WO2011026316A1 - 织品感测器的步态分析系统及方法 - Google Patents

织品感测器的步态分析系统及方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011026316A1
WO2011026316A1 PCT/CN2010/001341 CN2010001341W WO2011026316A1 WO 2011026316 A1 WO2011026316 A1 WO 2011026316A1 CN 2010001341 W CN2010001341 W CN 2010001341W WO 2011026316 A1 WO2011026316 A1 WO 2011026316A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gait analysis
sensor
sensor according
fabric sensor
gait
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PCT/CN2010/001341
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
杨章民
杨子琳
杨景雯
杨皓
Original Assignee
Yang Chang-Ming
Yang Tzu-Lin
Yang Ching-Wen
Yang Hao
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Yang Chang-Ming, Yang Tzu-Lin, Yang Ching-Wen, Yang Hao filed Critical Yang Chang-Ming
Priority to CN201080039602.8A priority Critical patent/CN102781319B/zh
Priority to JP2012527179A priority patent/JP5747034B2/ja
Publication of WO2011026316A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011026316A1/zh
Priority to US13/412,286 priority patent/US8961439B2/en

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/103Detecting, measuring or recording devices for testing the shape, pattern, colour, size or movement of the body or parts thereof, for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/1036Measuring load distribution, e.g. podologic studies
    • A61B5/1038Measuring plantar pressure during gait
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6801Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
    • A61B5/6802Sensor mounted on worn items
    • A61B5/6804Garments; Clothes
    • A61B5/6807Footwear
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/103Detecting, measuring or recording devices for testing the shape, pattern, colour, size or movement of the body or parts thereof, for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/11Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor, mobility of a limb
    • A61B5/112Gait analysis

Definitions

  • the invention can be applied to the fields of rehabilitation therapy, physical training, long-term care, orthopedics and sports medicine, health care, entertainment and the like.
  • the present invention relates to a system and method for sensing a walking motion of a wearer using a fabric sensor attached to the garment and performing an analysis to know the physiological state of the wearer. Background technique
  • Gait analysis is often used to help athletes, as well as patients with impaired motor function, such as cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, stroke or accidental injuries.
  • Prior art gait analysis is often performed in a specialized laboratory or physician's office, and must be accomplished using a number of sophisticated devices and complex methods.
  • the ideal gait analysis system should be capable of continuous continuous monitoring, low cost, easy to operate, and readily available.
  • the prior art also has a disadvantage: it does not exhibit the motor function of the subject in daily life. Therefore, both experts and patients need a low-cost system to achieve quantified and reproducible results.
  • Most of the current gait analysis is used to help athletes and injured people, mainly in the laboratory, or visually in the doctor's office.
  • US6231527 is equipped with a camera and shoes as a gait analysis sensor, and when performing gait analysis, it can only be performed indoors, allowing users to perform gait analysis indoors, thereby causing user operations. Inconvenience is not conducive to the promotion of gait analysis systems.
  • US Patent No. US6984208 uses ultrasonic waves to test the user's posture and movement state and gait analysis related data, but it is not conducive to the popularity of gait analysis related systems due to the cost of the related equipment for obtaining ultrasonic waves.
  • US Patent No. US 20080108913A1 uses a pressure sensor to detect a user's fall, but still needs to have an independent power supply on each shoe or sock and is not a number.
  • the sensor at the same time, its signal processing needs feedback method (Feedback) for signal analysis.
  • the process is too cumbersome, lengthy and complicated. It needs to use neuro-fuzzy to prevent falls, it can't behave.
  • Out of the tester's gait parameters can't sense the posture or movement of the body.
  • This system only generates the feedback value by the data measured by the pressure sensor and the stable data (stabi li ty prof i le). It is mainly to measure the ideal central mass prof i le and mass of individual to prevent falls. It is described in the article that if there is an acceleration gauge, the gait speed, the length of the step, and the gait time can be measured. Our current design is to improve it without the use of accelerometers.
  • US Patent No. US2007/0112287 A1 uses an accelerometer and a gyroscope to hang on the ear to detect the user's gait analysis related data, but it is not conducive to promotion because of the high cost. Summary of the invention
  • the gait sensor can be connected to a physiological sensor. Sensors, such as heartbeat, respiration, body temperature, sweat, blood oxygen, electrocardiogram, etc., can sense physiological functions during limb movement, allowing the invention to be further extended to every level of daily life, and measured The gait situation of the user in various postures to analyze the physiological state of the user.
  • the previous sensor is placed on the shoe. In the case that it does not directly match the foot, the resulting gait analysis error is extremely large and cannot be matched with various shoes, which is too expensive and consumes electricity.
  • the present invention places the sensor on the sock, which is comfortable and washable on the one hand, and can measure the data of the gait analysis when the user wears different shoes, and is suitable for the users of all levels, because The size required for the socks is not as precise as the shoes, but the socks can fit snugly on the user's feet, so the resulting gait analysis can be more precise.
  • the sock sensor of the present invention can also know that when the user is walking, the shoes worn by the user are different, and the gait analysis signal can be used to know the style of the shoes worn by the user at the moment. Such as: high heels, flat shoes, slippers, sports shoes, water shoes...etc.
  • the sock sensor of the present invention can be arranged on different shoes, is easy to use and ergonomic for the user, and can be applied to various shoes as long as the user puts on the sock sensor. Therefore, it is possible to integrate growth time and continuous physiological function and gait analysis change map. The health and safety of the user is greatly helpful, and since the present invention is to install a gait sensor in one or more everyday clothes that are in contact with the body, it is advantageous for the promotion and application of the present invention.
  • One of the objects of the present invention is to measure the gait analysis and posture changes, such as the angle of the knee joint bending, the length of the step, and the minute, in addition to the sensor on the sock, using sensors on the clothes and pants.
  • Determine the user's action posture (such as walking forward, going backwards, running, going up the stairs, going down the stairs, climbing, downhill, traversing, falling), and can also be used as an input to interactive computer games, not just now The virtual game on the computer, because the player itself has no actual action to interact with the game software.
  • the invention can also be used to detect the user's posture when driving (for example: the degree of bending of the foot when the brake is applied).
  • the invention relates to a wearable gait analysis system, which has the following features: 1. Wearable, comfortable and can be directly installed on general pants or socks for use in real life; 2. Wireless transmission Technology, when the user accepts the test, the user is less likely to be disturbed; Third, the wearable gait analysis system has the following characteristics: washable, durable, elastic, retractable, squeezable, so it can be easily Apply to every level of daily life; Fourth, use digital output and Bluetooth interface, so that the measured data can be directly transmitted to the common instruments of daily life for signal analysis, such as: PDA or notebook computer.
  • the transmission line of the present invention is not insulated and has another reference area beside it for detecting whether the cloth is leaky. For example, the cloth is wet or the transmission line is shorted to the reference area.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram of a gait analysis system utilizing a fabric sensor of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a view showing the sensor architecture of the first embodiment of the gait analysis system using the fabric sensor of the present invention.
  • Figure 3A is a sensor position map on the sock.
  • Figure 3B is a schematic illustration of the relative position of the sensor on the sock.
  • Figure 4A is a sensor position map on the knee joint.
  • Fig. 4B is a schematic view showing the position of the tension sensor mounted on the pants.
  • Figure 5 is a typical gait timing diagram and sensor position map.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic illustration of the first four phases of the phase of gai t analysis.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic illustration of the post three phases of the phase of ga i t analysis of the gait.
  • Figure 8A is a completed gait analysis diagram.
  • Figure 8B is a flow chart of the method of the phase of the gait.
  • Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the time t t (Tempora l Parameters) analysis.
  • Figure 1 OA is a pressure center analysis diagram of normal walking.
  • Figure 10B is a quality center analysis diagram of normal walking.
  • Figure 10C is a pressure center of the upper floor.
  • Figure 10D is an analysis of the pressure center and center of the running.
  • Figure 10E is a pressure center analysis of the downstairs.
  • Figure 11 is a timing diagram of the running gait.
  • Figure 12 is a timing diagram of the forward walking gait.
  • Figure 13 is a timing diagram of the reverse gait.
  • Figure 14 is a timing diagram of the gait upstairs.
  • Figure 15 is a timing diagram of the gait of the lower building.
  • Figure 16 is a schematic illustration of a first sock sensing system.
  • Figure 17 is a schematic illustration of a second sock sensing system.
  • Figure 18 is a schematic illustration of a third sock sensing system.
  • Figure 19A is a circuit diagram of a resistor mounted next to the sensor.
  • Fig. 19B is a circuit diagram of a resistor and a resistor mounted next to the sensor.
  • Figure 20 is a timing diagram of the Cavaliers walking.
  • Figure 21 is a timing diagram of a rider riding a bicycle.
  • Figure 22 is a schematic illustration of a pressure sensor outputted in multiple stages.
  • Figure 23 is a schematic illustration of the time difference between the two sensors on the heel to observe the inner and outer touchdown.
  • Fig. 24 is a schematic diagram of estimating the walking speed using the time difference of the sensor.
  • Figure 25 is a timing chart for walking on a treadmill (speed set to 2km/hr).
  • 26A and 26B are schematic views of the mechanical detection.
  • Figure 27 is a flow chart of gait analysis.
  • Fig. 28 is a schematic diagram of posture discrimination.
  • Figure 29 is a schematic illustration of another embodiment of a sock and insole.
  • Figure 30 Schematic diagram of the connection of trousers and socks with ghost felt. The best way to achieve your invention
  • the system architecture of the present invention is shown in the system architecture diagram of Figure 1.
  • switches, pressure, tension sensors or sensors are installed on the socks or pants depending on the application (refer to PCT/CN2008/001570 for fabrics with separate sensing zones, PCT/ CN2005/001520 electronic switch, PCT/CN2008/001571 can form a fabric for electronic components and a patent application of PCT/CN2009/000118 sensing device), the above sensor is a digital sensor with conductive material, for example: Metal materials (eg iron), non-metallic materials (eg rubber, silicone, foam) and conductive carbon materials (eg graphite).
  • Metal materials eg iron
  • non-metallic materials eg rubber, silicone, foam
  • conductive carbon materials eg graphite
  • other elastic material shields can be added to the fabric during the manufacturing process (eg rubber, foam, silicone, sponge, spring, cotton, spandex, lycra, synthetic rubber (SBR, Styrene Butadience Rubber), and foam-based materials) to increase its elasticity.
  • These fabric sensors are wired to the input of the microcontroller. When the sensor senses a change in attitude, a digital signal is generated to the microcontroller, and the microcontroller includes a program processing module that encodes the digital signals output by the respective sensors simultaneously for analysis, display, storage, or warning, or It is then transmitted by the communication module to other personal digital devices, such as smartphones or computers, for analysis, display, storage or warning.
  • the fabric sensor can be connected to a physiological sensor, such that when the wearer moves, the fabric sensor is reacted by an external force, and the physiological sensor simultaneously senses the wearer's physiological signal, especially when the wearer stops moving.
  • the physiological sensor is used to sense the physiological signal of the wearer to detect the state of the user.
  • Microcontrollers can also be used in applications where cameras, accelerometers or gyroscopes, cameras, accelerometers or gyroscopes are placed in clothes, shoes, socks, control boxes or cell phones to increase the correctness of sensing limb movements.
  • the present invention is provided with four digital sensors under the socks portion of the soles of the feet.
  • the output is logical. 1" becomes “0"
  • Figure 3 shows the position of the sole relative to the sole, where (12) is the sole of the foot, (11) is the side of the foot, and (10) is the tibia. (9) is the part of the thumb of the foot.
  • (12) is the sole of the foot
  • (11) is the side of the foot
  • (10) is the tibia.
  • (9) is the part of the thumb of the foot.
  • the small angle sensor changes the output state within 30 to 50 degrees of knee bending, preferably 40 degrees.
  • the large angle sensor bends 60 to 100 degrees in the knee joint.
  • the output state is changed within, preferably 60 degrees.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic view of the tension sensor on the trousers.
  • the digital sensor output logic state timing diagram is as shown in FIG. 5, wherein the sensors 1 to 4 are tension sensors, and the sensors 5 to 12 are pressure sensors.
  • the first step in the two legs is the sensor 3 (right knee) 45 degrees), from “0" to "1", the right leg is starting to rise, so the four sensors on the right foot start to leave the ground (the sensors 12 to 9 change from logic “0" to “1”) ), the sensors on the left foot are landed one after another (sensors 8 to 5 are changed from logic "1" to “0”).
  • the right leg is raised higher.
  • the sensor 4 (right knee 60 degrees) is switched “1" from “0", and the right foot is completely off the ground (sensors 9 to 12 are both “1"), left foot Fully touch the ground (sensors 5 to 8 are all “0"), and left ⁇ (right (sensors 1 to 2 are “0";). Then the right leg begins to lower the right foot and begins to land. , so that the sensors 12 to 9 are gradually changed from “1” to "0”, while the left leg starts to raise the left foot and starts to leave the ground, so that the sensors 8 to 5 are successively changed from “0” to “1".
  • the knees of the legs start to rise, and the sensors 1 and 2 change from “0” to "1", so that the left and right legs alternate, and the present invention can obtain the gait timing diagram of FIG. 5, and the following analysis can be performed from the timing chart.
  • the gait timing is divided into seven phases, with the right heel touches the ground as the starting point, followed by the loading response, the mid-s tance, the terminal s tance, and the pre-swing period.
  • - swing initial swing (ini t ia l swing), mid-swing, terminal swing.
  • the first four phases are called the s tance phase, and for the s tance phase, the invention can be done with the digital sensors of the toes and heels of the feet (sensors 5, 8, 9, 12) , as shown in Figure 6, take (a) and (f) for the right heel touch (ini t ia l contact), (b) for the left toe off the ground, (c) for the right heel off the ground, (d) for the left heel Touch the ground, (e) touch the ground with the left toe.
  • the latter three phases are referred to as the swing phase.
  • the invention can be accomplished with four pull digital sensors on the knees of the legs (sensors 1, 2, 3, 4), as shown in Fig. 7. .
  • the initial swing (ini t ia l swing) should start from the right foot off the ground (g) to the right knee (h), when the normal person's right foot is off the ground (g), that is, the right foot thumb is ""
  • the angle of the right knee is 45 degrees at this time, that is, the angle of the knee joint can be known by the sensor of the foot.
  • the swinging direction of the left arm is synchronized with the swinging change of the right foot, that is, the right foot swings forward and the left hand swings from the back to the front.
  • the right foot changes from the heel to the toe
  • the left arm swings from front to back, that is, right.
  • the thumb is about to leave the ground
  • the hand is placed to the last side, and the left hand is placed to the front.
  • the right foot swings forward from the ground, the left hand begins to swing forward, so the movements of the hand and the foot are consistent with the joints of the body.
  • the (g) to (h, ) can be measured as the initial swing ((h, ) to (0 is the midpoint of the swing (mid- Swing) (where (i) is the point at which the 45-degree sensor changes from "1" to "0"), (0 to (f) is the terminal swing.
  • Figure 7 shows the time of the last three phases In the order of 0. 12, 0. 21, 0. 09 seconds.
  • the condition of the knee joint or hip joint by the sensor signals of the left and right feet, for example, the most curved point on the right knee (h) can be left foot
  • the thumb and the foot sensor are replaced by the midpoint of the ground, that is, when the left foot is flat on the ground, that is, when the right knee is bent at the most, when the person is just in dynamic balance, the left hand and the right hand swing symmetrically.
  • the sock sensor can also know the movement of the hand, so the sock sensor can evaluate the behavior of the person, and the knee sensor is more accurate.
  • the results of the knee or hip sensor can also be used to predict the change in posture of the foot.
  • I am ⁇ ⁇ to obtain an amount of the arm, while the angle of the elbow or underarm 5 ⁇ may change predicted change the posture of the foot, in particular more relevant to the user at the time of its fast walking speed.
  • the standing and swing phases are integrated into a complete gait analysis map, as shown in Figure 8A.
  • the microcontroller reads the logic state of each sensor at a sampling frequency of 100 times per second, that is, a sufficiently high time resolution can measure the time occupied by each stage of the gait, wherein all the gaits
  • a sufficiently high time resolution can measure the time occupied by each stage of the gait, wherein all the gaits
  • the recording time is the pre-swing period, and then the timer is reset to zero; then the right knee is 60 degrees, the tension sensor output is the intermediate point of 1, the recording time is the initial swing, and then the timer is reset to zero and then started;
  • the phase periods of each step of the same person may be more or less different.
  • the invention can continuously record the phase periods of each step in a few minutes, and find the average value and standard deviation of each parameter, and also The average value and standard deviation of the swinging period, the standing period, and the swing period can be known. If the standard deviation of a person is too large, it means that the person may have an injury to the motor function, which is an important indicator, and the invention can be completed at a low cost and with a simple operation.
  • the microcontroller can also predict the next gait by this gait change data. If the two gaits change greatly, it means that the user's balance is poor, or the road is uneven, for example, on a treadmill. Or on the suspension bridge, or the leg is injured or the shoes are not fit. Under normal circumstances, the gait of the left and right feet should be periodic, otherwise it may be a fall or other unexpected situation, and the present invention can raise an alarm.
  • the walking speed is obtained by multiplying the number of steps per minute (Cadence) by the stride length.
  • GPS Global Positioning System
  • RF infinite wave
  • the gait timing diagram clearly illustrates the sequence of switching for each sensor, but for analysts who want to analyze a large amount of gait information, the timing diagram is not easy to navigate. Therefore, the present invention specifically defines a center of mass (COP) Center of Mass, which is a center of gravity analysis method, so that analysts can analyze quickly and easily. A lot of gait information. From the pressure center COP, the user's left or right foot dynamic pressure center changes, and the center of gravity COM can see the entire body as a point on the ground.
  • COP center of mass
  • the timing diagram generated by the two-legged digital sensor is shown in Figure 10A, where (a) shows that the left foot is stepping on the ground and the right foot is off the ground, and then (b) shows that the left foot is halfway away from the ground. Touch the ground, pick up Down (c) more than (b) one more right foot bone touches the ground, the change of the pressure center can be seen a person's walking gait stability, for example: Even if the user's feet are not moving, the pressure center is still with time Changes can also be used to know the user's sense of balance and the ability of the brain to control the feet. When the user is on one foot, the pressure center (Centra l of pressure, COP) indicates the weight of the human body.
  • the invention defines the sensor signal of the left foot touched ground as positive, and the sensor signal of the right foot touched ground is defined as negative, and the sum of the two can roughly represent the quality center of the human body, and the center of gravity is also the center of gravity.
  • Figure 10B and 10A represent the walking gait of the same person, visible pressure and mass center (center of gravity) analysis
  • such as when the left foot completely touches the ground and the right foot is completely off the ground, the two add up to +4, which means that the center of the body mass is to the left.
  • the two When both feet are completely touched, the two add up to 0, which means the center of the body mass is in the middle, and the graph of the center of mass changes with time. It can also analyze whether the gait of the person is normal and regular, such as drinking, The change of the center of mass (center of gravity) is completely irregular. Similarly, the sensor signal that touches the left foot touches the ground is positive, and the sensor signal that touches the ground with the right foot is defined as positive. Adding and dividing the two together can also indicate that the quality center of the human body is the same. Center of gravi ty is left or right.
  • the sensor signal of the left foot touches the ground is defined as positive
  • the sensor signal of the right foot touches the ground is defined as positive
  • the sum of the two represents the weight of the human body.
  • the center of mass (center of gravity) or pressure center is more accurate.
  • the three-stage digital sensor is 0, 1, 2, 3, 0 means 0 grams, 1 means 2000 grams, 2 Refers to 4000 grams, 3 refers to 6000 grams.
  • Another point of view is that the user's left or right foot pressure center is obtained from the pressure center COP. If the pressure center COP or the center of gravity COM is projected on the ground in the range of the two feet, use The stability is constant.
  • the pressure center COP or the center of gravity COM is at the center of the range where the two feet are projected on the ground.
  • the left rear heel has a coordinate value when reacting, and so on.
  • This person's three-dimensional space, center of gravity changes and gait analysis and parameters in three-dimensional space.
  • the acceleration gauge and the gyroscope can use the sensor on the sole of the foot as a reference point to correct the user's signal to read the angle, signal or displacement.
  • the present invention defines Total pressure, posture s tate, and total movement mass (tota l movement mass) analysis methods are as follows:
  • Posture status When the sensor on the body changes due to stress, the posture state is the value of all the sensors of the user.
  • the value of the sensor on the human body model shows the posture or motion of the body changes. For example, if the sensor on the left side of the body is forced to change and is set to be positive, the sensor on the right side is forced to change and set to negative, and the posture state is the sum of all sensor values. If the value does not change to a stable value, it means that the left heel swings with the right arm and moves at the same time. The right foot swings while moving with the left arm. If the value changes randomly and does not approach a stable value of zero, the user is likely to fall. The user does not move, and the total pressure indicates the weight of the human body.
  • Full-motion quality The total number of sensor values for the pressure on the foot plus all sensor signals (such as knee or elbow) on the body. These sensors are set to positive when they are forced to change. The larger the value, the more effectively the user uses the muscles of the body, that is, the whole body is moving.
  • Figure 10C shows the pressure and mass center analysis of the running and can be seen from the figure, a to h is the time point of the gait analysis of the upper floor; a point is the signal of the right foot just stepping on the ladder of the upper floor, It is also the starting point of this analysis definition.
  • the vertical line drawn from this time point can clearly see that the knee of the right foot is bent more than 60 degrees, and the left foot knee is almost uncurved; b point is The signal that the left sole just left the ground, at this time, the left foot knee just bends more than 45 degrees and the angle is less than 60 degrees.
  • the c time point is the signal that the left knee bend is just greater than 60 degrees.
  • the right knee is still greater than 60. Degree, but the right knee is currently in a state of returning from a large angle to a small angle
  • the d point is the time when the right foot has just returned to a small angle
  • the point e is the signal when the left heel just stepped on the step.
  • the knee angle of the left foot is greater than 60 degrees
  • the knee of the right foot is still less than 45 degrees
  • the point f is the signal when the right heel has been off the ground and the knee just bends more than 60 degrees
  • the g point is the entire ground of the right foot.
  • the h point is the signal that the right foot just stepped on the stairs upstairs and is the end point of this analysis definition. From the signal points a to h, a cyclic analysis action of a complete upper gait can be known.
  • the entire analysis paradigm is based on the right foot for analysis.
  • the time from point a to point b is the time when the first foot supports the body; the time from point b to point e is the time when the right foot supports the body alone; the time from point e to point g is the second time that the feet support the body.
  • Time; g to h time is the time when the right foot swings in the air.
  • Figure 10D shows the pressure and mass center analysis of the running, and as can be seen from the figure, a to e is the time point of the running gait analysis; a point is the signal that the right heel has just stepped on the ground, and is also the starting point of this analysis definition.
  • the vertical line drawn from this time point can clearly see that At the time point, the knee of the right foot is less than 45 degrees, while the left foot is completely suspended, while the left foot is just bent more than 60 degrees; b is the signal that the right toe has just left the ground, and the right foot is just bent more than At 60 degrees, the left knee is still at a 60 degree angle, but is about to return to less than 45 degrees; c time is the signal that the left heel has just stepped onto the ground and the left knee is more than 45 degrees less than 60 degrees.
  • the right knee is still greater than 60 degrees, and the time difference between point b and point c is the time when the feet are still in the air, because there will be similar movements when jumping;
  • d time point is When the left toe is about to leave the ground, the left knee just bends more than 60 degrees, while the right knee is still at 60 degrees, but is about to return to less than 45 degrees, e point is the right heel just stepped on the ground Time signal, this is also the analysis Defined end point.
  • the knee angle of the right foot is less than 45 degrees, and the left knee is still in a state of more than 60 degrees, and the time difference between the point d and the point e is the time when the feet are still in the air.
  • a to f are the time points of the gait analysis of the lower floor; point a is the signal that the right toe has just stepped on the ladder of the lower floor, and is also the starting point of the definition of this analysis, from which point of time The vertical line can be clearly seen.
  • the knee bending angle of the right foot is less than 45 degrees, and the left knee is bent more than 60 degrees.
  • the b point is the signal that the right heel has just stepped into the stairs down the stairs. The knee is still less than 45 degrees, and the left knee is still more than 60 degrees.
  • the c point is the signal that the left toe leaves the stairs. The right foot just bends more than 60 degrees, but the right foot is still on the lower stairs.
  • the time point is the time when the left toe has just stepped into the stairs downstairs.
  • the left foot knee is less than 45 degrees
  • the right knee is greater than 60 degrees
  • the e point is the signal when the right toe just leaves the lower stairs, the right foot at this time.
  • the knee angle is greater than 60 degrees
  • the left knee is still less than 45 degrees
  • the f point is the signal that the right toe has just stepped on the stairs downstairs, and is also the end point of this analysis definition.
  • the simplified running gait is shown in Figure 11. Compared with the normal walking, the standing period (A) is reduced and the swing period (B) is increased, and the time when the legs touch the ground at the same time (CX is short, almost in Fig. 11) If you have a sensor on your arm, you can further analyze the user's exercise physiology. Under normal circumstances, the greater the swing of the hand, the faster the foot moves and the two are synchronized. The left hand is synchronized with the right foot, and the right hand is synchronized with the left foot. When the speed is faster, the elbow joint is more curved, which can be used to assist the gait analysis and the accuracy of the exercise physiology, so that it is easier to judge the posture change of the user.
  • the simplified reverse gait is shown in Figure 13.
  • the phase change is reversed compared to normal walking.
  • the simplified upstairs gait is shown in Figure 14. It is significantly different from normal walking. For example, when the left leg is starting to go upstairs, the left knee is bent more than 45 degrees instead of straightening (please refer to (a) in Figure 14. Point), this is to go up the stairs, the right foot touches the next step is the heel (Fig. 13 (b)), and the same right knee bends more than 45 degrees. On the other hand, the time difference between the heel and the thumb on the ground is small, the two are almost at the same time, and the knee is bent about twice as long as walking on the flat.
  • the simplified stair gait is shown in Figure 15. It is also significantly different from normal walking.
  • Figure 15 (a) is the signal that the right foot just stepped on the next step at the end of the swing period, not the heel.
  • the "60" of the knee 60-degree sensor is longer than the "1" generated in the behavior of going back and forth on the flat ground, so when the knee is bent When it takes more than 45 degrees to travel longer than the ground, it is known that the user is going up and down or downhill.
  • the threshold value of the knee sensor is larger, the higher the inclination of the upper and lower floors or the up and down slopes that can be detected is easier to detect without misjudgment, for example, when the reaction time length is the same.
  • the slope of the up and down slope or the up and down stairs will have the same time when the 60 degree sensor indicates that it is more inclined than the 45 degree sensor. If the 75 degree sensor can detect higher in the knee.
  • the shoes worn by the user are different, and the gait analysis signal can be used to know the style of the shoes worn by the user at the moment. Such as: high heels, flat shoes, slippers, sports shoes, skates, etc.
  • the gait phase timings of the forward, reverse, and upper and lower ladders are significantly different.
  • the present invention can identify the user as being walking, retreating, going up the stairs, or by looking up A and B in the following table. Down the stairs, of course, the principle of up and down slope is the same as that of the upper and lower floors, so the ground can be evaluated by the signal measured by the sensor.
  • Table 1 Logic status table for walking, retreating, going up or down stairs
  • the present invention can mount more sensors on pants or socks or clothing to increase the accuracy of recognition. For example, if two sensors are installed on the crotch of the trousers, the sensors of the two-legged socks are all “1", and the sensors of the two trousers are “1", and the hip sensor is also " 1 " means that the user is sitting, and the height of the chair is greater than the length of the leg, causing the legs to hang without touching the ground.
  • the sensor of the fixed knee joint is replaced by a sensor in the thigh area or a pair of hips (hip joni t) sensors are installed to detect The leg movement during the action of the person is measured, but if it is on the trousers, the sensor is placed at all positions to measure the gait, and the accuracy is better.
  • the socks will be The sensor is combined with a shoe or an insole, as shown in Fig. 16, wherein four conductive threads a1, a2, a3, a4 are electrically sewed on the sock, and the conductive material corresponding to bl, b2, b3, b4 on the shoe or the insole is correspondingly.
  • a microprocessor is provided on the shoe or insole to analyze, display, store, Warning or outgoing signals.
  • Wireless communication such as RFID or ZYBEE
  • RFID or ZYBEE can be used to transfer information to each other. It can also interact with a microprocessor such as a controller or mobile phone on the clothes, and finally interact with the external monitoring system using wireless transmission. .
  • the sensor formed by the sock and the shoe or the insole can also be multi-stage.
  • the socks have a semi-spherical convex conductive material, and there is a concentric on the corresponding shoe or the inner lining of the insole.
  • the distance between the wires of the two sets of conductive wires bl, b2, and bl is less than that between the wires of b2, so when the rear heel is pressed down, first, the conductive material of al, such as conductive sand or conductive metal, first guides the wires at both ends of bl.
  • Conductive materials can also be used to set up multiple multi-segment sensors in different places on the socks and shoes or insoles to sense the pressure change (COP) during the gait. At this point, the pressure center (COP) can be used at each point.
  • COP pressure change
  • variable electric group or piezoelectric material or variable capacitance or variable inductance cl replaces bl, b2, as shown in Fig. 18, the variable electric group cl is placed on the shoe or the insole lining and one end corresponds to the sock.
  • the resistance value is measured at both ends of the variable electric group cl, and the greater the pressure, the more contact the al hemisphere with the cl, causing the resistance at both ends of the measurement cl to decrease with the increase of gravity.
  • each sensor gets an analog signal.
  • some on the shoe or insole such as the inside of the shoe or insole and the inside of the sock; or the surface of the sock And the interior of the shoe or insole; or the surface of the sock and the surface of the shoe or insole; or the interior of the sock and the surface of the shoe or insole to sense the gait of the user, such as shown in Figure 18.
  • Variable materials or piezoelectric materials can also be placed on the socks.
  • camera acceleration gauges or gyroscopes can be placed on the shoes to detect the acceleration and angular velocity of the action to help us detect the information more accurately.
  • the walking is usually the heel first, so the heel signal will appear first than the toe.
  • the back is usually the tip of the toe first, so the toe signal must appear earlier than the heel signal.
  • the foot Before the foot signal of the foot appears, the foot will have a signal that the knee bends more than 60 degrees.
  • the knee signal of the foot will be less than 45 degrees.
  • the signal when the knee is just greater than 60 degrees will appear in the pedaling signal period of the foot.
  • physiological sensors such as heartbeat, body temperature, sweat, blood oxygen, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and breathing can be attached to clothing and socks to connect with fabric sensors, and physiological functions can also be sensed.
  • the present invention uses a flexible and washable stainless steel wire connection sensor and a microcontroller, that is, a stainless steel wire as a transmission line, a stainless steel wire as a transmission line, and of course Other conductive materials can be used to transmit signals or currents as transmission lines.
  • Socks or clothing pants are connected between the circuit board, between the stainless steel wire and the microcontroller, or between the socks and pants, using the usual snaps or female buckles on the garment. Considering the comfort of the clothes, the stainless steel wire and the snaps or the mother and child buckles on the clothes should not be too much.
  • the present invention can install a resistor beside each fabric sensor with a resistance ratio of 2, and then in series (Fig. 19B) or in parallel (Fig. 19A).
  • This principle is similar to binary coding.
  • the equivalent resistance of the four sensors can be 0, R, 2R, 3R, 4R, 5R... up to 15R, a total of 16 values, so that each How to change the fabric sensor, the equivalent resistance in series or parallel is different, and the logic state of each fabric sensor can be resolved by the microcontroller after analog-digital conversion. This can greatly reduce the wire and snap or mother and child buckle.
  • a conductive material such as a 4-wire, a copper wire or a conductive silicone can also be used as the transmission line.
  • a capacitor or inductor or resistor can be connected in series or in parallel to achieve the effect. At the same time this series or parallel If the electronic parts are placed on the sole of the foot, they can stimulate growth and have a massage effect during walking.
  • the present invention can also be applied to a cyclist to calculate the number of pedaling laps, using the tire radius R, and taking a circle of 2 ⁇ ⁇ to estimate the moving distance i4 degrees because of the time used. It is known by the processor.
  • the invention is applied to a bicycle knight, which is equipped with a 40 and 90 degree digital sensor on both knee joints, and the timing chart obtained by the knight walking and riding, respectively, is shown in Fig. 20 and Fig. 21, wherein right 1 and left 1 is a 40 degree angle sensor, and right 2 and left 2 are 90 degree angle sensors. Since the knee joint does not bend more than 90 degrees when walking, the 90-degree digital sensors on both knees in Figure 20 are all "0", and only the 40-degree digital sensor switches.
  • both knees have at least 40 degrees of bending, so the 40-degree digital sensors on both knees in Figure 21 are all "0", only 90 degrees in the digital sensor switch, because when riding, The sole of the foot is still on the pedal of the bicycle, so it is in the state of turning on "0", so it is only necessary to use the sensor of the knee and set at 90 degrees to react, then the user is walking.
  • State analysis and gait analysis of the bicycle can be known, and the signal from the knee can be taken or cycled separately, because the knees generate periodic knee signals and the socks signal is "0" in both feet. ride a bike. Therefore, the user's behavior status can also be distinguished.
  • the present invention uses a camera, an accelerometer or a gyroscope to measure the road condition and improves the accuracy of the gait recognition. For example, when a bicycle passes through a pothole or when a person suddenly falls, the accelerometer or gyroscope will get considerable acceleration (for example, above a gravitational acceleration) or an angle change, and the camera will also take a sharp change in the image. At this time, the microcontroller can Suspend the recognition of the gait to avoid false positives and record road conditions.
  • a digital sensor can have three stages of output if needed, see Figure 22.
  • the center of the digital sensor is a spherically convex conductive material embedded in a ring-shaped conductive rubber or silica gel.
  • the conductor is formed in a cross shape, but the middle portion has no conductor.
  • the lowest annular conductive rubber in the ball touches the lower conductor, but the higher annular conductive rubber in the sphere does not touch the lower conductor, so only one set of conductors conducts; when the bump is stressed Two annular conductive rubbers in the middle and the bottom of the bump will touch the lower conductor, so there are two sets of conductors conducting.
  • the weight when there is no external force, it is 0, when the pressure is 20 to 40 kg, the weight is 1, and the pressure is 40. At a weight of 60 kg, the weight is 2, and when the pressure is greater than 60 kg, the weight is 3, and this is at the heel. There are four variations of the values presented instead of "0" or "1".
  • the Quality Center (COM) is even more meaningful, because the meaning of the center of mass (COM) or pressure center (COP) is not just the change in the sole of the subject when looking at gait analysis, but also the difference in the sole of the foot. The point in the gait cycle that is subject to pressure changes.
  • each point when performing mass center (COM), total pressure, posture s tate, and total movement mass (tota l movement mass), each point must have a power P (for example, pressure at 40). To 60 kg, the weight is 2).
  • P for example, pressure at 40.
  • the weight is 2.
  • we can also get the impulse change from JF* A t MV, where F is the force, M is the user mass, V is the speed, and A t is the action time.
  • More than two digital sensors can be mounted on the heel to distinguish the inside or outside of the foot when the foot is touched (except the inner eight or the outer eight feet), as shown in Figure 23.
  • the k-shaped sensor of the two heels of the same foot has a time difference of a touch of the ground within a small range. If the difference between the two feet is too large, it may be caused by a certain foot injury or a lesion. The same reason can put more sensors in the socks, then the gait analysis results we detected are not a straight line signal, but the performance of the overall foot gait analysis of the left and right feet as a solid plane. .
  • the invention can be implemented in a computer game of limb interaction, inputting body movements into a computer, and increasing the fun of the player.
  • the signal of the arm and the body is presented by the top.
  • Some gaits that rarely occur in daily life can occur in the game, such as going left or right, the four sensors of the feet touch the ground almost at the same time or off the ground; for example, high jump, knees bent, but both feet
  • the four sensors are normal; for example, sitting down, knees bent at the same time and the sensors on both feet are abnormal; for example, falling, common in elderly or children. Therefore, the system can analyze the behavior patterns of users or animals; if there is danger, it can issue a warning.
  • K is 0.1 seconds for young people, 0.15 seconds for elderly people, and 0.2 for dementia patients.
  • the procedure for pre-processing each sensor signal of the present invention is as follows:
  • K can be set to 0.001 seconds.
  • the invention can use the time difference between the heel and the toe to touch the ground to estimate the speed of walking and obtain an approximate value. See Figure 24, digital sensors (S2 and S1) are installed on the heel and toe. The distance between the two sensors is a certain value d. When the user walks forward at the speed V, we predict the speed of contact with the ground of the sole.
  • the same principle can detect the variability of displacement, distance, step length, speed and acceleration.
  • the analysis of the information can also obtain the state of the user. If a more accurate speed is required, the user can record the time difference of at least two speeds on the treadmill at a constant speed, approaching by interpolation in actual application, or using a camera. Acceleration gauges or gyroscopes to aid in correcting the accuracy. Taking a timing diagram of a user walking on a treadmill (speed setting 2km/hr) (Fig. 25) as an example, the time difference between the two sensors S1 and S2 at the first to sixth steps is 0.32, 0.50, 0.15.
  • each step between these six steps The required time is 0.8, 0.88, 0.57, 0.57, 1.15 seconds, so the acceleration of each step is -0.9, 3.39, -4.26, 0.4, 0.06Km / hr. sec corresponds to the calculated step (step lengh)
  • These measured accelerations are 0.52, 0.67, 0.48, 0.34, 0.69 m a, for example, the first step to the second step is -0.
  • the acceleration value of the second step to the third step is 3.39, and thus the step of increasing the second step is also 0.76,
  • the first step is more, these results are caused by people standing on the treadmill to generate a large imbalance with the treadmill.
  • the acceleration is 0. 06 indicates that the subject has adapted to the treadmill.
  • the speed is also synchronized with the treadmill.
  • gait analysis we can use these parameters to judge whether a person's gait is stable. If the value changes too much to indicate the precursor of the fall, it can provide a warning.
  • L*W can be used as the swing angular velocity of the foot. Therefore, we can also measure the change of attitude during the swing period.
  • the parameter swing distance, swing angle, swing angular velocity or swing angular acceleration are used to evaluate the stability and variability of the subject.
  • the ankle joint we can also place two sensors to detect the angle.
  • the sensor can also be partially on the socks and the other part on the shoes or insoles. The same result can be obtained for joints, knee joints, etc.
  • instead of using two separate sensors (S1 and S2) we can also read the same effect with a sensor with two or more segments.
  • Angle, angular velocity, angular acceleration, swing distance, swing angle, swing angular velocity or swing angular acceleration The same reason can detect the angle, angular velocity, angular acceleration, swing distance, swing angle, swing angular velocity or variability of swing angular acceleration ( Variabi li ty). So we can use a tension or pressure sensor in the socks or part of the socks, and the other part in the shoes or insoles The angle, angular velocity and angular acceleration are measured up. Other positions such as the rib joint and the knee joint can also give the same result.
  • JF*At MV gets the impulse change, where F is the force, M is the user mass, V is the speed, and At is the action time.
  • F*At is the impulse
  • the same principle can be obtained from at least two angle sensors at the joint, and the angular velocity of the joint can be known.
  • the angular acceleration ( ⁇ ) can be obtained by using the value of this and the next angular velocity and the time difference.
  • the arm length, ⁇ is the angle of change, and the swing length L is obtained. If the angular velocity and angular acceleration remain stable (ie, the variability is low), the swing length L can be predicted.
  • ⁇ 2 ⁇ 0 2 +2 ( ⁇ - ⁇ 0 )
  • the total kinetic energy of the rolling human body is the kinetic energy of the centroid movement that can be rotated around the centroid.
  • the total rotational kinetic energy of the rigid body is the sum of the rotational kinetic energy of all the particles on the rigid body.
  • the present invention can estimate the slope of the upslope or ups and downs of stairs by using the length of time the knee joint sensor is pulled apart, and obtain an approximate value.
  • the steeper the slope the higher the leg must be lifted, the more the knee joint is bent, and the longer the knee sensor is pulled apart.
  • a multi-segment sensor on the pants, for example: 45 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees three segments, when the knee joint starts from a straight bend, only the 45 degree sensor has a "1" at the beginning, and then the 45 degree and 60 degree sensors all produce “1", if it is even The 75 degree sensor is "1", which means that the knee angle is larger, which means that the steeper the slope.
  • Fig. 27 the flow of the gait analysis, we know that the heel of the foot is also the first when the user advances, but if the ground is uphill, the time difference between the heel strike time and the toe landing time becomes shorter. Conversely, if it is downhill, the forefoot will land first and the downhill angle will be larger. The pressure distribution on the toe and the heel will be opposite, that is, the pressure will move to the toes, which is like wearing high heels. If the attitude change of the upper body is added, as shown in Fig. 28, where ⁇ represents, when the user's posture changes, the sensor also responds at the same time, and the information provided by the various sensors is used.
  • Receiving the relevant signal of on/off on or off; B represents providing a database to compare the on/off related signals to determine the user's posture change;
  • the 3D stereoscopic information of the posture change performed by the user at the same time can more accurately detect the change of the posture of the subject, and can also know the posture state of the person at that time, for example, Table 2.
  • the 8-digit string in the database represents right ⁇ , right elbow, left ankle, left elbow, right hip, right knee, left hip, left knee from right to left.
  • the thumb is grounded first and the center of gravity is biased toward the front of the foot.
  • the shoes worn by the user are different, and the gait analysis signal can be used to know the style of the shoes worn by the user.
  • the thumb is grounded first and the center of gravity is biased toward the front of the foot.
  • Most of the above are obtained by digital switches, tension, and pressure sensors.
  • a conductive cloth is used to form a capacitor or a conductive material (such as a conductive cloth) to form a capacitor under external force. Capacitance changes, either individually on the sock or part of the sock, and part on the shoe or insole to form an analog switch, tension or pressure sensor.
  • the inductive sensor such as PCT/CN2008/001520 or PCT/CN2008/001571
  • a magnetic material is placed on the sock or upper, the insole, and the outer surface of the sock or upper, the insole, relative to the magnetic material
  • a conductive material such as a coil
  • the magnetic flux of the energized coil is different under the action of an external force, and the induced electromotive force is also different, so that the energy generated by the action can also be obtained.
  • the above embodiments can use sensors, some on the socks and some on the shoes or insoles, but can also be analog switches, tension or pressure sensors.
  • sensors for example, capacitive or electric Inductive switch, tension or pressure sensor.
  • the sensor is all on the sock and is a capacitive or inductive switch, tension or pressure sensor sensor.
  • the eliminator when the eliminator is connected with the switch sensor, the pressure or the tension sensor by a transmission line, when the transmission line is not insulated, there is a beside it
  • the reference area is connected to the inner device to measure whether the transmission line is leaking with the reference area, for example, the cloth is too wet, or the transmission line is in contact with the reference area to cause a short circuit.
  • the reference zone itself can also be used as an electrode, heater wire or antenna as long as there is a reference zone next to the wire on the fabric to detect the leakage.
  • the sensing assembly on the sock of Figures 29, 17, and 18 above and the sensing assembly on the shoe or insole may be positioned relative to each other.
  • Stainless steel wire or other conductive material shields are used when the transmission line, socks or clothing pants are connected between the circuit board, the stainless steel wire and the microcontroller, or between the socks and the pants, which are commonly used in clothing.
  • the devil felt is used as a connector to connect the socks to the transmission line between the pants, pants and clothes or the inner layer and the outer layer.
  • the devil felt is used as a connector to connect textiles such as socks, pants, clothing, sheets, chairs, shoes and control boxes (including the processor) with a devil's felt.
  • the sensor output of the sock has a ground wire and a signal wire on the devil's felt.
  • the trousers also have a ground wire and a signal line and use the devil's felt to transmit the signal of the sensor to the trousers, that is, the glove has a devil's felt and at least one transmission line such as stainless steel wire or other conductive material shield.
  • the devil's felt on the trousers There is also a devil's felt on the trousers and a conductive material such as stainless steel or copper. Therefore, when the socks are connected with the devil's felt of the trousers, the transmission line between the socks and the trousers is connected, and the signal between the two is The current is connected, so the devil felt can be used as a connector.
  • the devil's felt and socks or other clothing may also have a strap to connect, which increases the freedom between the socks and the pants.
  • the sensor mentioned above may be a physiological signal such as a heartbeat breathing or a posture signal such as a tension or a pressure sensor, or a switch with a devil glue to transmit the above signal, and finally a transmission current, such as a heating coat or a cooling coat TENS. .
  • a physiological signal such as a heartbeat breathing or a posture signal such as a tension or a pressure sensor, or a switch with a devil glue to transmit the above signal
  • a transmission current such as a heating coat or a cooling coat TENS.
  • the same can be done between pants and clothing, sheets and clothing.

Description

织品感测器的步态分析系统及方法 技术领域
本发明可应用于复健治疗、 体能训练、 长期照护、 骨科及运动医学、 保健、 娱乐等领域。 本发明是关于利用固定在衣物上的织品感测器, 来感 测穿戴者的步行动作, 并且进行分析, 以得知穿戴者的运动生理状况的系 统及方法。 背景技术
步态分析常用于帮助运动员, 以及运动功能受损的病患, 例如脑性淋 痹、 帕金森氏症、 中风或意外伤害的病患。 现有技术的步态分析常在专业 的实验室或医师的诊疗室进行,必须利用许多精密的装置和复杂的方法才 能完成。 然而,最理想的步态分析系统,应该是能即时连续监视、 低成本、 易 于操作、 且易于获得的。 现有技术还有一缺点:它不能表现出受测者在日常 生活中的运动功能。 故而,专家和病患都需要一套低成本的系统,以获得量 化且有再现性的结果。 目前的步态分析大部分是用于帮助运动员和受伤的 人,它主要是在实验室进行, 或在医生的办公室以目视观测。 临床医生依靠 广泛的步态分析、 诊断和治疗方法, 但都面临众多复杂的因素。 适合一般 使用者的步态分析系统和程序应具备随时监控、 价格低廉, 让消费者易于 使用, 并且容易取得的优点。 然而, 传统的步态分析设备通常是需要实地 测试, 或者是在实验室做全面且健全的步态分析实验, 进而导致步态分析 系统不利于普及。
由于步态分析的门槛过高, 所以能够及时提供大量和可重复读取的数 据,并可长时间监测使用者的步态信号, 尤其是对受过伤的使用者与帕金森 氏症的病患, 都能产生极大的帮助。 然而, 由于目前步态分析相关的设备 取得门槛高不可攀, 或是其相关的产品本身应用上的限制, 因此并没有办 法满足消费者的需求, 如: 美国专利号 US6789331和 US7168185 , 其专利内 容均是利用鞋子来当作步态分析感应器, 且无法水洗, 从而造成使用者的 不便。 美国专利号 US6231527是搭配一台摄像机来和鞋子做为步态分析感 应器, 且进行步态分析时, 只能在室内进行, 让使用者只能在室内从事步 态分析, 进而造成使用者操作不便, 不利于步态分析系统的推广。 美国专 利号 US6984208是利用超音波来测试使用者的姿势和移动状态及步态分析 相关数据, 但由于取得超音波的相关设备所费不赀, 故不利于步态分析相 关系统的普及。 美国专利号 US 20080108913A1则用压力感测器来侦测使用 者的跌倒, 但仍需要在各个鞋子或袜子上设有一个独立的电源且不是数字 感测器, 同时, 其信号处理需用反馈方法(Feedback)来进行信号分析,.过 程过于繁瑣、 冗长、 复杂, 需要用到类神经及模糊理论 (neuro-fuzzy)来预 防跌倒,它不能表现出测试者的步态参数,不能感测身体的姿势或动作 此 系统只是由压力感测器所测得的资料与稳定的数据(stabi l i ty prof i le)来 产生一回馈值 (feedback value) ,主要在测理想的重心(ideal central massprof i le)及个人重量(mass of individual)来预防跌倒,在文中描述, 若有 加速规即可测到步态速度、 步伐长度、 及步态时间, 而我们目前的设计是 对其加改进以不用加速规, 只用开关、 压力、 拉力等织品感测器就同时可 预测到步态参数,同时预测到膝盖、 髋关节,手等部分的运动,也可测到步伐 长度、 速度、 加速度、 踝关节的角度, 角速度等步态参数,而且不必再用到 回馈值而是直接由袜子感测器来算出步态参数或人体姿势及动作。 美国专 利号 US20090012433A1,则是需要摄像机、麦克风,并搭配一感应器来侦测使 用者的步态分析相关数据, 但此分析方法过于麻烦, 不利于步态分析的推 广。 美国专利号 US200610282021. A1,则是利用一感应器和一远端监视系统 来侦测使用者的姿势及步态分析相关数据,但此系统有距离的限制,当使用 者距离监视器较远时, 监视器就无法处理相关信息。 美国专利号 US2007/0112287 A1则是用加速规及陀螺仪来挂在耳朵上, 侦测使用者的步 态分析相关数据, 但由于成本过高不利于推广。 发明内容
人日常生活中绝大部分时间都要穿上衣物、 坐在椅子上或躺在床上,故 在裤子、 袜子、 衣物、 上设置步态感测器, 步态感测器可连接一生理感测 器,例如心跳、 呼吸、 体温、 汗湿、 血氧、 心电图等感测器, 即可在肢体运 动时感测生理机能,可让本发明进一步地推广到日常生活的每一个层面,并 测得使用者各种不同姿势的步态情况, 以分析使用者的生理状态。 先前感 测器设置在鞋子上, 在没有直接与脚部完全吻合的情形下, 所得的步态分 析误差值极大, 且无法与各种不同的鞋子吻合, 成本太贵又耗电。 而本发 明将感测器设置在袜子上, 一方面舒适, 又可以水洗, 且当使用者穿着不 同鞋子时, 都可以测得步态分析的相关数据, 同时适合各个层级的使用者 穿戴, 因为袜子所要求的尺寸没有像鞋子那么精确,袜子反而能完全贴合在 使用者的脚部, 故所得的步态分析能更为精确。 本发明的袜子感测器同时 还可以得知当使用者在行走时, 使用者穿着的鞋子不同,可藉由步态分析信 号,来获知使用者当下所穿着的鞋子款式。 如:高跟鞋、 平底鞋、 拖鞋、 运 动鞋、 溜水鞋…等。 本发明袜子感应器可配置在不同的鞋子上,对使用者而 言易于使用又符合人体工学,只要使用者穿上袜子感应器就可应用在各种 不同的鞋款。 故可整合成长时间且连续的生理机能及步态分析变化图,对于 使用者的健康及安全有很大帮助,且由于本发明是在一个或多个与身体接 触的日常生活衣物中,安装步态感测器,故有利于本发明的推广与应用。 目 前此技术已通过 IEEE, EMBC 2009年会的审核, 即将在九月发表, 题目为 "A wireless gai t analys i s system by digi tal text i le sensors. " IEEE, EMBC 2010年会的审核也通过, 题目为" Sens ing of Wearable Digi tal Text i le Sensor wi th BodyMot ion Analys i s" 最后, 本发明不只适用于人类, 对 于动物, 例如: 猫、 狗的行为模式也可长期监测分析及预测行为模式。
本发明的目的之一在于除了利用袜子上的感测器外, 尚可利用衣、 裤 上的感测器, 测得步态分析及姿态变化, 例如膝关节弯曲的角度、 步伐长 度、 每分钟步伐数及行走速率, 或脚跟踏地与否、 手臂是否摆动, 腰部是 否弯曲, 并且利用各姿式变化的顺序、 周期等参数, 来观察使用者肢体的 健康状况或复健治疗效果, 或是判断使用者的动作姿势 (例如向前走、 倒退 走、 跑步、 上楼梯、 下楼梯、 爬坡、 下坡、 横走, 跌倒), 另外还可当作互 动电脑游戏的输入,而非如今只是在电脑上的虚拟游戏, 因游戏者本身都没 有实际的动作来与游戏软件互动。 也可运用于侦测使用者开车时的姿势(例 如: 脚踩刹车时脚的弯曲程度)。 本发明是一种可穿戴式步态分析系统, 其 结构具有以下特征: 一、 可穿戴、 舒适且可直接安装在一般的裤子或袜子 上, 以便于在实际生活上使用; 二、 使用无线传输技术, 当使用者接受测 试时, 使用者较不会受到干扰; 三、 该穿戴式步态分析系统, 具有下列特 性:可洗、 耐用、 具有弹性, 可伸缩、 可挤压, 故可以很容易地应用到日常 生活的每一个层面;四、 使用数字输出和蓝牙接口, 使测得的数据可以直接 传送到日常生活常见的仪器作信号分析, 如: PDA或笔记型计算机。 故可利 用这些易于取得的电子仪器来测试使用者的姿势以及步态分析的相关数 据, 而且每一个参数的变异度和稳定度也可以清楚的以功率频谱(Power Spectrum)呈现;五、 可得到使用者的体重及变化。 本发明的另一目的在于,本 发明的传输线没有绝缘的地方有另一参考区在其旁边,用来侦测布料是否 有漏电情形。 例如布料湿掉或传输线与参考区短路。 附图的简要说明
图 1是本发明的利用织品感测器的步态分析系统的架构图。
图 2是本发明的利用织品感测器的步态分析系统的第一实施例的感测 器架构图。
图 3A是袜子上的感测器位置图。
图 3B是袜子上的感测器相对位置示意图。
图 4A是膝关节上的感测器位置图。
图 4B是拉力感测器安装于裤子的位置示意图。 图 5是典型的步态时序图及感测器位置图。
图 6是步态的相位(phase of gai t)分析的前四相的示意图。
图 7是步态的相位(phase of ga i t)分析的后三相的示意图。
图 8A是完成的步态分析图。
图 8B是步态的相位的方法流程图。
图 9是用于时间^ t (Tempora l Parameters)分析的示意图。
图 1 OA是正常走路的压力中心分析图。
图 10B是正常走路的质量中心分析图。
图 10C是上楼的压力中心^ "量中心分析图。
图 10D是跑步的压力中心及质量中心分析图。
图 10E是下楼的压力中心 ^量中心分析图。
图 11是跑步步态的时序图。
图 12是前走步态的时序图。
图 13是倒退步态的时序图。
图 14是上楼步态的时序图。
图 15是下楼步态的时序图。
图 16是第一袜子感测系统示意图。
图 17是第二袜子感测系统示意图。
图 18是第三袜子感测系统示意图。 , 图 19A是感测器旁安装一电阻再并;^的电路图。
图 19B是感测器旁安装一电阻再串^^的电路图。
图 20是骑士走路所得的时序图。
图 21是骑士骑自行车所得的时序图。
图 22是多个阶段输出的压力感测器的示意图。
图 23是脚跟设置两个感测器以观察内外侧触地的时间差的示意图。 图 24是利用感测器的时间差来推估步行速度的示意图。
图 25是跑步机上(速度设定为 2km/hr)行走的时序图。
图 26A、 图 26B是械 侦测示意图。
图 27是步态分析的流程图。
图 28是姿势判别示意图。
图 29是袜子与鞋垫的另一实施例的示意图。
图 30 鬼毡连接裤子与袜子的示意图。 实现发明的最佳方式
为更进一步阐述本发明为达成预定发明目的的所采取的技术手段及功 效,以下结合附图及较佳实施例, 对依据本发明提出的利用织品感测器的步 态分析系统其具体实施方式、 结构、 特征及其功效, 详细说明如后。
本发明系统架构如图 1 系统架构图所示, 在袜或衣裤上视应用场合安 装若干开关、 压力、 拉力感测器或传感器 (参考 PCT/CN2008/001570具有 分离感应区的布料、 PCT/CN2005/001520电子开关, PCT/CN2008/001571可 形成电子组件的布料及 PCT/CN2009/000118感测装置的专利申请案),上述 的感测器是一种具有导电材质数字感测器,例如: 金属材质(如: 铁片)、 非 金属材质(如: 橡胶、 硅胶、 泡棉)及导电碳材质(如: 石墨)。 另外,在制造 过程中布料上也可加入其它弹性材盾(如: 橡胶、 发泡材料、 硅胶、 海绵、 弹 簧、棉、弹性纤维(Spandex)、人造弹性纤维(lycra)、合成橡胶(SBR, Styrene Butadience Rubber) , 和泡沫基材料), 以增加其弹性。 这些织品感测器以 导线连接至微控制器的输入端。 当感测器感测到姿态变化时, 即产生数字 信号到微控制器, 微控制器内含程序处理模块, 把各个感测器输出的数字 信号编码同时进行分析、 显示、 储存或警告, 或再由通信模块传送到其它 的个人数字装置, 例如: 智能手机或电脑, 以进行分析、 显示、 储存或警 告。
织品感测器,可连接一生理感测器, 如此一来当穿戴者运动时, 织品感 测器受到外力产生反应, 生理感测器也同时感测穿戴者生理信号, 尤其当 穿戴者运动停止时, 例如站立、 躺卧时, 测试使用者的姿势以及步态没有 改变时, 利用生理感测器感测穿戴者生理信号来侦测使用者的状态。
微控制器也可视应用场合, 连接摄影机、 加速规或陀螺仪,摄影机、 加 速规或陀螺仪设置于衣服、 鞋子、 袜子、 控制盒或手机, 以增加感测肢体 运动的正确,(·生。 第一较佳实施例
如图 2 第一实施例感测器架构图所示,本发明在双脚脚掌的袜子部位 下,各安装四个数字感测器,当外力大于 200克重时,其输出就会由逻辑 "1" 变成 " 0" ,如图 3Α袜子上感测器位置图所示,图 3Β为相对脚底的位置 图,其中(12)为脚底,(11)为脚侧边, (10)为跖骨, (9)为脚拇指的部位。 另 外为了更准确得到步态资讯, 我们在裤子的两膝盖骨上方部位各安装两个 数字拉力感测器, 分别在屈膝约 45及 60度切换其输出逻辑状态,如图 4Α 所示选为 60,即在膝盖有一个小角度及大角度传感器,该小角度传感器在膝 关节弯曲 30度至 50度之内会改变输出状态, 优选为 40度, 该大角度传感 器在膝关节弯曲 60度至 100度之内会改变输出状态, 优选为 60度。
图 4Β为拉力感测器在裤子上的示意图。一般健康使用者在往前步行时, 各数字感测器输出逻辑状态时序图如图 5,其中感测器 1至 4为拉力感测器, 感测器 5至 12为压力感测器。在图 5中, 双腿最先切换的是感测器 3 (右膝 45度), 由 "0" 变 "1" , 此时右腿正开始抬高, 故右脚四个感测器开始 先后离地 (感测器 12至 9由逻辑 "0" 变 "1" ), 左脚各感测器则是先后落 地 (感测器 8至 5由逻辑 "1" 变 "0" )。 接下来是右腿抬得更高致感测器 4 (右膝 60度)由 "0"切换 "1",右脚掌完全离地 (感测器 9至 12皆为 "1" ) , 左脚掌完全触地 (感测器 5至 8皆为 "0" ) , 而左^ (申直(感测器 1至 2皆 为 "0" ;)。 再接下来是右腿开始放下右脚开始落地, 使感测器 12至 9陆续 由 "1" 变 "0" ,同时左腿开始抬高左脚开始离地, 致感测器 8至 5陆续由 "0" 变 "1" 。 同时是左腿膝部开始抬高, 感测器 1及 2由 "0" 变 "1" , 如此左右腿交替, 本发明即可获得如图 5 的步态时序图, 由时序图可进行 下列分析。
一般将步态时序分为七相,以右脚跟触地为起点,依序为负荷反应 (loading response) , 站立 '中期 (mid-s tance) , 站立末期 (terminal s tance) ,摆荡前期 (pre- swing) ,初始摆荡 (ini t ia l swing) ,摆荡中点 (mid- swing),摆荡末期(terminal swing)。 前四相称为站立期(s tance phase) ,对于站立期(s tance phase),本发明可以用双脚的脚趾及脚跟的数 字感测器来完成(感测器 5,8,9,12),如图 6, 取(a)与(f)为右脚跟触地 (ini t ia l contact) , (b)为左脚尖离地,(c)为右脚跟离地, (d) 为左脚跟触 地,(e)为左脚尖触地。 由感测器 5、 8、 9、 12, 即可量得(a)至(b)为负荷反 应 (loading response) , (b)至 (c)为站立中期 (mid-s tance), (c)至 (d)为站 立末期 (terminal stance), (d)至 (e)摆荡前期(pre- swing) , (e)至 (f)为摆荡 期(详述于下 ¾。图 6所显示的前四相的时间,依序为 0. 09, 0. 23. 0. 20. 0. 62 秒。 同时可知双脚触地(Double suppor t) , 各脚的站立期与摆荡期所需时 间、 及在整个步伐中所占的比例。
后三相称为摆荡期(swing phase) , 对于后三相, 本发明可以用双腿膝 部的四个拉力数字感测器来完成(感测器 1, 2, 3, 4), 如图 7。 学理上初 始摆荡(ini t ia l swing)应始自右脚离地(g)终至右膝最弯点(h) , 正常人右 脚离地 (g)时, 也就是右脚拇指由 "0" 变 "1" 时, 这时候右膝的角度为 45 度, 即可用脚的传感器来得知膝关节的角度。 左手臂的摆动方向与右脚的 摆荡变化同步, 即右脚往前摆荡左手也由后向前摆,右脚由脚跟往脚尖变化 时向前走, 左手臂由前向后摆, 即当右脚拇指要离地时,手摆到最后面,左 手摆到最前面, 当右脚一离地往前摆动, 左手也开始往前摆动, 故手部与 脚部与身体各关节的动作有一致性变化, 故我们可用一部位的信号来得知 其它部位身体的变化, 因为人为一个系统, 故重心平衡下,一个部位往前就 有一个部位往后来进行动态平衡,所以可以用袜子或袜子与鞋子或鞋垫的 传感器来知道其它关节的变化情形。 若是左手与左脚同步则重心变化的时 间与频率也就不同,可以区分出正常和不正常的行为。 另外,往后走、上楼、 下楼、 手与脚的变化都是有规律性的变化。 同理可由其它部位的信号变化 来知道另一部位的信号变化。在本发明则是以右膝 60度拉力数字感测器(感 测器 4)输出为 T 的中间点(h, )代替。 因此,由感测器 1、 2、 3、 4,即可 量得(g)至(h, )为初始摆荡(ini t ial swing) , (h, )至(0为摆荡中点 (mid- swing) (其中(i)为 45度感测器由 "1" 变为 "0" 的点),(0至(f)为 摆荡终点(terminal swing)。 图 7 所显示的后三相的时间,依序为 0. 12, 0. 21, 0. 09秒。同时,我们可以由左右脚的传感器信号来得知膝关节或 髋关节的情形,例如在右膝最弯点(h)可由左脚拇指与脚底传感器都着地的 时间中点来取代,即左脚踏平在地上时,也就是右脚膝部最弯曲的时侯,此 时人刚好处于动态平衡,故左手、 右手对称摆动, 即袜子传感器也可得知手 部的运动情形,因此由袜子传感器即可评估人的行为举止, 若加上膝部传感 器就更精准。 我们可以使用脚的传感器来预测髋关节或膝关节角度的变 化。 也可以使用膝或髋关节传感器的结果来预测脚部的姿势变化。 同理,我 化, ^即可量得手臂的 Ϊ化, 同时肘关节5角度或腋下 ^ 的变化可以预测脚部 的姿势变化, 特别是使用者在行走速度快时其相关性更高。
站立期与摆荡期整合成完整的步态分析图, 见图 8A。
依据上述, 微控制器以每秒钟 100次的取样频率读取各感测器的逻辑 状态, 即有足够高的时间分辨率可测得步态各阶段所占的时间, 其中所有 的步态 及其此例均可呈现, 以右脚为例的方法流程图见图 8B, 对于左 脚也是用同样的方法。
首先, 在开始时将计时器归零;
等到右脚跟触地即开始计时(A);
等左脚尖离地(b), 记录时间即为负荷反应, 之后再将计时器归零后启 动;
等右脚跟离地, 记录时间为站立中期, 之后再将计时器归零后启动; 等左脚跟触地, 记录时间为站立末期, 之后再将计时器归零后启动; 等右脚尖离地, 记录时间为摆荡前期, 之后再将计时器归零后启动; 取右膝 60度, 拉力传感器输出为 1的中间点, 记录时间为初始摆荡, 之后再将计时器归零后启动;
取右膝 45度,拉力传感器输出由 1变为 0,记录时间为摆荡中点,之后 再将计时器归零后启动;
等右脚跟触地, 记录时间为摆荡末期;
之后重复上述整个过程。
同一个人每一步的各相周期可能或多或少有差异。 本发明可以连续记 录数分钟内每一步的各相周期, 求其每一个参数平均值及标准差, 同时也 可得知双脚支撑、 站立期, 摆荡期的平均值及标准差。 若是某人的标准差 过大, 即代表此人可能有运动功能上的伤病, 这是很重要的指标, 而本发 明可以很低的成本、 很简易的操作来完成。 此外, 微控制器也可由这一次 的步态变化资料来预测下一步的步态, 若是相邻两次步态变化很大, 表示 使用者的平衡感差, 或是路面不平, 例如在跑步机或在吊桥上, 或是腿受 伤或鞋子不合等。 正常情况下左脚与右脚的步态皆应为周期性变化, 否则 可能是跌倒或其它突发状况, 本发明即可提出警报。
时间 ^¾: (Temporal Parameters)分析
声波, RF (无线电波或雷达系统)在袜子上有发射及接收系统, 则由左 袜发射一电磁波, 右袜反射后又回到左袜, 或直接由右袜接收, 就可得步 伐长度 (Stride length)、 每分钟步伐数 (Cadence)及行走速率(Walking speed) , 是三个重要的互相关联的时间参数, 由时序图我们可以轻易计算 出每分钟步伐数(cadence)。 至于步伐长度(stride length) , 则可利用 GPS (全球卫星定位系统)、声波 RF (无限电波)系统或雷达系统, 由实际量测 使用者走的距离再除以步数即得, 或由使用者自己量测, 或由统计资料上 依身高或腿长索查所得的平均步伐长度来设定。 每分钟步伐数 (Cadence)与 步伐长度(Stride Length)相乘即得行走速率(walking speed)。 首先利用 GPS (全球卫星定位系统)、 RF (无限电波)系统, 让使用者自由走十米, 则可 得步伐长度, 他用了 16步伐, 则可得量步伐长度为 10/16=0. 625米。 然后 由时序图测量其步伐数, 见图 9,取五次右脚跟触地的时间为 5. 27秒,即可 得每分钟步伐数为 60*2* (5/5. 27) =113. 8 t imes/min (因在每次右脚跟触地 之间是走了右左脚各一步, 故以 60*2计算每分钟步伐数)。 由步伐长度乘 以每分钟步伐数得行走速率, 即 0. 625*113. 8=71. 125米 /分钟(change to m/sec) , 一个步伐长度(s tride length)为两步(s tep length)。 右左脚各 一步 Use sound detector or l ight , 即利用电磁波来测左右脚的参数。
压力中心 (Central of pressure, COP) 5L¾"量中心(Center of Mass) 分析
步态时序图可以清楚说明各传感器切换的先后顺序, 但是对于要分析 大量步态信息的分析师而言, 时序图是不易浏览的。 因此, 本发明特别定 义左脚或右脚压力中心(Central of pressure, COP) 量中心(Center of Mass)同理也即是重心(Center of gravi ty)分析方法, 以便分析师可迅速 方便地分析大量步态信息。 由压力中心 COP得到了使用者的左脚或右脚动 态压力中心变化, 由重心 COM能够看到整个身体当作为一个点在地面上的 变化。
由两脚数字传感器产生的时序图, 见图 10A, 其中(a)显示左脚四处皆踏 地而右脚四处皆离地, 接下来(b) 显示左脚已半离地^ ip尖与足心触地,接 下来(c)较(b)多一处右脚跖骨触地, 由压力中心的变化可见一个人的行走 步态稳定度, 例如: 纵使使用者两脚着地不动, 由其压力中心仍随时间变 化,也可得知使用者的平衡感及脑部对双脚的控制能力, 当使用者单脚着 地,压力中心 (Centra l of pressure, COP)表示人体的重量。 本发明把左 脚触地的传感器信号定义为正, 右脚触地的传感器信号定义为负, 两者相 加即可大略表示人体的质量中心, 同理也是重心(Center of gravi ty)是偏 左还是偏右, 见图 10B与 10A中的(a),(b),(c),(d),(e)皆代表同一个人的 行走步态, 可见压力及质量中心(重心)分析图,且由图中可见, ^如当左脚 完全触地而右脚完全离地,两者相加为 +4,代表身体质量中心偏左。 当两脚 皆完全触地, 两者相加为 0, 代表身体质量中心在中间, 由质量中心的图随 时间变化, 也可分析此人的步态是否正常且规律, 例如喝酒状态下,其质量 中心(重心)变化就完全不规律, 同理把左脚触地的传感器信号定义为正,右 脚触地的传感器信号定义为正,两者相加除 2也可表示人体的质量中心同理 也是重心(Center of gravi ty)是偏左还是偏右。 使用者两脚着地不动,左 脚触地的传感器信号定义为正, 右脚触地的传感器信号定义为正,两者相加 表示人体的重量。 当传感器是模拟或多阶数字感测,那么质量中心(重心)或 压力中心就更准确, 例如三阶段的数字传感器是 0,1, 2, 3, 0指 0克, 1指 2000克, 2指 4000克, 3指 6000克, 另一观点认为, 由压力中心 COP得 到了使用者的左脚或右脚压力中心, 如果压力中心 COP或重心 COM在二脚 投射在地面上的范围中, 使用者是稳定的, 压力中心 COP或重心 COM越在 二脚投射在地面上的范围中心,使用者越稳定, 当压力中心 COP或重心 COM 越在二脚投射在地面上的范围边缘地区, 使用者越不稳定, 易跌倒, 当压 力中心 COP或重心 COM在二脚投射在地面上的范围边缘地区的时间越长,使 用者越不稳定, 越易跌倒, 尤其当压力中心 COP或重心 COM在二脚投射在 地面上的范围边缘地区外, 使用者越不稳定, 越易跌倒。 若脚底的传感器 位置是独立的坐标而非上述的左边为正、 右边为负, 及左拇指有反应时表 现为一坐标值, 左后脚跟有反应时有一坐标值, 以此类推, 则可得此人的 立体空间、 重心变化及立体空间上的步态分析及其参数。 另外, 我们可利 用加速规、 陀螺仪或倾斜计来测重心是否在双脚所在的范围内。 若是在范 围外的时间越长或距离越远表示越不稳。 同时加速规、 陀螺仪可用脚底的 传感器当参考点来修正使用者的信号以读取角度、 信号或位移。
全压(total pressure)、 姿势状态(posture s tate)、 及全动作质量 (total movement mass)分析
上述质量中心分析对于前进后退及上下楼这种双脚先后交替的动作,是 很有帮助, 但是在某些情况无法分辨, 例如: 蹲下起跳这种双脚同时的动 作, 在质量中心全部都当作是 "0" 时, 就无法分辨。 因此, 本发明定义了 全压(total pres sure)、 姿势状态(pos ture s tate)、 及全动作质量(tota l movement mass)分析方法, 如下:
• 全压: 脚掌受压的感测器信号总数, 不分左右脚, 不分正负, 一律 为正; 数值愈大, 表示脚与地面接触的面积愈大或脚与地面接触的压力愈 大,主要是分辨使用者与地面接触的压力变化, 即左右脚与地面接触的压力 变化。 使用者两脚着地不动, 全压(total pressure)表示人体的重量。
• 姿势状态: 身体上的传感器有受力而产生变化时,姿势状态为使用 者所有传感器的数值表现在人体模型上有受力而显示身体的姿势或动作产 生变化。 例如身体上左边的传感器有受力而产生变化时设定为正,右边的传 感器有受力而产生变化时设定为负,姿势状态为所有传感器数值的总和。 如 果数值不变动接近一稳定值, 表示左脚跟着右手臂摆动而同时运动, 右脚 跟着左手臂摆动而同时运动, 若数值随意变动不接近一稳定值零表示 稳 定,使用者就容易跌倒。 使用者不动, 全压(total pressure)表示人体 重 量。
• 全动作质量:脚受压的传感器数值信号总数再加上身上所有传感器 信号(例如膝或肘), 这些传感器均有受力而产生变化时设定为正。 数值愈 大,使用者愈有效运用身体的肌肉, 也就是全身都在动。
跑步、 上下楼梯的步态分析
对于上楼、 跑步、 下楼, 也可得压力中心(COP)及盾量中心(COM)图,见 图 10C、 10D、 10E。 图 10C中可见跑步的压力及质量中心分析图且由图中可 见, a至 h依序是上楼步态分析的时间点; a点是右脚掌刚踩到上楼的阶梯 上的信号, 同时也是这次分析定义的起始点, 从该时间点拉出的垂直线可 以清楚看出, 该时间点右脚的膝盖是弯曲超过 60度角, 而左脚膝盖是几乎 没有弯曲的; b 点是左脚掌刚离开地面的信号, 此时左脚膝盖刚弯曲大于 45度角小于 60度角, c时间点是左脚膝盖弯曲度刚大于 60度的信号,此时 的右脚膝盖虽然仍大于 60度, 但是右脚膝盖目前是处于由大角度恢复为小 角度的状态, d时间点是右脚膝盖刚恢复为小角度的时间点, e点是左脚跟 刚踩上阶梯时的信号, 此时的左脚膝盖角度为大于 60度, 右脚膝盖则仍处 于小于 45度的状态, f 点是右脚跟已经离地且膝盖刚弯曲大于 60度时的信 号, g点则是右脚掌整个离地的信号, h点是右脚掌刚踩到上楼的阶梯上的 信号, 同时也是这次分析定义的终点。 由信号点 a至 h可得知一个完整上 楼步态的循环分析动作。整个分析范例是以右脚为分析的重点。 a点到 b点 的时间是第一次双脚支撑身体的时间; b点到 e点的时间是右脚单独支撑身 体的时间; e点到 g点的时间是第二次双脚支撑身体的时间; g到 h的时间 是右脚在空中摆动的时间。
图 10D中中可见跑步的压力及质量中心分析图,且由图中可看出, a至 e依序是跑步步态分析的时间点; a点是右脚跟刚踩到地面上的信号, 同时 也是这次分析定义的起始点, 从该时间点拉出的垂直线可以清楚看出,该时 间点右脚的膝盖小于 45度角, 而此时左脚掌整个悬空, 而左脚膝盖是刚弯 曲超过 60度的; b点是右脚尖刚离开地面的信号, 此时右脚膝盖刚弯曲大 于 60度角, 左脚膝盖虽仍则处于 60度角, 但是正要恢复至小于 45度的状 态; c时间点是左脚跟刚踏上地面,且左膝盖弯曲度大于 45度小于 60度的 信号, 此时的右脚膝盖仍大于 60度, 而 b点与 c点中间这段时间差则是双 脚仍停留在空中的时间, 因为跑步时会有类似于小跳跃的动作出现; d时间 点是左脚尖正要离开地面的时间点, 左膝盖刚弯曲超过 60度的而右膝盖虽 仍则处于 60度角,但正处于要恢复至小于 45度的状态, e点是右脚跟刚踩 上地面时的信号, 也是这次分析定义的终点。 此时的右脚膝盖角度为小于 45度, 左脚膝盖则仍处于大于 60角度的状态, 而 d点与 e点中间这段时间 差则是双脚仍停留在空中的时间。
图 10E中, a至 f依序是下楼步态分析的时间点; a点是右脚尖刚踩到 下楼的阶梯上的信号, 同时也是这次分析定义的起始点, 从该时间点拉出 的垂直线可以清楚看出, 该时间点右脚的膝盖弯曲角度小于 45度, 而左脚 膝盖是弯曲大于 60度; b点是右脚跟刚踏入下楼阶梯的信号, 此时右脚膝 盖仍维持小于 45度,而左脚膝盖弯曲仍大于 60度, c时间点是左脚尖离开下 楼阶梯的信号,右脚膝盖刚弯曲超过 60度, 但右脚掌仍踏在下楼阶梯上, d 时间点是左脚尖刚踏入下楼阶梯的时间点, 此时左脚膝盖小于 45度, 右膝 盖大于 60度角, e点是右脚尖刚离开下楼阶梯时的信号, 此时的右脚膝盖 角度为大于 60度,左脚膝盖则仍处于小于 45度的状态, f 点是右脚尖刚踩 到下楼的阶梯上的信号, 同时也是这次分析定义的终点。
简化的跑步步态见图 11, 与正常走路相比, 可测得站立期(A)缩减而摆 荡期(B)增加, 且双腿同时触地的时间(CX艮短, 在图 11中几乎看不到。 若 在手臂上的衣服有感测器,则可更进一步分析使用者的运动生理, 在正常情 况下,手的摆动愈大表示脚的移动愈快且两者同步,一粗是左手与右脚同 步,右手与左脚同步, 当速度愈快时肘关节弯曲更大, 都可以用来辅助步态 分析及运动生理的精准度, 如此判断使用者的姿态变化就更容易。
简化的前走步态时序见图 12。
简化的倒退步态见图 13, 与正常走路相比, 其相位变化是逆转的。 简化的上楼梯步态见图 14, 与正常步行相比显着不同, 例如当左腿正 开始上楼时,左膝是弯曲超过 45度而非伸直 (请参照图 14中的(a)点),这是 为了上楼梯不得不这样,右脚接触下一阶的是脚跟(图 13 中的(b) ),也是一 样在右膝的弯曲大于 45度。 另一方面,脚跟与脚拇指着地的时间差很小,两 者几乎同时, 而且膝盖弯曲的时间比在平地上行走多出约一倍。 简化的下楼梯步态见图 15, 与正常步行相比也为显著不同, 例如图 15 的(a)是右脚在摆荡期结束时当脚尖刚踩到下一阶楼梯的信号, 而不是脚跟 先着地, 同时左膝是弯曲超过 45度, 左脚接触下一阶的也是脚尖(b)先着 地。 另夕卜,我们发现在上、 下楼时,膝部 60度感测器所产生 "1" 的时间,比 平地上前后走的行为中所产生 "1" 的时间长, 故当膝部弯曲大于 45度所 花费的时间大于平地行走时, 即可知使用者正在上下楼或上下坡。 另外,若 膝部感测器的临界值愈大, 可以侦测的上下楼或上下坡的高倾斜度就越容 易侦测出, 而不会有误判, 例如在反应时间长度都相同的情况下, 上下坡 或上下楼的斜坡度在 60度感测器表示比 45度感测器更倾斜的情形下才会 有相同的时间, 若是 75度感测器在膝部可侦测到更高的上下楼或上下坡变 化的反应。 使用者穿着的鞋子不同, 可藉由步态分析信号, 来获知使用者 当下所穿着的鞋子款式。 如:高跟鞋、 平底鞋、拖鞋、运动鞋、 溜冰鞋…等。
由步态相位辨认正走、 倒退、 上下梯
综合上述, 正走、 倒退、 上下梯四者的步态相位时序有显着差异, 本 发明可藉查索下表中的 A,B, 来辨认使用者是正在正走、倒退、 上楼梯或下 楼梯, 当然, 上下坡与上下楼的原理相同, 故可由感测器所测得信号来评 估地面的情形。 表 1: 正走、 倒退、 上楼梯或下楼梯的逻辑状态表
Figure imgf000014_0001
当然,考虑各种干扰因素,不见得每一步所产生的相位时序都如上表。 本 发明可以安装更多感测器在裤子或袜子或衣物上,以提高辨认的正确率。 例 如在裤子綮部装有二个感测器,则当两足部袜子的感测器都是 "1" 、 且两 裤子膝部的感测器为 " 1 " 、 且臀部感测器也是 " 1 " ,即表示使用者坐 着,且椅子高度大于腿的长度导致双腿悬空没有碰触到地。 因为在夏天,使 用者都穿短裤为多, 固膝关节的感测器改为在大腿部位的裤子放感测器或 裤子在髋关节(hip joni t)设置感测器来取代, 用以侦测人的行动时的腿部 运动, 然若在裤子上, 所有的位置都放感测器来测步态, 准确度更佳。
当袜子上的感测器无法连接到裤子上的控制器或手机, 故将袜子上的 感测器与鞋子或鞋垫结合,如图 16,其中在袜子上缝有 4个导电丝线 al、a2、 a3、 a4导电材料相对应在鞋子或鞋垫上有 bl、 b2、 b3、 b4的导电材料, 当 后脚跟接触地面时, al将 bl的两端接通,故使 bl的 "1"状态变成 "0"状 态,同时在鞋子或鞋垫上设有微处理器来分析、 显示、 储存、 警告或往外传 出信号。
另一只袜子也是如此, 两者间可利用无线通讯, 例如 RFID或 ZYBEE相 互传送资讯, 也可与衣服上的微处理器如控制器或手机互动, 最后再与外 面的监控系统利用无线传输互动。
当然袜子与鞋上或鞋垫所形成的感测器也可为多段式, 例如图 Π所 示,袜子上有一半球状凸起的导电材料, 而在相对应鞋上或鞋垫的内衬上有 一同心的两组导电线材 bl、 b2, bl的线材间距离小于 b2线材间, 故当后 脚跟往下压时, 首先 al的导电材料,例如导电砂胶或导电金属片先将 bl的 两端线材导通,当脚跟继续往下压时, al又将 b2的两端线材导通,故在脚跟 上同一点就有二段式的压出表现,而非前面的单一开关或一段式压力感测 器。 导电材料也可在袜子与鞋上或鞋垫不同地方设立多个多段的感测器,用 以感测步态进行时的压力变化(COP) , 此时的压力中心(COP)的每一点又可 呈现不同的压力变化, 故当要表现质量中心(COM)时就可看出人的质量中心 (COM)的动态变化, 因为每一点的表珧不是单纯的 "0" 换 "1" , 而是有所 加权, 更能表现出人的质心(COM)随走动的动态变化。 全压(total pressure)、 姿势状态 (posture s tate)、 及全动作质量 (total movement mass) 又可呈现不同的多段动态变化。
我们也可将原先 bl、 b2是利用分开的二个导电丝材来与袜子的导电半 球 al共同组成的多段式压力感测器,做更准确的分析,如图 18,利用鞋上或 鞋垫上的可变电组或压电材料或可变电容或可变电感 cl来取代 bl、 b2,如 图 18 中可变电组 cl放在鞋上或鞋垫内衬上且一端正好相对应于袜子的 al 半球的球中心位置,在可变电组 cl的两端测电阻值,则当压力愈大时, al半 球与 cl的接触愈多,导致量测 cl两端的电阻随重力增加而值下降同时可测 当 cl 为压电材料或可变电容时。 此时每一个感测器所得的是模拟信号,总 之,我们将原先袜子感测器分开, 有一部分在鞋上或鞋垫, 例如是鞋上或鞋 垫的内部与袜子的内部; 或是袜子的表面与鞋上或鞋垫的内部; 或是袜子 的表面与鞋上或鞋垫的表面; 或是袜子的内部与鞋上或鞋垫的表面来感测 使用者的步态变化, 例如图 18所示的可变材料或压电材料也可设置在袜子 上。 另外鞋子上也可安置摄影机加速规或陀螺仪来侦测行动上的加速度及 角速度, 以辅助我们所侦测到的资讯更准确。
归纳前述各种步态的时序,可得下列规则,也可用于辨认正走、 倒退、 上 楼梯或下楼梯。 *正走:
①一般而言, 正走通常是脚跟先着地, 所以脚跟信号会比脚尖先出现。
②脚跟着地的时, 该脚的膝盖会是小于 45度的状态。
參后退:
①一般而言,后退通常是脚尖先着地,所以脚尖信号一定要比脚跟信号 提早出现。
②膝盖弯曲超过 60度的信号通常比较接近脚尖信号。
參上楼:
①该脚的踏地信号出现前, 该脚会出现膝盖弯曲超过 60度的信号。
②该脚踏地信号出现时, 同时膝盖信号会保持在 60度以上。
③该脚膝盖刚打直的信号会出现在该脚的踏地信号内。
④通常是脚跟先着地, 所以脚跟信号会先出现。
*下楼:
①脚尖会先着地, 所以脚尖信号会先出现。
②脚尖讯出现时, 该脚的膝盖信号会是小于 45度状态。
③该脚膝盖刚大于 60度时的信号会出现在该脚的踏地信号时期内。 此外, 可在衣物、 袜子上加入心跳、 体温、,汗湿、 血氧、 心电图、 血 压、 呼吸等生理感测器与织品感测器相连接, 也可感测生理机能。
同时, 当使用者用拐杖、 推车或支架时的步态分析也不同, 但所得的 重心变化及左、 右脚的变化均可推估获得。 第二较佳实施例
为了使本发明能和一般布料一样耐搓洗且穿着舒适, 本发明使用可曲 挠又耐搓洗的不锈钢丝连接感测器及微控制器,即以不锈钢丝当传输线, 不 锈钢丝当传输线, 当然也可以用其他导电材质来当传输线来传输信号或电 流, 袜子或衣物裤子当电路板, 不锈钢丝与微控制器之间或,袜子衣物裤子 之间用服装上常见的按扣或母子扣连接。 考虑衣物的舒适感, 衣物上的不 锈钢丝与按扣或母子扣皆不宜太多。 若实际应用上有须要安装多个感测器, 本发明可在各织品感测器旁安装一电阻, 其阻值比例为 2, 然后再串联(图 19B)或并联(图 19A)。 此原理类似二进制编码, 如图 19B的电路, 四个感测 器可组成的等效电阻有 0,R, 2R, 3R, 4R, 5R…最高至 15R, 合计 16个数值, 如此可保证不论各织品感测器如何切换, 串联或并联所成的等效电阻, 都 不相同,即可经由模数转换(analog-digi tal convers ion)之后, 由微控制 器分辨各织品传感器的逻辑状态。 如此可大幅减少导线及按扣或母子扣。 不锈钢丝当传输线, 也可用 4艮线, 铜线、 导电硅胶等导电材质作为传输线。 同理也可串联或并联一电容或电感或电阻来达到效果。 同时这串联或并联 的电子零件若设在脚底也可刺激生长及在行走中具有按摩的效果。 第三较佳实施例
本发明除了分析步态之外, 也可以应用于自行车骑士, 来计算其踩踏 板圈数, 利用轮胎半径为 R,踏一圈为 2 π ΙΙ从而推估其移动距离 i4度,因 为所用的时间由处理器可知。 本发明应用于自行车骑士, 是在两膝关节上 各装一 40及 90度的数字感测器, 骑士走路、 与骑车所得的时序图, 分别 为图 20、 图 21, 其中右 1及左 1为 40度角感测器, 右 2及左 2为 90度角 感测器。 由于走路时膝关节不会弯超过 90度, 因此图 20中两膝的 90度的 数字感测器皆为 "0", 仅 40度数字感测器切换。 而在骑车时两膝都至少有 40度弯曲, 因此图 21中两膝的 40度的数字感测器皆为 "0", 仅 90在度数 字感测器切换, 因为在骑车时, 脚底仍踏在自行车的脚踏板上, 故都是导 通 "0" 的状态, 故只好用膝部的感测器且设定在 90度时才有反应, 则使 用者在行走时的步态分析及騎车的步态分析都可得知, 且由膝部的信号可 分别走或骑车, 因为双脚周期性产生膝部信号且袜子信号在双脚都是 "0" 的情形只有骑自行车。 故同时也可分辨使用者的行为状态。
在行走或骑自行车时, 路况必然会影响步态, 本发明利用摄影机、 加 速规或陀螺仪来测知路况, 并且可提高步态辨识的准确度。 例如自行车行 经坑洞或人突然跌倒时, 加速规或陀螺仪会得到相当大的加速度(例如一个 重力加速度以上)或角度变化, 摄影机也会摄得影像有剧烈的变化, 此时微 控制器可暂停辨识步态, 以免误判, 同时可记录路况。 第四较佳实施例
若有需要, 一个数字传感器可以有的三个阶段输出, 见图 22。 此数字 传感器的中心为一个嵌入环形导电橡胶或硅胶的球形凸起的导电材料,下 方有导体成十字型, 但中间部分无导体。 当球受到轻压时, 球中最低的环 形导电橡胶碰触下方导体, 但球形中较高的环形导电橡胶不会碰触下方导 体,因此只有一组导体导通; 当凸起受到重压时, 凸起中高低两个环形导电 橡胶都会碰触下方导体, 因此有两组导体导通, 更重时则球形凸起的导电 材料上三组都通, 故在步态分析时, 同一点如脚跟,不是只有 "0" 或 "1" 的结果,也可有不同压力或受力大小的表现,例如大于 20千克压力时, 球形 凸起的第一组导通, 大于 40千克的重力时, 球形凸起的二组导通, 大于 60 千克的力时, 球的三组导电材料都通,这样更可表现出步态的分析结果。 同 时压力中心(COP)的表现更具意义, 同为在图 10A的每一个点又寸呈现压力 的变化,例如没外力时为 0,压力在 20至 40千克重时为权重 1, 压力在 40 于 60千克重时权重为 2, 压力大于 60千克重时为权重 3, 则在足跟这一点 所呈现的值就有 4种变化而非 "0" 或 "1" 。 质量中心(COM)也就更具意义 了,因为无论质量中心(COM)或压力中心(COP)的意义不只是看步态分析时 受试者的足底的变化,也可得到足底的不同点在步态周期中的受压力变化 情形。故在进行质量中心(COM)、全压 (total pressure)、姿势状态(pos ture s tate)、 及全动作质量(tota l movement mass)分析时,每一点都要力 P权(例 如压力在 40至 60千克则权值为 2),另外,我们也可由 J F* A t = MV得到冲 量变化, 其中 F为作用力, M是使用者质量,V为速度, A t则为作用时间,结 果 F* A t即为冲量, 动量 P (moment) =mv, 例如在脚踏地的时候, 足跟会加 重力道, 由 0到 60千克, 就如前面所述, 则在此变化时间中, 脚跟所受的 力随时间变化, 导致三段式压力传感器随之变化, 故可得到外力与时间的 乘积, 即为冲量, 故不单纯只是压力中心的分析, 还可得到冲量的时间分 析图, F作用力的时间分析图, 动量 P (moment)的时间分析图, F = ma, a加 速度, 所以我们可以得到一动量的变化等于冲量的数值。 第五较佳实施例
脚跟部可装两个以上的数字感测器, 以分辨走路时脚的内侧或外侧先 触地 (俗话是内八或外八字脚), 见图 23。 对于正常人而言, 同一只脚的两 个脚跟的 k字感测器, 其触地的时间差多在一小范围之内, 若两脚差别太 大,可能是某脚受伤或是病变造成, 相同的道理可在袜子放置更多的感测 器,则我们所侦测到的步态分析结果不是一直线的信号, 而是左右两脚各为 一立体平面的整体足部步态分析的表现。 第六较佳实施例
本发明可实施于肢体互动的电脑游戏, 把身体的动作输入到电脑,增加 玩家的乐趣。 例如同时把手臂及身体的信号, 藉由上衣来呈现。 有些日常 生活很少发生的步态会在游戏中发生, 例如向左或向右横走, 双脚的四个 感测器几乎同时触地或离地; 例如跳高, 双膝弯曲, 但双脚四个感测器正 常;例如坐下, 双膝同时弯 Λ且双脚的感测器异常; 例如跌倒, 在老人或小 孩常见。 故此系统可分析使用者或动物的行为模式; 若有危险时可发出警 告。 对于此类应用,可以在衣服上、 袜子、 鞋子、 控制盒、 或移动电话加上 摄影机、 加速规、 地磁仪或陀螺仪,增加游戏模拟式的力量感觉,以弥补数 字感测的不足,同时在真实的步态分析或运动生理上也可增加准确度。 且加 、速规、 地磁仪或陀螺仪要有一参考点来归零、 校正, 此时为双脚脚底的感 测信号为" 0", 即双脚都在地上且重心值在左、 右脚正中央。 第七较佳实施例 本发明在实施时, 难免会碰到不理想的状况, 例如使用者在穿衣、 裤 或袜时没有穿正, 或是剧烈运动后衣、 裤或袜偏离原位, 致使感测器信号 误动作, 最常见的是类似一般机械开关常见的弹跳(bounce) ,形式上是周期 极短(小于 0.01秒)的脉冲。 为了减少误动作,本发明考虑正常人体状况,归 纳出下列规则, 以便对各感测器输出的信号做前处理。
1.当大角度关节感测器被拉开时, 小角度关节感测器必然已被拉开;
2.以人体的惯性和一般人的肌力,、伸腿屈膝、 抬脚踏地等动作不可能 在小于 K秒时间内完成; K在年轻人为 0.1秒, 老年人为 0.15秒, 老年痴 呆症病人为 0.2秒'
依上述规则, 本发明对各感测器信号做前处理的程序如下:
1.对于以上动作周期小于 K秒的正负脉冲都一律消除, 在此 K可设定 为 0.001秒。
2.对于较小角度关节感测器, 当有信号未显示被拉开而有较大角度关 节感测器被拉开时, 即修改较小角度关节感测器信号为已拉开。 第八较佳实施例
本发明可利用脚跟与脚尖触地的时间差, 来推估走路的速度, 取得近 似值。 见图 24, 在脚跟与脚尖装设数字传感器(S2与 S1), 两传感器的距离 即为足底长为一定值 d, 当使用者以速度 V向前走,我们预测其脚底地面接 触的速度 V'近似于行走速度 V, 其中如图 24两传感器 S2与 S1接触地面的 时间差为 At, 则可测得速度 V'=d/At, 另外, 由 V" =V'+at, 其中 a为加 速度, t为左脚与右脚间隔的时间, V 为左脚所测得的速度, V" 则是接下 来右脚触地所测得, 则使用者由左脚到右脚所经过的时间 t也可得到,由此 可得加速度 a, 则可得 s (位移) =V't+l/2a t2。 我们可由上监测长时间左右 脚的步伐长度、 速度及加速度, 因此也可测得位移、 距离, 相同的道理可 侦测到位移、 距离、 步伐长度、 速度、 加速度的变异度 (variability),由 这些信息的分析也可得到使用者的状态情形, 若要求较准确的速度, 使用 者可以在定速的跑步机上记录至少两种速度的时间差, 在实际应用时以内 插法趋近, 或者利用摄影机加速规或陀螺仪来辅助校正其准确度。 以某一 使用者在跑步机上 (速度设定为 2km/hr)行走的时序图(图 25)为例, 第 1至 第 6步伐的两传感器 S1与 S2的时间差依序为 0.32, 0.50 , 0.15, 0.35, 0.31, 0.30秒, 其两传感器 S1与 S2的距离为 20厘米, 换算步行速率为 2.0, 1.28, 4.26, 1.83, 2.06, 2.13 km/hr , 另外, 这六个步伐间的每 一个步伐所需的时间为 0.8、 0.88、 0.57 、 0.57、 1.15秒, 故可得每一步 的加速度为 -0.9、 3.39、 -4.26、 0.4、 0.06Km / hr. sec相对应所算得的步 伐(step lengh)为 0.52、 0.67、 0.48、 0.34、 0.69 米,这些测得的加速度 a例如第一步到第二步为- 0. 9,导致第二步到第三步的加速度值为 3. 39,由 此也可看到第二步所增加的步伐为 0. 67, 比第一步多, 这些结果是因为人 站在跑步机上要与跑步机同步产生比较大的不平衡所导致, 接着到了第六 步我们可看到加速度为 0. 06表示受测者已经适应跑步机的速度也与跑步机 同步。 在步态分析上我们可利用这些参数来评断一个人的步态是否稳定,若 是数值变化太大表示跌倒的前兆, 即可提供警讯, 相反的我们也可利用其 当作为虚拟游戏的输入, 我们可以利用同一脚如右脚的传感器在上次、 此 次或下次的信号来算速度、 加速度、 位移及距离。 也可以用左右脚的传感 器,在着地的不同时序下测速度、 加速度与位移, 相同的道理, 传感器也可 一部分在袜子上, 另一部分在鞋子或鞋垫上。
对于关节的角速度, 也可评估, 例如膝关节设定于 45度及 65度的传 感器, 则角速 ; W= 6 / t , 其中 t为 45度及 60度感应器启动的时间差, L 为小腿长度, Θ为 15度, 则 L* 6则可为摆动 45度到 60度之间的距离, 另 外 L*W可当作脚的摆动角速度, 故我们也可测得在摆动期姿态变化的各个 参数摆荡距离、 摆荡角度, 摆荡角速度或摆荡角加速度, 来评估受测者的 稳定度及变异度。
对于踝关节我们也可放置两个传感器来侦测其角度,例如在脚跟与侧 边的两个传感器(S1与 S2)分别^ 跟着地(10 及整脚平踩(0 >¾)时,则 这两个传感器所启动的时间差 即可算出踝关节的角速度 W=10 / A t,如 图 26A与图 26B, 当然传感器也可以一部分在袜子上, 另一部分在鞋子或鞋 垫上。 其它位置如肋关节、 膝关节等也可得到相同的结果。 另外, 我们也 可以不是用分开的两个传感器(S1 与 S2) ,而是用一个两段以上的传感器则 也可得到相同的效果即可读到角度、 角速度、 角加速度、 摆荡距离、 摆荡 角度,摆荡角速度或摆荡角加速度。 相同的道理可侦测到角度、 角速度、 角 加速度、 摆荡距离、 摆荡角度, 摆荡角速度或摆荡角加速度的变异度 (variabi l i ty)。 故我们可用一个拉力或压力传感器设在袜子或一部分在袜 子上, 另一部分在鞋子或鞋垫上来测角度、 角速度及角加速度。 其它位置 如肋关节、 膝关节也可得到相同的结果。
如果在上坡时, 不再是像平地行走一样, 而是受坡度影响, 因此可由 时间差推估。 见图 26 A与图 26B, 假设脚在脚跟触地至脚尖触地之间是等 速圓周运动, 而在正常行走状况下脚跟触地瞬间, 脚底与地面呈 Θ角(10 度), S1与 S2两传感器触地时间差为 A t , 而在上坡时得触地时间差为 Δ , 可得地面坡度为 Θ * (A t- A t' ) / A t。
总之, 有谈到用脚底两点 Sl, S2着地的时间差可得脚底速度 V。 藉量 测得左右脚着地的时间差 A tl、 右脚底速度 V2、 及左脚底速度 VI三者,由 V2 =Vl+al* A tl , 可推估两脚着地之间的加速度 al; 或藉量测得左脚前后 两次着地的时间差 At2及下一次左脚底速度为 V3,由 V3=Vl+a2*At2,也可 推估左脚前后两次着地的速度 a2。 原则上 At2约为 2*Atl。 由上, 本发明 可以测得运动过程中的加速度, 及每次的速度, 然后再加以统计得其变异 度(variability)。 由变异度可知受测者的步态是否平稳, 且可用来预测下 一步的步态为何, 因为当加速度及速度变异度都固定不变时, 速度也就维 持稳定。 再者,由距离 S=V*t+0.5*a* t2, 当速度、 加速度及时间差皆稳定 不变时,即可预估下一步的步行距离, J"v*At = s 即我们可以得到位移,同 时在此过程中, 步行距离也可得知。 另一方面, 若是加速度、 速度、 距离 等数值变化很大, 表示受测者步态异常, 可能必须提出警报, 例如临时跌 倒或撞到其它人或物。
J F*At =MV得到冲量变化, 其中 F为作用力, M是使用者质量, V为 速度, At则为作用时间, 结果 F*At即为冲量,还可得到冲量的时间分析 图, F作用力的时间分析图, p (moment) =mv 的时间分析图以及 f=ma ,所以 我们可以再一次确认 a, V=V0+at 并且我们可以再确认
同样的道理也可由关节处的至少两段角度传感器, 可知其关节的角速 度,利用这次与下次角速度的值及时间差可求得角加速度( α )。 在这样的 情形下, 若角加速度或角速度的变异度很小, 则可由这一次的角速度预测 下一次的关节运动的角速度, 且由 L=R*6, 其中 R为关节所在的脚或手 '臂 长度, Θ为变化角度, 可得摆动长度 L。 若角速度及角加速度维持稳定(即 变异度低), 则摆动长度 L即可预测。
所以我们可以得到 , V=V0+a t
Figure imgf000021_0001
ω20 2+2 (θ-θ0)
J w* Δ t = θ,所以我们可以得到角度对时间的分析图。
能量守恒 ,一个系统的力学能 Ε为此系统内物体的势能 U与动能 Κ之 和 E=K+U, U=mgh, (h为高度) K=l/2 m v2,也就是说总能量的变化(AEmec) 包含 Δ K (动能的变化量)与△ U (势能的变化量)是一个常数, 所以我们可以 在日常生活中得到使用者高度的变化 h。
动量守恒定律,以用 p表示动量, =常数
Figure imgf000021_0002
或者 表在一个旋转'系 =0 中, 力(F)与力矩(τ ) ; 动量 (ρ)与角动量 (L)的关系是
2 dL _ 指系统所受合外力矩( τ )为零时系统的角动量 (L)保持不变。 = ^ χ F当 右边力矩(τ ) 为零时, 可知角动量不随时间变化。 当人体所受外力矩合为 零时, 角动量守恒 L = r * m V = 常数。
滚动的人体的总动能是质心移动能加绕质心转动的动能。
K = 1/2 Ιω2 + 1/2 m v2
如果人同时具有转动和移动, 则功的表示可写成 W = K (移动动能) + K R (转动的动能)
Figure imgf000022_0002
Figure imgf000022_0001
刚体的总转动动能, 是刚体上所有质点转动动能的总和。
式中的 /称为惯性距(转动惯量)
转动惯量守恒定律 第九较佳实例
本发明可利用膝关节感测器被拉开的时间长短, 来推估上下坡或上下 楼梯的坡度, 取得近似值。 当坡度愈陡,腿必须抬得愈高,膝关节愈弯曲,膝 关节感测器被拉开的时间也就愈长, 当然我们也可在裤子上设置多段感测 器,例如: 45度、 60度、 75度三段, 当膝关节由直开始弯, 刚开始只有 45 度感测器有产生 "1" , 接下来是 45度及 60度感测器都产生 "1" ,若是连 75度感测器都是 "1" , 则代表屈膝角度更大, 意即坡度愈陡。 第十较佳实施例
在图 27为步态分析的流程, 我们可知当使用者前进时脚的脚跟也是先 着地, 但是若地面为上坡地则脚跟着地时间与脚尖着地时间差变短。 相反 地,若是下坡, 则是前脚尖先着地, 下坡角度大些, 则脚尖与后脚跟所受的 压力分布相反, 即压力会移到脚尖, 这就像穿高跟鞋。 若是再加上上身的 姿态变化, 如图 28 , 其中, Α所代表着是, 当使用者姿势改变时, 感应器 也同时反应, 并由(身上)多种感测器所提供的資讯来接收开或关 on/off 的 相关信号; B所代表着是提供一个资料库, 藉此来比较开或关 on/off 的相 关信号,藉此来判断使用者的姿势变化; C所提供的是使用者同时进行的姿 势变化的 3D立体资讯, 则更可准确的侦测到受测者的姿势变化, 也即可知 道当时人的姿势状态, 例如表 2。
Figure imgf000023_0001
其中, 资料库中的 8位字符串从右到左依次代表右腋, 右肘,左腋,左 肘,右臀, 右膝, 左臀, 左膝。 例如高跟鞋着地时,拇指最早着地且重心偏 向脚的前面。
使用者穿着的鞋子不同, 可藉由步态分析信号, 来获知使用者当下所 穿着的鞋子款式。 如: 高跟鞋、 平底鞋、 拖鞋、 运动鞋、 溜冰鞋。 例如高 跟鞋着地时, 拇指最早着地且重心偏向脚的前面。 以上所说的大多是由数 字开关、 拉力、 压力传感器所得, 举例来说, 利用一导电布与身体之间形 成一电容或上下二导电材料 (如二导电布)形成一电容在外力作用下产生电 容变化, 且可单独在袜子上或一部分在袜子上, 一部分在鞋子或鞋垫上来 形成模拟式开关、 拉力或压力传感器。 至于电感式传感器如 PCT/CN2008/001520或 PCT/CN2008/001571所示,如有一磁性材料设在袜子 或鞋面、 鞋垫上, 且在袜子或鞋面、 鞋垫, 相对于磁性材料的位置外绕有 一导电材质如线圈, 则在外力作用下, 通电线圈的磁通量不同, 感应电动 势也不一样, 故还可以得到动作所产生的能量。
以上所说的实施例均可使用传感器, 一部分在袜子上, 一部分在鞋子 或鞋垫上, 但也可以是模拟开关、 拉力或压力传感器。 例如是电容式或电 感式开关,拉力或压力传感器。 另外, 传感器全在袜子上同时是电容式或电 感式开关,拉力或压力传感器传感器。 第十一较佳实例
在袜子上有一凸起导电材质 al.相对应于鞋子或鞋垫上有一穿孔 dl穿 孔边缘或外围 al有导电材质。 材质互动,尤其是当 al为磁性材质穿孔 dl 周围为一线圈,则当人在行走时,可产生一感应电流并储存起来。 以上的袜 子上的感测组件和鞋子或鞋垫上的感测组件中,处里器与开关感测器、 压力 或拉力感测器之间利用传输线连接时,当传输线没有绝缘则在其旁边有一 参考区与处里器连接,用来测传输线是否与参考区产生漏电现象例如布料 太湿,或传输线与参考区接触到产生短路的情形。 只要在布料上电路上的导 线旁都可有参考区来侦测漏电状态,参考区本身也可当作电极、 加热线或天 线来使用。 以上图 29,图 16,图 17与图 18的袜子上的感测组件和鞋子或鞋 垫上的感测组件位置可互。
第十二较佳实例
不锈钢丝或其它导电材盾当传输线, 袜子或衣物裤子当电路板, 不锈 钢丝与微控制器之间或,袜子衣物裤子之间用服装上常见的按扣或母子扣 连接。 如今我们用魔鬼毡当连接器将袜子与裤子, 裤子与衣服或内层衣与 外层衣物之间的传输线做连接。 最后是用魔鬼毡当连接器将纺织品如袜子、 裤子、 衣物、 床单、 椅子、 鞋子与控制盒(内含处理器)之间也用魔鬼毡连 接。 例如图 30所示, 袜子的传感器输出有一条地线及一条信号线在魔鬼毡 上。 且裤子上也有相对的一条地线及一条信号线并利用魔鬼毡来将传感器 的信号传输到裤子上, 即利用袜子上设有一魔鬼毡且其上至少有一条传输 线例如不锈钢线或其它导电材盾, 裤子上也设有一魔鬼毡同时其上也有一 导电材质如不锈钢或铜, 故当袜子与裤子的魔鬼毡相连接时, 袜子与裤子 之间的传输线就连接, 此时两者间的信号或电流就相通, 故魔鬼毡可当连 接器使用。 另外, 魔鬼毡与袜子或其它衣物也可有一条带子来连接, 这样 可增加袜子与裤子之间的自由度。 以上所说的传感器可为生理信号如心跳 呼吸或者是姿势信号如拉力或压力感测器, 或者是开关用魔鬼粘来传输以 上的信号, 最后也可以是传输电流, 例如加热衣或降温衣 TENS。 同理也可 做在裤子与衣物, 床单与衣物之间。
藉由以上较佳具体实施例的详述, 希望能更加清楚描述本发明的特征 与精神 , 而并非以上述所揭露的较佳具体实施例来对本发明的范畴加以限 制。 相反地, 其目的是希望能涵盖各种改变及具相等性的安排于本发明所 欲申请的专利范围的范畴内。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1. 一种利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征在于其中包含: 一袜子感测系统,包含袜子及至少一感测身体的姿势或动作的开关、 拉 力、 压力传感器;
一处理器, 接收来自所述织品传感器的信号分析步态参数。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征在 于所述的袜子感测系统还包含鞋子或鞋垫。
3. 根据权利要求 2所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征在 于所述传感器安装于袜子与鞋子或鞋垫中, 其中, 袜子上安装有至少一导 电材料, 鞋上或鞋塾相应位置安装有相同数量的导电材料。
4. 根据权利要求 2所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征在 于所述传感器安装于袜子与鞋子或鞋垫中, 其中, 袜子上安装有一导电材 料,而在相对应鞋子或鞋垫上安装有一组以上导电材料。
5. 根据权利要求 2所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征在 于所述传感器安装于袜子与鞋子或鞋垫中, 其中, 袜子上安装有一导电材 料,而在相对应鞋子或鞋垫的内衬上安装有可变电组、 压电材料、 可变电容 或可变电感。
6. 根据权利要求 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于感测的参数为电阻值、 电感值或电容值。
7. 根据权利要求 1所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征在 于处理器能接收来自织品传感器的信号, 以内含的程序处理模块加以编码 并进行分析。
8. 根据权利要求 7所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征在 于通过传感器感测产生压力中心、 质量中心、 全压、 姿势状态或及全动作 貭量
9. 根据权利要求 1所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征在 于可产生步伐长度、 速度、 加速度、 位移或步行距离。
10. 根据权利要求 1 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于可产生关节的角度、 角速度、 角加速度、 摆荡距离、 摆荡角度, 摆荡 角速度或摆荡角加速度。
11. 根据权利要求 1 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于可侦测地面坡度或。
12. 根据权利要求 7 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于所述的程序处理模块, 是以下列规则对各传感器数字输出进行前处理 以降低噪声干扰, 对于周期小 0. 001秒的正负脉冲都一律消除。
13. 根据权利要求 7 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于所述的程序处理模块, 是以下列规则对各传感器数字输出进行前处理 以降低噪声干扰, 对于小角 关节传感器, 当有信号显示未被拉开而有较 大角度关节传感器被拉开时, 即修改该小角度关节传感器信号为已拉开。
14. 根据权利要求 1 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于所述织品传感器为数字开关、 拉力、 压力传感器。
15. 根据权利要求 1 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于所述的织品传感器还连接一生理感应器。
16.根据权利要求丄^:所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于, 其是以袜子至少 ¾"一个传感器的信号为触发点,以计算步态参数。
17. 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统,其特 征在于其中包含: 至少有两个能感测身体的姿势或动作的织品传感器,而每 个织品传感器各自串联或并联一电阻、 电感或电容, 以便用两条导线连接 处理器读取各织品传感器的逻辑状态。
18. 根据权利要求 1 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于其中包含: 有两膝各有一个小角度及大角度传感器, 该小角度传感器 在膝关节弯曲 30度至 50度之内会改变输出状态, 优选为 40度, 该大角度 传感器在膝关节弯曲 ^"度至 100度之内会改变输出状态, 优选为 度。
19. 根据 利要求 1或 2所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统,其特 征在于所述的传感器可侦测左右两脚各为一立体平面的整体足部步态分 析。
20. 根据权利要求 1 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于能感测到身体的冲量、 力、 力矩、 动量、 角动量或转动惯量。
21. 根据权利要求 1或 1所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统,其特 征在于能感测到身体的重量。
22. 根据权利要求 1 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征 在于能感测或预测身体的姿势或动作, 例如膝或髋关节角度的变化或状态。
23. 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统,其特 征在于能感测势能或动能。
24. 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析系统,其特 征在于能感测使用者当下所穿着的鞋子款式。
25. 一种利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征在于其中包含:侦测 由袜子或袜子与鞋子或袜子与鞋垫的感测系统及处理器所产生的身体姿势 或动作变化的信号, 分析所得到的信号来产生步态分析参数。
26. 根据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 在于所产生的步态分析参数可得压力中心, 质量中心, 全压, 姿势状态或 及全动作质量。
27. 4艮据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 在于所产生的步态分析参数可产生关节的角速度、 摆荡距离、 角度、 角加 速度、 摆荡角度, 摆荡角速度, 摆荡角加速度。
28. 根据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 在于所产生的步态分析参数可产步伐长度、 速度、 加速度、 位移或步行距 离。
29. 据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 在于所产生的步态分析参数可推估地面坡度。
30. 根据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 在于所产生的步态分析参数的程序处理模块, 是以袜子至少有一个传感器 的信号为触发点, 以计算步态参数。
31. 根据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 在于所产生的步态分析参数可感测身体的姿势或动作。
32. 根据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 在于所产生的步态分析参数可算出冲量、 力、 力矩、 动量、 角动量或转动
33. 根据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 化;或使用膝或髋关节传感器得知脚的姿势或状态。
34. 根据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 化;或使用肘角或腋下传感器得知脚的姿势或状态。
35. 根据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 在于所产生的步态分析参数可算出使用者高度的变化 h。
36.根据权利要求 25 所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征在于 利用 GPS (全球定位系统), RF (无限电波)系统, 则可得步伐长度。
37. 根据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 在于可得到动作的能量。
38. 根据权利要求 25所述的利用织品传感器的步态分析方法, 其特征 在于其中处理器与感测器之间利用传输线连接, 传输线旁有一参考区与处 理器连接用来侦测漏电。
39. 一种利用织品传感器的步态分析系统, 其特征在于其中还包含:魔 鬼毡, 该魔鬼毡用作连接器, 以连接不同衣物的信号或电流。
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