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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P17/00—Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se or Te as ring hetero atoms
  • C12P17/02—Oxygen as only ring hetero atoms
  • C12P17/04—Oxygen as only ring hetero atoms containing a five-membered hetero ring, e.g. griseofulvin, vitamin C
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D307/87—Benzo [c] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [c] furans
  • C07D307/88—Benzo [c] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [c] furans with one oxygen atom directly attached in position 1 or 3
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P7/62—Carboxylic acid esters

Definitions

• the present application relates to processes for preparing (3aS,7aR)- hexahydroisobenzofuran-1 (3H)-one 1 , an intermediate in the synthesis of
• a prior synthetic process utilizes pig liver esterase. It would be desirable to replace the pig liver esterase in this process with a non-mammalian derived enzyme. Furthermore, the (1 R,2S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)cyclohexane carboxylic acid 4 obtained from this pig liver esterase biological resolution has only 80% e.e. which means that a salt upgrade is required to produce material of >98% e.e. An alternative enzyme that would deliver a higher e.e. product, thus eliminating the need for a salt upgrade step in the process, would be simpler and lower the production costs. Furthermore, the use of an immobilized enzyme would facilitate the recycling of biocatalyst.
• An aspect of the present application provides processes for the synthesis of (3aS,7aR)-hexahydroisobenzofuran-1 -(3H)-one of 1.
• the present application provides processes for preparing (1 S,2R)-2-(methoxycarbonyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 3, an intermediate in the preparation of 1.
• Fig. 1 is a listing of the sequences for three enzymes, identified as
• An aspect of the present application provides processes for the synthesis of (1 S,2R)-2-(methoxycarbonyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 3, comprising enzymatic hydrolysis of dimethyl cyclohexane-1 ,2-dicarboxylate 2.
• An aspect of the present application provides processes wherein an enzymatic hydrolysis uses an immobilized enzyme formulation.
• An aspect of the present application provides processes using an immobilized enzyme formulation having a matrix that is cross-linked by, for example, treatment with glutaraldehyde.
• aspects of the present application provide processes wherein an enzymatic hydrolysis uses an enzyme such as, but not limited to, any of the lipases
• Chirotech Esterase K or Chirotech Esterase N (their sequence listings, as well as the listing for a useful native CAL-B enzyme, being shown in Fig. 1 ), NovozymTM 435, NZL-107 LYO, and 42044 from Novozymes A/S, ICR-1 10 CALB from
• Embodiments of the present application provide processes wherein an enzymatic hydrolysis uses NovozymTM 435 enzyme.
• Embodiments of the present application provide processes wherein a substrate concentration is about 10-200 g/L.
• Embodiments of the present application provide processes wherein a substrate concentration is at least about 75 g/L.
• Embodiments of the present application provide processes wherein enzyme loading is about 1 % to about 20%, with respect to the weight of substrate.
• Embodiments of the present application provide processes wherein enzyme loading is less than about 10%, with respect to the weight of substrate.
• Embodiments of the present application provide processes wherein enzymatic hydrolysis temperatures are in the range of about 10°C to about 50°C.
• Embodiments of the present application provide processes wherein enzymatic hydrolysis temperature is about 40°C. Embodiments of the present application provide processes wherein an enzymatic hydrolysis pH is in the range of about 6 to about 9.
• Embodiments of the present application provide processes wherein an enzymatic hydrolysis pH is in the range of about 7 to about 8.
• An aspect of the present application provides processes wherein a hydrolysis enzyme is added directly to a reaction vessel, recovered by filtration after the biological resolution is complete, then is washed with fresh buffer and added to a fresh batch of substrate/buffer.
• a fresh buffer is a phosphate buffer.
• An aspect of the present application provides processes wherein a hydrolysis enzyme is contained within a column reactor, a biological resolution batch is continuously circulated through the column, after the biological resolution is complete the column is washed with fresh buffer, and the next batch of substrate/buffer can be circulated through the column.
• a fresh buffer is a phosphate buffer.
• An aspect of the present application provides processes wherein reductive cydization of (1 S,2R)-2-(methoxycarbonyl) cydohexanecarboxylic acid (3) utilizes a Ci-C 6 alkyl chloroformate, followed by reduction with a boron hydride.
• An aspect of the present application provides processes wherein a C1-C6 alkylchloroformate is ethyl chloroformate.
• An aspect of the present application provides processes wherein a boron hydride is sodium borohydride.
• the enzyme NovozymTM 435 is used herein to exemplify enzyme hydrolysis processes.
• This product is an immobilized granulate Candida antarctica lipase B having a macroporous acrylic resin polymeric matrix.
• Novozym 435 is not mammalian-derived and can yield products with e.e. of 98%, thus eliminating the need for a salt upgrade step in the process. This enzyme source has been recycled at least eight times, in experiments.
• (3aS,7aR)-hexahydroisobenzofuran-1 - (3H)-one (1 ) is prepared by initial treatment of (1 S,2R)-2-(methoxycarbonyl) cydohexanecarboxylic acid (3) with ethyl chloroformate, to yield the intermediate mixed anhydride, and a subsequent reduction with sodium borohydride yields the corresponding hydroxy ester, which cyclizes in situ to produce the desired c/s- lactone product.
• NovozymTM 435 catalyzed biological resolution of dimethyl cyclohexane- 1 ,2-dicarboxylate (2) produces (1 S,2R)- rather than (1 R,2S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
• reduction of the acid moiety, rather than the ester moiety, in the following synthetic step leads to c/s-lactone with the same stereochemistry as that obtained using pig liver esterase.
• biological resolution yields product of significantly higher e.e. than is known in the art (98% vs. 80%).
• NovozymTM 435 is an immobilized enzyme preparation, which allows the biocatalyst to be recycled.
• a non-mammalian enzyme is amenable to recycling and delivers higher e.e. product. This eliminates the requirement for a salt upgrade to improve product e.e.
• the number of carbon atoms present in a given group is designated “C x -C y ", where x and y are the lower and upper limits, respectively.
• a group designated as “Cr Ce” contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• the carbon number as used in the definitions herein refers to carbon backbone and carbon branching, but does not include carbon atoms of the substituents, such as alkoxy substitutions and the like.
• Alkyl refers to a hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. In the absence of any numerical designation, “alkyl” is a chain, straight or branched, having 1 to 6 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. Examples of CrC 6 alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, and isohexyl.
• C1-C6 alkyl chloroformate refers to a compound of the formula R-O-C(O)- CI, where R is a CrC 6 alkyl group.
• a "boron hydride” is a reducing agent, which will reduce an acid in the presence of an ester. Examples of these include but are not limited to sodium borohydride, zinc borohydride, diborane, BH 3 /THF, and 9-BBN.
• e.e means the enantiomeric excess of a substance, which is defined as the absolute difference between the mole fractions of each enantiomer and expressed as a percentage.
• CeliteTM flux-calcined diatomaceous earth.
• CeliteTM is a registered trademark of World Minerals Inc.
• GC gas chromatography.
• NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
• MTBE is methyl f-butyl ether or 2- methoxy-2-methylpropane.
• NovozymTM NZL-107 LYO is a lipase of fungal origin.
• NovozymTM 435 is an immobilized form of lipase B from Candida antarctica.
• NovozymTM is a registered trademark of Novozymes A/S, Novo Industri A/S Bagsvaerd DK-2880 Denmark.
• PLE is pig liver esterase.
• Chirotech Esterase K 310-903 catalyses the stereoselective hydrolysis of esters, especially carboxylate esters.
• Chirotech Esterase K 310-903 is a recombinant enzyme originally isolated from the fungus Ophiostoma.
• Chirotech Esterase N 310-902 catalyses the stereoselective hydrolysis of esters, especially carboxylate esters, and is a recombinant enzyme originally isolated from the fungus Ophiostoma.
• the mixture was continuously stirred at 40°C and NovozymTM 435 (320 mg) was added. Stirring was continued at 40°C for 43 hours and pH was maintained at 8 by addition of 2M NaOH solution.
• a sample from the reaction was analyzed by GC to confirm that less than 5% of the starting material remained.
• the reaction mixture was filtered to remove the enzyme and the filtrate was extracted with toluene (20 mL) to remove any residual starting material.
• the GC analytical conditions are: Chirasil Dex-CB 25 mxO.25 mm column; helium carrier gas, 20 psi; oven program is 140°C hold for 30 minutes, then
• the precipitated triethylamine hydrochloride salt was removed by filtration and the filtrate was added drop-wise to a suspension of sodium borohydride in 4.6 ml_ of water at 12°C. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred at 20°C for a further 3.5 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to below 10°C, acidified to pH 4 with 2M HCI solution, and extracted with 2x15 ml_ of

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• 2011
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