WO2011105424A1 - 樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激剤 - Google Patents
樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激剤 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a ligand for a dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR), an anti-DCIR antibody, and use thereof.
- DCIR dendritic cell immunoreceptor
- Dendritic cells are major antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and play a central role in the regulation of the immune system. Recently, several C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) have been characterized as expressed on the surface of dendritic cells. Type I CLR family members MMR (CD206) and DEC-205 (CD205) have multiple calcium-dependent extracellular carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) at their N-termini. A second family of CLRs expressed on dendritic cells are type II proteins with a unique CRD at the C-terminus, which are DC-SIGN (CD209), Langerin (CD207), CLEC-1, Dectin-1 ( ⁇ -GR), Dectin-2, DLEC, and DCIR.
- DC-SIGN CD209
- Langerin CD207
- CLEC-1 Dectin-1
- ⁇ -GR Dectin-2
- DLEC DLEC
- DCIR also called LLIR
- LLIR is a type II membrane protein expressed mainly on dendritic cells in humans and mice. This molecule has one sugar chain recognition domain (CRD) in the extracellular domain and a consensus ITIM in the intracellular domain. Since ITIM transmits an inhibitory signal into cells, it was suggested that mouse DCIR acts as an inhibitory receptor and regulates dendritic cell function.
- the inventors of the present invention have previously succeeded in producing a DCIR knockout mouse and reported that DCIR is involved in the development of arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis by studies using the mouse (Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document). 1).
- an object of the present invention is to find a DCIR ligand, search for its stimulant and antagonist, and to apply it.
- KS-II keratan sulfate-II
- DCIR keratan sulfate-II
- KS-II regulates the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts by binding to DCIR, and particularly strongly suppresses osteoclast formation and suppresses inflammation.
- antibodies against DCIR were further prepared and their actions were examined.
- anti-DCIR antibodies not only antibodies having a KS-II inhibitory DCIR antagonistic action, but also KS-II-like antibodies. It has been found that there is an antibody having a DCIR stimulating action.
- the anti-DCIR antibody having a DCIR stimulating action like KS-II has an excellent osteoclast-forming inhibitory action and TNF- ⁇ production inhibitory action, and is used as a prophylactic / therapeutic agent for diseases accompanied by abnormal bone metabolism and inflammatory diseases. It was found useful and the present invention was completed.
- the present invention provides a dendritic cell immune receptor stimulant containing KS-II as an active ingredient.
- the present invention also relates to a dendritic cell immunoreceptor stimulator characterized by measuring the binding of a test substance to a dendritic cell immunoreceptor in the presence of KS-II or using KS-II as a control.
- the present invention provides a screening method for dendritic cell immune receptor antagonists.
- the present invention also provides an antibody against a dendritic cell immunoreceptor having a KS-II-like dendritic cell immunoreceptor stimulating action, and a medicament containing the same. Furthermore, the present invention provides an antibody against a dendritic cell immunoreceptor having a KS-II inhibitory dendritic cell immunoreceptor antagonistic action, and a medicament containing the same.
- the present invention also provides KS-II for use in stimulating dendritic cell immune receptors.
- the present invention also provides the use of KS-II for the production of dendritic cell immune receptor stimulants.
- the present invention also provides an antibody against a dendritic cell immunoreceptor having a stimulating action on a dendritic cell immunoreceptor like KS-II, which is used for preventing or treating a disease accompanied by abnormal bone metabolism or an inflammatory disease. It is to provide.
- the present invention also relates to an antibody against a dendritic cell immunoreceptor having a KS-II-like dendritic cell immunoreceptor stimulating action for producing a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism Is intended to provide the use of
- the present invention also provides an antibody against a dendritic cell immunoreceptor having a KS-II inhibitory dendritic cell immunoreceptor antagonism, which is used for cancer treatment or immunostimulation.
- the present invention also provides use of an antibody against a dendritic cell immunoreceptor having a KS-II inhibitory dendritic cell immune receptor antagonistic activity for the production of an anticancer agent or an immunostimulator. is there.
- the present invention also provides a method for stimulating dendritic cell immune receptors, characterized by administering KS-II.
- the present invention also provides a prophylactic treatment of a disease associated with abnormal bone metabolism or an inflammatory disease, characterized by administering an antibody against a dendritic cell immune receptor having a KS-II-like dendritic cell immune receptor stimulating action.
- a method is provided.
- the present invention also provides a method for preventing or treating cancer or immunostimulating, which comprises administering an antibody having a KS-II inhibitory dendritic cell immunoreceptor antagonistic action.
- KS-II was found to be a DCIR ligand, which has an osteoclast formation inhibitory action and the like, and is useful as a new medicine.
- antibodies having a KS-II-like action have a DCIR stimulating action and are useful as preventive and therapeutic agents for diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism, inflammatory diseases, and the like.
- an antibody having a KS-II inhibitory action has a DCIR antagonistic action and is useful as an anticancer agent, an immunostimulant, and the like.
- FIG. 1 Schematic diagram showing the structure of a mouse Dcir site (wild-type allele), a Dcir targeting construct (targeting vector), and a predicted mutant Dcir gene (mutant allele) in the production of a Dcir ⁇ / ⁇ mouse. Exons are shown as black boxes.
- Neo Neomycin resistance gene
- DT Diphtheria toxin gene
- B BamHI site
- E EcoRI site.
- the black boxes labeled 5'probe and 3'probe in the figure indicate the binding positions of the 5'probe and 3'probe in Southern hybridization, respectively.
- B to (d) Southern blot hybridization analysis results of ES clones.
- MNC TRAP-positive multinucleated cells
- N 6
- c Absorption pit formation analysis. OC was cultured on dentin slices.
- d Quantitative measurement of absorption pit area. Data are representative of 3 or more separate experiments.
- f Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the major transcription factors (Nfatcl and Nfatc2) and OC markers (Acp5 and Cask) that control OC differentiation.
- Anti-GM-CSF antibody (5 ⁇ g / mL) was added to a medium containing M-CSF (10 ng / mL) and RANKL (100 ng / mL).
- KS-I cornea-derived KS-I
- KS-II cartilage-derived KS-II
- CS chondroitin sulfate
- DS dermatan sulfate
- LacNAc non-sulfated LacNAc.
- Data are mean ⁇ s. d. . f. Immunoblot analysis for ITIM phosphorylation and SHP-1 mobilization in pOC lysates after KS-II stimulation.
- Keratan sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan having a basic structure of Gal-GlcNAc in which N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is bound to galactose (Gal).
- Keratan sulfate includes KS-II, which is derived from bone and cartilage and binds to a protein with an O-glycoside bond, and KS-I, which is derived from the cornea and binds to a protein with an N-glycoside bond. Only II can be used.
- KS-I has no effect of the present invention.
- KS-II is known to be involved in inflammation and the like (Patent Document 1), but the relationship with DCIR was not known at all.
- KS-II has various structures depending on the number of Gal-GlcNAc repeats and the number of sulfate residues, and any of them can be used in the present invention. These KS-II may be derived from bone or cartilage, or commercially available.
- KS-II is a ligand of DCIR and exhibits various actions by binding to DCIR. That is, KS-II binds to DCIR, thereby inhibiting osteoblast maturation and bone matrix formation, and promoting osteopontin production. On the other hand, KS-II was also found to strongly suppress osteoclast formation by binding to DCIR. The action is due to inhibition of GM-CSF-dependent osteoclast precursor cell proliferation. KS-I is not a DCIR ligand. Therefore, KS-II is useful as a bone formation regulator, and is useful as a prophylactic / therapeutic agent for various bone diseases such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and osteoarthritis.
- KS-II is a DCIR ligand
- screening for a DCIR stimulant or DCIR antagonist can be performed by measuring the binding of a test substance to DCIR in the presence of KS-II or using KS-II as a control. Is possible. More specifically, if the binding of KS-II and the test substance to DCIR is measured and compared with the binding of KS-II and DCIR, whether the test substance is a DCIR stimulator or antagonist. Can be judged.
- the measurement of the binding property to DCIR may be determined by the action of KS-II, such as osteoclast formation ability, action on TNF- ⁇ production, action on type I IFN production.
- Screening for DCIR stimulators or DCIR antagonists can be performed in vitro or in vivo. In the case of in vivo, it is preferable to determine by the osteoclast-forming ability, the effect on TNF- ⁇ production, and the effect on type I IFN production.
- the anti-DCIR antibody of the present invention includes an anti-DCIR antibody (anti-DCIR agonistic antibody) having a KS-II-like DCIR stimulating action and an anti-DCIR antibody (anti-DCIR antagonist) having a KS-II-inhibiting DCIR antagonistic action. Stick antibody).
- anti-DCIR antibody anti-DCIR agonistic antibody
- anti-DCIR antagonist anti-DCIR antibody
- Stick antibody anti-DCIR antagonist
- those having binding ability to DCIR are preferably equal to or higher than KS-II, and the binding ability is preferably 1.2 times or more, more preferably 2 times or more. Is more preferable, and a value five times higher is more preferable.
- the binding property may be measured directly by the binding property to DCIR, but may be measured using an activity such as osteoclast formation inhibitory activity or TNF- ⁇ production inhibitory activity as an index.
- the antibody having a DCIR stimulating action like KS-II in the present invention has an osteoclast formation inhibitory action and a TNF- ⁇ production inhibitory action, and the action is equivalent to or stronger than that of KS-II. Therefore, the KS-II-like anti-DCIR antibody is useful as a prophylactic / therapeutic agent for diseases accompanied by abnormal bone metabolism such as bone resorbable diseases and inflammatory diseases. Examples of diseases associated with abnormal bone metabolism and inflammatory diseases include osteoporosis, Paget's disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and the like. The effectiveness of a KS-II-like anti-DCIR antibody in these diseases can be confirmed using, for example, a collagen-induced arthritis model.
- antibodies having a KS-II inhibitory DCIR antagonistic activity those having a binding property to DCIR equal to or higher than that of KS-II are preferred, and the binding property is preferably 1.2 times or more, preferably 2 times. The above are more preferable, and those of 5 times or more are more preferable.
- an antibody having a KS-II inhibitory DCIR antagonistic action has a strong osteoclast formation promoting action and a TNF- ⁇ production promoting action. Therefore, the KS-II inhibitory anti-DCIR antibody is useful as an anticancer agent, an immunostimulant, and the like.
- the anti-DCIR antibodies of the present invention include monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, as well as antibody variants and derivatives such as antibodies and T-cell receptor fragments that retain the ability to specifically bind to antigenic determinants.
- the type of the antibody of the present invention is not particularly limited, and for the purpose of reducing mouse antigen, human antibody, rat antibody, rabbit antibody, sheep antibody, camel antibody, avian antibody, etc.
- Artificially modified recombinant antibodies such as chimeric antibodies and humanized antibodies can be used as appropriate.
- the recombinant antibody can be produced using a known method.
- a chimeric antibody is an antibody comprising a non-human mammal, for example, a mouse antibody heavy chain and light chain variable region and a human antibody heavy chain and light chain constant region, and a DNA encoding the murine antibody variable region.
- a humanized antibody is also referred to as a reshaped human antibody, and is obtained by transplanting a complementarity determining region (CDR; complementarity determining region) of a non-human mammal, for example, a mouse antibody, to the complementarity determining region of a human antibody.
- CDR complementarity determining region
- FR framework region
- the obtained DNA is obtained by ligating with DNA encoding a human antibody constant region, then incorporating it into an expression vector, introducing it into a host and producing it (European Patent Application Publication No. EP239400, International Patent Application Publication No. WO96). / 02576).
- a complementarity determining region that forms a favorable antigen binding site is selected.
- the amino acid in the framework region of the variable region of the antibody may be substituted so that the complementarity determining region of the reshaped human antibody forms an appropriate antigen-binding site (Sato, K. et al., Cancer). Res, 1993, 53, 851-856.).
- a method for obtaining a human antibody is also known.
- human lymphocytes are sensitized in vitro with the desired antigen or cells expressing the desired antigen, and the sensitized lymphocytes are fused with human myeloma cells, such as U266, to form a desired human antibody having binding activity to the antigen.
- a desired human antibody can be obtained by immunizing a transgenic animal having all repertoires of human antibody genes with a desired antigen (WO93 / 12227, WO92 / 03918, WO94 / 02602, WO94 / 25585).
- WO96 / 34096, WO96 / 33735 ).
- variable region of a human antibody is expressed as a single chain antibody (scFv) on the surface of the phage by the phage display method, and a phage that binds to the antigen can be selected.
- scFv single chain antibody
- the DNA sequence encoding the variable region of the human antibody that binds to the antigen can be determined. If the DNA sequence of scFv that binds to the antigen is clarified, an appropriate expression vector can be prepared from the sequence to obtain a human antibody.
- these antibodies may be low molecular weight antibodies such as antibody fragments (fragments) or modified antibodies as long as the characteristics are not lost.
- specific examples of the antibody fragment include Fab, Fab ', F (ab') 2, Fv, Diabody, and the like.
- genes encoding these antibody fragments are constructed, introduced into an expression vector, and then expressed in an appropriate host cell (for example, Co, MS et al.). al., J. Immunol. (1994) 152, 2968-2976; Better, M. and Horwitz, A.H., Methods Enzymol. (1989) 178, 476-496; Pluckthun, A. and Skerra, A.,. Methods Enzymol.
- modified antibody an antibody conjugated with various molecules such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) can also be used.
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- Such a modified antibody can be obtained by chemically modifying the obtained antibody. Antibody modification methods have already been established in this field.
- the antibody and antibody fragment of the present invention can be produced by any appropriate method, for example, in vivo, cultured cells, in vitro translation reaction, and recombinant DNA expression system.
- DCIR or a fragment thereof can be used as an immunogen to immunize by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection into any animal (mouse, rabbit, etc.) known to produce antibodies.
- Adjuvants may be used during immunization and such adjuvants are well known in the art.
- Polyclonal antibodies are obtained by isolating antisera containing antibodies from immunized animals and using methods well known in the art such as ELISA assay, Western blot analysis, or radioimmunoassay to detect antibodies with the desired specificity. It can be obtained by screening for the presence.
- Monoclonal antibodies can be obtained by excising spleen cells from an immunized animal and fusing them with myeloma cells to produce hybridoma cells that produce monoclonal antibodies.
- Hybridoma cells producing an antibody that recognizes the protein of interest or a fragment thereof are selected using methods well known in the art such as ELISA assay, Western blot analysis, or radioimmunoassay.
- a hybridoma that secretes the desired antibody is cloned, cultured under appropriate conditions, and the secreted antibody is recovered and purified using methods well known in the art, such as ion exchange columns, affinity chromatography, and the like. be able to.
- a human monoclonal antibody may be produced using a xenomous strain (Green, J. Immunol. Methods 231: 11-23, 1999; Wells, Eek, Chem Biol 2000 Aug; 7 (8): R185-6. See).
- monoclonal antibodies based on phage display without immunization are currently being produced, and the antibodies of the present invention may be produced by any of these methods.
- the pharmaceutical of the present invention can be formulated by mixing, dissolving, granulating, tableting, emulsifying, encapsulating, lyophilizing, etc. with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier well known in the art.
- KS-II or anti-DCIR antibody is used together with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents, excipients, binders, stabilizers, dispersants, etc., as well as tablets, pills, dragees, soft capsules, hard capsules. It can be formulated into dosage forms such as capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, syrups, slurries and the like.
- KS-II or anti-DCIR antibody for parenteral administration, KS-II or anti-DCIR antibody, together with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents, excipients, binders, stabilizers, dispersants, etc., for injection solutions, suspensions, emulsions, It can be formulated into dosage forms such as creams, ointments, inhalants, suppositories and the like.
- the therapeutic agents of the invention can be dissolved in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
- the composition can take the form of a suspension, solution, emulsion, or the like in an oily or aqueous vehicle.
- KS-II or anti-DCIR antibody may be produced in powder form, and an aqueous solution or suspension may be prepared using sterilized water or the like before use.
- KS-II or anti-DCIR antibody can be powdered and made into a powder mixture with a suitable base such as lactose or starch.
- Suppository formulations can be prepared by mixing KS-II or anti-DCIR antibody with a conventional suppository base such as cocoa butter.
- the therapeutic agent of the present invention can be encapsulated in a polymer matrix or the like and formulated as a sustained release preparation.
- the dose of KS-II or anti-DCIR antibody varies depending on the patient's symptoms, administration route, body weight, age, etc., but is preferably 1 ⁇ g to 500 mg per day for adults, for example.
- Dcir Knockout mice Dcir ⁇ / ⁇ mice were generated by conventional gene targeting methods according to the procedure described in Nature Medicine, 2008, vol 14, no 2: 176-180.
- Dcir ⁇ / ⁇ mice were backcrossed with C57BL / 6J (SLC) for 8-9 generations prior to use in experiments.
- the deletion of the Dcir gene in mice was confirmed by genomic Southern blot analysis (FIG. 1e).
- Northern blot hybridization analysis confirmed the absence of Dcir mRNA expression in the spleen (FIG. 1f).
- the mouse bone phenotype was analyzed by the following method.
- Computed tomography The analysis of the thigh and joint by three-dimensional micro CT was performed using R_mCT (manufactured by Rigaku Mechatronics).
- analysis and quantification of the thigh by two-dimensional micro CT were performed using Scan Xmate-A090S (manufactured by Comscan Techno) and TRI / 2D-BON system (manufactured by Ratok System Engineering).
- analysis and quantification by the peripheral bone quantitative CT (PQCT) of the thigh were performed using an XCT Research SA + system (Stratec Meditechnik GmbH).
- Calcein (1.6 mg / kg body weight) was injected subcutaneously twice every 3 days for dynamic histomorphometry analysis. Four days after the first injection, the tibia was subdivided and fixed with 70% ethanol. A non-decalcified frozen section having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m was prepared using Leica CM3050S cryostat (manufactured by Leica Microsystems). Bone mineralization rate and bone formation rate were analyzed using Zeiss Axioskop and Osteoplan II (Carl Zeiss).
- mice The nose-anus length of mice was measured twice a week to generate a growth curve. Newborn mice were fixed with 100% ethanol for 4 days, then transferred to an acetone solution, washed 3 days later with water, 0.1% alizarin red S (manufactured by Sigma) / 1 part by weight of 95% ethanol, 0.3% Al Cyan blue 6GX (manufactured by Sigma) / 70% ethanol 1 part by weight, 100% acetic acid 1 part by weight and ethanol 17 parts by weight were stained for 10 days. After washing with 96% ethanol, the specimens were stored in 20% glycerol / 1% potassium hydroxide at room temperature until skeletal formation was clearly visible, then transferred to 100% glycerol for storage.
- Non-adherent bone marrow cells are seeded in well plates (5 ⁇ 10 5 cells / well in 24 well plates or 3 ⁇ 10 6 cells / well in 6 well plates) and 10% The cells were cultured in ⁇ -MEM (GIBCO) containing FCS (manufactured by Biowest) and 10 ng / mL M-CSF (manufactured by R & D Systems). Two days later, non-adherent cells (including lymphocytes) were washed away, and the remaining adherent cells were used as bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM).
- osteoclast precursor cells were further cultured in the presence of 100 ng / mL soluble RANKL (manufactured by Peprotech or Oriental Yeast) and 10 ng / mL M-CSF to obtain osteoclasts. Three days later, osteoclasts were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 3 minutes and further stored in an ethanol / acetone mixture (50:50 v: v) for 1 minute, followed by TRAP staining solution (Naphthol AS-MX phosphorous).
- Acid salt 5 mg; N, N-dimethylformide 0.5 mL; fast red violet LB salt 30 mg; 50 mM sodium tartrate-containing 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0, 50 mL) at room temperature).
- TRAP positive multinucleated cells MNC; ⁇ 3 nuclei) were counted.
- osteoclasts were generated for 2 days in the presence of 30 ng / mL M-CSF and then treated with 30 ng / mL M-CSF and 150 ng / mL RANKL for an additional 3 days.
- the cells are collected using trypsin, the collected cells are seeded (1 ⁇ 10 5 cells / well in a 96-well plate), and 30 ng / mL M-CSF and 150 ng / mL RANKL are used on the dentin slice. Cultured for 2 days. Samples were sonicated in 1 molar NH 4 OH and stained with hematoxylin. TRAP-negative MNC and the area eroded by the absorption pits were observed and measured using Biorevo BZ-9000 (manufactured by Keyence).
- mouse GM-CSF enzyme immunoassay PerSeptive Biosystems
- recombinant GM-CSF Peprotech
- anti-mouse GM-CSF neutralizing antibody R & D Systems
- pOCs were seeded (1 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well in a 96-well plate), with 10 ng / mL M-CSF alone, or with M-CSF + 100 ng / mL RANKL or 20 ng / mL GM-CSF Cultured for 3 days. Cells were then exposed overnight with [ 3 H] TdR (0.5 ⁇ Ci / mL).
- primary osteoblasts 96-well plates in 2 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well, 24-well plates in 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well, or 6-well plates 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / well
- the cells were cultured until confluent and replaced with a medium supplemented with 10 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate and 50 ⁇ g / mL ascorbic acid.
- the medium was changed 3 times in 21 days.
- the osteoblasts cultured for 21 days were subjected to alizarin red staining, von Kossa staining, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining.
- ALP alkaline phosphatase
- the reaction solution was removed, washed with PBS, dried, and photographed with BIOREVO (KEYENCE). (3) von Kossa staining After the osteoblasts cultured for 21 days were removed with ion-exchanged water, they were fixed with 3.7% formalin solution for 30 minutes. Thereafter, it was washed again with ion-exchanged water and reacted with a 5% silver nitrate solution (nacalai tesque) for 15 minutes under direct sunlight. To stop the reaction, 5% silver nitrate solution was removed, 5% sodium thiosulfate was added, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 2 minutes.
- BIOREVO BIOREVO
- BMC bone marrow cells
- RT-PCR analysis Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR are basically modified with Nature Medicine, 2008, vol 14, no 2: 176-180 and Arthritis Res Ther, 2006, 8, This was carried out according to the method described in R100, 1-13.
- Total RNA was prepared by standard guanidinoacetic acid thiocyanate / phenol chloroform method or by using Sepasol-RNA I Super (Nacalai Tesque). The prepared RNA was reverse-transcribed using SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR (Invitrogen) to prepare cDNA.
- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed using the cDNA prepared above as a template.
- the reaction solution was 20 ⁇ l per sample, 10 ⁇ PCR reaction buffer (Roche) 2 ⁇ l, dNTPs (Roche) 1.6 ⁇ l, primer listed in Table 1 0.4 ⁇ l, Taq DNA polymerase (Roche) 0.2 ⁇ l, template DNA 1 ⁇ l
- an amplification reaction was performed using iCycler (Bio-Rad).
- the reaction solution after PCR was separated by electrophoresis for 30 minutes at a constant voltage of 100 V using a 1.5% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide for 15 minutes (0.05 ⁇ g / mL), and then UV illuminator ( DNA fragments were detected with BAS-III).
- Real-time RT-PCR was performed using the primers shown in Table 1, the SYBR Green qPCR kit (manufactured by Invitrogen), and iCycler (manufactured by Bio-Rad).
- Phospho-p38 MAPK (Thr180 / Tyr182); p38 MAPK; Phospho-p44 / 42 MAPK (Thr202 / Tyr204); p44 / 42 MAPK (137F5); Phospho-SAPK / JNK (Thr183 / Tyr185: 81E11); SAPK / JNK (56G8); Phospho-Akt (Thr3O8; C31E5); Akt (pan) (C67E7); Phospho-NF- ⁇ B p65 (Ser536; 93H1); NF- ⁇ B p65 (C22B4); Phospho-PLC ⁇ 1 (Tyr783); PLC ⁇ 1; Phospho-PLC ⁇ 2 (Tyr759); PLC ⁇ 2; ⁇ -tubulin (Abcam); Phospho-Stat5 (Tyr694) (Cell Signaling Technology); Stat5 (C17) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-Linked Antibody (Cell
- sugar chain and sugar chain binding assay A purified product of bovine articular cartilage-derived keratan sulfate (KS-II) is described in K. Yoshida (RIKEN) and A.I. Obtained from Tawaza (Hydrox Inc.). Other sugar chains (bovine cornea-derived keratan sulfate, whale joint-derived chondroitin sulfate A, pig skin-derived chondroitin sulfate (dermatan sulfate), and N-acetyllactosamine) were purchased from Seikagaku Biobusiness. The sugar chain binding assay was performed according to the method described in J Bio Chem, 2004, 279, 29043-29049.
- KS-II was diluted with 100 mM sodium acetate (pH 5.5) to a concentration of 2 mg / mL, and oxidized with 2 mM sodium metaperiodate for 1 hour on ice to obtain a reactive aldehyde group. After further dilution, KS-II was incubated overnight at 4 ° C. on a Covalent ELISA plate, after which KS-II was reduced with 0.3% sodium borohydride for 1.5 hours at room temperature. Covalently bound by The plate was washed and blocked with 2% bovine serum albumin (fraction V: Sigma) for 2 hours at 37 ° C.
- mDCIR Recombinant mouse DCIR
- mDCIR Recombinant mouse DCIR
- mDCIR was transformed into E. coli using the pGMT7 plasmid.
- mDCIR was incubated overnight at 4 ° C. on blocked plates expressed as inclusion bodies of E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS and refolded by standard dilution methods. Protein binding was detected using anti-DCIR antibody (mixture of 320507 and 320511: R & D Systems) and HRP-conjugated rat IgG (Zymed) in the presence of TMB substrate (Dako).
- WT wild type
- DCIR calcium marrow-derived osteoclasts
- OB primary osteoblasts
- FIG. 4 The expression of DCIR in mouse bone was then measured by PT-PCR.
- DCIR was expressed in bone marrow-derived osteoclasts (OC) and primary osteoblasts (OB), but not in primary chondrocytes (FIG. 4). This result also supports the involvement of Dcir in bone metabolism. Growth curves based on nasal-anal length and bone staining of newborn mice with alizarin blue and alizarin red showed that bone develops normally in Dcir ⁇ / ⁇ mice (FIG. 5). ).
- Osteosclerosis is observed in animals with chondrocyte, OC or OB abnormalities (Genes Dev, 1999, 13, 3037-3051).
- the bones of mice were examined by histomorphometry.
- the thickness of the proliferative layer in the proximal part of the tibial growth plate was not different between WT and KO mice, indicating that chondrocytes are normally formed in KO mice (FIGS. 2c and d).
- the number of TRAP positive OCs and OC surface area in trabecular bone were significantly increased in KO mice (FIGS. 2e, f).
- Nfatcl T cell activated nuclear factor 1
- Nfatc2 T cell activated nuclear factor 2
- OC differentiation from BMC is controlled by a signal transduction pathway activated by RANK and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motivating adapter (ITAM possessing adapter) (Nature, 2004, 428, 758-763), these cells Signal transduction downstream of RANK was investigated.
- RANKL-induced activation of MAPK p38, ERK, JNK
- Akt and NF- ⁇ B all located downstream of TRAF6
- RANKL-induced adapter-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC ⁇ 1 and PLC ⁇ 2 Oxidation was also unchanged in WT and mature OC ( Figure 6g, h).
- Example 3 Identification of DCIR Ligand No ligand for DCIR has been reported so far. Therefore, the present inventors searched for a sugar chain that binds to DCIR using a public glycan array database in order to identify an in vivo DCIR ligand involved in osteoclast formation. As a result, a sugar chain having a sulfated galactose ⁇ 1-4 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (N-acetyllactosamine or LacNAc) structure (FIG. 8a) was identified as a DCIR ligand.
- N-acetyllactosamine or LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
- Sulfated poly-LacNAc is a proteoglycan sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the interior of keratan sulfate (KS) mainly present in the cornea (N-linked KS-I) and articular cartilage (O-linked KS-II). ) A molecule that exists as a side chain. Therefore, when KS expression in mouse joints and bone marrow cells (BMC) was examined, it was confirmed that KS was expressed in these regions.
- GAG proteoglycan sulfated glycosaminoglycan
- OC differentiation was not affected by corneal KS-I, non-sulfated LacNAc, or other sulfated glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) or dermatan sulfate (DS) (FIG. 8e).
- CS chondroitin sulfate
- DS dermatan sulfate
- ITIM immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory activity
- KS-II is a DCIR-specific ligand and is involved in the inhibition of osteoclast formation through DCIR activation.
- Example 4 Role of Dcir in Osteoblast (OB) Formation The role of Dcir in osteoblast (OB) formation was investigated. Primary parietal OB proliferation was similar in both WT and Dcir ⁇ / ⁇ mice (FIG. 9). In OBs derived from calvarial bone, Dcir was expressed after induction of osteogenic differentiation by ⁇ -glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid, and its expression continued throughout the mineralization process (FIG. 10a). In Dcir ⁇ / ⁇ OB, calcium (FIG. 10b), calcium phosphate addition (FIG. 10c) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression (FIG. 10d) were enhanced in the early stage of culture (day 14).
- Example 5 Production of Anti-DCIR Antibody (1) Production of DCIR-expressing cells An expression vector containing a Dcir gene is obtained by amplifying nucleotides 137 to 989 of a sequence containing a Dcir gene (NM_011999) by the PCR method, and a pcDNA3.1 + vector. 293T cells and COS7 cells were transduced using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). After about 48 hours, the cells were collected and stored frozen. (2) Confirmation of DCIR expression The transient expression cells prepared in (1) were subjected to Western blot using an anti-DCIR antibody for DCIR-expressing cells and their wild strains, and the vicinity of 35 kDa predicted specifically for DCIR-expressing cells.
- Hybridomas were subjected to primary screening using Cell ELISA / flow cytometry (FCM).
- Cell ELISA Frozen stock cells (transfectants) were put to sleep, suspended in 0.5% BSA / 2 mM EDTA / PBS, and dispensed at 100 ⁇ L / well onto a plate for Cell ELISA (NUNC 249570 96V NW PS). . 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells were used per 96-well plate. After centrifugation at 2000 rpm and 4 ° C. for 2 minutes, the supernatant was discarded, and 50 ⁇ L / well of the culture supernatant collected in (4) was added and reacted at room temperature for 30 minutes.
- Goat anti-mouse IgG-POD labeling (MBL product Code. 330) was added to Buffer (manufactured by MBL). (Diluted solution) was diluted 10,000 times and reacted at room temperature for 30 minutes. After washing three times, a chromogenic substrate was added to develop color for 5 to 10 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 450-620 nm.
- FCM Fluorescence-Coupled Device Reactivity with the DCIR-expressing cells obtained in (2) was confirmed by FCM for the culture supernatant of clones that could be positive in Cell ELISA.
- the culture supernatant stock solution was reacted with cells at room temperature for 30 minutes, washed twice, and then reacted with FITC-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibody (MBL product IM-0819) at a dilution of 100 times for 30 minutes. After washing twice, it was suspended in 400 ⁇ l of buffer and measured with FC500 (Beckman Coulter). For washing and cell suspension buffer, 0.5 mM EDTA, 5% BSA PBS was used. In order to remove artifacts such as false positives, the reactivity was confirmed several times while performing subculture.
- Monocloning was performed on the hybridoma selected from the culture supernatant of the hybridoma judged positive in the primary screening of (5).
- Logarithmically growing hybridomas are collected after pipetting with a Pasteur pipette, diluted with medium, adjusted to a cell concentration of 1 to 32,000 cells per well, and seeded in a 96-well plate did. After confirming the formation of a single colony of the hybridoma (1-2 weeks later), the culture supernatant was collected from the well plate, and the activity was confirmed according to the method of (5).
- Example 6 Evaluation of Anti-DCIR Antibody The binding ability of the hybridoma-derived anti-DCIR antibody prepared in Example 4 to DCIR was evaluated. Since DCIR has been shown to be involved in the suppression of immune responses (Nature Medicine, 2008, vol 14, no 2: 176-180), the expression of tumor necrosis factor ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ ), an inflammatory cytokine, is suppressed. The DCIR binding ability of the antibody was evaluated based on the standard. The hybridoma prepared in Example 4 was cultured for 12 hours in a medium containing CpG (concentration 1 ⁇ M), and the culture supernatant was collected.
- CpG concentration 1 ⁇ M
- CpG ODN 1668 strain (Operon) was cultured in the same medium or the same medium further containing keratan sulfate (KS-II; 10 ng / mL), and the supernatant was collected.
- KS-II keratan sulfate
- cells were cultured in a CpG-free medium (NT).
- the amount of TNF- ⁇ produced in the supernatant was measured by ELISA. The results are shown in FIG.
- TNF- ⁇ production was induced by culturing the cells in a medium containing CpG (CpG). When NF-II, a native DCIR ligand, was added to the medium, TNF- ⁇ production was suppressed (CpG + KS).
- hybridoma-derived antibodies In a plurality of hybridoma culture supernatants, TNF- ⁇ production was suppressed more than when KS-II was added (3, 4, and 5 strains in FIG. 12). These hybridoma-derived antibodies have a higher DCIR binding ability than KS-II, which is a native DCIR ligand, and are useful as DCIR agonists that promote DCIR activity. On the other hand, in some hybridoma culture supernatants, TNF- ⁇ production was promoted more than when KS-II was added (1 and 2 strains in FIG. 12). These hybridoma-derived antibodies are useful as DCIR antagonists that suppress the activity of DCIR. Further, as shown in the above results, a substance capable of specifically activating or suppressing DCIR can be evaluated or selected using the action of KS-II, which is a native DCIR ligand, on DCIR as an index.
- Example 7 Effect of Anti-Dcir Antibody on Osteoclast Formation Furthermore, the effect of the above-described antibody on osteoclast formation was evaluated using the action of keratan sulfate as an index.
- Non-adherent bone marrow cells are seeded into well plates (1 ⁇ 10 5 cells / well in 96-well plates) and contain 10% FCS (Biowest) and 10 ng / mL M-CSF (R & D Systems) The cells were cultured in ⁇ -MEM (GIBCO). Two days later, non-adherent cells (including lymphocytes) were washed away, and the remaining adherent cells were used as bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM).
- ⁇ -MEM ⁇ -MEM
- osteoclast precursor cells were further cultured in the presence of 100 ng / mL soluble RANKL (manufactured by Peprotech or Oriental Yeast) and 10 ng / mL M-CSF to obtain osteoclasts. Hybridoma supernatant (1/10 volume) or keratan sulfate (KS-II; 10 ng / mL) was added during the culture period. Three days later, the cells were collected, stained with TRAP, and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts (3 or more nuclei) was counted. Untreated cells served as controls (NT). The results are shown in FIG.
- DCIR agonists such as the antibodies derived from the hybridomas of the present invention have the effect of increasing bone mass by suppressing osteoclast differentiation, such as osteopenic diseases such as osteoporosis, fractures, etc. It has been shown to be useful in the treatment of bone disorders.
- DCIR antagonists such as antibodies derived from other hybridomas of the present invention also have an action of adjusting bone mass by promoting osteoclast differentiation, suggesting that they are useful in the treatment of various bone diseases.
- Test Example The effect on collagen-induced arthritis can be confirmed as follows. Materials and methods: Mouse C57BL / 6 (B6) (H-2 b ) Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA): Complete proint adjuvant (CFA) was obtained by adding 100 mg of M. tuberculosis, H37Ra; Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI to 20 mL of IFA (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO). Prepare by crushing. The emulsion is prepared by dissolving 2 mg / mL chicken type II collagen (CII) (manufactured by Sigma) in 10 mM acetic acid at 4 ° C. overnight and mixing with an equal volume of CFA.
- CFA Complete proint adjuvant
- the mixture is emulsified using a syringe-syringe method.
- the CII solution and its CFA emulsion are always prepared fresh.
- Mice are injected intradermally with several 100 ⁇ l emulsions containing a total of 100 ⁇ g CII and 250 ⁇ g M. tuberculosis in several locations on the dorsal base near the tail. This injection is repeated for 21 days.
- Clinical evaluation of arthritis Animals are evaluated for redness and swelling of the limbs.
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Abstract
Description
本発明者らは、先にDCIRノックアウトマウスの作製に成功し、当該マウスを用いた検討により、DCIRが関節炎や関節リウマチの進展に関与していることを報告した(特許文献1、非特許文献1)。
また、本発明は、KS-IIの存在下またはKS-IIを対照として、被検物質の樹状細胞免疫受容体への結合性を測定することを特徴とする樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激剤又は樹状細胞免疫受容体拮抗剤のスクリーニング方法を提供するものである。
さらに本発明は、KS-II阻害性の樹状細胞免疫受容体拮抗作用を有する樹状細胞免疫受容体に対する抗体、及びこれを含有する医薬を提供するものである。
また、本発明は、樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激剤製造のための、KS-IIの使用を提供するものである。
また、本発明は、骨代謝異常を伴う疾患予防治療剤又は炎症性疾患予防治療剤製造のための、KS-II様の樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激作用を有する樹状細胞免疫受容体に対する抗体の使用を提供するものである。
また、本発明は、抗がん剤又は免疫賦活剤製造のための、KS-II阻害性の樹状細胞免疫受容体拮抗作用を有する樹状細胞免疫受容体に対する抗体の使用を提供するものである。
また、本発明は、KS-II様の樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激作用を有する樹状細胞免疫受容体に対する抗体を投与することを特徴とする骨代謝異常を伴う疾患又は炎症性疾患の予防治療方法を提供するものである。
また、本発明は、KS-II阻害性の樹状細胞免疫受容体拮抗作用を有する抗体を投与することを特徴とするがんの予防治療方法又は免疫賦活方法を提供するものである。
これらのKS-IIは、骨や軟骨由来のもの、また市販のものを使用することができる。
従って、KS-IIは、骨形成調節剤として有用であり、種々の骨疾患、例えば骨粗鬆症、骨パジェット病、変形性骨炎等の予防治療剤として有用である。
本発明において、KS-II様のDCIR刺激作用を有するとは、KS-IIと同様のDCIR刺激作用を有すればよく、他の物質によりDCIR刺激作用を有する場合も含まれる。
(実験方法)
全ての動物実験は、東京大学医科学研究所動物使用委員会の承認を得、動物実験のための安全ガイドライン及び遺伝子複製実験のための倫理ガイドラインに従って行われた。
Dcir-/-(KO)マウスは、Nature Medicine,2008,vol 14,no 2:176-180に記載される手順に従って、通常の遺伝子ターゲティング法によって作製した。
5’末端相同領域、BamHIサイト、EcoRIサイト、ネオマイシン耐性遺伝子(Neo)、3’末端にネガティブセレクションのためのジフテリア毒素遺伝子(DT)を含むターゲティングベクターを作製した。これを用いて、マウス由来ES細胞のDcir遺伝子のエキソン1及び2をNeoで置換することにより、immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif(ITIM)を含む細胞質領域及び膜貫通ドメインの大部分をコードするゲノム配列を欠損させた(図1a)。ESクローンからの遺伝子をBamHI及びEcoRI処理した後、サザンブロットハイブリダイゼーション解析によってスクリーニングし、5’プローブ(図1b)、3’プローブ(図1c)及びNeoプローブ(図1d)を用いて遺伝子の欠損を確認した。Dcir欠損ESクローンを用いてDcir+/-マウスを作製し、Dcir+/-マウスの交配によりDcir-/-マウスを作製した。Dcir-/-マウスは実験に用いる前に、C57BL/6J(SLC)と8~9世代戻し交配させた。
マウスにおけるDcir遺伝子の欠損は、ゲノムサザンブロット解析によって確認した(図1e)。ノーザンブロットハイブリダイゼーション解析によって脾臓におけるDcir mRNAの発現が欠損していることを確認した(図1f)。
マウス骨表現型の解析は、以下の方法によって行った。
(1)コンピュータ断層撮影(CT)
、大腿部及び関節部の3次元マイクロCTによる解析は、R_mCT(理学メカトロニクス社製)を使用して行なった。また、大腿部の2次元マイクロCTによる解析及び定量化は、Scan Xmate-A090S(コムスキャンテクノ社製)及びTRI/2D-BONシステム(ラトックシステムエンジニアリング社製)を使用して行なった。さらに、大腿部の末梢骨定量CT(PQCT)による解析及び定量化は、XCT Research SA+システム(Stratec Medizitechnik GmbH社製)を用いて行なった。
大腿部のHE染色は、Nature Medicine,2008,vol 14,no 2:176-180に記載されている方法に従って行なった。関節部はトルイジンブルー(TB)染色及びフォン・コッサ染色を行い、脛骨部はTB及びTRAP染色を行った。染色は、試料を10%中性緩衝ホルマリンで固定し、それを脱灰なしでグリコールメタクリル樹脂又はパラフィンで処理した後、3μm切片にスライスした。脛骨近位端における成長板及び骨梁の組織形態学的解析をOsteoplan II(Carl Zeiss社製)を使用して行なった。動的組織形態計測(Dynamic histomorphometry analysis)のため、カルセイン(1.6mg/kg体重)を3日おきに2回皮下注射した。最初の注射から4日後、脛骨部を細分化し、70%エタノールで固定した。5μm厚の非脱灰凍結切片をLeica CM3050S cryostat(Leica Microsystems社製)を用いて作製した。骨石灰化速度及び骨形成速度は、Zeiss Axioskop及びOsteoplan II(Carl Zeiss社製)を使用して解析した。
マウスの鼻-肛門(nasoanal)長を週2回測定し、成長曲線を作成した。新生マウスを100%エタノールで4日間固定し、その後アセトン溶液に移し、3日後水で洗浄し、0.1%アリザリンレッドS(Sigma社製)/95%エタノール1重量部、0.3%アルシアンブルー6GX(Sigma社製)/70%エタノール1重量部、100%酢酸1重量、及びエタノール17重量部からなる染色液で10日間染色した。96%エタノールで洗浄した後、骨格形成が明らかに視認できるまで標本を20%グリセロール/1%水酸化カリウム中に室温で保存し、その後100%グリセロールに移して保存した。
非接着骨髄細胞をウェルプレート(24ウェルプレート中5×105細胞/ウェル、又は6ウェルプレート中3×106細胞/ウェル)の中に播種し、10%FCS(Biowest社製)及び10ng/mL M-CSF(R&D Systems社製)を含有するα-MEM(GIBCO)中で培養した。2日後、非接着細胞(リンパ球を含む)を洗い流し、残った接着細胞を骨髄由来マクロファージ(bone marrow-derived macrophage,BMM)として使用した。これらの破骨前駆細胞(pOC)を100ng/mL溶解性RANKL(Peprotech社製又はOriental Yeast社製)及び10ng/mL M-CSFの存在下でさらに培養することにより、破骨細胞を得た。3日後、破骨細胞を10%中性緩衝ホルマリン中で3分間固定し、さらにエタノール/アセトン混合液(50:50v:v)中で1分間保存した後、TRAP染色液(Naphthol AS-MXリン酸塩5mg;N,N-dimethylformamide 0.5mL;fast red violet LB塩30mg;50mM酒石酸ナトリウム含有0.1M酢酸ナトリウム緩衝液(pH5.0)50mL)中で室温でインキュベートした。TRAP陽性多核細胞(MNC;≧3核))を計数した。
ピット形成アッセイにおいては、破骨細胞を30ng/mL M-CSFの存在下で2日間にわたって生成させ、その後、30ng/mL M-CSF及び150ng/mL RANKLによりさらに3日間処理した。その後、トリプシンを使って細胞を回収し、回収した細胞を播種し(96ウェルプレート中1×105細胞/ウェル)、象牙質スライス上で30ng/mL M-CSF及び150ng/mL RANKLを用いて2日間培養した。試料を1モルNH4OH中で超音波処理し、ヘマトキシリンで染色した。TRAP陰性MNC、及び吸収ピットによって浸蝕された領域を、Biorevo BZ-9000(Keyence社製)を使って観測、測定した。
GM-CSFが破骨細胞形成に及ぼす影響を調べるため、mouse GM-CSF enzyme immunoassay(PerSeptive Biosystems社製)、組換えGM-CSF(Peprotech社製)、抗マウスGM-CSF中和抗体(R&D Systems社製)を使用した。さらに増殖アッセイを行なうため、pOCを播種し(96ウェルプレート中1×104細胞/ウェル)、10ng/mL M-CSFのみにより、又は、M-CSF+100ng/mL RANKL若しくは20ng/mL GM-CSFにより3日間培養した。その後、細胞を[3H]TdR(0.5μCi/mL)で一晩曝露した。
(1)初代骨芽細胞の培養
初代骨芽細胞を新生マウスの頭蓋冠から単離した。頭蓋冠をPBSで洗浄し、0.25%トリプシン及び2mg/mL collagenase P(Roche社製)を含有するα-MEM中、37℃で20分間消化した。上清を除去した後、細胞をさらに60分間消化した。
骨形成を誘導するため、初代骨芽細胞(96ウェルプレート中2×104細胞/ウェル、24ウェルプレート中5×104細胞/ウェル、又は6ウェルプレート中2×105細胞/ウェル)をコンフルエントまで培養し、10mM β-glycerophosphate 及び50μg/mLアスコルビン酸を添加した培地に置き換えた。培地は21日間で3回交換した。
21日間培養した骨芽細胞の、アリザリンレッド染色、フォン・コッサ染色、及びアルカリホスファターゼ(ALP)染色を行った。
(2)アリザリンレッド染色
21日間培養した骨芽細胞をPBSで溶液を取り除いた後、3.7%ホルマリン溶液(nacalai tesque)にて10分間固定した。その後PBSでもう1度洗い、ALP染色液(0.1mg/mL Naphtol AS-MX phosphate(nacalai tesque)、0.6mg/mLアゾイックジアゾコンポーネント20(TGI)、5μL/mL N,N-dimetylformamide(nacalaitesque)、7.5mL Tris-HCL(1.5M、pH8.8)(nacalai tesque))にて20分間反応させた。反応溶液を取り除きPBSで洗った後、乾燥させBIOREVO(KEYENCE)にて撮影を行った。
(3)フォン・コッサ染色
21日間培養した骨芽細胞をイオン交換水で溶液を取り除いた後、3.7%ホルマリン溶液にて30分間固定した。その後イオン交換水でもう1度洗い、5%硝酸銀溶液(nacalai tesque)を直射日光下15分間反応させた。反応を停止させるため5%硝酸銀溶液を取り除き5%チオ硫酸ナトリウム(nacalai tesque)を加え2分間静置した。5%チオ硫酸ナトリウムをイオン交換水で洗浄し、乾燥させた後BIOREVO(KEYENCE)にて撮影を行った。
(4)ALP染色
初代骨芽細胞を96ウェルプレートにて21日間培養し、TRACP&ALP Assay Kit(TaKaRa)を用い測定を行った。培養細胞上清を回収し、原液及び10倍希釈液をテンプレートとした。テンプレート50μlに反応基質溶液を加え、37℃で15分間反応させた。反応停止液50μlを加えて反応を停止させた後、MICROPLATE READER MTP-300(CORONA ELECTRIC)を用いOD405にて活性の測定を行った。
初代骨芽細胞及びBMC(それぞれ48ウェルプレート中3×103細胞/ウェル、2×105細胞/ウェル)は、10-3M 1.25(OH)2D3(Sigma社製)及び10-7M PGE2(Nakalai Tesque社製)中で8日間培養した。培地は、2日ごとに交換した。TRAP染色を行ない、MNCを計数した。
半定量RT-PCR及びリアルタイムRT-PCRは、若干変更を加えたものの、基本的にはNature Medicine,2008,vol 14,no 2:176-180及びArthritis Res Ther,2006,8,R100,1-13に記載の方法に従って行った。トータルRNAを標準的なグアニジノ酢酸チオシアン酸塩/フェノールクロロホルム法、又はSepasol-RNA I Super(Nacalai Tesque社製)を使用する方法によって調製した。調製したRNAは、SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR(Invitrogen社製)を使って逆転写し、cDNAを調製した。
半定量的RT-PCRは、上記で調製したcDNAを鋳型として行った。反応液は1試料あたり20μlとし、10×PCR reaction buffer(Roche)2μl、dNTPs(Roche)1.6μl、表1に記載のプライマー0.4μl、Taq DNA polymerase(Roche)0.2μl、template DNA 1μlとなるように調整した後、iCycler(Bio-Rad)を用いて増幅反応を行った。PCR後の反応溶液は、1.5%アガロースゲルを用いて、定電圧100V、30分間の電気泳動により分離し、15分間(0.05μg/mL)エチジウムブロマイドで染色後、UVイルミネ-ター(BAS-III)でDNA断片を検出した。
リアルタイムRT-PCRは、表1に記載のプライマー、SYBR Green qPCRキット(Invitrogen社製)及びiCycler(Bio-Rad社製)を使用して行った。
(1)ウエスタンブロット
ウエスタンブロットは、Nature Medicine,2008,vol 14,no 2:176-180に記載された方法に従って行った。PVDF膜(BioRad)をメタノールで浸し、電気転写用緩衝液(25mM Tris-HCl(pH8)(nacalai tesque)、15mg/mL Glycine(nacalai tesque)、20%メタノール(Wako)に移し変え、30分程度浸透させて前処理を行った。TRANS-BLOTSD SEMI-DRY TRANSFER CELL(BioRad)を用い、ゲル面積1cm2あたり2mAで1時間通電し、PVDF膜に転写した。転写後、一次抗体として以下のタンパクに特異的な抗体を使用して、PVDF膜をブロットした。
Phospho-p38 MAPK(Thr180/Tyr182);
p38 MAPK;
Phospho-p44/42 MAPK(Thr202/Tyr204);
p44/42 MAPK(137F5);
Phospho-SAPK/JNK(Thr183/Tyr185:81E11);
SAPK/JNK(56G8);
Phospho-Akt(Thr3O8;C31E5);
Akt(pan)(C67E7);
Phospho-NF-κB p65(Ser536;93H1);
NF-κB p65(C22B4);
Phospho-PLCγ1(Tyr783);
PLCγ1;
Phospho-PLCγ2(Tyr759);
PLCγ2;β-tubulin(Abcam);
Phospho-Stat5(Tyr694)(Cell Signaling Technology);
Stat5(C17)(Santa Cruz Biolechnology)
二次抗体には抗ウサギIgG、HRP-Linked Antibody(Cell Signaling)を用いた。膜を洗浄後、ECL-Plus(GE Healthcare)を用いて発光させ、FLA-5000(FUJIFILM)で解析を行った。
(2)免疫沈降分析
免疫沈降分析においては、Protein G-Sepharose 4 Fast Flow(GE Healthcare社製)、マウスDCIR特異抗体(320511:R&D Systems社製)、phospho-Tyr(4G10:ミリポア社製)、及びSHP-1(HG213;Upstate)を使用した。また、ウサギIgG特異的HRP-結合ポリクローナル抗体(Cell Signaling社製)又はラットIgG特異的HRP-結合ポリクローナル抗体(Zymed社製)を二次抗体として使用した。
牛関節軟骨由来ケラタン硫酸(KS-II)精製物は、K.Yoshida(理研)及びA.Tawaza(Hydrox Inc.)より入手した。他の糖鎖(牛角膜由来ケラタン硫酸、クジラ関節由来コンドロイチン硫酸A、豚皮膚由来コンドロイチン硫酸(デルマタン硫酸)、及びN-acetyllactosamine)は、Seikagaku Biobusiness社より購入した。
糖鎖結合アッセイは、J Bio Chem,2004,279,29043-29049に記載された方法に従って実施した。KS-IIを100mM酢酸ナトリウム(pH5.5)によって2mg/mLの濃度に希釈し、氷上で1時間、2mMメタ過ヨウ素酸ナトリウムによる酸化を行ない、反応性アルデヒド基を得た。さらに希釈を行なった後、KS-IIをCovalink ELISAプレート上で4℃で一晩インキュベートし、その後、KS-IIを室温で1.5時間、0.3%シアン化ホウ化水素ナトリウムによる還元反応によって共有結合させた。プレートを洗浄し、2%ウシ血清アルブミン(fraction V:Sigma社製)により37℃で2時間ブロッキングした。細胞外ドメイン(99~238番残基)を含む組み換えマウスDCIR(mDCIR)を、pGMT7プラスミドを使用してE.coli BL21(DE3)pLysSの封入体として発現させ、標準的希釈法によってリフォールドしたブロッキングしたプレートで、mDCIRを4℃で一晩インキュベートした。タンパク質の結合は、TMB基質(Dako社製)の存在下で抗DCIR抗体(320507及び320511の混合物:R&D Systems社製)及びHRP-結合ラットIgG(Zymed社製)を使用して検出した。
Dcir-/-(KO)マウスは、加齢に伴い、付着部炎に由来する硬直症enthesitis-induced ankylosisを発症するとの報告があるが(Nature Medicine,2008,vol 14,no 2:176-180)、硬直症状が未発症の若齢KOマウス(8週齢)、及び硬直症状を示さない正常な高齢KOマウス(12月齢)の骨量を3次元マイクロCT測定し、野生型と比較したところ、若齢KOマウス、及び正常高齢KOマウスの骨量は、野生型(WT)に比べて増加していた(図2a,b及び図3)。従って、骨形成は、穏やかな骨硬化症を示すDcir-/-マウスにおいては促進されることが示された。
TRAP陽性OCの数及び骨梁におけるOC表面積は、KOマウスにおいて有意に増加していた(図2e、f)。硬直変化を示さないKOマウスで骨形成が増加していたことを考慮すると、この結果は予想外である。
次に、これらのマウスにおける骨ターンオーバーを調べるため、生後8週のマウスにおいて新たに形成された骨を動的組織形態計測(Dynamic histomorphometry analysis)によって計測した。すなわち、マウスに3日おきに2回カルセインを投与して骨を標識し、その間に形成された骨を測定した。KOマウスの脛骨の形成速度及び石灰化は、WTマウスと比較して高かった(図2g、h)。従って、Dcir-/-マウスでは、破骨細胞骨吸収及び骨芽細胞による骨形成とがともに増進しており、骨ターンオーバーがより高まっていることが示された。Dcir-/-マウスでは全体としては骨密度が増大していたことから、生理的条件下では骨吸収に対する影響よりも骨形成に対する効果が上回ると考えられる。
上記の実験からは、Dcir-/-マウスが破骨細胞(OC)を多く有していたことが示された。そこで、破骨細胞形成におけるDCIRの役割について調べた。WT及びKOマウス由来初代骨髄細胞(BMC)を、マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(M-CSF)及び核因子κBリガンドの受容体活性化因子(RANKL)を用いた標準インビトロOC分化系で培養し、OC分化を誘導した。その結果、Dcir-/-BMC培養物においては、TRAP陽性多核OCへの分化が有意に増加した(図6a,b)。多くのKO由来OCは多核であり、骨ページェット病患者の骨の表現型に似ていた。Dcir-/-OCのでは、骨吸収によってできた穴(pit)のサイズが拡大しており、Dcir-/-OCの骨吸収活性が大きく増強されたことが明らかとなった(図6c,d)。また、Dcir-/-細胞を含む培地においてはTRAP活性が上昇した(図6e)。これらの結果から、DCIRがBMCからの成熟OCの分化に関与していることが示された。
OC分化の初期段階におけるDcir欠損の影響をみるため、インビトロ培養2日後の、TRAP陽性単核OCの数を計測した。単核OCの数は、M-CSFで処理したDcir-/-BMCにおいて有意に増加し(図6i,j)、DCIRが、OC分化の初期段階で機能していることが示された。一方、WTとDcir-/-pOCをM-CSFとRANKLとで処理した場合の増殖反応には差は見られなかった(図6k)。この結果は、破骨細胞形成の主要シグナル伝達カスケードと考えられているRANKL依存性シグナル伝達を阻害することなく、DCIRがOC形成をネガティブに制御することを示している。
WT pOCではなくDcir-/-pOCの分化が、GM-CSFによって有意に上昇した(図7a)。GM-CSF濃度は、WTとDcir-/-マウスの培養物との間で変化がなかった(図7b)。WT BMCと比較すると、Dcir-/-BMCからのOC分化は、0.1ng/mLの組換えGM-CSF存在下で有意に上昇したが、1ng/mL以上では上昇が見られなかった(図7c)。対照的に、抗GM-CSF中和抗体による処理によって、Dcir-/-マウスの破骨細胞形成は顕著に抑制された(図7d)。また、GM-CSF刺激後のDcir-/-pOCにおけるシグナル伝達因子と転写因子5(Stat5)活性化因子のリン酸化について調べたところ、Dcir-/-細胞のGM-CSF誘導型Stat-5リン酸化が顕著にアップレギュレートされた(図7e)。これらの結果からは、DCIRはGM-CSFシグナル伝達の阻害によってpOC増殖を抑制していることが示された。
DCIRのリガンドはこれまで報告されていなかった。そこで本発明者らは、破骨細胞形成に関与する生体内のDCIRリガンドを同定するため、公共のグリカンアレイデータベースを用いてDCIRに結合する糖鎖を検索した。その結果、DCIRリガンドとして、硫酸化ガラクトースβ1-4 N-アセチル-D-グルコサミン(N-アセチルラクトサミン又はLacNAc)構造(図8a)を有する糖鎖が特定された。硫酸化poly-LacNAcは、主に角膜(N結合型KS-I)や関節軟骨(O結合型KS-II)に存在するケラタン硫酸(KS)の内部にプロテオグリカンの硫酸化グリコサミノグリカン(GAG)側鎖として存在する分子である。そこでマウスの関節や骨髄細胞(BMC)おけるKSの発現を調べたところ、これらの領域でKSが発現されていることを確認した。また、DCIRとKSとの結合をELISA法を利用した糖鎖結合アッセイにより調べた結果、組換えマウスDCIRはウシ関節軟骨由来のKS-IIと濃度依存的に結合することがわかった(図8b)。
さらに、KSのOC分化への影響を、インビトロでTRAP陽性OCの数を計測することにより評価した。KS-IIは、野生型(WT)骨髄細胞培養物におけるOC形成を著しく阻害したが、Dcir-/-の培養細胞では阻害しなかった(図8c及びd)。OC分化は、角膜由来のKS-I、非硫酸化LacNAc、又はコンドロイチン硫酸(CS)やデルマタン硫酸(DS)といった他の硫酸化グリコサミノグリカンには影響を受けなかった(図8e)。次に、DCIRがKSにより活性化されることを確認するため、免疫沈降分析を行った。その結果、DCIRにおけるimmunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitorymotif(ITIM)のリン酸化、及びチロシンホスファターゼSHP-1動員は、KS-IIによって濃度依存的に増加することが分かった(図8f)。これらの結果は、KS-IIがDCIRに特異的なリガンドであり、DCIRの活性化を介して破骨細胞形成の阻害に関与していることを示している。
骨芽細胞(OB)形成におけるDcirの役割を調べた。初代頭頂骨OBの増殖は、WTマウスにおいてもDcir-/-マウスにおいても同様であった(図9)。頭蓋冠骨由来のOBにおいて、Dcirは、β-グリセロリン酸とアスコルビン酸による骨形成分化の誘導後に発現し、その発現は石灰化過程の間中続いた(図10a)。Dcir-/-OBにおいて、カルシウム(図10b)やリン酸カルシウム付加(図10c)やアルカリホスファターゼ(ALP)発現(図10d)は、培養初期(14日)に亢進されていたことから、石灰化はWTのOBに比べDcir-/-OBで促進されていることが分かった。これらの結果より、DCIRが末端OB分化と石灰化基質形成に関与していることが示唆された。
Runx2、Osterix、ALPといったOBマーカー、骨シアロタンパク質(BSP)、I型コラーゲン(ColI)、オステオカルシンといった骨基質タンパク質をコードする遺伝子の発現量は、Dcir-/-マウスで高かった(図10e)。また、骨吸収に必要なオステオポンチン(OPN)の発現量が、WTの骨芽細胞に比べDcir-/-の骨芽細胞で顕著に低くなっていた。これらのデータにより、DCIRが骨芽細胞の成熟化と骨基質形成を阻害し、OPNの生産を促進することで、骨形成を負に制御していることが示唆された。さらに、骨形成性培養物のアリザリンレッド染色及びALP染色より、KS-II存在下でWTのOBでは石灰化が抑制されたのに対し、Dcir-/-OBでは抑制がみられないことが分かった(図10f)。
(1)DCIR発現細胞の作製
Dcir遺伝子を含む発現ベクターはDcir遺伝子を含む配列(NM_011999)の137番目から989番目のヌクレオチドをPCR法により増幅し、pcDNA3.1+ベクターに挿入して調製し、リポフェクトアミン2000(インビトロジェン)を用いて293T細胞及びCOS7細胞に形質導入した。約48時間後、細胞を回収し凍結保存した。
(2)DCIRの発現確認
(1)で作製した一過性発現細胞について、抗DCIR抗体を用いたウエスタンブロットをDCIR発現細胞及びその野生株について行い、DCIR発現細胞特異的に予想される35kDa付近にバンドが検出できるか確認することにより、DCIRの発現確認を行い、DCIR発現細胞株を取得した。
(3)マウスへのfoot pad法による免疫
アジュバント(complete adjuvant(FREUND)三菱化学ヤトロン RM606-1)とPBSを混ぜたエマルジョンを、マウス(4匹)の片足の裏に免疫した。1週間後、(2)で得たDCIR発現細胞株でマウスを免疫した。毎週1回、計5回の免疫を行った。
5回目の免疫の3日後に、免疫したマウスの両足から肥大したリンパ節を取り出し、その中から細胞を回収した。培養フラスコ(培地:10%FBS-RPMI)でミエローマ細胞(P3U1)を増殖させ、細胞を回収した。回収したリンパ節由来細胞とミエローマ細胞を混和し、遠心した。ペレットにPEG(PEG4000:MERCK Cat No 1097270100、RPMIで等量希釈)を加え、細胞融合を行った。RPMI血清無添加培地(RPMI1640、SIGMA、Cat No R8758)で細胞を洗浄後、15%FBS-HAT培地(HAT supplement(50×):GIBCO Cat No 21060-017、初期の不安定なハイブリドーマをレスキューするためsupplementを添加)で懸濁し、96ウェルプレート4枚に播種した。播種より3日後に培地を交換し、ハイブリドーマのコロニー形成が確認された後(2~3週間後)、ウェルプレートから培養上清を採取し、1次スクリーニングを行った。
Cell ELISA/フローサイトメトリー法(FCM)を用いてハイブリドーマを1次スクリーニングした。
Cell ELISA)凍結ストックの細胞(トランスフェクタント)を起眠させ、0.5%BSA/2mM EDTA/PBSに懸濁し、Cell ELISA用プレート(NUNC 249570 96V NW PS)に100μL/ウェル分注した。96ウェルプレート1枚あたり1×107個の細胞を使用した。2000rpm、4℃で2分間遠心後、上清を捨て、(4)で採取した培養上清を50μL/ウェル加え、室温で30分間反応させた。0.5%BSA/2mM EDTA/PBSで2回洗浄後(2000rpm、4℃で2分間遠心後、上清捨てる)、Goat抗マウスIgG-POD標識(MBL製品 Code.330)をBuffer(MBL製希釈液)で10,000倍希釈したものを加え、室温で30分間反応させた。3回洗浄後、発色基質を加え5~10分間発色させた。450-620nmで吸光度測定を行った。
(5)の1次スクリーニングで陽性と判断されたハイブリドーマの培養上清から選択されたハイブリドーマに対して、単クローン化を行った。
対数増殖期のハイブリドーマをパスツールピペットでピペッティングした後採取し、培地で希釈後、1ウェルあたりの細胞数が1~32,000個になるように細胞濃度を調整し、96ウェルプレートに播種した。ハイブリドーマのシングルコロニーの形成が確認された後(1~2週間後)、ウェルプレートから培養上清を採取し、(5)の方法に従って活性を確認した。
(7)単クローナル(アイソタイプ)の確認
培養上清をPBSで100倍希釈したものをディベロップメントチューブに滴下し、着色ラテックスビーズを再懸濁する。チューブにアイソタイプ用ストリップ(Iso Strip マウスモノクローナル抗体アイソタイピングキット:Roche,Cat.No.1-493-027)を浸漬し、5分後、特定のサブクラス部分に検出されたバンドを確認し、クローンを選択した。
(8)単クローン化ハイブリドーマの凍結
単クローン化されたハイブリドーマを96ウェルプレート1穴から、48ウェルプレート、24ウェルプレート、12ウェルプレートまで継代培養した。1ウェルの細胞を遠心回収し、セルバンカー(十慈フィールド、Cat No BLC-1)500μLで懸濁し、ストックチューブ(SUMILON、Cat No MS-4601W)1本に入れ-80℃で保存した。凍結時に回収した培養上清を最終評価培地として各10mLの作製を行った。最終評価用培養上清を提供し、目的の活性が保持されているかどうかを最終確認した。
実施例4で作製されたハイブリドーマ由来の抗DCIR抗体の、DCIRに対する結合能を評価した。DCIRは免疫反応の抑制に関与することが示されているため(Nature Medicine,2008,vol 14,no 2:176-180)、炎症性サイトカインである腫瘍壊死因子α(TNF-α)の発現を基準に抗体のDCIR結合能を評価した。
実施例4で作製したハイブリドーマをCpG(濃度1μM)を含む培地で12時間培養し、培養上清を回収した。同様に、CpG ODN 1668株(オペロン社)を同じ培地、又はさらにケラタン硫酸(KS-II;10ng/mL)を含む同じ培地で培養し、上清を回収した。コントロールとしてCpG非含有培地で細胞を培養した(NT)。上清中のTNF-α産生量をELISA法によって測定した。
結果を図12に示す。CpG含有培地で細胞を培養することにより、TNF-α産生が誘導された(CpG)。ネイティブなDCIRリガンドであるKS-IIを培地に添加した場合、TNF-α産生は抑制された(CpG+KS)。複数のハイブリドーマ培養上清において、KS-II添加の場合よりもTNF-α産生が抑制された(図12中の3、4、5株)。これらのハイブリドーマ由来の抗体は、ネイティブなDCIRリガンドであるKS-IIよりも高いDCIR結合能を有しており、DCIRの活性を促進するDCIRアゴニストとして有用である。一方、一部のハイブリドーマ培養上清においては、逆にKS-II添加の場合よりもTNF-α産生が促進された(図12中の1、2株)。これらのハイブリドーマ由来の抗体は、DCIRの活性を抑制するDCIRアンタゴニストとして有用である。
また、上記結果に示されるように、ネイティブなDCIRリガンドであるKS-IIのDCIRに対する作用を指標として、DCIRを特異的に活性化又は抑制することができる物質を評価又は選択することができる。
さらに、ケラタン硫酸の作用を指標に、上記抗体の破骨細胞形成に対する作用を評価した。非接着骨髄細胞をウェルプレート(96ウェルプレート中1×105細胞/ウェル)の中に播種し、10%FCS(Biowest社製)及び10ng/mL M-CSF(R&D Systems社製)を含有するα-MEM(GIBCO)中で培養した。2日後、非接着細胞(リンパ球を含む)を洗い流し、残った接着細胞を骨髄由来マクロファージ(bone marrow-derived macrophage,BMM)として使用した。これらの破骨前駆細胞(pOC)を100ng/mL溶解性RANKL(Peprotech社製又はOriental Yeast社製)及び10ng/mL M-CSFの存在下でさらに培養することにより、破骨細胞を得た。培養期間中ハイブリドーマ上清(10分の1量)又はケラタン硫酸(KS-II;10ng/mL)を加えた。3日後、細胞を回収し、TRAP染色を行い、TRAP陽性破骨細胞(核数3個以上)の数を計測した。未処理細胞をコントロールとした(NT)。
結果を図13に示す。ネイティブなDCIRリガンドであるKS-IIを添加した場合、破骨細胞への分化は抑制された(KS)。実施例5でケラタン硫酸よりも高いDCIR結合能を示したハイブリドーマ上清(DCIRアゴニスト(図13中3、4、5株))は、ケラタン硫酸に比べて破骨細胞分化を抑制した。実施例5でDCIRアンタゴニスト活性を示したハイブリドーマ上清は(図13中1、2株)、ケラタン硫酸に比べて破骨細胞分化を促進した。
これらの結果から、本発明のハイブリドーマ由来の抗体のようなDCIRアゴニストは、破骨細胞分化を抑制することにより骨量を増加させる作用を有し、骨粗鬆症等の骨減少性疾患、又は骨折などの骨の障害の治療に有用であることが示された。また、本発明の別のハイブリドーマ由来の抗体のようなDCIRアンタゴニストも、破骨細胞分化を促進することにより骨量を調整させる作用を有するので、各種骨疾患の治療に有用であることが示唆される。
コラーゲン誘発関節炎に対する効果は、以下のようにして確認することができる。
材料と方法:
マウス
C57BL/6(B6)(H-2b)
コラーゲン誘発関節炎(CIA):
完全プロイントアジュバント(CFA)は、20mLのIFA(Sigma Chemical社製、St.Louis,MO)に100mgの結核菌加熱死菌体(M.tuberculosis,H37Ra;Difco Laboratories社製,Detroit,MI)を破砕して調製する。エマルジョンは、2mg/mLチック(chick)II型コラーゲン(CII)(Sigma社製)を10mM酢酸に4℃で一晩溶解し、等容量のCFAに混ぜて調製する。該混合物を、シリンジ-シリンジ法を用いて乳化させる。CII溶液及びそのCFAエマルジョンは、常に新しいものを調製する。マウスは、尾部近傍の背基部の数か所に、総量で100μgのCII及び250μgの結核菌(M.tuberculosis)を含有100μlエマルジョンを皮内注射する。この注射を21日間繰り返す。
関節炎の臨床的評価:
動物について、肢の赤みと腫れについて評価する。
Claims (18)
- ケラタン硫酸-II(KS-II)を有効成分とする樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激剤。
- ケラタン硫酸-IIの存在下またはケラタン硫酸-IIを対照として、被検物質の樹状細胞免疫受容体への結合性を測定することを特徴とする樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激剤又は樹状細胞免疫受容体拮抗剤のスクリーニング方法。
- ケラタン硫酸-II様の樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激作用を有する樹状細胞免疫受容体に対する抗体。
- モノクローナル抗体である請求項3記載の抗体。
- 破骨細胞産生抑制作用及びTNF-α産生抑制作用を有する請求項3又は4記載の抗体。
- 請求項3~5のいずれか1項記載の抗体を含有する医薬。
- 骨代謝異常を伴う疾患予防治療剤又は炎症性疾患予防治療剤から選ばれるものである請求項6記載の医薬。
- ケラタン硫酸-II阻害性の樹状細胞免疫受容体拮抗作用を有する樹状細胞免疫受容体に対する抗体。
- モノクローナル抗体である請求項8記載の抗体。
- 破骨細胞産生促進作用及びTNF-α産生促進作用を有する請求項8又は9記載の抗体。
- 請求項8~10のいずれか1項記載の抗体を含有する医薬。
- 抗がん剤及び免疫賦活剤から選ばれるものである請求項11記載の医薬。
- 樹状細胞免疫受容体を刺激するために使用するケラタン硫酸-II(KS-II)。
- 骨代謝異常を伴う疾患又は炎症性疾患を予防又は治療するために使用する請求項3~5のいずれか1項記載の抗体。
- がん治療又は免疫賦活のために使用する請求項8~10のいずれか1項記載の抗体。
- ケラタン硫酸-II(KS-II)を投与することを特徴とする樹状細胞免疫受容体の刺激方法。
- 請求項3~5のいずれか1項記載の抗体を投与することを特徴とする骨代謝異常を伴う疾患又は炎症性疾患の予防治療方法。
- 請求項8~10のいずれか1項記載の抗体を投与することを特徴とするがん治療法又は免疫賦活方法。
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JP2012501817A JP5641508B2 (ja) | 2010-02-23 | 2011-02-23 | 樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激剤 |
US13/580,689 US20130058957A1 (en) | 2010-02-23 | 2011-02-23 | Dendritic cell immunoreceptor agonist |
US16/991,528 US20210040218A1 (en) | 2010-02-23 | 2020-08-12 | Dendritic cell immunoreceptor agonist |
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WO2011105424A1 true WO2011105424A1 (ja) | 2011-09-01 |
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PCT/JP2011/053980 WO2011105424A1 (ja) | 2010-02-23 | 2011-02-23 | 樹状細胞免疫受容体刺激剤 |
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US (2) | US20130058957A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5641508B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2011105424A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016006700A1 (ja) * | 2014-07-11 | 2016-01-14 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 樹状細胞免疫受容体活性化剤、樹状細胞免疫受容体活性化方法、破骨細胞形成抑制剤、破骨細胞形成抑制方法、樹状細胞分化・増殖阻害剤、樹状細胞分化・増殖阻害方法、サイトカイン産生抑制剤、サイトカイン産生抑制方法、治療方法及びスクリーニング方法 |
WO2018207949A1 (ja) | 2017-05-12 | 2018-11-15 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 糖鎖修飾酵素を含む医薬組成物及び医薬組成物を用いた樹状細胞免疫受容体関連疾患の治療方法 |
JPWO2021100756A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-20 | 2021-05-27 |
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RS62463B1 (sr) * | 2016-10-21 | 2021-11-30 | Inst Nat Sante Rech Med | Postupci za unapređivanje odgovora t ćelija |
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WO2016006700A1 (ja) * | 2014-07-11 | 2016-01-14 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 樹状細胞免疫受容体活性化剤、樹状細胞免疫受容体活性化方法、破骨細胞形成抑制剤、破骨細胞形成抑制方法、樹状細胞分化・増殖阻害剤、樹状細胞分化・増殖阻害方法、サイトカイン産生抑制剤、サイトカイン産生抑制方法、治療方法及びスクリーニング方法 |
JPWO2016006700A1 (ja) * | 2014-07-11 | 2017-06-08 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 樹状細胞免疫受容体活性化剤、樹状細胞免疫受容体活性化方法、破骨細胞形成抑制剤、破骨細胞形成抑制方法、樹状細胞分化・増殖阻害剤、樹状細胞分化・増殖阻害方法、サイトカイン産生抑制剤、サイトカイン産生抑制方法、治療方法及びスクリーニング方法 |
EP3167889A4 (en) * | 2014-07-11 | 2017-07-05 | Tokyo University of Science Foundation | Dendritic cell immune receptor activator, method for activating dendritic cell immune receptor, osteoclast formation inhibitor, method for inhibiting osteoclast formation, dendritic cell differentiation/proliferation inhibitor, method for inhibiting dendritic cell differentiation/proliferation, cytokine production inhibitor, method for inhibiting cytokine production, therapeutic method, and screening method |
US10792300B2 (en) | 2014-07-11 | 2020-10-06 | Tokyo University Of Science Foundation | Dendritic cell immune receptor activator, method for activating dendritic cell immune receptor, osteoclast formation inhibitor, method for inhibiting osteoclast formation, dendritic cell differentiation/proliferation inhibitor, method for inhibiting dendritic cell differentiation/proliferation, cytokine production inhibitor, method for inhibiting cytokine production, therapeutic method and screening method |
WO2018207949A1 (ja) | 2017-05-12 | 2018-11-15 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 糖鎖修飾酵素を含む医薬組成物及び医薬組成物を用いた樹状細胞免疫受容体関連疾患の治療方法 |
US11324809B2 (en) | 2017-05-12 | 2022-05-10 | Tokyo University Of Science Foundation | Method of preventing aggravation of a disease involving a biological mechanism controlled by a dendritic cell immunoreceptor |
JPWO2021100756A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-20 | 2021-05-27 | ||
WO2021100756A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-20 | 2021-05-27 | 国立大学法人宮崎大学 | 免疫チェックポイント阻害抗体 |
JP7453697B2 (ja) | 2019-11-20 | 2024-03-21 | 国立大学法人 宮崎大学 | 免疫チェックポイント阻害抗体 |
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JP5641508B2 (ja) | 2014-12-17 |
US20130058957A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 |
US20210040218A1 (en) | 2021-02-11 |
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