚さが0.2~1.4nmである、請求の範囲第1項乃至第4項のいずれか一項に記載の触媒微粒子。
- 担体に担持されている、請求の範囲第1項乃至第5項のいずれか一項に記載の触媒微粒子。
- パラジウム合金を含む中心粒子と、白金を含む最外層を備える触媒微粒子の製造方法であって、
パラジウム合金微粒子を準備する工程、
前記パラジウム合金微粒子表面に単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を形成する工程、
前記中間層の表面に単原子層を形成する工程、及び、
前記単原子層を、白金を含む前記最外層に置換する工程を有することを特徴とする、触媒微粒子の製造方法。 - 前記パラジウム合金微粒子が、パラジウムと、パラジウムよりも標準電極電位の低い金属材料を含む合金微粒子である、請求の範囲第7項に記載の触媒微粒子の製造方法。
- 前記パラジウム合金微粒子が、銅、コバルト、鉄、ニッケル、銀及びマンガンからなる群から選ばれる金属材料、並びにパラジウムを含む合金微粒子である、請求の範囲第7項に記載の触媒微粒子の製造方法。
- 前記中間層を形成する工程は、前記パラジウム合金微粒子表面に、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を電気化学的に堆積させる工程である、請求の範囲第7項乃至第9項のいずれか一項に記載の触媒微粒子の製造方法。
- 前記中間層を形成する工程は、少なくとも前記パラジウム合金微粒子表面に露出した金属のうち、パラジウム以外の金属を選択的に溶出させる工程である、請求の範囲第7項乃至第9項のいずれか一項に記載の触媒微粒子の製造方法。
- 前記中間層を形成する工程は、
少なくとも前記パラジウム合金微粒子表面に露出した金属のうち、パラジウム以外の金属を選択的に溶出させる工程、及び、
パラジウム以外の金属を選択的に溶出させた後の前記パラジウム合金微粒子表面のうち、少なくとも当該溶出した部位に、単体のパラジウムのみからなる中間層を電気化学的に堆積させる工程、
を有する、請求の範囲第7項乃至第9項のいずれか一項に記載の触媒微粒子の製造方法。 - 前記パラジウム合金微粒子が担体に担持されている、請求の範囲第7項乃至第12項のいずれか一項に記載の触媒微粒子の製造方法。
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CN109461945B (zh) * | 2018-10-15 | 2021-11-12 | 南京博星科技有限公司 | 一种燃料电池用碳载核壳致密型铜铁-铜-铂催化剂 |
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- 2010-07-21 CN CN2010800536112A patent/CN103079696A/zh active Pending
- 2010-07-21 KR KR1020127013430A patent/KR101411432B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20120112415A (ko) | 2012-10-11 |
EP2596863A1 (en) | 2013-05-29 |
CN103079696A (zh) | 2013-05-01 |
CA2776367C (en) | 2013-12-17 |
KR101411432B1 (ko) | 2014-06-24 |
EP2596863A4 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
CA2776367A1 (en) | 2012-01-26 |
JP5510462B2 (ja) | 2014-06-04 |
JPWO2012011170A1 (ja) | 2013-09-09 |
US20120208105A1 (en) | 2012-08-16 |
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