WO2011100141A2 - Black metallic effect pigments - Google Patents

Black metallic effect pigments Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011100141A2
WO2011100141A2 PCT/US2011/023351 US2011023351W WO2011100141A2 WO 2011100141 A2 WO2011100141 A2 WO 2011100141A2 US 2011023351 W US2011023351 W US 2011023351W WO 2011100141 A2 WO2011100141 A2 WO 2011100141A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pigment
black
layer
refractive index
coated
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2011/023351
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2011100141A3 (en
Inventor
Parfait Jean Marie Likibi
Hai Hui Lin
Rajasekar Pitchimani
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Silberline Manufacturing Co Inc
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Silberline Manufacturing Co Inc
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Priority to CN2011800086079A priority Critical patent/CN102834470A/zh
Publication of WO2011100141A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011100141A2/en
Publication of WO2011100141A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011100141A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/0015—Pigments exhibiting interference colours, e.g. transparent platelets of appropriate thinness or flaky substrates, e.g. mica, bearing appropriate thin transparent coatings
    • C09C1/0021—Pigments exhibiting interference colours, e.g. transparent platelets of appropriate thinness or flaky substrates, e.g. mica, bearing appropriate thin transparent coatings comprising a core coated with only one layer having a high or low refractive index
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D17/00—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints
    • C09D17/004—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints containing an inorganic pigment
    • C09D17/006—Metal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/36—Pearl essence, e.g. coatings containing platelet-like pigments for pearl lustre
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40—Additives
    • C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
    • C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
    • C09D7/62—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic modified by treatment with other compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40—Additives
    • C09D7/70—Additives characterised by shape, e.g. fibres, flakes or microspheres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/0015—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterized by the colour of the layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
    • C23C14/0623—Sulfides, selenides or tellurides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
    • C23C14/10—Glass or silica
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
    • C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
    • C01P2006/62—L* (lightness axis)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
    • C01P2006/63—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values a* (red-green axis)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
    • C01P2006/64—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values b* (yellow-blue axis)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
    • C01P2006/65—Chroma (C*)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
    • C01P2006/66—Hue (H*)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/02—Elements
    • C08K3/08—Metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
    • C08K9/02—Ingredients treated with inorganic substances

Definitions

  • This disclosure herein relates generally to pigments (which are intended to be used in applications such as, but not limited to, coatings, inks and plastics), and particularly to the design of a pigment having a black metallic effect, such that when the pigment is viewed at a right angle relative to the pigment's outer surface, the pigment appears metallic, and such that when the pigment is viewed at angles other than a right angle relative to the outer surface, the pigment appears black depending on the thickness.
  • Black pigments are known. For example, black pigments have been formed using black iron oxide on a mica substrate. Such pigments provide black color, but have weak to no metallic appearance (if at all) and lack sufficient smoothness. Other types of black pigments have been reported, but do not achieve a metallic black color, for example due to scattering of light by carbon.
  • Chalcogenide glass materials such as Ge 28 Sbi 2 Se 6 o, are known and commercially available. Such chalcogenide glass materials are known for their transparency to infrared wavelengths and have been used in, for example fiber optics, biomimetization, and photonics applications.
  • Chalcogenide materials also have been reported as a potential high refractive material for use in making effect pigments on glass substrates. Nonetheless, advancements and
  • the pigment(s) has a layer of high refractive index black material coated on an outer surface of a metal reflective substrate.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material provides high visible absorption to give a dark appearance (e.g. black color effect) while giving high reflectivity at an angle (e.g. metallic effect).
  • the pigment(s) herein provide effects, such that when the pigment is viewed at a right angle relative to the pigment's outer surface, the pigment appears metallic, and such that when the pigment is viewed at angles other than a right angle relative to the outer surface, the pigment appears black.
  • the pigment(s) herein can be used for coating applications such as, but not limited to, automotives as well as various inks and plastics.
  • a pigment in one embodiment, includes a reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate having an outer surface.
  • the high refractive index black material is a layer of glass material, for example, a black chalcogenide glass layer having a high refractive index that is coated about the outer surface of the substrate.
  • the outer layer also could be non-chalcogenide black glass, e.g. a glass ceramic.
  • the outer layer also may be a high refractive black material other than glass, such as for example, other black materials such as but not limited to CuInGaSe, strontium, silicon, germanium, carbides and carbonitrides of elements that are black in appearance, e.g., carbides and carbonitrides of boron, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, silicon, and of alloys of such elements.
  • other black materials such as but not limited to CuInGaSe, strontium, silicon, germanium, carbides and carbonitrides of elements that are black in appearance, e.g., carbides and carbonitrides of boron, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, silicon, and of alloys of such elements.
  • the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate and the high refractive index black material form a black metallic pigment, such that when the pigment is viewed at a right angle relative to the outer surface, the pigment appears metallic, and such that when the pigment is viewed at angles other than a right angle relative to the outer surface, the pigment appears black.
  • the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate could be, but not limited to, aluminum, silver, tin, gold, or any reflective surface.
  • the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate could be a metallic reflective surface such as Al, Ag, S, Au and Ti.
  • the refractive index of the chalcogenide glass layer is at least 1.5.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material is a layer of chalcogenide glass
  • it has the general formula YZ, where Y for example could be any of Ge, Sb, Si, As, or a mixture of these in the range of about 15-70% (element percent), and where Z for example can be any of S, Se, Te, or a mixture of these in the range of about 30 to 85% (element percent).
  • Y for example could be any of Ge, Sb, Si, As, or a mixture of these in the range of about 15-70% (element percent)
  • Z for example can be any of S, Se, Te, or a mixture of these in the range of about 30 to 85% (element percent).
  • Ge or Si are included as Y thereby giving a broad range of Ge or Si based chalcogenide glasses.
  • any of S, Se, Te is present to make up the chalcogenide glass.
  • further metallic or non-metallic elements can be added.
  • the high refractive index black material is coated onto the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate by physical vapor deposition.
  • a pigment in other embodiments, includes the high refractive index black material alone (e.g. chalcogenide glass layer alone without the reflective opaque metal substrate).
  • the thickness of the high refractive index black material in some embodiments is at least 1 micron. In other embodiments, the thickness is 1.5 micron; alternately, the thickness is 2 micron or more.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic side sectional view of one embodiment of the disclosed coated pigment.
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic side of one embodiment of the disclosed pigment.
  • Fig. 3 shows a chart of L* values as a function of angles for a black metallic pigment herein.
  • Fig. 4 shows a chart of Chroma values as a function of angles for a black metallic pigment herein.
  • Fig. 5 shows a chart of Hue values as a function of angles for a black metallic pigment herein.
  • Fig. 6 shows a* versus b* values for a black metallic pigment herein when compared to other existing black pigments.
  • Fig. 7 shows microscopy results, where roughness of an aluminum substrate was measured using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and the root mean square roughness of the aluminum substrate was obtained.
  • AFM Atomic Force Microscopy
  • Fig. 8 shows microscopy results, where roughness of a GeSbSe layer on a GeSbSe/ aluminum bi-layer film (on a glass substrate) was measured using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and the root mean square roughness of the GeSbSe was obtained.
  • AFM Atomic Force Microscopy
  • Fig. 9 shows Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image of the flakes after sizing.
  • a design of a coated pigment or pigment having a black metallic effect is described herein.
  • a layer of high refractive index black material is coated on an outer surface of a metal reflective or semi-opaque substrate so as to form a coated pigment.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material provides high visible absorption to give a dark appearance while giving high reflectivity at an angle (e.g. metallic effect), and the high reflectivity is further enhanced when backed by an opaque or semi-opaque reflecting metal substrate.
  • the design of a pigment could be the high refractive index black material forming the pigment.
  • Such a design also can give the same effect as the coated pigment having a layer of high refractive index black material coated on an outer surface of a metal reflective substrate.
  • the coated pigment and pigment described herein provide effects, such that when the coated pigment or pigment is viewed at a right angle relative to the coated pigment or pigment's outer surface, the coated pigment or pigment appears metallic, and such that when the coated pigment or pigment is viewed at angles other than a right angle relative to the outer surface, the coated pigment or pigment appears black.
  • coated pigment and pigment described herein can be used for coating applications such as, but not limited to, automotives as well as various inks and plastics. That is, in appropriate circumstances, it is to be realized that the concepts herein can be applied to other applications as well.
  • Fig. 1 shows a coated pigment 10 that includes a reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate 12.
  • a layer of high refractive index black material 14 is coated about the outer surface of the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate 12.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 is a black glass layer, such as a black chalcogenide glass. It will be appreciated that the layer 14 may not be chalcogenide glass, but may be a non-chalcogenide black glass (e.g. ceramic glass).
  • the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate 12 is sandwiched between the outer layers of chalcogenide glass.
  • the above coated pigment 10 may have an additional protection layer (not shown).
  • the additional protection layer can be made of any material suitable for protecting the coated pigment 10 from damage.
  • the additional protection layer includes a Schott SFl 1 glass.
  • the additional protective layer is disposed as the outside layer over the outermost layer of the substrate 12 and layer 14 structures.
  • the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate 12 is infrared reflective and the layer of high refractive index black material 14 is infrared transparent.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 has a refractive index, where the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate 12 and the layer of high refractive index black material 14 form a black metallic pigment, such that when the pigment 10 is viewed at a right angle relative to the outer surface of the coated pigment 10, the coated pigment 10 appears metallic, and such that when the coated pigment 10 is viewed at angles other than a right angle relative to the outer surface of the coated pigment 10, the coated pigment 10 appears black. That is, the overall arrangement of the coated pigment 10 can give a metallic appearance (highly reflective) when viewed at right angles and can give a black appearance when viewed at an angle.
  • the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate 12 in some examples is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silver, copper, gold, tin, tantalum, titanium, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, palladium, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the reflective substrate 12 is an opaque material such as aluminum.
  • the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate 12 is a thin flake with the layer of high refractive index black material 14 disposed on the flake 12 as a thin film.
  • the substrate 12 can be a platelet-shaped material(s) with the layer of high refractive index black material 14 disposed on the outer surface of the substrate 12 as a thin film.
  • the platelet-shaped material(s) has a thickness from about 30 nm to about 1000 nm, alternately about 50 nm to about 700 nm, alternately about 80 nm to about 200 nm.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 has a thickness from about 400 nm to about 2000 nm, alternately about 500 nm to about 1000 nm, alternately about 600 nm to about 800 nm.
  • the coated pigment 10 has an overall thickness in the range of about 400 nm to about 3000 nm, alternately about 600 nm to about 2000 nm, alternately about 700 nm to about 1000 nm.
  • a chalcogenide glass is used as the layer of high refractive index black material 14.
  • the chalcogenide glass has the general formula YZ.
  • Y is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, Si, As, and a mixture of Ge, Sb, Si and/or As.
  • Y is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, Si, As, and a mixture of Ge, Sb, Si and/or As in the range of about 15-70% (atomic/element percent).
  • Z is at least one selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, and a mixture of S, Se and/or Te.
  • Z is at least one selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, and a mixture of S, Se and/or Te in the range of about 30 to 85% (atomic/element percent).
  • S, Se, Te, and a mixture of S, Se and/or Te in the range of about 30 to 85% (atomic/element percent).
  • Ge or Si is included as Y thereby giving a broad range of Ge or Si based chalcogenide glasses.
  • any of S, Se, Te or a mixture of these may be present to make up the chalcogenide glass.
  • further metallic or non-metallic elements can be added.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 can be a black glass material, such as for example, a chalcogenide or ceramic glass.
  • the high refractive index black material can have the formula, for example, A x B y C z .
  • A Y.
  • Y is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, Si, As, and a mixture of Ge, Sb, Si and/or As.
  • Y is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, Si, As, and a mixture of Ge, Sb, Si and/or As in the range of about 15-70% (atomic/element percent).
  • B Y or one or more other metallic or non- metallic elements.
  • C Z.
  • Z is at least one selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, and a mixture of S, Se and/or Te.
  • Z is at least one selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, and a mixture of S, Se and/or Te in the range of about 30 to 85% (atomic/element percent).
  • either Ge or Si is included as Y thereby giving a broad range of Ge or Si based chalcogenide glasses.
  • the values x, y and z can be determined from the type of glass that is utilized, that is, whether the glass is a chalcogenide glass or a glass ceramic.
  • C can be partly replaced by Sn and/or Bi, for example in a formula of Sn-Sb-Bi-Se. It will be appreciated that additional metallic and non-metallic elements can also be added to the formula A x B y C z for the glass layer.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 includes a chalcogenide glass having the formula Ge 2 gSbi Se 60 .
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 may include GeSbSe, GeSe, GeSeTe, GeSeSn, and/or GeSeSnTe.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 in some embodiments is not a glass layer.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 may be composed of black materials, such as for example, CuInGaSe, strontium, silicon, germanium, and carbides and/or carbonitrides of elements that are black in appearance, e.g., carbides and carbonitrides of boron, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, silicon, and of alloys of such elements.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 can have a thickness that is suitable for coating the disclosed coated pigment 10.
  • the thicknesses of the layer of high refractive index black material 14 herein means the total thickness of the layer 14 without any other layer, e.g. the protective layer.
  • the thickness of the layer 14 is from about lOOOnm to about 2000nm.
  • the layer 14 is about 1000 nm.
  • the thickness of the layer 14 is about 1500 nm.
  • the thickness of the layer 14 is about 2000 nm.
  • the overall thickness of the coated pigment 10, which includes the thicknesses of the layer of high refractive index black material 14 and any other layer such as a protective layer is about 3000nm.
  • the chalcogenide glass when used as the layer of high refractive index black material 14, can contain silicon and may be used in combination with any of the other chalcogenide materials above.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 can be a chalcogenide glass that includes, but is not limited to, at least one selected from the group consisting of SiSbSe and SiSe.
  • the refractive index is at least greater than 1.5, and may be about 2.6 or at least about 2.6 in some instances.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 can have a refractive index in the range of about 1.5 or more, or in some cases about 2.0 or more, or in other cases about 2.5 or more. In other examples, the refractive index may be higher than 2.5.
  • raw materials such as silicon (e.g. refractive index (RI) of about 3.4), germanium (e.g. RI of about 4.5), and silicon carbide (e.g. RI of about 2.7) can contribute to higher values of refractive index.
  • the refractive index is measured by an ellipsometry technique using polarized visible light under room temperature, i.e., between 18 to 25 degrees C.
  • the measured refractive index values do not vary significantly between these temperatures.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 can have the following thermal change (dn/dT, where n is refractive index and T is temperature) between 18 to 25 C: 76 x 10-6/K (3.4 ⁇ ); 91 x 10-6/K (10.6 ⁇ ).
  • An exemplary room temperature is at 21.5 degrees C.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material 14 has certain color absorbing effects that can thereby allow the pigment to appear black when viewed at shallow angles. That is, the layer of high refractive index black material 14 allows for the coated pigment 10 to appear black when viewing it at angles that are less than 90 degrees, e.g. looking at the coated pigment 10 other than straight on. That is, the coated pigment 10 can provide the effect where it looks shiny black when viewed at a shallow angle and metallic when viewed at about a right angle. It will be appreciated that the coated pigment 10 may start to lose its black appearance when viewing it at angles slightly off 90 degrees, e.g. looking at the coated pigment 10 almost straight on.
  • the black color rather than the metallic appearance becomes more prominent, and likewise when the view is moved closer to 90 degrees the metallic appearance can become more prominent and the black color may lose its
  • the high refractive index black material can be coated onto the reflective opaque or semi-opaque metal substrate 12 by physical vapor deposition (PVD), which is known.
  • PVD physical vapor deposition
  • the coated pigment 10 herein can be manufactured by such processes as, but not limited to, thermal evaporation, E-beam, and sputter deposition. Using PVD can provide a smooth pigment structure with uniform thickness, which can further provide a mirror-like effect.
  • the coated pigment 10 herein can be manufactured, for example using PVD, to produce a coated pigment with a very, smooth surface texture, having a roughness of the order of about tens of nanometers, but can also have a roughness as low as 15nm or less. In one example, the roughness is significantly less, for example, when compared to roughness in cases showing at least 0.2 ⁇ in irregularity. Such roughness can be observed by an atomic force microscope (AFM).
  • AFM atomic force microscope
  • the coated pigment 10 may be used in a coating composition.
  • the coating composition includes the coated pigment 10 and a carrier.
  • the "carrier" component includes the base liquid or solvent, film-forming components, and related additives.
  • Carriers include, but are not limited to, the following: acrylic emulsions, water reducible alkyl resin systems, water reducible alkyl/melamine cross-linked systems, waterborne epoxy systems, polyester emulsions, and water reducible polyester/melamine coatings.
  • the coated pigment 10 may be used in a coating in an article.
  • the article includes a coating that includes the coated pigment 10.
  • Fig. 2 shows a pigment 20 that includes a high refractive index black material.
  • the high refractive index black material is a black glass.
  • the black glass is a black chalcogenide glass.
  • the black glass may be a non-chalcogenide black glass (e.g. ceramic glass).
  • a chalcogenide glass is used as the high refractive index black material.
  • the chalcogenide glass has the general formula YZ.
  • Y is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, Si, As, and a mixture of Ge, Sb, Si and/or As.
  • Y is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, Si, As, and a mixture of Ge, Sb, Si and/or As in the range of about 15-70% (atomic/element percent).
  • Z is at least one selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, and a mixture of S, Se and/or Te.
  • Z is at least one selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, and a mixture of S, Se and/or Te in the range of about 30 to 85% (atomic/element percent).
  • S, Se, Te, and a mixture of S, Se and/or Te in the range of about 30 to 85% (atomic/element percent).
  • Ge or Si is included as Y thereby giving a broad range of Ge or Si based chalcogenide glasses.
  • any of S, Se, Te may be present to make up the chalcogenide glass.
  • further metallic or non-metallic elements can be added.
  • the high refractive index black material can be a black glass material, such as for example, a chalcogenide or ceramic glass.
  • the high refractive index black material can have the formula, for example, A x B y C z .
  • A Y.
  • Y is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, Si, As, and a mixture of Ge, Sb, Si and/or As.
  • Y is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, Si, As, and a mixture of Ge, Sb, Si and/or As in the range of about 15-70%
  • B Y or one or more other metallic or non- metallic elements.
  • C Z.
  • Z is at least one selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, and a mixture of S, Se and/or Te.
  • Z is at least one selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, and a mixture of S, Se and/or Te in the range of about 30 to 85% (atomic/element percent).
  • either Ge or Si is included as Y thereby giving a broad range of Ge or Si based chalcogenide glasses.
  • the values x, y and z can be determined from the type of glass that is utilized, that is, whether the glass is a chalcogenide glass or a glass ceramic.
  • C can be partly replaced by Sn and/or Bi, for example in a formula of Sn-Sb-Bi-Se. It will be appreciated that additional metallic and non-metallic elements also can be added to the formula A x B y C z .
  • the high refractive index black material is a chalcogenide glass having the formula Ge 28 Sbi 2 Se 6 o.
  • the high refractive index black material may be, but is not limited to, GeSbSe, GeSe, GeSeTe, GeSeSn, and/or GeSeSnTe.
  • the high refractive index black material in some embodiments is not a glass layer.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material may be composed of black materials, such as for example, CuInGaSe, strontium, silicon, germanium, and carbides and/or carbonitrides of elements that are black in appearance, e.g., carbides and carbonitrides of boron, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, silicon, and of alloys of such elements.
  • the high refractive index black material is made of the same material included in the layer of high refractive index black material 14 of the coated pigment 10 as described above.
  • the chalcogenide glass when a chalcogenide glass is used as the high refractive index black material, can contain silicon and may be used in combination with any of the other chalcogenide materials above.
  • the high refractive index black material can be a chalcogenide glass that includes, but is not limited to, at least one selected from the group consisting of SiSbSe and SiSe.
  • the pigment 20 has a refractive index such that when the pigment 20 is viewed at a right angle relative to the outer surface of the pigment, the pigment 20 appears metallic, and such that when the pigment 20 is viewed at angles other than a right angle relative to the outer surface of the pigment, the pigment 20 appears black. That is, the pigment 20 can give a metallic appearance (highly reflective) when viewed at right angles and can give a black appearance when viewed at an angle.
  • the refractive index is at least greater than about 1.5. In another example, the refractive index is about 2.6. In yet another example, the refractive index is at least about 2.6. Generally, it will be appreciated that the high refractive index black material can have a refractive index in the range of about 1.5 or more, or in some cases about 2.0 or more, or in other cases about 2.5 or more.
  • the refractive index may be higher than 2.5.
  • raw materials such as silicon (e.g. refractive index (RI) of about 3.4), germanium (e.g. RI of about 4.5), and silicon carbide (e.g. RI of about 2.7) can contribute to higher values of refractive index.
  • the refractive index is measured by an ellipsometry technique using polarized visible light under room temperature, i.e., between 18 to 25 degrees C.
  • the measured refractive index values do not vary significantly between these temperatures.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material can have the following thermal change (dn/dT, where n is refractive index and T is temperature) between 18 to 25 C: 76 x 10-6/K (3.4 ⁇ ); 91 x 10-6/K ( ⁇ . ⁇ ).
  • An exemplary room temperature is at 21.5 degrees C.
  • the pigment 20 has a thickness of about 1000 to about 2000 nm. In yet another example, the pigment 20 has a thickness of about 1000 nm, alternately about 1500 nm, alternately about 2000 nm. In yet another example, the pigment 20 has a thickness of about 2000 nm or more. Such thicknesses can be observed by an atomic force microscope (AFM).
  • AFM atomic force microscope
  • the pigment 20 may also have an additional protection layer (not shown).
  • the additional protection layer can be made of any material suitable for protecting the pigment 20 from damage.
  • the additional protection layer includes a Schott SF11 glass.
  • the additional protective layer is disposed as the outermost layer of the pigment 20.
  • the pigment 20 may be used in a coating composition.
  • the coating composition includes the pigment 20 and a carrier.
  • the "carrier" component includes the base liquid or solvent, film-forming components, and related additives.
  • Carriers include, but are not limited to, the following: acrylic emulsions, water reducible alkyl resin systems, water reducible alkyl/melamine cross-linked systems, waterborne epoxy systems, polyester emulsions, and water reducible polyester/melamine coatings.
  • the pigment 20 may be used in a coating in an article.
  • the article includes a coating that includes the pigment 20.
  • chalcogenide glasses including a Ge-based black chalcogenide glass system are used as a raw material to deposit a chalcogenide layer using aluminum as substrate.
  • the chalcogenide layer is deposited by thermal evaporation using a current of 75 A at about 5x 10 "7 Torr with no substrate rotation.
  • a coated pigment with 1.11 ⁇ thick GeSbSe on either side of a 85 nm thick aluminum substrate is formed.
  • Color testing was performed using known CIELAB techniques, to evaluate L, a, and b values.
  • CIE lab values for the coated pigment prepared in a) is compared to the other black pigments (BASF's Black Olive, EMD's 9602 SW and CIBA's Satin Black) existing in the market.
  • Figure 3, 4 and 5 show the L* values, Chroma values and Hue values as a function of angles for the above pigments with that of other black pigments existing in the market.
  • Figures 6 shows a* versus b* values for the above chalcogenide based black pigments compared to other existing black pigments.
  • the thickness of the layers of the coated pigment prepared in a) was measured by Atomic
  • Fig. 7 shows that the roughness of the aluminum substrate can also be measured by AFM, where in some examples the root mean square roughness of the aluminum substrate was found to be 4.06 nm. It has been observed that when the high refractive index black material is coated on the substrate, e.g.
  • FIG. 8 shows an AFM image on the GeSbSe surface of a bi-layer film having GeSbSe on an aluminum substrate. The bi-layer film was made on a glass slide. The roughness of GeSbSe is observed to be about 15 nm. The resulting product shown in Fig. 8 can look very similar to what is shown in Fig. 7, as the overall roughness is of the order of a couple or few tens of nanometer. It would be appreciated that adding a protective layer, if desired, would not substantially alter the surface roughness beyond a few tens of nanometers.
  • the layer of high refractive index black material provides high visible absorption to give a dark appearance (black color) while giving high reflectivity at an angle (e.g. metallic effect), and the high reflectivity is further enhanced when backed by an opaque or semi-opaque reflecting metal.
  • the coated pigment prepared in a) provides effects, such that when the coated pigment is viewed at about a right angle relative to the coated pigment's outer surface, the coated pigment appears metallic, and such that when the coated pigment is viewed at angles other than about a right angle relative to the outer surface, the coated pigment appears black.
  • a film of GeSbSe only was made on a 2 mm polyester web that was hard coated with an organic release layer capable of being dissolved in a suitable solvent.
  • the film was made by evaporating the GeSbSe onto the web by thermal evaporation.
  • the film material was removed from the polyester web by dissolving the release layer in N-(4-nitrophenyl)-L-prolinol (NPP) solution.
  • NPP N-(4-nitrophenyl)-L-prolinol
  • the film thus obtained was sized by placing the tip of Hielscher UP200H sonicator tip into the NPP solution containing the film material. The flakes were removed from the solution by centrifuging and drying in air.
  • Figure 9 shows SEM image of the sized flakes prepared in a) after about 10 minutes of sonication.
  • the size of the flakes was about 50 microns.
  • the sized flakes can be filtered from the solvent and can be redispersed in a binder to make drawdown or spray outs.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
PCT/US2011/023351 2010-02-09 2011-02-01 Black metallic effect pigments Ceased WO2011100141A2 (en)

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US30278810P 2010-02-09 2010-02-09
US61/302,788 2010-02-09
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US13/018,921 2011-02-01

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US8974896B2 (en) * 2013-03-08 2015-03-10 Vapor Technologies, Inc. Coated article with dark color
CN105531329B (zh) * 2013-09-19 2018-12-07 巴斯夫欧洲公司 不可磁化的效应颜料
EP3667422A1 (en) 2018-12-14 2020-06-17 Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek TNO Lithographic patterning method and system therefore

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2448338C3 (de) * 1974-10-10 1978-10-26 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Stabilisierte Chalkogenide auf der Basis von Cadmium
DE4141069A1 (de) * 1991-12-13 1993-06-17 Basf Ag Glanzpigmente auf der basis von mehrfach beschichteten plaettchenfoermigen silikatischen substraten
US6019831A (en) * 1993-11-25 2000-02-01 Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung Non-lustrous pigments
DE19618566A1 (de) * 1996-05-09 1997-11-13 Merck Patent Gmbh Mehrschichtige Interferenzpigmente
DE19618569A1 (de) * 1996-05-09 1997-11-13 Merck Patent Gmbh Mehrschichtige Interferenzpigmente
DE19817286A1 (de) * 1998-04-18 1999-10-21 Merck Patent Gmbh Mehrschichtiges Perlglanzpigment auf Basis eines opaken Substrates
US6284032B2 (en) * 1999-03-09 2001-09-04 Merck Patent Gmbh Multilayer interference pigments
DE10024466A1 (de) * 2000-05-18 2001-11-22 Merck Patent Gmbh Pigmente mit Opalstruktur
US6463088B1 (en) * 2000-07-07 2002-10-08 Lucent Technologies Inc. Mesa geometry semiconductor light emitter having chalcogenide dielectric coating
TWI292773B (en) * 2001-05-09 2008-01-21 Merck Patent Gmbh Effect pigments based on coated glass flakes
US7151273B2 (en) * 2002-02-20 2006-12-19 Micron Technology, Inc. Silver-selenide/chalcogenide glass stack for resistance variable memory
CA2495007A1 (en) * 2002-11-13 2004-05-27 Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc. Novel interference pigments
DE602004012003T2 (de) * 2003-02-03 2009-02-26 Merck Patent Gmbh Perlglanzpigmente auf Basis von aus Chalkogeniden, Oxidchalkogeniden und gemischten Chalkogeniden bestehenden, selektiv absorbierenden Schichten
GB2403724A (en) * 2003-07-11 2005-01-12 Qinetiq Ltd Thermal infrared reflective coatings
DE10354763A1 (de) * 2003-11-21 2005-06-23 Eckart Gmbh & Co. Kg Effektpigmente mit Aluminium- oder Aluminiumlegierungskern, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und Verwendung derselben
DE102004063433A1 (de) * 2004-12-23 2006-07-06 Eckart Gmbh & Co. Kg Mehrschichtiges Effektpigment mit zentraler Absorberschicht, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung, Verwendung derselben, Beschichtungsmittel und beschichteter Gegenstand
US7116888B1 (en) * 2005-04-13 2006-10-03 Corning, Incorporated Chalcogenide glass for low viscosity extrusion and injection molding

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WO2011100141A3 (en) 2011-12-22
CN102834470A (zh) 2012-12-19
JP2011174065A (ja) 2011-09-08

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