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  • H10K2102/10—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene
  • H10K2102/101—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO]
  • H10K2102/103—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO] comprising indium oxides, e.g. ITO
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Definitions

• This invention relates to anthracene derivative combinations where at least one anthracene derivative is at least partially deuterated. It also relates to electronic devices in which at least one active layer includes such a combination.
• Organic electronic devices that emit light, such as light-emitting diodes that make up displays, are present in many different kinds of electronic equipment.
• an organic active layer is sandwiched between two electrical contact layers. At least one of the electrical contact layers is light-transmitting so that light can pass through the electrical contact layer.
• the organic active layer emits light through the light-transmitting electrical contact layer upon application of electricity across the electrical contact layers.
• organic electroluminescent compounds As the active component in light-emitting diodes. Simple organic molecules such as anthracene, thiadiazole derivatives, and coumarin derivatives are known to show electroluminescence. Semiconductive conjugated polymers have also been used as electroluminescent components, as has been disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent 5,247,190, U.S.
• Patent 5,408,109 and Published European Patent Application 443 861 .
• the electroluminescent compound is present as a dopant in a host material.
• aryl-substituted anthracene compounds at least one aryl-substituted anthracene having at least one deuterium substituent.
• an electronic device comprising an active layer comprising the combination of the above noted compounds.
• an electroactive composition comprising
• FIG. 1 includes an illustration of one example of an organic electronic device.
• aliphatic ring is intended to mean a cyclic group that does not have delocalized pi electrons. In some embodiments, the aliphatic ring has no unsaturation. In some embodiments, the ring has one double or triple bond.
• alkoxy refers to the group RO-, where R is an alkyi.
• alkyi is intended to mean a group derived from an aliphatic hydrocarbon having one point of attachment, and includes a linear, a branched, or a cyclic group. The term is intended to include heteroalkyls.
• hydrocarbon alkyi refers to an alkyi group having no heteroatoms.
• deuterated alkyi is a hydrocarbon alkyi having at least one available H replaced by D. In some embodiments, an alkyi group has from 1 -20 carbon atoms.
• branched alkyi refers to an alkyi group having at least one secondary or tertiary carbon.
• secondary alkyi refers to a branched alkyi group having a secondary carbon atom.
• tertiary alkyi refers to a branched alkyi group having a tertiary carbon atom. In some embodiments, the branched alkyi group is attached via a secondary or tertiary carbon.
• aryl is intended to mean a group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon having one point of attachment.
• aromatic compound is intended to mean an organic compound comprising at least one unsaturated cyclic group having delocalized pi electrons.
• the term is intended include heteroaryls.
• hydrocarbon aryl is intended to mean aromatic compounds having no heteroatoms in the ring.
• aryl includes groups which have a single ring and those which have multiple rings which can be joined by a single bond or fused together.
• deuterated aryl refers to an aryl group having at least one available H bonded directly to the aryl replaced by D.
• arylene is intended to mean a group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon having two points of attachment. In some embodiments, an aryl group has from 3-60 carbon atoms.
• aryloxy refers to the group RO-, where R is an aryl.
• compound is intended to mean an electrically uncharged substance made up of molecules that further consist of atoms, wherein the atoms cannot be separated by physical means.
• adjacent to when used to refer to layers in a device, does not necessarily mean that one layer is immediately next to another layer.
• adjacent R groups is used to refer to R groups that are next to each other in a chemical formula (i.e., R groups that are on atoms joined by a bond).
• deuterated is intended to mean that at least one H has been replaced by D.
• the deuterium is present in at least 100 times the natural abundance level.
• a “deuterated derivative" of compound X has the same structure as compound X, but with at least one D replacing an H.
• dopant is intended to mean a material, within a layer including a host material, that changes the electronic characteristic(s) or the targeted wavelength(s) of radiation emission, reception, or filtering of the layer compared to the electronic characteristic(s) or the wavelength(s) of radiation emission, reception, or filtering of the layer in the absence of such material.
• electroactive when referring to a layer or material, is intended to mean a layer or material that exhibits electronic or electro- radiative properties.
• an electroactive material electronically facilitates the operation of the device.
• electroactive materials include, but are not limited to, materials which conduct, inject, transport, or block a charge, where the charge can be either an electron or a hole, and materials which emit radiation or exhibit a change in concentration of electron-hole pairs when receiving radiation.
• inactive materials include, but are not limited to, planarization materials, insulating materials, and environmental barrier materials.
• hetero indicates that one or more carbon atoms have been replaced with a different atom. In some embodiments, the different atom is N, O, or S.
• host material is intended to mean a material to which a dopant is added.
• the host material may or may not have electronic characteristic(s) or the ability to emit, receive, or filter radiation. In some embodiments, the host material is present in higher concentration.
• layer is used interchangeably with the term “film” and refers to a coating covering a desired area.
• the term is not limited by size.
• the area can be as large as an entire device or as small as a specific functional area such as the actual visual display, or as small as a single sub-pixel.
• Layers and films can be formed by any conventional deposition technique, including vapor deposition, liquid deposition (continuous and discontinuous techniques), and thermal transfer.
• Continuous deposition techniques include but are not limited to, spin coating, gravure coating, curtain coating, dip coating, slot-die coating, spray coating, and continuous nozzle coating.
• Discontinuous deposition techniques include, but are not limited to, ink jet printing, gravure printing, and screen printing.
• organic electronic device or sometimes just “electronic device” is intended to mean a device including one or more organic semiconductor layers or materials. All groups can be substituted or unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated. In some embodiments, the substituents are selected from the group consisting of D, halide, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, cyano, and NR 2 , where R is alkyl or aryl.
• the lUPAC numbering system is used throughout, where the groups from the Periodic Table are numbered from left to right as 1 -18 (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 81 st Edition, 2000).
• the new deuterated compound is an aryl-substituted anthracene compound having at least one D.
• the compound is at least 10% deuterated. By this is meant that at least 10% of the H are replaced by D.
• the compound is at least 20% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 30% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 40% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 50% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 60% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 70% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 80% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 90% deuterated.
• the compounds are 100% deuterated.
• the combination of the aryl-substituted com ounds has Formula I and Formula II:
• Ri through R 2 o are the same or different at each occurrence and are selected from the group consisting of H, D, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, siloxane, and silyl; and
• ⁇ through Ar 6 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of aryl groups
• the at least one D is on a substituent group on an aryl ring.
• the substituent group is selected from alkyl and aryl.
• At least one of Ri through R 2 o is D. In some embodiments, at least two of Ri through R 2 o are D. In some embodiments, at least three are D; in some embodiments, at least four are D; in some embodiments, at least five are D; in some embodiments, at least six are D; in some embodiments, at least seven are D; in some embodiments, at least eight are D; in some embodiments, at least nine are D; in some embodiments, at least ten are D; in some embodiments, at least eleven are D; in some embodiments, at least twelve are D; in some embodiments, at least thirteen are D; in some
• At least fourteen are D; in some embodiments, at least fifteen are D; in some embodiments, at least seven are D; in some embodiments, at least seven are D; in some embodiments, at least seven are D; in some embodiments, at least seven are D. In some
• Ri through R 2 o are selected from H and D. In some embodiments, one of Ri through R 2 o is D and nineteen are H. In some embodiments, two of Ri through R 2 o are D and eighteen are H. In some embodiments, three of Ri through R 20 are D and seventeen are H. In some embodiments, four of Ri through R 20 are D, and sixteen are H. In some embodiments, five of Ri through R 20 are D and fifteen are H. In some embodiments, six of Ri through R 20 are D and fourteen are H. In some embodiments, seven of Ri through R 20 are D and thirteen are H. In some embodiments, eight of Ri through R 20 are D and twelve are H. In some embodiments, nine of Ri through R 20 are D and eleven are H.
• ten of Ri through R 20 are D and ten are H. In some embodiments, eleven of Ri through R 20 are D and nine are H. In some embodiments, twelve of Ri through R 20 are D and eight are H. In some embodiments, thirteen of Ri through R 20 are D and seven are H. In some embodiments, fourteen of Ri through R 20 are D and six are H. In some embodiments, fifteen of Ri through R 20 are D and five are H. In some embodiments, sixteen of Ri through R 20 are D and four are H. In some embodiments, seventeen of Ri through R 20 are D and three are H. In some embodiments, eighteen of Ri through R 20 are D and two are H. In some embodiments, nineteen of Ri through R 20 are D and one is H. In some embodiments, twenty of Ri through R 20 are D.
• At least one of Ri through R 20 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, siloxane, and silyl, and the remainder of Ri through R 20 are selected from H and D.
• R 2 is selected from alkyl, H or D.
• at least one of An through Ar 6 is a deuterated aryl.
• An and Ar 2 are selected from deuterated diaryls.
• An through Ar 6 are at least 10% deuterated. In some embodiments of Formula I, An through Ar 6 are at least 20% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 30% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 40% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 50% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 60% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 70% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 80% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 90% deuterated; in some embodiments, 100% deuterated.
• the compound of Formula I is at least 10% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 20% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 30% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 40% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 50% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 60% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 70% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 80% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 90% deuterated. In some embodiments, the compound is 100% deuterated.
• An and Ar 2 are selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracenyl, and deuterated derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, An and Ar 2 are selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, and deuterated derivatives thereof.
• An and Ar 2 are selected from the group consisting of:
• R21 through R 3 are the same or different at each occurrence and are selected from the group consisting of H, or D.
• Ar 3 and Ar 6 are selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracenyl,
• At least one of An through Ar 6 is a heteroaryl group.
• the heteroaryl group is deuterated.
• the heteroaryl group is at least 10% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 20% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 30% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 40% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 50% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 60% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 70% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 80% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 90% deuterated.
• the heteroaryl group is 100% deuterated.
• the heteroaryl group is selected from carbazole, benzofuran, dibenzofuran, and deuterated derivatives thereof.
• the compound of Formula I is at least 10% deuterated. In some embodiments, the compound is at least 20% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 30% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 40% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 50% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 60% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 70% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 80% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 90% deuterated. In some embodiments, the compound is 100% deuterated.
• the non-deuterated analog compounds can be made using any technique that will yield a C-C or C-N bond.
• a variety of such techniques are known, such as Suzuki, Yamamoto, Stille, and Pd- or Ni-catalyzed C- N couplings.
• the new deuterated compound can then be prepared in a similar manner using deuterated precursor materials or, more generally, by treating the non-deuterated compound with deuterated solvent, such as d6-benzene, in the presence of a Lewis acid H/D exchange catalyst, such as aluminum trichloride or ethyl aluminum chloride, or acids such as
• CF3COOD CF3COOD
• DCI CF3COOD
• exemplary preparations are given in the Examples.
• the level of deuteration can be determined by NMR analysis and by mass spectrometry, such as Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Mass
• the starting materials of the perdeuterated or partially deuterated aromatic compounds or alky compounds can be purchased from the commercial source or can be obtained using known methods. Some examples of such methods can be found in a) "Efficient H/D Exchange Reactions of Alkyl-Substituted Benzene Derivatives by Means of the Pd/C-H2-D2O System” Hiroyoshi Esaki, Fumiyo Aoki, Miho Umemura, Masatsugu Kato, Tomohiro Maegawa, Yasunari Monguchi, and Hironao Sajiki Chem. Eur. J. 2007, 13, 4052 - 4063.
• the compounds described herein can be formed into films using liquid deposition techniques. Surprisingly and unexpectedly, these compounds have greatly improved properties when compared to
• Organic electronic devices that may benefit from having one or more layers comprising the electroluminescent materials described herein include, but are not limited to, (1 ) devices that convert electrical energy into radiation (e.g., a light-emitting diode, light emitting diode display, or diode laser), (2) devices that detect signals through electronics processes (e.g., photodetectors, photoconductive cells, photoresistors,
• photoswitches, phototransistors, phototubes, IR detectors (3) devices that convert radiation into electrical energy, (e.g., a photovoltaic device or solar cell), and (4) devices that include one or more electronic components that include one or more organic semi-conductor layers (e.g., a transistor or diode).
• the device 100 has a first electrical contact layer, an anode layer 1 10 and a second electrical contact layer, a cathode layer 160, and an electroactive layer 140 between them.
• Adjacent to the anode may be a hole injection layer 120.
• Adjacent to the hole injection layer may be a hole transport layer 130, comprising hole transport material.
• Adjacent to the cathode may be an electron transport layer 150, comprising an electron transport material.
• Devices may use one or more additional hole injection or hole transport layers (not shown) next to the anode 1 10 and/or one or more additional electron injection or electron transport layers (not shown) next to the cathode 160.
• Layers 120 through 150 are individually and collectively referred to as the active layers.
• the different layers have the following range of thicknesses: anode 1 10, 500-5000 A, in one embodiment 1000-2000 A; hole injection layer 120, 50-2000 A, in one embodiment 200-1000 A; hole transport layer 130, 50-2000 A, in one embodiment 200-1000 A;
• electroactive layer 140 10-2000 A, in one embodiment 100-1000 A; layer 150, 50-2000 A, in one embodiment 100-1000 A; cathode 160, 200-10000 A, in one embodiment 300-5000 A.
• the location of the electron-hole recombination zone in the device, and thus the emission spectrum of the device, can be affected by the relative thickness of each layer. The desired ratio of layer thicknesses will depend on the exact nature of the materials used.
• electroactive layer 140 can be a light-emitting layer that is activated by an applied voltage (such as in a light-emitting diode or light-emitting electrochemical cell), or a layer of material that responds to radiant energy and generates a signal with or without an applied bias voltage (such as in a photodetector).
• an applied voltage such as in a light-emitting diode or light-emitting electrochemical cell
• a layer of material that responds to radiant energy and generates a signal with or without an applied bias voltage
• photodetectors include photoconductive cells, photoresistors, photoswitches, phototransistors, and phototubes, and photovoltaic cells, as these terms are described in Markus, John, Electronics and Nucleonics Dictionary, 470 and 476 (McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1966).
• One or more of the new deuterated materials described herein may be present in one or more of the active layers of a device.
• the deuterated materials may be used in combination with non-deuterated materials, or in combination with other deuterated materials.
• the new combination having at least one deuterated compound is useful as host/dopant materials for electroactive layer 140.
• the emissive material is also
• At least one additional layer includes a deuterated material.
• the additional layer is the hole injection layer 120.
• the additional layer is the hole transport layer 130.
• the additional layer is the electron transport layer 150
• an electronic device has deuterated materials in any combination of layers selected from the group consisting of the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, the electroactive layer, and the electron transport layer.
• the devices have additional layers to aid in processing or to improve functionality. Any or all of these layers can include deuterated materials. In some embodiments, all the organic device layers comprise deuterated materials. In some embodiments, all the organic device layers consist essentially of deuterated materials.
• the new combination of compounds of Formula I and II are useful as host materials in combination with electroactive dopant materials in layer 140.
• the compounds can be used alone, or in combination with a second host material.
• the new deuterated compounds can be used as a host for dopants with any color of emission.
• the new deuterated compounds are used as hosts for green- or blue-emissive materials.
• the electroactive layer consists essentially of a host and dopant combinations having Formulas I and II.
• the electroactive layer consists essentially of a first host material having Formula I, a second host material, and an electroactive dopant of Formula II.
• second host materials include, but are not limited to, chrysenes, phenanthrenes, triphenylenes, phenanthrolines, naphthalenes, anthracenes, quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxalines, phenylpyridines, benzodifurans, and metal quinolinate complexes.
• the amount of dopant material of Formula II present in the electroactive composition is generally in the range of 3-20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; in some embodiments, 5- 15% by weight.
• the ratio of first host having Formula I to second host is generally in the range of 1 :20 to 20:1 ; in some embodiments, 5:15 to 15:5.
• the first host material having Formula I is at least 50% by weight of the total host material; in some embodiments, at least 70% by weight.
• the second host material has Formula III:
• Ar 7 is the same or different at each occurrence and is an aryl group Q is selected from the group consisting of multivalent aryl groups and
• T is selected from the group consisting of (CR') a , S1R2, S, SO2, PR,
• R is the same or different at each occurrence and is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, and aryl;
• R' is the same or different at each occurrence and is selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl;
• a is an integer from 1 -6;
• n is an integer from 0-6.
• n can have a value from 0-6, it will be understood that for some Q groups the value of n is restricted by the chemistry of the group. In some embodiments, n is 0 or 1 .
• adjacent Ar groups are joined together to form rings such as carbazole.
• adjacent means that the Ar groups are bonded to the same N.
• Ar 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, quaterphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, naphthylphenyl, and phenanthrylphenyl. Analogs higher than quaterphenyl, having 5-10 phenyl rings, can also be used.
• At least one of Ar 7 has at least one substituent.
• Substituent groups can be present in order to alter the physical or electronic properties of the host material.
• the substituents improve the processibility of the host material. In some embodiments, the substituents increase the solubility and/or increase the Tg of the host material. In some embodiments, the substituents are selected from the group consisting of D, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, silyl groups, siloxane, and combinations thereof.
• Q is an aryl group having at least two fused rings. In some embodiments, Q has 3-5 fused aromatic rings. In some embodiments, Q is selected from the group consisting of chrysene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, phenanthroline, naphthalene, anthracene, quinoline and isoquinoline.
• the dopant is an electroactive material which is capable of electroluminescence having an emission maximum between 380 and 750 nm. In some embodiments, the dopant emits red, green, or blue light.
• Electroluminescent (“EL”) materials which can be used as a dopant in the electroactive layer, include, but are not limited to, small molecule organic luminescent compounds, luminescent metal complexes, conjugated polymers, and mixtures thereof.
• small molecule luminescent compounds include, but are not limited to, chrysenes, pyrenes, perylenes, rubrenes, coumarins, anthracenes, thiadiazoles, derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof.
• metal complexes include, but are not limited to, metal chelated oxinoid compounds.
• conjugated polymers include, but are not limited to
• red light-emitting materials include, but are not limited to, periflanthenes, fluoranthenes, and perylenes. Red light-emitting materials have been disclosed in, for example, US patent 6,875,524, and published US application 2005-0158577.
• green light-emitting materials include, but are not limited to, diaminoanthracenes, and polyphenylenevinylene polymers.
• Green light-emitting materials have been disclosed in, for example, published PCT application WO 2007/021 1 17.
• blue light-emitting materials include, but are not limited to, diarylanthracenes, diaminochrysenes, diaminopyrenes, and
• the dopant is an organic compound. In some embodiments, the dopant is selected from the group consisting of a non-polymeric spirobifluorene compound and a fluoranthene compound. In some embodiments, the dopant is a compound having aryl amine groups. In some embodiments, the electroactive dopant is selected from the formulae below:
• A is the same or different at each occurrence and is an aromatic group having from 3-60 carbon atoms;
• Q' is a single bond or an aromatic group having from 3-60 carbon atoms
• p and q are independently an integer from 1 -6.
• At least one of A and Q' in each formula has at least three condensed rings.
• p and q are equal to 1 .
• Q' is a styryl or styrylphenyl group. In some embodiments, Q' is an aromatic group having at least two condensed rings. In some embodiments, Q' is selected from the group consisting of naphthalene, anthracene, chrysene, pyrene, tetracene, xanthene, perylene, coumarin, rhodamine, quinacridone, and rubrene.
• A is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, tolyl, naphthyl, naphthylphenyl, and anthracenyl groups.
• the dopant has the formula below:
• Y is the same or different at each occurrence and is an aromatic group having 3-60 carbon atoms
• Q" is an aromatic group, a divalent triphenylamine residue group, or a single bond.
• the dopant is an aryl acene. In some embodiments, the dopant is a non-symmetrical aryl acene.
• the dopant is a chrysene derivative having Formula IV:
• R is the same or different at each occurrence and is selected from the group consisting of D, alkyl, alkoxy aryl, fluoro, cyano, nitro, — SO 2 R 12 , where R is alkyl or perfluoroalkyl, where adjacent R groups may be joined together to form a 5- or 6-membered aliphatic ring;
• Ar 8 through Ar are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of aryl groups.
• e is the same or different at each occurrence and is an integer from 0 to 5
• the dopant of Formula VI is deuterated. In some embodiments, the aryl groups are deuterated. In some
• the alkyl groups are deuterated.
• the dopant is at least 50% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 60% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 70% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 80% deuterated; in some embodiments, at least 90% deuterated; in some embodiments, 100% deuterated.
• green dopants are compounds D1 through D8 shown below.
• the electroactive dopant is selected from the group consisting of amino-substituted chrysenes and amino- substituted anthracenes.
• the new deuterated compound described herein is an electroluminescent material and is present as an electroactive material.
• the other layers in the device can be made of any materials that are known to be useful in such layers.
• the anode 1 10 is an electrode that is particularly efficient for injecting positive charge carriers. It can be made of, for example, materials containing a metal, mixed metal, alloy, metal oxide or mixed- metal oxide, or it can be a conducting polymer, or mixtures thereof.
• Suitable metals include the Group 1 1 metals, the metals in Groups 4-6, and the Group 8-10 transition metals. If the anode is to be light- transmitting, mixed-metal oxides of Groups 12, 13 and 14 metals, such as indium-tin-oxide, are generally used.
• the anode 1 10 can also comprise an organic material such as polyaniline as described in "Flexible light- emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymer," Nature vol. 357, pp 477-479 (1 1 June 1992). At least one of the anode and cathode is desirably at least partially transparent to allow the generated light to be observed.
• the hole injection layer 120 comprises hole injection material and may have one or more functions in an organic electronic device, including but not limited to, planarization of the underlying layer, charge transport and/or charge injection properties, scavenging of impurities such as oxygen or metal ions, and other aspects to facilitate or to improve the performance of the organic electronic device.
• Hole injection materials may be polymers, oligomers, or small molecules. They may be vapour deposited or deposited from liquids which may be in the form of solutions, dispersions, suspensions, emulsions, colloidal mixtures, or other compositions.
• the hole injection layer can be formed with polymeric materials, such as polyaniline (PANI) or polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), which are often doped with protonic acids.
• the protonic acids can be, for example, poly(styrenesulfonic acid), poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1 - propanesulfonic acid), and the like.
• the hole injection layer can comprise charge transfer compounds, and the like, such as copper phthalocyanine and the tetrathiafulvalene- tetracyanoquinodimethane system (TTF-TCNQ).
• charge transfer compounds such as copper phthalocyanine and the tetrathiafulvalene- tetracyanoquinodimethane system (TTF-TCNQ).
• the hole injection layer comprises at least one electrically conductive polymer and at least one fluorinated acid polymer.
• electrically conductive polymer and at least one fluorinated acid polymer.
• the hole transport layer 130 comprises the new deuterated compound of Formula I. Examples of other hole transport materials for layer 130 have been summarized for example, in
• hole transporting molecules are: N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1 ,1 '-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TPD), 1 ,1 -bis[(di-4-tolylamino) phenyljcyclohexane (TAPC), N,N'-bis(4- methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-[1 ,1 '-(3,3'-dimethyl)biphenyl]-4,4'- diamine (ETPD), tetrakis-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N,N',N'-2,5- phenylenediamine (PDA), a-phenyl-4-N
• hole transporting polymers are polyvinylcarbazole, (phenylmethyl)- polysilane, and polyaniline. It is also possible to obtain hole transporting polymers by doping hole transporting molecules such as those mentioned above into polymers such as polystyrene and polycarbonate. In some cases, triarylamine polymers are used, especially triarylamine-fluorene copolymers. In some cases, the polymers and copolymers are
• crosslinkable hole transport polymers examples can be found in, for example, published US patent application 2005-0184287 and published PCT application WO 2005/052027.
• the hole transport layer is doped with a p-dopant, such as
• the electron transport layer 150 comprises the new deuterated compound of Formula I.
• electron transport materials which can be used in layer 150 include metal chelated oxinoid compounds, such as tris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (Alq3); bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)(para-phenyl-phenolato)aluminum(lll) (BAIQ); and azole compounds such as 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1 ,3,4- oxadiazole (PBD) and 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1 ,2,4- triazole (TAZ), and 1 ,3,5-tri(phenyl-2-benzimidazole)benzene (TPBI); quinoxaline derivatives such as 2,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)quinoxaline;
• phenanthroline derivatives such as 9,10-diphenylphenanthroline (DPA) and 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1 ,10-phenanthroline (DDPA); and mixtures thereof.
• the electron-transport layer may also be doped with n-dopants, such as Cs or other alkali metals.
• Layer 150 can function both to facilitate electron transport, and also serve as a buffer layer or confinement layer to prevent quenching of the exciton at layer interfaces. Preferably, this layer promotes electron mobility and reduces exciton quenching.
• the cathode 160 is an electrode that is particularly efficient for injecting electrons or negative charge carriers.
• the cathode can be any metal or nonmetal having a lower work function than the anode.
• Materials for the cathode can be selected from alkali metals of Group 1 (e.g., Li, Cs), the Group 2 (alkaline earth) metals, the Group 12 metals, including the rare earth elements and lanthanides, and the actinides. Materials such as aluminum, indium, calcium, barium, samarium and magnesium, as well as combinations, can be used.
• LiF, CsF, and Li 2 O can also be deposited between the organic layer and the cathode layer to lower the operating voltage.
• anode 1 10 and hole injection layer 120 there can be a layer (not shown) between the anode 1 10 and hole injection layer 120 to control the amount of positive charge injected and/or to provide band-gap matching of the layers, or to function as a protective layer.
• Layers that are known in the art can be used, such as copper phthalocyanine, silicon oxy-nitride, fluorocarbons, silanes, or an ultra-thin layer of a metal, such as Pt.
• some or all of anode layer 1 10, active layers 120, 130, 140, and 150, or cathode layer 160 can be surface-treated to increase charge carrier transport efficiency.
• the choice of materials for each of the component layers is preferably determined by balancing the positive and negative charges in the emitter layer to provide a device with high electroluminescence efficiency.
• each functional layer can be made up of more than one layer.
• the device can be prepared by a variety of techniques, including sequential vapor deposition of the individual layers on a suitable substrate.
• Substrates such as glass, plastics, and metals can be used.
• Conventional vapor deposition techniques can be used, such as thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, and the like.
• the organic layers can be applied from solutions or dispersions in suitable solvents, using conventional coating or printing techniques, including but not limited to spin-coating, dip-coating, roll-to-roll techniques, ink-jet printing, screen- printing, gravure printing and the like.
• the present invention also relates to an electronic device comprising at least one active layer positioned between two electrical contact layers, wherein the at least one active layer of the device includes the anthracene compounds of Formulas 1 and II. Devices frequently have additional hole transport and electron transport layers.
• the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) of the hole transport material desirably aligns with the work function of the anode
• the LUMO (lowest un-occupied molecular orbital) of the electron transport material desirably aligns with the work function of the cathode.
• Chemical compatibility and sublimation temperature of the materials are also important considerations in selecting the electron and hole transport materials.
• the efficiency of devices made with the anthracene compounds described herein can be further improved by optimizing the other layers in the device.
• more efficient cathodes such as Ca, Ba or LiF can be used.
• Shaped substrates and novel hole transport materials that result in a reduction in operating voltage or increase quantum efficiency are also applicable.
• Additional layers can also be added to tailor the energy levels of the various layers and facilitate electroluminescence.
• the compounds of the invention often are photoluminescent and can be useful in applications other than OLEDs, such as oxygen sensitive indicators and as luminescent indicators in bioassays.
• the resulting yellow band was evaporated to low volume and crystallized from toluene/acetone/methanol. This was washed with methanol and hexanes and suctioned dry to obtain a free flowing microcrystalline yellow powder. The structure was confirmed by NMR analysis.
• ths(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium(O) (0.063 g, 0.069 mmol) were combined in round bottom flask and dissolved in 20 ml of dry toluene. The solution was stirred for a minute and followed by sodium te/t-butoxide (0.29 g, 3.03 mmol) and 10 ml of dry toluene. A heating mantle was added and the reaction heated to 60C for 3 days. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and filtered through a 1 inch plug of silica gel and one inch of celite, washing with toluene (500 mL). Removal of volatiles under reduced pressure gave a yellow solid.
• This example illustrates the preparation of a non-deuterated compound, Comparative Compound A.
• This compound can be prepared according to the following scheme:
• anthracen-9-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (6.0 g, 18.40 mmol)
• Napthalen-2-yl-boronic acid (3.78 g 22.1 mmol)
• potassium phosphate tribasic (17.50g, 82.0 mmol)
• palladium(ll) acetate (0.41 g, 1 .8 mmol)
• tricyclohexylphosphine 0.52 g, 1 .8 mmol
• THF 100 ml_
• reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen and degassed water (50 ml_) was added by syringe. A condenser was then added and the reaction was refluxed overnight. The reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The organic fractions were combined, washed with brine and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The resulting solid was washed with acetone and hexane and filtered. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel afforded 4.03 g (72%) of product as pale yellow crystalline material.
• naphthalen-1 -yl-1 -boronic 14.2g, 82.6mmol
• acid 1 -bromo-2-iodobenzene (25.8g, 91 .2 mmol)
• the product was further purified as described in published U.S. patent application 2008-0138655, to achieve an HPLC purity of at least 99.9% and an impurity absorbance no greater than 0.01 .
• Compound A can be synthesized from commercial starting materials according to the process scheme illustrated below:
• the product was further purified as described in published U.S. patent application 2008-0138655, to achieve an HPLC purity of at least 99.9% and an impurity absorbance no greater than 0.01 .
• the material was determined to have the same level of purity as comparative
• the compound had the structure given below: where "D/H” indicates approximately equal probability of H or D at this atomic position.
• the structure was confimred by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, 2 D NMR and 1 H- 13 C HSQC (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence).
• the device had the following structure on a glass substrate:
• anode Indium Tin Oxide (ITO): 50 nm
• hole injection layer HIJ1 (50 nm), which is an aqueous dispersion of an electrically conductive polymer and a polymeric fluorinated sulfonic acid.
• HIJ1 50 nm
• hole transport layer polymer P1 , which is a non-crossl inked arylamine polymer (20 nm)
• cathode CsF/AI (1 .0/100 nm)
• OLED devices were fabricated by a combination of solution processing and thermal evaporation techniques.
• Patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates from Thin Film Devices, Inc were used. These ITO substrates are based on Corning 1737 glass coated with ITO having a sheet resistance of 30 ohms/square and 80% light transmission.
• the patterned ITO substrates were cleaned ultrasonically in aqueous detergent solution and rinsed with distilled water.
• the patterned ITO was subsequently cleaned ultrasonically in acetone, rinsed with isopropanol, and dried in a stream of nitrogen.
• ITO substrates were treated with UV ozone for 10 minutes.
• an aqueous dispersion of HIJ1 was spin-coated over the ITO surface and heated to remove solvent.
• the substrates were then spin-coated with a solution of a hole transport material, and then heated to remove solvent.
• the substrates were spin-coated with the emissive layer solution, and heated to remove solvent.
• the substrates were masked and placed in a vacuum chamber.
• the electron transport layer was deposited by thermal evaporation, followed by a layer of CsF.
• Masks were then changed in vacuo and a layer of Al was deposited by thermal evaporation.
• the chamber was vented, and the devices were encapsulated using a glass lid, dessicant, and UV curable epoxy.
• RawT50 is the time in hours for a device to reach one-half the initial luminance at the lifetest luminance given.
• Projected T50 is the projected lifetime at 1000 nits using an accelerator factor of 1 .7.
• the lifetime of devices is greatly increased, while maintaining other device properties.
• the comparative devices with a non-deuterated dopant E3 had an average projected T50 of 184,800 hours.
• the devices has an average projected T50 of 332,100 hours.
• This example illustrates the preparation of some deuterated intermediate compounds that can be used to synthesize compounds having Formula I with controlled levels of deuteration.
• naphthalene-D8 (13.6g, 0.10 mole), bis(pinacolato)diboron (27.93g, 0.1 1 mole), di-mu-methoxobis(1 ,5-cyclooctadiene)diiradium (I) [lr(OMe)COD] 2 (1 .35g, 2mmole, 2%) and 4,4'-di-terf-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (1 .1 g, 4 mmole) was added to cyclohexane (200 mL). The mixture was degassed with N2 for 15 min, then heated at 85 °C (oil bath) overnight (dark brown solution).

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