WO2011077530A1 - 油入電気機器における異常発生の可能性を予測する方法 - Google Patents
油入電気機器における異常発生の可能性を予測する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011077530A1 WO2011077530A1 PCT/JP2009/071441 JP2009071441W WO2011077530A1 WO 2011077530 A1 WO2011077530 A1 WO 2011077530A1 JP 2009071441 W JP2009071441 W JP 2009071441W WO 2011077530 A1 WO2011077530 A1 WO 2011077530A1
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- oil
- concentration
- dibenzyl disulfide
- temperature
- transformer
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- GVPWHKZIJBODOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzyl disulfide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CSSCC1=CC=CC=C1 GVPWHKZIJBODOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 62
- OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Cu+2] OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 8
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000019086 sulfide ion homeostasis Effects 0.000 description 4
- BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper monosulfide Chemical compound [Cu]=S BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000011896 sensitive detection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000393496 Electra Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002405 diagnostic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004870 electrical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/26—Oils; Viscous liquids; Paints; Inks
- G01N33/28—Oils, i.e. hydrocarbon liquids
- G01N33/2835—Specific substances contained in the oils or fuels
- G01N33/287—Sulfur content
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/40—Structural association with built-in electric component, e.g. fuse
- H01F27/402—Association of measuring or protective means
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for predicting the possibility of occurrence of an abnormality in an oil-filled electrical device.
- an oil-filled electrical device such as a transformer
- a copper coil wound with insulating paper is disposed in the insulation oil.
- the present invention relates to a method for predicting the possibility of occurrence of abnormality due to copper sulfide deposited on insulating paper.
- insulating paper is wound around coil copper, which is a current-carrying medium, so that coil copper is not short-circuited between adjacent turns.
- Non-Patent Document 1 CIGRE TF A2.31, “Copper sulphide in transformer insulation,” ELECTRA, No. 224, pp. 20-23 , 2006).
- Dibenzyl disulfide is known as one of the causative substances in insulating oil for depositing copper sulfide (for example, Non-Patent Document 2: F. Sciggio, V. Tumiatti, R. Maina, M. Tumiatti M. Pompilli and R. Bartnikas, “Corrosive Sulfur in Insulating Oils: Its Detection and Correlated Power Apparatus Failures”, IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 23, pp. 508-509, 2008). For this reason, it is conceivable to predict the possibility of occurrence of abnormality in the oil-filled electrical equipment based on the dibenzyl disulfide concentration in the insulating oil.
- Non-Patent Document 3 S. Toyama, J. Tanimura, N. Yamada, E. Nagao and T. Amimoto, “High sensitive detection method of dibenzyl disulfide and the elucidation of the mechanism of copper sulfide generation in insulating oil”, Doble Clientston Conf, USA, Paper IM-8A, 2008
- dibenzyl disulfide concentration in mineral oil decreases due to the formation of copper sulfide. For this reason, simply measuring the dibenzyl disulfide concentration in mineral oil collected from existing equipment cannot predict the possibility of occurrence of abnormalities in oil-filled electrical equipment.
- the conventional diagnostic method disclosed in Patent Document 1 relates to copper sulfide deposited on a metal surface that has been known for a long time, and targets a phenomenon different from copper sulfide deposition on the surface of insulating paper. Further, since an insulating plate made of an epoxy resin is used and the material is different from that of the coil insulating paper made of cellulose, there is a high possibility that the deposition of copper sulfide on the coil insulating paper cannot be correctly detected. Moreover, it must be manufactured by a complicated method in which copper powder is sprayed and dispersed and fixed onto an epoxy resin insulating plate.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and a method for predicting the possibility of a problem due to copper sulfide generation in the oil-filled electrical equipment in the future by analyzing the current oil-filled electrical equipment.
- the purpose is to provide.
- the present invention is a method for predicting the possibility of an abnormality occurring in an oil-filled electrical device, (1) a step of measuring the residual concentration of dibenzyl disulfide in insulating oil collected from an oil-filled electrical device in operation; (2) A step of obtaining an estimated decrease amount of the residual dibenzyl disulfide concentration relative to the initial dibenzyl disulfide concentration at the start of operation of the oil-filled electrical device, (3) calculating the initial dibenzyl disulfide concentration from the residual dibenzyl disulfide concentration and the estimated decrease, and (4) A method comprising a step of comparing the initial concentration of dibenzyl disulfide with a specific control value.
- the estimated decrease amount is preferably obtained from the average decrease rate of the dibenzyl disulfide concentration and the operation years of the oil-filled electrical device.
- the average decrease rate is preferably obtained as a decrease rate of the dibenzyl disulfide concentration at the equivalent temperature of the coil provided in the oil-filled electrical device.
- the equivalent temperature of the coil is obtained from information on test data, operating load factor, and environmental temperature of oil-filled electrical equipment.
- the concentration of the dibenzyl disulfide of the causative substance contained in the mineral oil at the start of operation is estimated by analyzing the oil-filled electrical equipment in operation. In this way, it is possible to predict the possibility that a failure due to copper sulfide generation will occur in the oil-filled electrical device in the future. .
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing steps (1) to (3) of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a method for calculating a decrease rate of dibenzyl disulfide concentration in the first embodiment. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the temperature distribution obtained by a heat run test. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the coil temperature at the time of making an operating load factor into a parameter. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the coil temperature at the time of using air temperature as a parameter. 3 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a method of calculating a dibenzyl disulfide concentration at the start of operation according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a method for calculating a decrease rate of dibenzyl disulfide concentration in the first embodiment. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the temperature distribution obtained by a heat run test. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the coil temperature at the time of making an operating load factor into a parameter. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the coil temperature at the
- FIG. 1 shows a prediction method according to this embodiment.
- (1) a step of measuring the residual concentration of dibenzyl disulfide in insulating oil collected from an operating transformer; (2) determining an estimated decrease amount of the dibenzyl disulfide residual concentration relative to the initial dibenzyl disulfide initial concentration at the start of operation of the transformer; and (3) A flowchart for explaining a step of calculating the initial concentration of dibenzyl disulfide (hereinafter abbreviated as DBDS) from the residual concentration of dibenzyl disulfide and the estimated decrease amount.
- DBDS initial concentration of dibenzyl disulfide
- Step 1 Step of Measuring DBDS Residual Concentration Step 1 comprises a step of collecting oil from a transformer and a step of measuring the DBDS residual concentration of the collected oil, as shown in FIG.
- Non-Patent Document 3 S. Toyama, J. Tanimura, N. Yamada, E. Nagao and T. Amimoto, “High sensitive detection method of dibenzyl disulfide and the elucidation of the mechanism of copper mechanism generation in insulating oil”, Doble Client USA, Doble Client USA, Conf., IM, -8A, 2008).
- the residual DBDS concentration in the insulating oil can be obtained.
- Step 2 Step of Obtaining an Estimated Reduction in DBDS Concentration
- Steps to grasp the relationship between transformer operating load factor and environmental temperature from the transformer test data and coil temperature in the transformer (Step 2-1), A step of obtaining the equivalent temperature of the coil in the transformer from the information obtained in the step 2-1 from information on the operating load factor and the environmental temperature of the transformer (step 2-2), Obtaining a DBDS concentration decrease rate (average decrease rate) at an equivalent temperature of the coil (step 2-3); and This includes a step (step 2-4) of obtaining an estimated decrease amount from the operation start time of the DBDS concentration from the information on the operation years of the transformer and the average decrease rate.
- the heat run test of a transformer is a test for measuring a temperature rise under a load condition defined for grasping characteristics of cooling a winding and an iron core. For example, an equivalent load by a short-circuit connection based on JEC-2200 (JEC-2200, page 41). In this test, the oil temperature at the bottom and top of the transformer is measured. The temperature of the coil winding is calculated from the measured resistance value of the coil winding (page 42 of JEC-2200).
- Fig. 3 schematically shows the temperature of the insulating oil in the transformer and the temperature of the coil winding required by the heat run test.
- the oil temperature is lowest at the lower part of the coil and highest at the upper part due to heat generation of the coil winding by the energization current.
- the distribution of the temperature of the insulating oil and the coil winding in the transformer as shown in FIG. 3 (average coil winding temperature: 70 ° C., upper oil temperature: 60 ° C., lower oil temperature: 40 ° C.
- the numerical value on the vertical axis indicates the temperature of the insulating oil or the coil winding, and is not an actual measurement value but an assumed value).
- the coil temperature of each part (from the bottom to the top) of the transformer when the operating load factor was used as a parameter was determined from the measured values. The results are schematically shown in FIG.
- Step 2-2 Step of obtaining equivalent temperature of coil in transformer ⁇ Determination of average environmental temperature>
- the temperature of the environment in which the transformer is installed is not constant, but by applying a method that considers daily and annual temperature fluctuations, the average environmental temperature over the entire operating period of the transformer can be determined (for example, Tadao Minagawa, Eiichi Nagao, Satoshi Doe, Hiroshi Yonezawa, Daisuke Takayama, Yutaka Yamakawa “O-ring degradation characteristics in high-aged GIS”, Electrical Engineering B, Vol. 125, No. 3, 2005).
- the average operating load factor over the entire operating period of the transformer can be determined from the records of the substation where the transformer is installed.
- ⁇ Determining the equivalent coil temperature> First, based on the relationship between the operating load factor and environmental temperature of the transformer grasped in step 2-1 and the coil temperature in the transformer, from the bottom in the transformer at the average environmental temperature and average operating load factor. Find the upper coil temperature.
- the temperature inside the transformer is lowest at the bottom of the coil and highest at the top of the coil.
- the reaction between DBDS and copper is temperature-dependent, and the reaction rate increases when the temperature is high. Accordingly, the DBDS concentration decrease rate is low at the lower part of the coil at a low temperature, and the DBDS concentration decrease rate is increased at the upper part of the coil at a high temperature.
- the chemical reaction for producing copper sulfide is twice as fast as the temperature increases by 10 ° C.
- the DBDS concentration decrease rate is estimated to be twice as fast as the coil temperature increases by 10 ° C.
- a graph showing the relationship between the coil temperature from the bottom to the top in the transformer and the rate of decrease in the DBDS concentration can be created (a schematic graph is shown in FIG. 2).
- Step 2-3 Step of Obtaining Average Reduction Rate of DBDS Concentration
- the reduction rate of DBDS concentration at this equivalent temperature is the average reduction rate of DBDS concentration (see FIG. 2).
- Step 2-4 Step of obtaining an estimated amount of decrease in DBDS concentration Based on information on the number of years of operation of the transformer and the average rate of decrease in DBDS concentration obtained in Step 2-3 above, an estimated decrease in the start of operation of DBDS concentration The amount can be determined.
- FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a method of calculating the DBDS concentration at the start of operation. Based on the DBDS concentration in the collected oil (DBDS residual concentration) and the estimated amount of decrease in the DBDS concentration obtained in Step 2-4 (the value obtained from the average rate of decrease in the DBDS concentration and the number of years of operation), The DBDS concentration (DBDS initial concentration) can be obtained.
- the DBDS concentration (DBDS residual concentration) in the insulating oil collected from the operating transformer is the same, the DBDS concentration (DBDS initial concentration) at the start of operation becomes a different value if the coil temperature is different. For example, when the coil temperature is high, the DBDS concentration decrease rate increases, and the amount of decrease with respect to the DBDS concentration at the start of operation increases, so the DBDS concentration at the start of operation has a high value.
- Step of comparing initial concentration of dibenzyl disulfide with specific control value 10 ppm is recommended as a control value of DBDS concentration in oil (DBDS control concentration).
- DBDS control concentration DBDS concentration in oil
- CIGRE WG A2-32 “Copper sulphide in transformer insulation”, Final Report Brochure 378, 2009.
- the DBDS concentration at the start of operation is determined by the step of obtaining the average decrease rate of the DBDS concentration in consideration of the coil temperature and the temperature distribution thereof, The concentration is required.
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Abstract
Description
(1) 稼動中の油入電気機器から採取した絶縁油中におけるジベンジルジスルフィド残存濃度を測定する工程、
(2) 前記油入電気機器の運転開始時におけるジベンジルジスルフィド初期濃度に対する前記ジベンジルジスルフィド残存濃度の推定減少量を求める工程、
(3) 前記ジベンジルジスルフィド残存濃度および前記推定減少量から、前記ジベンジルジスルフィド初期濃度を算出する工程、および、
(4) 前記ジベンジルジスルフィド初期濃度を特定の管理値と比較する工程を含む、方法である。
以下に、油入電気機器が変圧器である場合における本発明の予測方法の一実施形態について説明する。
(1) 稼動中の変圧器から採取した絶縁油中におけるジベンジルジスルフィド残存濃度を測定する工程、
(2) 上記変圧器の運転開始時におけるジベンジルジスルフィド初期濃度に対する上記ジベンジルジスルフィド残存濃度の推定減少量を求める工程、および、
(3) 上記ジベンジルジスルフィド残存濃度および上記推定減少量から、上記ジベンジルジスルフィド(以下、DBDSと略す。)初期濃度を算出する工程
を説明するためのフローチャートである。以下に、各工程の詳細について説明する。
工程1は、図1に示すように、変圧器から油を採取する工程、および、採取した油のDBDS残存濃度を測定する工程からなる。
図1に示されるように、工程2は、
変圧器の試験データから、変圧器の運転負荷率および環境温度と、変圧器内のコイル温度との関係を把握する工程(工程2-1)、
変圧器の運転負荷率および環境温度の情報と、工程2-1で得た関係から、変圧器内のコイルの等価温度を求める工程(工程2-2)、
該コイルの等価温度におけるDBDS濃度の減少速度(平均減少速度)を求める工程(工程2-3)、および、
変圧器の運転年数の情報と、上記平均減少速度から、DBDS濃度の運転開始時点からの推定減少量を求める工程(工程2-4)からなる。
下記のヒートラン試験により、変圧器の運転負荷率および環境温度と、変圧器内のコイル温度との関係を把握する。
変圧器のヒートラン試験は、巻線および鉄芯を冷却する特性を把握するために定められた負荷条件下での温度上昇を測定する試験であり、例えば、JEC-2200に基づく短絡接続による等価負荷法(JEC-2200の41頁)により行うことができる。この試験では、変圧器の底部と上部の油温度を実測する。コイル巻線の温度は、実測したコイル巻線の抵抗値から算出される(JEC-2200の42頁)。
<平均環境温度の決定>
変圧器が設置されている環境の気温は一定ではないが、日間および年間の気温変動を考慮する方法を適用することにより、変圧器の運転期間全体における平均環境温度を求めることができる(例えば、皆川 忠郎,永尾 栄一,土江 瑛,米沢 比呂志,高山 大輔,山川 豊 “高経年GISにおけるOリングの劣化特性”、電学論B、125巻3号、2005年)。
運転負荷率の変圧器の運転期間全体における平均は、変圧器が設置された変電所の記録から求めることができる。
まず、上記工程2-1で把握した変圧器の運転負荷率および環境温度と、変圧器内のコイル温度との関係に基づいて、上記平均環境温度および平均運転負荷率における変圧器内の底部から上部のコイル温度を求める。
この等価温度におけるDBDS濃度の減少速度が、DBDS濃度の平均減少速度となる(図2参照)。
変圧器の運転年数の情報と、上記工程2-3で求めたDBDS濃度の平均減少速度から、DBDS濃度の運転開始時点からの推定減少量を求めることができる。
図6は、運転開始時点におけるDBDS濃度の算出方法を説明するための概念図である。採取した油中のDBDS濃度(DBDS残存濃度)と、工程2-4で求めたDBDS濃度の推定減少量(DBDS濃度の平均減少速度および運転年数から求められた値)とから、運転開始時点におけるDBDS濃度(DBDS初期濃度)を求めることができる。
油中のDBDS濃度の管理値(DBDS管理濃度)として、10ppmが推奨されている。(例えば、CIGRE WG A2-32, “Copper sulphide in transformer insulation”, Final Report Brochure 378, 2009)。上記の方法により求めた運転開始時点におけるDBDS濃度を管理値と比較することにより、例えば、管理値より高ければ、絶縁紙に析出した硫化銅による異常発生の可能性が高いといった予測が可能となる。異常発生の可能性が高いと判断された場合には、当該油入電気機器は硫化銅により不具合を生じる可能性があるとして注意を促すなどの処置を行うことができる。
Claims (4)
- 油入電気機器における異常発生の可能性を予測する方法であって、
(1) 稼動中の油入電気機器から採取した絶縁油中におけるジベンジルジスルフィド残存濃度を測定する工程、
(2) 前記油入電気機器の運転開始時におけるジベンジルジスルフィド初期濃度に対する前記ジベンジルジスルフィド残存濃度の推定減少量を求める工程、
(3) 前記ジベンジルジスルフィド残存濃度および前記推定減少量から、前記ジベンジルジスルフィド初期濃度を算出する工程、および、
(4) 前記ジベンジルジスルフィド初期濃度を特定の管理値と比較する工程を含む、方法。 - 前記推定減少量は、ジベンジルジスルフィド濃度の平均減少速度と前記油入電気機器の運転年数から求められる、請求の範囲1に記載の方法。
- 前記平均減少速度は、前記油入電気機器内に設けられたコイルの等価温度におけるジベンジルジスルフィド濃度の減少速度として求められる、請求の範囲2に記載の方法。
- 前記コイルの等価温度は、油入電気機器の試験データ、運転負荷率、環境温度の情報から求められる、請求の範囲3に記載の方法。
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WO2010073748A1 (ja) * | 2008-12-25 | 2010-07-01 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 油入電気機器における異常発生の可能性を予測する方法 |
JP5079936B1 (ja) * | 2011-11-28 | 2012-11-21 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 油入電気機器の診断方法 |
US9396835B2 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2016-07-19 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Method for suppressing copper sulfide generation in oil-filled electrical equipment |
US20130318018A1 (en) * | 2012-05-23 | 2013-11-28 | General Electric Company | Neural network-based turbine monitoring system |
CN108152647A (zh) * | 2017-12-14 | 2018-06-12 | 深圳供电局有限公司 | 变压器冷却控制柜的接线检测方法及变压器冷却控制柜 |
CN109270447A (zh) * | 2018-09-13 | 2019-01-25 | 广州供电局有限公司 | 变压器模拟系统及整定值模拟测量方法 |
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JP2001006946A (ja) * | 1999-06-21 | 2001-01-12 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 電気絶縁油の評価方法および電気絶縁油含有ヘテロ化合物の分析方法 |
WO2009054155A1 (ja) * | 2007-10-26 | 2009-04-30 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | 油入電気機器の診断方法 |
JP2010010439A (ja) * | 2008-06-27 | 2010-01-14 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 油入電気機器における硫化銅生成の推定方法および異常を診断する方法 |
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JP3171225B2 (ja) * | 1995-09-07 | 2001-05-28 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 油入電気機器内部の異常診断方法 |
EP0930625B1 (en) * | 1997-06-03 | 2002-01-02 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for evaluating deterioration of insulating paper |
SE0601744L (sv) * | 2006-08-25 | 2008-02-26 | Abb Research Ltd | Förfarande för behandling av en elektrisk apparat |
JP5234440B2 (ja) * | 2010-02-17 | 2013-07-10 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 油入電気機器の寿命診断装置、油入電気機器の寿命診断方法、油入電気機器の劣化抑制装置、および油入電気機器の劣化抑制方法 |
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- 2009-12-24 CN CN200980162851.3A patent/CN102652341B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JP2001006946A (ja) * | 1999-06-21 | 2001-01-12 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 電気絶縁油の評価方法および電気絶縁油含有ヘテロ化合物の分析方法 |
WO2009054155A1 (ja) * | 2007-10-26 | 2009-04-30 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | 油入電気機器の診断方法 |
JP2010010439A (ja) * | 2008-06-27 | 2010-01-14 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 油入電気機器における硫化銅生成の推定方法および異常を診断する方法 |
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CN102652341A (zh) | 2012-08-29 |
JP4623334B1 (ja) | 2011-02-02 |
US20120197559A1 (en) | 2012-08-02 |
CN102652341B (zh) | 2015-03-11 |
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