WO2011022944A1 - 以羊毛甾烷及茯苓萃取物治疗糖尿病的用途 - Google Patents

以羊毛甾烷及茯苓萃取物治疗糖尿病的用途 Download PDF

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WO2011022944A1
WO2011022944A1 PCT/CN2010/001290 CN2010001290W WO2011022944A1 WO 2011022944 A1 WO2011022944 A1 WO 2011022944A1 CN 2010001290 W CN2010001290 W CN 2010001290W WO 2011022944 A1 WO2011022944 A1 WO 2011022944A1
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diabetes
transporter
glucose
glut4
adipocytes
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PCT/CN2010/001290
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English (en)
French (fr)
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林汉钦
黄裕权
张自忠
张温良
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杏辉天力（杭州）药业有限公司
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Priority to SG2012013926A priority Critical patent/SG178593A1/en
Priority to MYPI2012000889A priority patent/MY183349A/en
Publication of WO2011022944A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011022944A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/575—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of three or more carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, ergosterol, sitosterol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/06—Fungi, e.g. yeasts
    • A61K36/07—Basidiomycota, e.g. Cryptococcus
    • A61K36/076—Poria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of a sputum extract for the treatment of diabetes, and more particularly to an invention for the use of a compound extracted from sputum for the treatment of diabetes caused by insufficient insulin in the blood. Background technique
  • Diabetes is a common chronic disease common in adults (especially the elderly) in rich countries. Diabetic people can be divided into two types: Type 1 diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, which is caused by an immune response that causes ⁇ -cell destruction of the pancreas and cannot produce insulin. There is no insulin in the blood, so this type of patient must Diabetes can be treated with insulin supplementation; type 2 diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes, whose etiology is unknown, but genetic problems are one of the important factors, and lifestyle effects such as obesity are also important factors. .
  • a lanosterane having the following chemical formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient in the preparation of a mammal for causing insulin deficiency in blood.
  • R 3 is H or OH
  • R 5 is H or OH
  • R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 OH.
  • the lanthanum (I) has the following chemical formula:
  • the lanthanane (I) has the following chemical formula:
  • the medicament is in the form of an injection.
  • the drug is in an oral dosage form.
  • the diabetes is type 1 diabetes.
  • the diabetes is type 2 diabetes.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the medicament comprises as an active ingredient an isolated wool ⁇ decane compound (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a use of the cockroach extract as an active ingredient for the preparation of a medicament for treating diabetes caused by insulin deficiency in a mammal, wherein the cockroach extract comprises 1 - 60% by weight of the lanostere (I) of claim 1 and substantially free of ring-opened lanostane.
  • the cockroach extract comprises 5-35 wt% of lanostane (I).
  • the lanthanum (I) has the following chemical formula:
  • the medicament is in the form of an oral dose.
  • the diabetes is type 1 diabetes.
  • the diabetes is type 2 diabetes.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the hydrazine extract is a lanthanane triterpenoid obtained by separation and purification of hydrazine, and the structure of the compound is as follows:
  • the invention proves that the active ingredient separated from the cockroach can function as insulin:
  • the active ingredient has successfully played the role of insulin, which can transport blood sugar into cells and lower blood sugar. It can be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and type 2 diabetes caused by insufficient insulin in the blood.
  • the in vitro test of fat can produce glucose absorption at a concentration of 0. ⁇ , which is equivalent to 10-5 M in the above Japanese scholar Sato study, and the dose difference between the two is 1000 times.
  • Fig. 1 shows the structure of a lanostane type triterpenoid obtained by separation and purification of hydrazine.
  • Figure 2A shows that the sputum extract promotes sugar uptake by 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
  • Figure 3 shows that decanoic acid ( ⁇ ) has the highest absorption rate at a dose of 0.01 ⁇ for two hours.
  • Figure 3 shows that the administration of different doses of pachymic acid (PA) increases with increasing glucose dose.
  • PA pachymic acid
  • Figure 5A shows that PA does not have the ability to promote expression of the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) transporter. While Figure 5B shows that PA has the ability to promote the expression of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) transporter.
  • the figure shows that the fat fine PA which inhibits the expression of GLUT4 mRNA does not have the ability to promote sugar absorption.
  • Figure 8A shows that PA has the ability to promote the transport of the glucose transporter 4 transporter from intracellular organelles to the cell membrane by analyzing the GLUT4 transporter of different cell membrane layers separated by centrifugation.
  • Figure 8B shows the GLUT4 transporter of the cell membrane layer of intact cells by fluorescence, showing that PA has the ability to promote the transport of GLUT4 from intracellular organelles to the cell membrane.
  • Figure 9 shows that quinone has the ability to promote the synthesis of fatty acid triglycerides and inhibit the production of lipolysis (product glycerol).
  • a suitable method for preparing an active ingredient for treating diabetes caused by insulin deficiency in blood is disclosed in the present invention, for example, the method disclosed in EP 1535619 A1, Including extraction of hydrazine by conventional extraction to obtain a crude extract, which is then separated into lanostane-like sites by polar chromatography (using dichlorosilane: sterol (96:4) as eluent And a highly polar ring-opened lanolinol (secolanostane) site (with dichlorosilane: decyl alcohol (90: 10 or 0: 100) as eluent), wherein, using silica gel thin layer chromatography, Wool decane
  • the chromatographic value (Rf) is ⁇ 0.1; as for the composition of the ring-alone lanolin (secolanostane), the layer The value of the analysis is less than 0.1.
  • the wool ⁇ RTIgt; sulfonate ⁇ /RTI> fraction can be further separated by silica gel column chromatography, wherein the eluate is dichlorosilane: decyl alcohol (97:3 to 95:5), and several lanosteres are separated.
  • Example 1 The alcohol extract of Example 1 125 g was extracted 6 times with 1.3 liters of dichloromethane, and the dichloromethane extract was combined. After concentration, 22.26 g of an extract was obtained. Dissolve the dichloromethane extract with 95% hot alcohol, filter the insoluble matter after cooling, and add a small amount of water to the filtrate until the alcohol content is 45%. At this time, a precipitate will be formed, and the precipitate will be obtained by centrifugation to obtain 17.4. Gram precipitate.
  • the precipitate was separated, washed with 40 L 3 ⁇ 40, and then the precipitate was separated by a centrifuge, and spray dried with 8 L of water to obtain about 380 g of a powder.
  • the powder was extracted three times with 4 L of alcohol, and the extracts were combined and concentrated to give 238.9 g of an alcohol extract.
  • the extract was tested by silica gel thin layer chromatography (TLC) to prove that it did not contain ring-opened lanostane.
  • TLC silica gel thin layer chromatography
  • the extract is further separated by HPLC, and the extract has a main component of K2 214 mg, K3 23 mg, K4 24 mg and a small amount of K1 4.52 mg per gram of the extract, that is, the extract contains about 265 mg of lanostane per gram.
  • the dried solid was separated by silica gel column chromatography, which was filled with 10-40 times the weight of the dry solid silica gel, available from Merck, Silica gel 60, 70-230 mesh, with methylene chloride/
  • the components are tested and the same components are combined.
  • the PCM fraction clearly shows six traces by the above silica gel thin layer chromatography.
  • the mixture was chromatographed with methylene chloride (90:10) and (0:100) eluents, and 168 g of PCW fraction was obtained.
  • the PCM fraction was further subjected to silica gel column chromatography (with the above silica gel column) using dichlorosilane: decyl alcohol (96.5:3.5) as an eluent, and further purified to obtain a purified wool ⁇ lanostane-like component Kl (K1-1 and Kl-2), K2 (K2-1 and K2-2), K3, K4, K4a, K4b, K5, K6a and K6b.
  • Detailed separation steps and identification analysis data can be found in EP 1535619 Al.
  • the above K1 to K6b compound has the following structure:
  • the yields of lanostere compounds K1 to K6b separated from the PCM fraction are shown in the table below.
  • the PCM portion contains about 15% by weight of lanosterane compounds K1 to K6b.
  • a capsule containing the PCM component of the hydrazine extract prepared in Example 4 was prepared according to the following composition:
  • the hydrazine extract subjected to the following cell experiments was prepared from Example 2 or the pure compound shown in Figure 1. They were dissolved in a solvent of alcohol: DMSO (9:1) and the resulting solution was added to a culture dish where each well was only added to one thousandth of the final volume.
  • Fat cell culture was prepared from Example 2 or the pure compound shown in Figure 1. They were dissolved in a solvent of alcohol: DMSO (9:1) and the resulting solution was added to a culture dish where each well was only added to one thousandth of the final volume.
  • 3T3-L1 is a mouse preadipocyte, which is in the form of a spine. After 2-3 days of incorporation of the inducer, the cell type can be observed to be round, and there is oil droplet accumulation in the cell. As the number of days increases, the more complete the differentiation. Before the differentiation, the main glucose transporter is GLUT1, and the differentiated cell, the main glucose transporter is GLUT4. For example, the more the GLUT4 protein on the cell membrane, the faster the glucose in the blood is absorbed by the cell through the cell membrane. The greater the amount, the faster the blood sugar drops.
  • This 3T3-L1 adipocyte has a complete system of insulin-activated glucose uptake, which allows for the study of carbohydrate metabolism and insulin information pathways.
  • differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes are A representative and widely used model cell line, because the real fat cells in human tissues are difficult to subculture, the academic community generally uses this model for various tests and evaluations.
  • the 3T3-L1 packet was cultured in DMEM (Dulbecco's minimal essential medium) and a 37 °C incubator (5% carbon dioxide, 95% air), and 10% of calf serum was added to the DMEM, 100 IU/mL. Penicillin, 100 g/mL streptomycin and 1% non-essential amino acid.
  • a fat cell differentiation promoting agent [containing 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthane (IBMX), 1 ⁇ corticosteroid (dexamethasone) , 10 g/mL insulin in 10% FBS/DMEM medium for 2 days, replaced with 10% FBS/DMEM medium containing 10 g/mL insulin for 2 days, then replaced with insulin-free medium every 2 days.
  • the culture is carried out for 4-6 days. At this time, nearly 30% of 3T3-L1 cells form an adipocyte phenotype and can be tested. 3T3-L1 cells were washed with PBS solution before the test, and then cultured overnight in serum-free and insulin-free 0.2% BSA/DMEM medium to remove serum and insulin interference.
  • HA-GLUT4-GFP presented by Timothy E. McGraw, Well Gornell School of Medicine, New York, USA
  • the vector was transfected into 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, CA, USA) and the continuous expression bands were detected by G418 screening.
  • the adipocyte cell of the glucose transporter 4 transporter which is differentiated into adipocytes, is evaluated by the glucose transporter 4 transporter translocation assay.
  • 3T3-L1 adipocytes In the test of glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured on a 6-well culture plate, and the cells were overgrown with an adipocyte differentiation promoter for differentiation stimulation. After -12 days of 3T3-L1 cells mature into adipocytes, they can be used for glucose uptake testing.
  • the above fat cells were first placed in serum-free medium (containing 0.2% BSA/DMEM) overnight, and serum-free cell culture medium containing different concentrations of triterpenoids was cultured for 2-6 hours, and then washed with PBS solution.
  • the cells were lysed in 0.2 mL of 0.2% SDS and 10 cell eluates were transposed to a UniFilter dish containing a filter pan (Perkim-Elmer, Wellesley, MA, USA) and dried in a vacuum oven at 37 ° C and A count solution of 30 was added to each well and analyzed using a microdisc liquid scintillation counter (TopCount, Packard NXT, Packard Bioscience Company, Meriden, CT, USA). The amount of glucose accumulated in the cells was calculated and divided by the protein concentration, and the resulting uptake rate was expressed as nanomoles of glucose per minute per minute of cellular protein (nmol/min/mg).
  • Protein concentration can be determined by analysis using standard Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) reagent (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). 0.2 ⁇ of L-[ 14 C]-glucose was added to measure the uptake of non-specific glucose and subtracted from each of the measured values to obtain a specific glucose uptake. It was observed whether 3T3-L1 adipocytes had an effect on the absorption of glucose under the action of different concentrations of triterpenoids.
  • BCA Bicinchoninic acid
  • the above-mentioned mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured in serum-free cell culture medium overnight, and then contained in different concentrations of triterpenoids.
  • the serum-free cell culture medium was cultured for 24 hours, and then washed with PBS solution, followed by dissolving the cell liquid in 0.2 ml [1% NP-40, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 10 mM EDTA, 0.5% deoxycholate
  • Glucose Transporter 1 and 4 (GLUT 1 & 4) Transporter Gene Expression Assessment Using Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (Q-PCR) on 3T3-L 1 Adipocytes at Different Concentrations of Triterpenoids Glucose transporter information ribonucleic acid
  • (mRNA) was assessed. After fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were administered to different concentrations of triterpenoids for 24 hours, the cell culture medium was removed, and total RNA was extracted with Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Irvine, CA, USA), and 1 RNA was used. Reverse transcription reagents (High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kits, Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany) reverse transcribe mRNA into cDNA. Specific primers were designed for glucose transporter 1, glucose transporter 4 and several kinesins, and the gene to be tested was amplified by SYBR Green Q-PCR analysis (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). (GLUT l and GLUT4) and the internal reference gene ( ⁇ -actin), and the relative cause expression values were calculated by the AAC T method using StepOne ⁇ 2 ⁇ 0 software (Applied Biosystems) software.
  • the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) transporter plays an important role in intracellular organelle translocation to the plasma membrane (PM).
  • the triterpenoids were used to promote the translocation of the glucose transporter 4 transporter of 3T3-L 1 adipocytes to the plasma membrane.
  • the mature and mature 3T3-L 1 adipocytes were cultured in serum-free cell culture medium overnight, and then cultured in serum-free cell culture medium containing different concentrations of triterpenoids for 2 hours, followed by high-speed centrifugation at different speeds (16,000 g ⁇ 200,000 g ) , separating the plasma membrane ( PM ) fraction and the low density microsome ( LDM ) ( Liu, LZ et al; Mol Biol. Cell 17, ( 5 ) , 2322 -2330, 2006).
  • the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes stably expressing the HA-GLUT4-GFP protein were placed in a 96-well culture dish, and differentiated with a differentiation promoter after being overgrown (Govers, R. et al; Mol Cell Biol. 24
  • 3T3-L1 adipocytes were administered with different concentrations of the triterpenoids for 2 hours, the cell culture medium was removed, and the cells were washed with ice PBS. The cells were fixed with 4% triformal aldehyde at room temperature for 15 minutes, then washed 2-3 times with ice PBS, and then incubated with primary antibody against HA (12CA5) for 2 hours. Wash 2-3 times with ice PBS, add conjugated secondary antibody to fluorochrome-based peach red essence
  • the cells were incubated for 1 hour (rhodamine-conjugated secondary antibody) (Leinco, Ballwin, MO). Wash 2-3 times with ice PBS, and then detect the salt-based peach red essence by fluorescence immunoassay analyzer (POLARstar Galaxy; BMG Labtechnologies, Offenburg, Germany).
  • the excitation wavelength intensity of (rhodamine) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) ( Em. 480/Ex. 425 nm and Em. 576 nm/Ex. 550 nm), and the ratio of salt-based peach red to green fluorescent protein was evaluated.
  • the relative amount of GLUT4-GFP translocation plasma membrane Because only when HA-tagged GLUT4 is translocated to the plasma membrane, it is labeled by the salt-based peach, so the ratio can be used to assess the translocation of the glucose transporter 4 transporter to the plasma membrane.
  • the experimental results show that the triterpenoids have the following four properties as insulin, and therefore have the ability to treat type 1 diabetes: (1)
  • the sputum component or extract in the adipocyte mode has the ability to promote the absorption of glucose from the cell into the cell:
  • Example 2 The evaluation of the sputum extract (Example 2) on mature adipocytes, as shown in Fig. 2A, shows that the sputum extract has a significant effect of increasing glucose absorption, and its absorption-promoting effect increases as the dose is increased. If you give ⁇ insulin, you will see glucose absorption.
  • the pure compound of Example 2 was further tested. As shown in Fig. 2B, after the pure compound was administered to the adipocytes for 2 hours, three of the compounds citrate (PA), citric acid (TA) and porous citrate C (PPA) significantly increased the sugar uptake at 0.01 ⁇ , respectively, to increase to 165.89%, 142.5% and 147.9%. Among them, the increase in sputum is the most significant, so the follow-up test evaluation is carried out with ⁇ .
  • PA citrate
  • TA citric acid
  • PPA porous citrate C
  • Figure 3 shows that the increase in the time of administration increases the absorption of sugar, and the increase in the dose of 2 hours is most significant (increased by 165.89%).
  • the concentration of sugar absorption increases with the increase of the concentration of the drug. It increases, and when ⁇ is ⁇ ⁇ , it increases to 209.84%, as shown in Figure 3 ⁇ .
  • ⁇ promoted the sugar absorption effect only to the differentiated fat cells, and did not promote the glucose absorption effect on the pre-adipocytes.
  • a glucose transporter inhibitor PT, phloretin
  • the ability of the two cells to promote absorption was significantly inhibited.
  • the fat cells only have a glucose transporter -1
  • GLUT4 glucose transporter-4
  • the triterpenoid compound PA significantly induces the expression of glucose transporter 4 transporter protein (GLUT4) and information ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in mature adipocytes.
  • GLUT4 glucose transporter 4 transporter protein
  • mRNA information ribonucleic acid
  • Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and specific probes were used to observe the effect of PA on mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes at different concentrations on glucose transporter ribonucleic acid.
  • PA promotes the translocation of GLUT4 transporter from intracellular to plasma membrane in mature adipocytes
  • GLUT4 transporter translocation efficiency was evaluated using 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes with intact insulin-activated glucose uptake system. From the results of Fig. 8A, the Western blotting method of the plasma membrane (PM) separated by ultracentrifugation was observed. It was observed that 0.01 ⁇ ⁇ significantly increased the amount of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane to 141%, and increased to 328 as the dose increased to 1 ⁇ . %.
  • (4) ⁇ has the ability to promote accumulation of triglycerides in fat cells and reduce the release of glycerol from fat cells to cell culture fluids.

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Abstract

本发明提供一种用于治疗糖尿病的药物组合物，该组合物包含羊毛甾烷化合物作为有效成分。此羊毛甾烷化合物的合适来源为茯苓萃取物，其包含1-60重量%的羊毛甾烷化合物且实质上不含开环羊毛甾烷 化合物。该萃取物萃取自多孔菌科植物茯苓菌（Poria cocos （Schw） Wolf）的代谢产物、菌丝或发酵产物。

Description

以羊毛甾烷及茯苓萃取物治疗糖尿病的用途 技术领域
本发明涉及一种以茯苓萃取物治疗糖尿病的用途， 尤其涉及一种以萃取 自茯苓的化合物治疗因血中胰岛素不足所引起的糖尿病的用途发明。 背景技术
糖尿病为富裕国家成人（尤指老年人）常见的慢性病。 糖尿病人主要 可分为两种： 第一型糖尿病， 或称为胰岛素依赖型糖尿病， 其病因是免疫 反应造成胰脏的 β -细胞破坏而无法生产胰岛素，血中无胰岛素因此此种型 病人必需借助于注射胰岛素补充才能治疗糖尿病； 第二型糖尿病， 或称为 非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病，其病因不明，但是遗传基因问题为重要因素之一， 另外生活方式影响 （如肥胖）也是重要因素之一。
大约公元 500年， 唐朝医学书籍《备急千金要方》记载了用于治疗的 糖尿病的多种复方，其中某些复方含有茯苓。 2002年日本研究人员 M. Sato 发表茯苓皮部分的氢化去氢松苓酸（ Dehydrotrametenolic acid ) 能够应用 在第二型糖尿病 ( Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 25 ( 1 ) , 81-86 ) 的治疗中， 其 作用原理是通过增加胰岛素敏感度（即减少人体对胰岛素抗药性） 而达到 治疗目的。 但是从其体外脂肪细胞试验知道氢化去氢松苓酸（Dehydrotrametenolic acid )的有效浓度为 10·5 Μ, 及从体内小老鼠动物实验的结果得 知氢化去氢松茶酸（ Dehydrotrametenolic acid ) 的有效剂量为 110 mg/kg, 显然应用在人体其有效剂量至少高达大于 700 mg以上。 700 mg的有效剂 量相当于目前临床使用用药剂量的 10倍以上， 因此发展成临床用药会造 成困难。 发明内容
本发明的一个目的在于， 本发明提供一种使用具有下列化学式（I )的 羊毛甾烷或其药学上可接受的盐作为有效成分在制备用于治疗哺乳类动 物因血中胰岛素不足所引起的糖尿病药物中的用途，
Figure imgf000003_0001
( I)
式中 1^为 11或 CH3; R2为 OCOCH3、 =0或 OH; R3为 H或 OH; R4为 -C ( =CH2 ) -C ( CH3 ) 2Ra, 其中 ， Ra为 H、 OH或 -CH = C ( CH3 ) -Rb, 其中 ， Rb为 CH3或 CH2OH; R5为 H或 OH; 以及 R6为 CH3或 CH2OH。
优选地， 该羊毛 烷（I) 具有下列化学式：
C
Figure imgf000003_0002
Figure imgf000003_0003
Figure imgf000004_0001
Figure imgf000004_0002
优选地， 该羊毛 烷（I ) 具有下列化学式:
Figure imgf000004_0003
优选地， 该药物为注射剂型。
优选地， 该药物为口服剂型。
优选地， 该糖尿病为第一型糖尿病。
优选地， 该糖尿病为第二型糖尿病。
优选地， 该哺乳类动物为人类。 优选地， 其中药物包含作为有效性成分的分离的羊毛<甾烷化合物 （I ) 或其药学上可接受的盐， 以及医药容许的载体或稀释剂。
本发明的另一个目的在于， 本发明提供一种使用茯苓萃取物作为有效 成分在制备用于治疗哺乳类动物因血中胰岛素不足所引起的糖尿病药物 中的用途， 其中， 该茯苓萃取物包含 1-60重量％的权利要求 1所述的羊毛 甾烷（I )且实质上不含开环羊毛甾烷。
优选地， 该茯苓萃取物包含 5-35重量％的羊毛甾烷（I ) 。
优选地， 该羊毛 烷（I ) 具有下列化学式：
Figure imgf000005_0001
Figure imgf000005_0002
Figure imgf000006_0001
Figure imgf000006_0002
优选地， 该药物为口 剂型。
优选地， 该糖尿病为第一型糖尿病。
优选地， 该糖尿病为第二型糖尿病。
优选地， 该哺乳类动物为人类。
在本发明的一个实施方案中， 所述茯苓萃取物为由茯苓分离纯化所得 的羊毛 烷型三萜类化合物， 该化合物的结构如下：
Figure imgf000006_0003
Ri 代号
茯茶酸 COCH3 PA
块苓酸 H TA
Figure imgf000007_0001
发明证明， 从茯苓分离出来的有效成分能够发挥同胰岛素一样功能：
( 1 )增加葡萄糖转运蛋白 （GLUT4) 的基因表达（mRNA) ； (2) 葡萄糖 转运蛋白 （GLUT4) 制造； （3) 能够将转运蛋白 （GLUT4)从细胞内转位
(translocatin) 到脂肪（或肌肉） 细胞膜上； （4) 葡萄糖转运蛋白能 够将细胞外葡萄糖运送至细胞内； 以及 （5) 同胰岛素功能一样能够制造 三酸甘油脂储存在细胞内。 故茯苓有效成分成功地扮演了胰岛素的角色， 可将血糖运送至细胞内而降低血糖， 可运用在第一型糖尿病及因血中胰岛 素不足所引起的第二型糖尿病的治疗中。 另外， 最重要的是从脂肪体外试 验说明在 0. ΟΙμΜ浓度下就能产生葡萄糖吸收作用， 相较于上述日学者 Sato研究需要 10-5 M才能产生作用， 二者之间剂量差 1000倍。 附图说明
以下， 结合附图来详细说明本发明的实施例， 其中：
图 1示出由茯苓分离纯化所得之羊毛甾烷型三萜类化合物的结构。 图 2A显示茯苓萃取物促进 3T3-L1脂肪细胞糖吸收。 图 2B显示胰岛 素（0.1 μΜ)作用 30分钟及纯化的三萜类化合物于 0.01 μΜ剂量二小时反 加糖测试下促进糖吸收。 数据以平均值士标准误差（η=6)表示。 *ρ<0.05, **ρ<0.01与对照组 （不给药） 比较。
图 3Α显示茯苓酸（ΡΑ)于 0.01 μΜ剂量下给予二小时吸收速率最高。 图 3Β显示给予不同剂量的茯苓酸（pachymicacid, PA) 随剂量增加， 糖 吸收有增加趋势。 PA作用 2小时后， 再加入糖测验， 数据以平均值士标 准误差 （n=6)表达， *ρ<0·05, **ρ<0.01 与对照组 （不给药） 比较 图 4显示 PA促进糖吸收仅作用于分化成熟的脂肪细胞。 如将未成熟 与成熟脂肪细胞加入 PA处理 2小时外， 另外加入或不加入葡萄糖转运蛋 白抑制剂 （PT ) 则显著抑制二种细胞的糖吸收作用也抑制 PA的糖吸收促 进作用。 数据以平均值士标准误差（n=6 )表示。 *p<0.05 , **p<0.01 与对 照组比较。
图 5A显示 PA不具有促进葡萄糖转运体 1 ( GLUT1 )转运蛋白表达的 能力。 而图 5B显示 PA具有促进葡萄糖转运体 4 ( GLUT4 )转运蛋白表达 的能力。 分化成熟细胞以不同浓度 PA处理 24小时， 然后分析 GLUT1及 GLUT4转运蛋白，数据以平均值士标准误差（ n=3 )表示。 *p<0.05 , **p<0.01 与对照组 （不给药）作比较。
图 6显示 PA具有促进 GLUT4 mRNA表达的能力， 其中分化成熟细 胞分别以胰岛素（ 0.1 μΜ )及 0.01 μΜ PA处理 24小时， 然后分析 GLUT1 及 GLUT4 mRNA的表达，数据以平均值士标准误差（ n=3 )表示。 *p<0.05 , **p<0.01与对照组作比较。
图 Ί显示对抑制 GLUT4 mRNA的表达的脂肪细 PA不具促进糖吸 收的能力。成熟脂肪细胞与抑制 GLUT4 mRNA表达的脂肪细胞（ shG4-30 ) 二者以不同浓度 PA及胰岛素处理， 然后分析 GLUT4转运蛋白 （图 7A ) 及其糖吸收能力（图 7B ) ,数据以平均值士标准误差（n=6 )表示。 *p<0.05 , **p<0.01与对照组作比较。
图 8A通过分析由离心方法分离的不同细胞膜层的 GLUT4转运蛋白， 显示 PA具有促进葡萄糖转运体 4转运蛋白从细胞内胞器转运到细胞膜的 能力。 图 8B以荧光分析完整细胞的细胞膜层的 GLUT4转运蛋白， 显示 PA具有促进 GLUT4从细胞内胞器转运到细胞膜的能力。数据以平均值士 标准误差 （n=3 ) (图 8A ) , ( n=6 ) (图 8B )表示。 *ρ<0·05 , **ρ<0.01 与对照组 （不给药）作比较。
图 9显示 ΡΑ具有促进脂肪细胞三酸甘油酯合成及抑制脂肪分解 （产 物甘油）产生的能力。 成熟的脂肪细胞以胰岛素 （0. 1 μΜ )及不同浓度 PA 处理 24小时， 数据以平均值士标准误差（n=6 )表示。 *p〈0. 05 , p〈0. 01 与对照组作比较。 具体实施方式
本发明所揭示的从茯苓制备具有治疗因血中胰岛素不足所引起的糖 尿病的有效成分的一种合适方法例如为 EP 1535619 A1所揭示的方法， 包 括利用传统萃取法萃取茯苓得到一粗萃取物， 再经由层析法， 分成极性小 的羊毛甾烷（lanostane ) 类部位 （以二氯曱烷： 曱醇 （96:4 ) 为洗脱液） 和极性大的开环羊毛甾烷（secolanostane )类部位（以二氯曱烷： 曱醇（90: 10 或 0: 100 ) 为洗脱液） ， 其中， 利用硅胶薄层层析法， 显示出羊毛甾烷
( lanostane ) 类部位的所在位置， 即展开溶媒为二氯曱烷-曱醇 （96:4 ) 时， 层析值 （Rf ) 为≥0.1； 至于开环羊毛 烷（secolanostane ) 类成分， 则层析值小于 0.1。 用硅胶管柱层析法可进一步分离该羊毛 <甾烷类部位， 其中洗脱液使用二氯曱烷： 曱醇 （97:3至 95:5 ) , 分离出数种羊毛甾烷
( lanostane ) 类化合物。
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步详细的描述， 但不以此限制本发 明。
实施例 1
云南产茯苓 26公斤， 以 260升含 75%的酒精， 加热萃取三次， 合并 酒精萃取液， 经减压浓缩后可得 225.2克萃取物。 萃取物经定量分析知道 每克萃取物含有 76.27毫克羊毛甾烷，其中， K1 (茯苓酸（ Pachymic acid ) ) 33.4亳克, K1-1 (去氢茯苓酸（ dehydropachymic acid ) ) 9.59亳克, K2-1 (块苓酸（ tumulosic acid ) ) 19.01亳克， K2-2 (去氢块苓酸 ( dehydrotumulosic acid ) ) 6.75亳克 , K3 (多孔覃酸 C ( poylporenic acid C ) ) 5.06 mg, K4 ( 3-表氢块茶酸（ 3-epidehydrotumulosic acid ) ) 2.46 亳克。 实施例 2
实施例 1的酒精萃取物 125克以 1.3升二氯曱烷萃取 6次， 合并二氯 曱烷萃取液， 经浓缩后可得 22.26克萃取物。 以 95%的热酒精溶解二氯曱 烷萃取物，放冷后过滤不溶物，滤液加入少量水直到酒精含量为 45%为止， 此时会有沉淀产生， 用离心方式获取沉淀物， 可得 17.4克沉淀物。 经定量 分析可知每克沉淀物含有 264.78毫克羊毛<甾烷， 其中， K1-1 159.7毫克， K1-2 56.96毫克， K2-1 24.43毫克， K2-2 8.8毫克， K3 9.84毫克， K4 5.05
实施例 3
取茯苓药材 100公斤， 以 800公斤水煮沸 3小时后， 静置冷却至 50 °C , 以 5N NaOH调节溶液至 pH=l 1 , 再搅拌溶液 3小时。 接着以离心机 分离液体和固体， 固体再加入 800公斤水， 同上述方法， 以 NaOH调至 pH=l l、 搅拌和离心机分离， 去掉固体。 合并两次液体， 在 50 °C将液体真 空浓缩至 100公斤溶液， 再加入 3N HC1至 pH=6.5 , 产生沉淀物。 分离出 该沉淀物， 再以 40 L ¾0清洗， 接着以离心机分离出沉淀物， 加入 8 L水 喷雾干燥（spray dry ) , 得到约 380 g粉末。 再以 4 L的酒精萃取该粉末三 次， 合并萃取液并浓缩可得 238.9克酒精萃取物。 该萃取物经硅胶薄层层 析法 （TLC )检测证明其不含有开环羊毛甾烷。 该萃取物再经过 HPLC分 离， 每克该萃取物可得主成分为 K2 214 mg、 K3 23 mg、 K4 24 mg及少量 成分 Kl 4.52 mg, 即萃取物每克约含 265 mg羊毛甾烷。
或以 4 L的 50%酒精水溶液萃取该粉末，去除 50%的酒精水溶液部分， 收取不溶的粉末，重复三次可得 245.7克的 50%酒精水溶液不溶物，经 TLC 法检测显示该不溶物不含开环羊毛甾烷，再经过 HPLC纯化分离该不溶物， 每克可得主成分为 K2 214 mg、 K3 23 mg、 K4 24 mg及少量成分 Kl 4.52 mg, 即萃取物每克约含 261 mg羊毛甾烷。 实施例 4
以云南产茯苓 30公斤， 磨成粉后， 利用 120 L酒精（浓度 95% ) 萃 取 24小时， 并过滤分离。 再重复前述萃取及固液分离三次。 合并滤液， 并将其浓缩后得干燥萃取物 265.2克。 再利用两相萃取剂 （己烷： 95%曱 醇 = 1： 1 )对该干燥萃取物进行分配萃取。 取出曱醇层并将其浓缩后得到 干燥固体 246.9克。 利用硅胶管柱层析对该干燥固体进行分离， 该硅胶管 柱填充有该干燥固体重量 10-40倍的硅胶， 购自 Merck公司， Silica gel 60, 70-230 mesh„ 以二氯曱烷 /曱醇混合液作为洗脱剂（ eluent ) , 依次以 96:4、 90: 10、 0: 100比例的混合液进行洗脱， 洗脱液（eluate )以硅胶薄层层析法 ( Thin Layer Chromatography ) (紫外光灯及碘作检测， 展开液为二氯曱 烷： 曱醇 = 96:4 )检测成分， 将相同成分合并。
以二氯曱烷 -曱醇 （96:4 ) 混合液进行硅胶管柱层析， 可得到本发明 的茯苓萃取物的 PCM部分 78克。 PCM部分依上述硅胶薄层层析法可明 显看到 6个迹点。 以二氯曱烷： 曱醇 （90: 10 )及（0: 100 ) 洗脱液层析合 并可得到 PCW部分 168克。
PCM部分进一步以二氯曱烷： 曱醇 （96.5:3.5 )作为洗脱剂进行硅胶 管柱层析（同上述硅胶管柱），进一步分离可得纯化的羊毛 <甾烷（lanostane ) 类成分 Kl ( K1-1及 Kl-2 ) 、 K2 ( K2-1及 K2-2 ) 、 K3、 K4、 K4a、 K4b、 K5、 K6a及 K6b。 详细分离步骤及鉴定分析数据请参见 EP 1535619 Al。 上述 Kl至 K6b化合物， 其结构如下：
Figure imgf000011_0001
Figure imgf000012_0001
从 PCM部分分离出来羊毛甾烷化合物 K1至 K6b的产量如下表所示。 PCM部分含有约 15重量％的羊毛甾烷化合物 K1至 K6b。
Figure imgf000012_0002
实施例 5: 股嚢制备
依下列组成制备含有实施例 4所制得的茯苓萃取物 PCM成份的胶嚢：
Figure imgf000012_0003
将茯苓萃取物 PCM与硅铝酸钠分别以 # 80目 （ mesh ) 筛网过筛， 马 铃薯淀粉以 # 60目筛网过筛， 硬脂酸镁以 # 40目筛网过筛后， 置入混合 机搅拌均匀，接着填充入 1号空胶嚢，每颗胶嚢含有约 1.68 mg ( 0.42 wt% ) 的有效成份 Kl-K6。 实施例 6茯苓三萜类化合物预防及治疗第一型糖尿病试验
进行下列细胞实验的茯苓萃取物由实施例 2制得者或示于图 1的纯化 合物。 它们被溶解在酒精： DMSO ( 9: 1 ) 的溶媒中， 所得溶液加入到培养 盘上， 其中每一个孔（well )仅加入最后体积的千分之一。 1.脂肪细胞培养
3T3-L1为一种老鼠前脂肪细胞， 型态为纺缍状， 当加入诱导剂培养 2-3天后， 可以观察到细胞型态转为圓型， 而且细胞内有油滴累积， 随着 分化天数增加， 会分化的越完全。 分化前的细胞， 主要的葡萄糖转运蛋白 为 GLUT1 , 而分化后的细胞， 则主要作用的葡萄糖转运蛋白为 GLUT4, 如细胞膜上的 GLUT4蛋白数目愈多， 血液中葡萄糖穿越细胞膜被细胞吸 收的速度与量也愈大， 血糖下降速度越快。 此 3T3-L1脂肪细胞内具有完 整的胰岛素活化葡萄糖吸收的系统， 可以进行糖类代谢与胰岛素信息路径 的研究， 另外也可以观察完整的脂质新生调节过程， 因此分化的 3T3-L1 脂肪细胞为一具代表性且应用广泛的模式细胞株， 由于人体组织内真正的 脂肪细胞难以继代培养， 故学术界一般使用此模式进行各项试验及评估。
1.1脂肪细胞培养
3T3-L1细包于 DMEM ( Dulbecco's minimal essential medium )及 37 °C培养箱 （5%二氧化碳， 95%空气） 中进行培养， 向该 DMEM添加 10 % 成牛血清（calf serum ) 、 100 IU/mL青霉素、 100 g/mL链霉素及 1%非必 需性胺基酸。待细胞完全长满后，加入含脂肪细胞分化促进剂 [含 0.5 mM 3- 异丁基 -7-曱基黄嘌呤（ 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthane, IBMX ) , 1 μΜ皮质类 固醇激素 （ dexamethasone ) , 10 g/mL 胰岛素]的 10 % FBS/DMEM培养 液培养 2天， 更换成含有 10 g/mL胰岛素的 10%FBS/DMEM培养液中 2 天后， 再以每 2天更换无胰岛素培养液依次进行培养 4-6天。 此时 3T3-L1 细胞将近 90%形成脂肪细胞型态 （ adipocyte phenotype )后即可进行试验。 试验进行前先以 PBS溶液清洗 3T3-L1细胞， 再以无血清及无胰岛素的 0.2% BSA/DMEM培养液培养过夜， 以去除血清及胰岛素的干扰。
1.2抑制葡萄糖转运体 4基因表达（mRNA ) 实验的脂肪细胞培养 利用携带抑制葡萄糖转运体 4核醣核酸的病毒载体
( TRCN0000043630 shRNA, 中央研究院基因体研究中心， 台湾 )感染 3T3-L1前脂肪细胞（shG4-30 ) , 以建立长期性抑制葡萄糖转运体 4基因 表达， 并以此株细胞分化后的脂肪细胞进行试验。
1.3检测葡萄糖转运体 4转运蛋白质转位实验的脂肪细胞培养
将带有流行感冒病毒蛋白 HA标志的葡萄糖转运体 4
( HA-GLUT4-GFP, Timothy E. McGraw赠送， 美国纽约 Well Gornell 医 学院） 载体以 Lipofectamine 2000 ( Invitrogen, CA, USA )转染到 3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞， 并利用 G418筛检出持续表达带有流行感冒病毒蛋白 HA标 志的葡萄糖转运体 4转运蛋白的脂肪细胞株， 分化成脂肪细胞后进行葡萄 糖转运体 4转运蛋白转位试验评估。
2. 2-脱氧葡萄糖吸收评估
茯苓三萜类化合物促进 3T3-L1脂肪细胞对于葡萄糖吸收的测试中， 将 3T3-L1前脂肪细胞于 6-孔培养盘上培养， 待细胞长满以脂肪细胞分化 促进剂进行分化刺激， 待 7-12天 3T3-L1细胞成熟分化成脂肪细胞后， 可 用以进行葡萄糖吸收的测试。 将前述脂肪细胞先置于无血清培养液（含 0.2% BSA/DMEM ) 过夜后， 以含不同浓度的茯苓三萜类化合物的无血清 细胞培养液， 培养 2-6小时后， 用 PBS溶液洗涤一次， 改换以 KRP緩沖 液（ 20 mM HEPES, 137 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KC1, 1.2 mM MgS04, 1.2 mM KH2P04, 2.5 mM CaCl2和 2 mM丙酮酸盐（ pyruvate ), pH 7.4及 0.2% BSA ) 于 37°C培养 3小时后， 再加入 0.2 μα/mL的 [14C] 2-脱氧葡萄糖
[2-deoxy-D-[14C]-glucose ( 2-DG, Amersham Biosciences, Little Chalfont, Bucks, U.K. ) ]和无放射性 O. lmM 2DG的 0.2 ml葡萄糖緩沖液来取代 KRP 緩沖液以开始葡萄糖的吸收实验。 5分钟后移出细胞并以 PBS清洗来终止 葡萄糖摄取。 以 0.2 mL的 0.2 %SDS中溶解细胞并将 10 的细胞洗脱液 转置至含有过滤底盘的 UniFilter盘中（ Perkim-Elmer, Wellesley, MA, USA ) 于 37°C真空烘箱中干燥， 并将在每孔中加入 30 的计数溶液， 利用微盘 液体闪烁计数器 （ TopCount, Packard NXT, Packard Bioscience Company, Meriden, CT, USA ) 分析。 计算出累积在细胞内的葡萄糖含量， 并除以蛋 白质浓度， 所得摄取速率系以每分钟每毫克细胞蛋白质的纳摩尔葡萄糖 ( nmol/min/mg )来表示。蛋白质浓度可利用标准二辛可宁酸（ Bicinchoninic acid; BCA ) 试剂 ( Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA ) 分析来测定。 加入 0.2 μα 的 L-[14C]-葡萄糖以测量非特定葡萄糖的摄取， 并与每个测定值中相减， 而得到特定葡萄糖摄取量。 观察 3T3-L1脂肪细胞在不同浓度的茯苓三萜 类化合物的作用下对葡萄糖的吸收是否有所影响。
3.对葡萄糖转运体 1及 4 ( GLUT 1 & 4 )转运蛋白的评估
在茯苓三萜类化合物促进 3T3-L1脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运体表达的测试 中， 同上述说明分化成熟的 3T3-L1脂肪细胞以无血清细胞培养液培养过 夜后， 以含不同浓度茯苓三萜类化合物的无血清细胞培养液培养 24小时， 再以 PBS溶液清洗， 接着以 0.2 ml溶解细胞液 [1% NP-40, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 10 mM EDTA, 0.5% 脱氧胆酸盐
( deoxycholate ) , 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM Na3V04, 10 mM NaF, 10 mM β-磷酸 甘油酯 （ glycerophosphate ) , 10 g/mL蛋白酵素抑制剂和磷酸酯酶
( phosphatase )抑制剂]作用 30分钟（ 4 °C温度下 )。 每个样品经 SDS- 10% 聚丙烯酰胺（ polyacrylamide )电泳分离，转移至？ 0 膜（ Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA )。利用西方点墨法以专一性抗体，葡萄糖转运体 1抗体（ GLUT 1 , Abeam, Cambridge, MA ) , 葡萄糖转运体 4抗体（ GLUT4 , R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN ) , 及 β-肌动蛋白抗体 ( β-Actin, Chemicon, Temecula, CA, USA ) , 来观察 3T3-L 1脂肪细胞在不同浓度的茯苓三萜类化合物的作用 下对葡萄糖转运体蛋白质表达是否有影响。 每个样品 （蛋白） 以化学冷光 处理， 再暴露在 X光片， 再以软件分析含量。
4. 葡萄糖转运体 1及 4 ( GLUT 1 & 4 )转运蛋白的基因表达评估 利用实时定量聚合酵素链锁反应 （Q-PCR )对 3T3-L 1脂肪细胞在不 同浓度的茯苓三萜类化合物的作用下对葡萄糖转运体信息核醣核酸
( mRNA ) 的表达进行评估。 将分化完全的 3T3-L1脂肪细胞， 给予不同 浓度的茯苓三萜类化合物 24小时后， 去除细胞培养液后， 用 Trizol试剂 ( Invitrogen, Irvine, CA, USA )提取总 RNA , 并取 1 RNA利用反转录 试剂 ( High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kits, Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany )将 mRNA反转录成 cDNA。分别针对葡萄糖转运体 1、 葡萄糖转运体 4及 ^几动蛋白， 设计出专一引子（primer ) , 及利用 SYBR Green Q-PCR分析 （ Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA ) 扩增待测 基因（ GLUT l及 GLUT4 )及内参基因（ β-actin ) ,并以 StepOne ν2·0 software ( Applied Biosystems )软件以 AACT方法计算相对因表达值。
5.对葡萄糖转运体 4转运蛋白转位的评估
5.1对葡萄糖转运体 4转运蛋白转位分析 (一 )
在因胰岛素促进脂肪细胞或肌肉细胞的葡萄糖吸收机制中， 葡萄糖转 运体 4 ( GLUT4 )转运蛋白从细胞内胞器转位（ translocation )到质膜（ plasma membrane ( PM ) )扮演重要角色，故进行以茯苓三萜类化合物促进 3T3-L 1 脂肪细胞的葡萄糖转运体 4转运蛋白转位到质膜的测试。 分化成熟的 3T3-L 1脂肪细胞以无血清细胞培养液培养过夜后，再以含不同浓度的茯苓 三萜类化合物的无血清细胞培养液培养 2小时， 接着以不同转速高速离心 ( 16,000 g〜 200,000 g ) , 将细胞质膜部分 ( plasma membrane ( PM ) fraction )及^ ί氐密度 粒体 ( low density microsome ( LDM ) )分离出（ Liu, L. Z. 等； Mol Biol. Cell 17, ( 5 ) , 2322-2330, 2006 ) 。 利用西方点墨法以 葡萄糖转运体 4的专一性抗体来观察 3T3-L 1脂肪细胞在不同浓度的茯苓 三萜类化合物的作用下对葡萄糖转运体 4转运蛋白从细胞 LDM转位到质 膜（PM )是否有影响。
5.2对葡萄糖转运体 4转运蛋白转位分析（二）
将稳定表达 HA-GLUT4-GFP蛋白的 3T3-L1前脂肪细胞置于 96孔培 养盘， 待长满后以分化促进剂进行分化 （ Govers, R. 等； Mol Cell Biol. 24
( 14 ) , 6456-6466, 2004 ) 。 将分化完全的 3T3-L1脂肪细胞， 给予不同浓 度的茯苓三萜类化合物 2小时， 去除细胞培养液， 用冰 PBS清洗细胞。 再 以 4%三聚曱醛（paraformaldehyde )于室温下固定细胞 15分钟， 接着以冰 PBS清洗 2-3次， 再加入针对 HA的一级抗体 ( 12CA5 )培育 2小时。 以 冰 PBS清洗 2-3次， 加入共轭架接荧光染料盐基桃红精的二级抗体
( rhodamine-conjugated secondary antibody ) ( Leinco, Ballwin, MO )培育 细胞 1小时。以冰 PBS清洗 2-3次，再以荧光免疫分析仪（ POLARstar Galaxy; BMG Labtechnologies, Offenburg, Germany ) 分别探测盐基桃红精
( rhodamine )及绿色荧光蛋白 （ GFP ) 的激发波长强度 ( Em. 480/Ex. 425 nm及 Em. 576 nm/Ex. 550 nm ) , 并以盐基桃红精对绿色荧光蛋白之比值 评估 HA-GLUT4-GFP转位质膜的相对量。 因为仅有在 HA-tagged GLUT4 移位到质膜上时， 才会被盐基桃红精标识， 故此比值可用来评估葡萄糖转 运体 4转运蛋白转位到质膜的情形。
6. 三酸甘油酯堆积及甘油幹放的影响
在茯苓三萜类化合物对 3T3-L1脂肪细胞内的三酸甘油酯堆积和甘油 的释出的测试中， 已分化成熟的 3T3-L 1脂肪细胞以无血清细胞培养液培 养过夜，再以含不同浓度的茯苓三萜类化合物的无血清细胞培养液培养 24 小时。收集培养液以甘油检测试剂（ glycerol assay kit ( Randox Laboratories, Antrim, UK ) )进行甘油释出检测， 观察 3T3-L1脂肪细胞在不同浓度的茯 苓三萜类化合物的作用下对脂肪分解的甘油释出是否有所影响。 脂肪细胞 内三酸甘油酯检测利用油红染色法 （ Oil-Red 0 staining ) 进行
( Ramirez-Zacarias, J. L. ψ, Histochemistry 97, ( 6 ) , 493-497,1992 ) 。 将细胞内脂质堆积形成的脂肪油滴染色， 经 60%异丙醇洗涤二次， 再以 100%异丙醇萃取后， 检测 490 nm吸光值。 以未给予茯苓三萜类化合物的 脂肪细胞的吸光值进行比较， 来评估不同浓度的茯苓三萜类化合物作用下 对脂肪细胞的三酸甘油酯堆积的影响。
实验结果说明茯苓三萜类化合物如同胰岛素一样具备下列四种性质， 因此具有治疗第一型糖尿病患的能力： ( 1 ) 茯苓成分或萃取物于脂肪细胞模式下， 具有促进葡萄糖从细胞 外吸收进入细胞内的能力：
茯苓萃取物 （实施例 2 )在成熟脂肪细胞的评估， 如图 2A所示， 结 果显示茯苓萃取物具有显著增加葡萄糖吸收的作用， 其促进吸收效果随给 予剂量增加而增加。 如给予 ΙΟΟ ηΜ 胰岛素则一样看到葡萄糖吸收。 进一 步以实施例 2的纯化合物作试验。 如图 2B所示， 纯化合物给予脂肪细胞 2小时后，其中三个化合物茯苓酸（ PA )、块苓酸（ TA )及多孔覃酸 C ( PPA ) 于 0.01 μΜ显著增加糖吸收， 分别增加至 165.89 %、 142.5 %及 147.9 %。 其中以 ΡΑ增加程度最为显著， 故后续试验评估均以 ΡΑ进行试验。
图 3Α显示 ΡΑ随投予时间的增加而促使糖吸收随之增加，而以投予 2 小时的增加最为显著（增加 165.89% ) , 另外， ΡΑ随投予浓度的增加， 糖 吸收的促进程度亦随之增加， 当 ΡΑ为 Ι μΜ时， 增加至 209.84%, 如图 3Β所示。
如图 4结果所示， ΡΑ促进糖吸收效果仅对已分化的脂肪细胞， 对于 前脂肪细胞 ΡΑ无促进葡萄糖吸收效果。 如对前脂肪细胞及成熟脂肪细胞 二者给予葡萄糖转运体转运蛋白抑制剂（ PT, phloretin )后观察到二种细胞 的促进吸收能力被大幅抑制。 根据文献前脂肪细胞仅有葡萄糖转运体 -1
( GLUT1 )转运蛋白， 而成熟脂肪细胞则为葡萄糖转运体 -4 ( GLUT4 ) 转运蛋白， 故 PA的作用应为增加 GLUT4而增加糖吸收。
( 2 )茯苓三萜类化合物 PA对成熟脂肪细胞有显著诱导葡萄糖转运体 4转运蛋白质 （ GLUT4 ) 及信息核醣核酸（ mRNA ) 的表达
图 5结果显示，对成熟脂肪细胞给予不同剂量的 PA,作用 24小时后， 以西方点墨法分析葡萄糖转运体 1及 4转运蛋白 （GLUT1, 4 ) , 进行评估 PA对 GLUT1及 GLUT4转运蛋白表达的影响， 结果显示， PA具有促进 GLUT4转运蛋白表达的效果（图 5A ) , 而其不具有促进 GLUT1转运蛋 白表达的效果（图 5B ) 。
以定量聚合酵素链锁反应 （Q-PCR )及以专一的探针来观察 PA对成 熟的 3T3-L1脂肪细胞在不同浓度作用下对葡萄糖转运体信息核醣核酸
( mRNA ) 的表达进行评估， 图 6结果显示， 1 μΜ PA促进 GLUT4基因 表达至 228%。 显示 ΡΑ具有调节增加 GLUT4基因及蛋白质表达的能力。 另外， 利用干扰信息核醣核酸技术建立持续性降低 GLUT4转运蛋白的 3T3-L1脂肪细胞（图 7Α ) , 并以此脂肪细胞进行糖吸收评估， 如图 7Β 所示， 所有 ΡΑ的不同剂量均无法促进该脂肪细胞的糖吸收， 进一步证实 PA促进糖吸收与 GLUT4转运蛋白有直接关系。
( 3 ) PA对成熟脂肪细胞具有促进 GLUT4转运蛋白从细胞内转位移 至质膜的功效
胰岛素促进糖吸收机制之一为促使大量 GLUT4由细胞内胞器转位到 质膜（PM ) 上进行糖吸收。 故利用具备完整胰岛素活化葡萄糖吸收系统 的 3T3-L1成熟脂肪细胞进行 GLUT4转运蛋白转位效能评估。 由图 8A结 果观察利用超高速离心方法所分离的质膜（PM ) 的西方点墨法， 观察到 0.01 μΜ ΡΑ显著增加 GLUT4于质膜量达到 141%, 随剂量增加到 1 μΜ则 增加至 328%。 而利用持续表达 HA-GLUT4-GFP蛋白的 3T3-L1脂肪细胞 方式及荧光检测， 再次确认 ΡΑ促进糖吸收为增加 GLUT4转运蛋白转位 移到质膜所导致。 图 8Β结果观察到于 ΡΑ剂量 1.0 μΜ时 GLUT4转运蛋 白转位到质膜显著增加达 2.71倍。上述结果证实 ΡΑ确实具有促进 GLUT4 转运蛋白转位到质膜的能力。
( 4 ) ΡΑ具有促进脂肪细胞三酸甘油酯累积及减少脂肪细胞释放甘油 至细胞培养液的能力
除观察 ΡΑ促进糖吸收外， 也观察脂肪细胞的影响， 我们评估脂肪细 胞三酸甘油酯合成（储存）及脂肪分解（甘油释出）情形。 图 9结果所示， 给予不同剂量的 ΡΑ 24小时后，以油红染色方法评估三酸甘油酯累积情形， 观察到三酸甘油酯累积超过 137%, ΡΑ给予也观察到甘油释出降至原本 70% 以下。 显示 ΡΑ具有促进脂肪新生及抑制脂肪分解的能力。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1. 一种使用具有下列化学式 （I) 的羊毛甾烷或其药学上可接受的盐 作为有效成分在制备用于治疗哺乳类动物因血中胰岛素不足所引起的糖 尿病药物中的用途，
Figure imgf000019_0001
( I)
式中 1^为 11或 CH3; R2为 OCOCH3、 =0或 OH; R3为 H或 OH; R4为 -C ( =CH2 ) -C ( CH3 ) 2Ra, 其中 ， Ra为 H、 OH或 -CH = C ( CH3 ) -Rb, 其中 ， Rb为 CH3或 CH2OH; R5为 H或 OH; 以及 R6为 CH3或 CH2OH。
2. 权利要求 1的用途， 其中该羊毛甾烷（I) 具有下列化学式：
C
Figure imgf000019_0002
Figure imgf000020_0001
Figure imgf000020_0002
Figure imgf000020_0003
3. 权利要求 2的用途， 其中该羊毛甾烷（I) 具有下列化学式:
Figure imgf000021_0001
5. 权利要求 1的用途， 其中该药物为口服剂型。
6. 权利要求 1的用途， 其中该糖尿病为第一型糖尿病。
7. 权利要求 1的用途， 其中该糖尿病为第二型糖尿病。
8. 权利要求 1的用途， 其中该哺乳类动物为人类。
9. 权利要求 1的用途， 其中药物包含作为有效性成分的分离的羊毛 甾烷化合物 （I ) 或其药学上可接受的盐， 以及医药容许的载体或稀释剂。
10. 一种使用茯苓萃取物作为有效成分在制备一种用于治疗哺乳类动 物因血中胰岛素不足所引起的糖尿病药物中的用途， 其中， 该茯苓萃取物 包含 1-60重量％的权利要求 1所述的羊毛 烷（I )且实质上不含开环羊 毛 fe。
11. 权利要求 10的用途， 其中该茯苓萃取物包含 5-35重量％的羊毛 甾烷（I ) 。
12. 权利要求 10的用途， 其中该羊毛甾烷（I ) 具有下列化学式：
Figure imgf000021_0002
Figure imgf000022_0001
Figure imgf000022_0002
HOOC
13. 权利要求 10的用途， 其中该药物为口服剂型。
14. 权利要求 10的用途， 其中该糖尿病为第一型糖尿病
15. 权利要求 10的用途， 其中该糖尿病为第二型糖尿病
16. 权利要求 10的用途， 其中该哺乳类动物为人类。
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