WO2010140363A1 - 広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器 - Google Patents
広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010140363A1 WO2010140363A1 PCT/JP2010/003692 JP2010003692W WO2010140363A1 WO 2010140363 A1 WO2010140363 A1 WO 2010140363A1 JP 2010003692 W JP2010003692 W JP 2010003692W WO 2010140363 A1 WO2010140363 A1 WO 2010140363A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
- G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
- G02B6/12023—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by means for reducing the polarisation dependence, e.g. reduced birefringence
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an interferometer type polarization combiner that separates or combines input polarized light. More specifically, wideband interferometer-type polarization combining / separation that realizes wideband operation with a single interferometer-type optical circuit by suppressing the wavelength dependence by making the rate of change of the transmittance of the two polarization states with respect to the wavelength equal.
- an interferometer type polarization combiner that separates or combines input polarized light. More specifically, wideband interferometer-type polarization combining / separation that realizes wideband operation with a single interferometer-type optical circuit by suppressing the wavelength dependence by making the rate of change of the transmittance of the two polarization states with respect to the wavelength equal.
- FIG. 1 shows a circuit configuration of a conventional interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator (see Patent Document 1).
- This interferometer-type polarization beam combiner is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer comprising two optical couplers 111 and 112 and two optical waveguides 121 and 122 connecting them.
- the operation of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer changes as follows.
- the optical path length difference between the two optical waveguides 121 and 122 is set to 0, the light input to the input port 101 is output from the output port 104 (cross port) and not output from the output port 103 (through port). .
- the light input to the input port 102 is output from the output port 103 (cross port) and is not output from the output port 104 (through port).
- the optical path length difference between the two optical waveguides 121 and 122 is set to the half wavelength ⁇ c / 2 of the wavelength ⁇ c
- the light input to the input port 101 is output at the output port 103 (through port) at the wavelength ⁇ c.
- Light input to the input port 102 is output from the output port 104 (through port) at the wavelength ⁇ c, and is not output from the output port 103 (cross port).
- the birefringence of the optical waveguide is set so that the birefringence of the two optical waveguides 121 and 122 (difference in effective refractive index between TM light and TE light) differs from each other by ⁇ c / 2.
- the optical path length difference for TM light can be ⁇ c / 2
- the optical path length difference for TE light can be 0.
- a multimode interferometer type optical coupler is used for the optical branching unit and the optical coupling unit (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the optical path length difference ⁇ L between the optical waveguide 121 and the optical waveguide 122 is set to 0.46 ⁇ m.
- a method for controlling the birefringence of the optical waveguide a method of changing the core width of the optical waveguide is used.
- a tapered waveguide 131, a straight waveguide 133, and a tapered waveguide 132 are formed.
- the taper waveguide 131 converts the width from 7 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m
- the straight waveguide 133 has a width of 20 ⁇ m and a length of 5 mm
- the taper waveguide 133 converts the width from 20 ⁇ m to 7 ⁇ m.
- a tapered waveguide 141 and a tapered waveguide 142 are formed in the optical waveguide 122.
- the tapered waveguide 141 converts the width from 7 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m
- the tapered waveguide 142 converts the width from 20 ⁇ m to 7 ⁇ m. Since the contributions of the tapered waveguides in the optical path length difference imparting sections 121 and 122 cancel each other, the circuit of FIG. 1 has only a straight waveguide having a width of 20 ⁇ m and a length of 5 mm in the optical waveguide 121 of the optical path length difference imparting section. It is equivalent to the circuit it has.
- the birefringence adjusting means is added to the two optical waveguides 121 and 122 of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer to correct the birefringence error of the optical waveguide, or the refractive index adjusting means is added to adjust the refractive index of the optical waveguide. It is also possible to correct the error.
- a technique using a thermo-optic phase shifter is shown as a birefringence adjusting unit or a refractive index adjusting unit (see Patent Documents 2 and 3). By driving the birefringence adjusting thermo-optic phase shifter and the phase adjusting thermo-optic phase shifter, it is possible to reduce manufacturing errors and obtain characteristics close to a desired polarization extinction ratio.
- the first example of the polarization combiner / separator of the prior art cannot be operated in a wide wavelength range because the wavelength that can be combined and separated is limited to the vicinity of the signal light wavelength ⁇ c.
- the adjustment using the thermo-optic phase shifter in the second example of the prior art only adjusts the deterioration of the polarization combining / separating characteristic due to the manufacturing error. It was not different from the polarization synthesis separator of one example.
- An object of the present invention is to expand the operating wavelength band of a polarization beam combiner / separator composed of an interference optical circuit. As a result, a high-performance interferometer-type polarization combiner / separator that can perform polarization combining / separation in a wide band can be provided.
- an optical branching unit In one embodiment of the present invention, an optical branching unit, an optical coupling unit, an optical path length difference providing unit composed of a plurality of optical waveguides sandwiched between the optical branching unit and the optical coupling unit, and 1 connected to the optical branching unit It is an interferometer type polarization combiner / separator comprising two or two input / output ports and two input / output ports connected to the optical coupler.
- a plurality of optical waveguides of the optical path length difference providing unit are provided with a means for generating a birefringence difference and a means for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion, and each of the first input / output ports connected to the optical coupling unit
- the light having the polarization state and the second polarization state is input, and the light is output from one or two input / output ports connected to the optical branching unit, and is combined with the polarization, or the optical branching unit
- Light is input to one or two input / output ports connected, and light having a first polarization state and a second polarization state is output from the two input / output ports connected to the optical coupling unit, respectively. It is characterized by polarization separation.
- the difference in normalized phase of the optical path length difference providing unit between the first polarization state and the second polarization state is set to be a half integer at the wavelength ⁇ c, and the difference in refractive index dispersion is set. Due to the difference in refractive index dispersion provided by the means for generating, the wavelength variation of the difference in normalized phase is suppressed.
- the wavelength variation of the normalized phase difference is opposite in sign between the first polarization state and the second polarization state.
- the sum of products of birefringence and length of the other optical waveguide with respect to one optical waveguide of the optical path length difference providing unit is ⁇ ( ⁇ c) + (m ′ + (1/2 )) It can be approximated by ⁇ c.
- the sum of the normalized phases of the optical branching unit, the optical coupling unit, and the optical path length difference providing unit in the first polarization state is ⁇ 1 ( ⁇ )
- the optical branching unit in the second polarization state When the sum of normalized phases of the optical coupling part and the optical path length difference providing part is ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ), the change rate with respect to the wavelength of ⁇ 1 ( ⁇ ) and the change rate with respect to the wavelength of ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ) are They are equal in magnitude and have opposite signs.
- the optical branching unit and the optical coupling unit include two directional couplers and a minute optical path length difference providing unit composed of two optical waveguides sandwiched between the two directional couplers. It is a wavelength independent coupler provided.
- the wavelength-independent couplers of the optical branching unit and the optical coupling unit are arranged point-symmetrically with respect to the center of the circuit.
- the optical branching unit is a Y-branch
- the optical coupling unit is an optical coupler
- the branching rate of the optical branching unit and the coupling rate of the optical coupling unit are 50% regardless of the wavelength.
- the optical branching unit is a Y-branch
- the optical coupling unit is an optical coupler
- the wavelength of the normalized phase of the optical path length difference providing unit in the first polarization state and the second polarization state The rate of change for is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
- the means for generating the birefringence difference is due to the difference in the structure of the optical waveguide of the optical path length difference providing portion.
- the means for generating a birefringence difference adjusts the stress applied to the optical waveguide of the optical path length difference providing unit.
- the means for causing the difference in refractive index dispersion is due to the difference in the structure of the optical waveguide of the optical path length difference providing unit.
- the broadband interferometer type polarization beam combiner / separator is formed on a flat substrate, and the optical waveguide is a silica-based optical waveguide composed of a core and a clad.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of a conventional interferometer type polarization beam combiner / separator.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a circuit configuration of the wideband interferometer type polarization beam combiner / separator according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a state in which the optical path length difference providing unit is divided into five elements in the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4A is a diagram showing the transmission characteristics of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of a conventional interferometer type polarization beam combiner / separator.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a circuit configuration of the wideband interferometer type polarization beam combiner / separator according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a
- FIG. 4B is a diagram showing a cutoff characteristic of the wideband interferometer type polarization beam combiner obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4C is a diagram showing the wavelength dependence of the relative phase of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the wavelength dependence of the function H ( ⁇ ) given by the equation (11).
- FIG. 6A is a diagram showing the wavelength dependence (in the case of TE polarization) of the change rate of the normalized phase given by the equations (12) and (13).
- FIG. 6B is a diagram showing the wavelength dependence (in the case of TM polarization) of the change rate of the normalized phase given by the equations (12) and (13).
- FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating the transmission characteristics of the interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator for different ⁇ .
- FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating the cutoff characteristics of the interferometer-type polarization beam combiner for different ⁇ .
- FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating a two-input two-output directional coupler including two adjacent optical waveguides.
- FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of an exemplary polarization beam combiner / separator using a directional coupler as an optical branching unit and an optical coupler.
- FIG. 9A shows a wavelength independent coupler (WINC).
- FIG. 9B shows a wavelength independent coupler (WINC).
- FIG. 9C is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of an exemplary polarization beam combiner / separator using WINC for the optical branching unit and the optical coupling unit.
- FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating a Y branch.
- FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating a wavelength-independent coupler (WINC).
- FIG. 10C is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of an exemplary polarization beam combiner / separator using a Y branch for the optical branching unit and WINC for the optical coupling unit.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a circuit configuration of the wideband interferometer type polarization beam combiner / separator according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating a Y branch.
- FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating a wavelength-independent coupler (WINC).
- FIG. 10C is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of an exemplary polarization beam combiner / separator using
- FIG. 12A is a diagram illustrating a manufacturing process of a broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator formed on a flat substrate.
- FIG. 12B is a diagram illustrating a manufacturing process of a broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator formed on a flat substrate.
- FIG. 12C is a diagram showing a manufacturing process of the broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator formed on the flat substrate.
- FIG. 12D is a diagram illustrating a manufacturing process of a broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator formed on a flat substrate.
- FIG. 12E is a diagram illustrating a manufacturing process of the broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator formed on the flat substrate.
- FIG. 13A is a diagram illustrating the broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 13B is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 13C is an enlarged view of the width modulation waveguide used in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating the broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 15A is a diagram illustrating the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 15B is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of the broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 16A is a diagram illustrating a wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional view of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 17A is a diagram illustrating the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 17B is a diagram illustrating a variation of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the sixth embodiment.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating the wavelength dependence of the normalized phase of the directional coupler and the MMI coupler.
- FIG. 20A is a diagram showing the transmission characteristics of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20B is a diagram illustrating a cutoff characteristic of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20C is a diagram showing the wavelength dependence of the relative phase of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20A is a diagram showing the transmission characteristics of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20B is a diagram illustrating a cutoff characteristic of
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing an embodiment of an interferometer type polarization combiner / separator in which interferometer type polarization combiners / separators of the present invention are connected in multiple stages.
- FIG. 22A is a diagram showing the transmission characteristics of the wideband interferometer type TE transmission polarizer obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22B is a diagram showing a cutoff characteristic of the wideband interferometer-type TE transmission polarizer obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22C is a diagram showing the wavelength dependence of the normalized phase of the wideband interferometer-type TE transmission polarizer obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22A is a diagram showing the transmission characteristics of the wideband interferometer type TE transmission polarizer obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22B is a diagram showing a cutoff characteristic of the wideband interferometer-type TE transmission polarizer obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22C
- FIG. 23A is a diagram showing the transmission characteristics of the broadband interferometer type TM transmission polarizer obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23B is a diagram showing a cutoff characteristic of the wideband interferometer type TM transmission polarizer obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23C is a diagram showing the wavelength dependence of the normalized phase of the broadband interferometer type TM transmission polarizer obtained in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24A is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24B is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24C is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24D is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24A is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24B is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24C is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the seventh embodiment.
- FIG. 26A is a diagram illustrating the transmission characteristics of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator according to the seventh embodiment.
- FIG. 26B is a diagram illustrating cutoff characteristics of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the seventh embodiment.
- FIG. 2 shows a circuit configuration of the broadband interferometer type polarization combiner / separator of the present invention.
- This circuit includes a Mach-Zehnder interferometer including input / output ports 201, 202, 203, and 204, an optical branching unit 211, an optical coupling unit 212, and an optical path length difference providing unit including two optical waveguides 221 and 222.
- Type polarization combiner including a Mach-Zehnder interferometer including input / output ports 201, 202, 203, and 204, an optical branching unit 211, an optical coupling unit 212, and an optical path length difference providing unit including two optical waveguides 221 and 222.
- the optical waveguides 221 and 222 are sandwiched between the optical branching unit 211 and the optical coupling unit 212, and the optical path length difference providing unit includes a unit 241 that generates a birefringence difference and a unit 242 that generates a difference in refractive index dispersion.
- the means 241 for generating a difference in birefringence and the means 242 for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion are formed in the same optical waveguide, but the difference in refractive index dispersion from the means 241 for generating a difference in birefringence.
- the means 242 for generating may be formed in different optical waveguides.
- the difference in normalized phase between the TE light and the TM light in the optical path length difference providing unit is m at wavelength ⁇ c, m It is set to be '+ (1/2) (m' is an integer). Furthermore, by suppressing the wavelength fluctuation of the normalized phase difference by means 242 for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion, the wavelength dependence is suppressed in either polarization state 1 or 2, and polarization synthesis or polarization separation is performed. Can be performed.
- n aTE, i ( ⁇ ) and n aTM, i ( ⁇ ) are the effective refractive indices of TE light (polarization state 1) and TM light (polarization state 2) in the optical waveguide 221 of the optical path length difference providing part of the i- th element, respectively.
- N bTE, i ( ⁇ ) and n bTM, i ( ⁇ ) are the effective refractive indexes of the TE light and the TM light in the optical waveguide 222 of the optical path length difference providing unit of the i-th element, respectively.
- the birefringence B a, i ( ⁇ ) in the optical waveguide 221 of the optical path length difference providing unit of the i-th element and the birefringence B b, i ( ⁇ in the optical waveguide 222 of the optical path length difference providing unit of the i-th element are used.
- i ( ⁇ ) in the optical waveguide 221 of the optical path length difference providing unit of the i-th element and the birefringence B b, i ( ⁇ in the optical waveguide 222 of the optical path length difference providing unit of the i-th element are used.
- the phases of the optical branching unit 211 and the optical coupling unit 212 are ignored, and only the phase of the optical path length difference providing unit is considered.
- the relative normalized phase of the TE light and the TM light of the optical waveguide 221 with respect to the optical waveguide 222 is expressed by the following equation.
- L a, i is the length of the i-th element of the optical waveguide 221
- L b, i is the length of the i-th element of the optical waveguide 222
- ⁇ is the wavelength.
- the delay amount of the optical path length difference providing unit is expressed as exp ( ⁇ i ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ), and is described as a normalized phase because it is a phase normalized by 2 ⁇ .
- the difference in normalized phase between TE light and TM light is m ′ + (1/2) (m ′ is an integer). Need to be.
- the circuit If the circuit is designed to satisfy the above conditional expression, it becomes a polarization beam combiner near the signal light wavelength ⁇ c.
- the above conditional expression can be understood as follows.
- the difference between the relative normalized phases ⁇ 1 ( ⁇ ) and ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ) of the polarization state 1 and the polarization state 2 is m ′ + (1/2) (m ′ Therefore, it is necessary to give an optical path length difference of at least a half wavelength to the optical path length difference providing unit.
- the optical path length difference in the polarization state 1 is 0, and the optical path length difference in the polarization state 2 is ⁇ c / 2.
- the optical path length difference of the optical path length difference providing unit in the polarization state 1 is 0, it does not depend on the wavelength, but since the optical path length difference of the optical path length difference providing unit in the polarization state 2 is finite, it is wavelength dependent. Occurs.
- the polarization combiner that combines and separates the light in the polarization state 1 and the polarization state 2, the loss of the transmission port is low in both polarization states instead of either the polarization state 1 or 2, and the polarization of the blocking port is low.
- a high wave extinction ratio is desirable.
- the average wavelength dependence between polarization state 1 and polarization state 2 is minimized when the rate of change of the normalized phase of TE light and TM light with respect to the wavelength is equal and opposite in sign. It is. It can be understood that the optical path length difference required to operate as a polarization beam combiner is divided in half in the polarization state 1 and the polarization state 2, and the wavelength dependency is equally borne in both states. it can.
- H ( ⁇ ) is set as the following equation (0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.5).
- the wideband interferometer type polarization combiner / separator of the present invention can be obtained.
- FIG. 4 shows the transmission characteristics of the wideband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner obtained in this embodiment. Over a wide wavelength range, insertion loss is low (FIG. 4A) and polarization extinction ratio is high (FIG. 4B).
- FIG. 4C shows the normalized relative phase at this time. It can be seen that the rate of change with respect to the wavelength of the normalized phase of TE polarized light and TM polarized light is equal in magnitude and has an opposite sign.
- the function defined by the equation (11) is an example, and other notations can be used, and other functions such as a higher-order function of a quadratic function or more with respect to the wavelength may be used. If different functions are used, the conditional expressions (16) and (17) also change. In that case, an optimal conditional expression may be derived by the above-described method, which is a feature of the present invention.
- the function defined by the equation (11) is equal to the equation (6) when the wavelength is ⁇ c, and indicates that it becomes a polarization beam combiner near the signal light wavelength ⁇ c.
- ⁇ in the equation (11) is a parameter representing the wavelength dependence of birefringence.
- ⁇ 0 may be set.
- ⁇ becomes a finite value, but by incorporating ⁇ into the equation (11), the wavelength dependence of birefringence is utilized to further improve the wavelength dependence.
- FIG. 5 shows the wavelength dependence of H defined by the expression (11), FIG.
- FIG. 6 shows the wavelength dependence of the change rate of the normalized phase given by the expressions (12) and (13), and FIG. 7 shows the interferometer type polarization.
- the wavelength dependency of birefringence can be newly utilized, and the wavelength dependency between the polarization state 1 and the polarization state 2
- the wavelength dependency can be further reduced as compared with the case where the half is divided in half.
- ⁇ 1 ( ⁇ ) and ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ) in the above equations may be replaced with ⁇ 1 ( ⁇ ) and ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ).
- ⁇ 1 ( ⁇ ) is the sum of normalized phases of the optical branching unit, optical coupling unit, and optical path length difference providing unit in the polarization state 1
- ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ) is the optical branching unit and optical coupling unit in the polarization state 2. It is the sum of the normalized phases of the optical path length difference providing unit.
- ⁇ Optical branching section Directional coupler
- Optical coupling section Directional coupler>
- this directional coupler is a two-input two-output directional coupler composed of two adjacent optical waveguides.
- the branching ratio / coupling ratio of the directional coupler is ⁇ ( ⁇ )
- the through port of the directional coupler that is, in the case of inputting from 301 and outputting from 303 in FIG. Output function
- the transfer function of the directional coupler crossport (ie, in FIG. 8A, when input from 301 and output from 304, or input from 302 and output from 303) is
- the wideband interferometer type polarization beam combiner of the present invention can be obtained.
- optical branching unit wavelength-independent coupler (WINC)
- optical coupling unit wavelength-independent coupler (WINC)>
- wavelength independent couplers are used for the optical branching unit and the optical coupling unit.
- the WINC includes input / output ports 301, 302, 303, and 304, a directional coupler 311 in the optical branching unit, a directional coupler 312 in the optical coupling unit, and these two directionalities.
- This coupler is a wavelength-independent coupler including a minute optical path length difference providing unit composed of two optical waveguides 321 and 322 sandwiched between couplers.
- the WINC 314 of the optical branching unit is oriented in the direction of FIG. 9A and the WINC 315 of the optical coupling unit is oriented in the direction of FIG. 9B.
- FIG. 9C These WINCs may be arranged in an arbitrary direction. In this case, the design is performed in consideration of the wavelength dependence of the phase difference generated in the WINC. If point symmetry is used, the phase difference generated by WINC cancels each other out and the design is simplified.
- the branching rate / coupling rate of a directional coupler has a wavelength dependence
- WINC can be made to have a branching rate / coupling rate of 50% regardless of the wavelength. This configuration makes it easier to obtain superior characteristics when you want to get a ratio.
- optical coupling part WINC> Furthermore, as an example, as shown in FIG. 10C, Y branching is used for the optical branching unit and WINC is used for the optical coupling unit. The Y branch is connected to input / output ports 305, 306, 307 as shown in FIG. 10A. As shown in FIG. 10B, the WINC includes input / output ports 301, 302, 303, 304, a directional coupler 311 in the optical branching unit, a directional coupler 312 in the optical coupling unit, and these two directionalities.
- This coupler is a wavelength-independent coupler including a minute optical path length difference providing unit composed of two optical waveguides 321 and 322 sandwiched between couplers.
- the branching rate of the Y branch and the coupling rate of WINC were set to be 50% regardless of the wavelength. 10C, when inputting from 301 of WINC and outputting from 303, when inputting from 301 and outputting from 304, when inputting from 302 and outputting from 303, when inputting from 302 and outputting from 304
- the functions are expressed as a ( ⁇ ), b ( ⁇ ), ⁇ b * ( ⁇ ), and a * ( ⁇ ), respectively. Normalize phase
- a vertically symmetric Y branch is used, but a vertically asymmetric Y branch may be used.
- WINC is used as the optical coupler, other optical couplers may be used. In such a case, the requirement for wide band is derived according to the Y branch and the optical coupler to be used.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of the broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator of the present invention.
- the circuit includes input / output ports 201, 203, and 204, an optical branching unit 211, an optical coupling unit 212, and two optical waveguides 221 and 222 sandwiched between the optical branching unit 211 and the optical coupling unit 212.
- An optical path length difference providing unit is an optical path length difference providing unit.
- the optical branching unit 211 is a vertically symmetric 1-input 2-output Y-branch
- the optical coupling unit 212 is a vertically-symmetrical 2-input 2-output optical coupler
- the optical path length difference providing unit is coupled between the optical waveguides 221-222.
- Means 241 for producing a difference in refractive index and means 242 for producing a difference in refractive index dispersion are provided. Then, the means 241 for setting the TE light to the polarization state 1 and the TM light to the polarization state 2 to generate the birefringence difference causes the difference in the standardized phase of the TE light and the TM light in the optical path length difference providing unit to be the wavelength ⁇ c.
- the means 242 for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion is set so that the rate of change of the transmittance of the polarization beam combiner / separator with respect to the wavelength is equal between the TE light and the TM light. As a result, it is possible to perform polarization synthesis or polarization separation while suppressing wavelength dependency in both polarization states 1 and 2.
- the phase is relatively delayed by ⁇ ( ⁇ ) at the optical coupling unit, and when light is input from port 201 and light is output from port 204, the optical coupling unit The phase advances relatively by ⁇ ( ⁇ ). Therefore, when light is input from the port 201 and light is output from the ports 203 and 204, the relative normalized phase of the TE polarized light and the TM polarized light is
- ⁇ TE, 201 ⁇ 203 ( ⁇ ) in the equation (32) and ⁇ TM, 201 ⁇ 204 ( ⁇ ) in the equation (35) may be made equal.
- ⁇ ( ⁇ ) [H ( ⁇ ) / (2 ⁇ ⁇ )].
- the relative normalized phase ⁇ TE ( ⁇ ) of the optical path length difference providing unit is set based on the equation (36), and the phase of the optical coupler actually used is expressed by the equations (32), (33), (34), By substituting into the equation (35), the characteristic obtained by the polarization beam combiner is obtained.
- FIG. 19 shows the wavelength dependence of the normalized phase of the MMI coupler and the directional coupler.
- the normalized phase difference becomes a constant value 1/4 with respect to the wavelength.
- the normalized phase difference has wavelength dependency. Therefore, paying attention to this wavelength dependence and using this, the transmission characteristics can be further improved.
- the dotted line in FIG. 20C represents the relative phase in FIG. 4C.
- the phase of the MMI coupler is added, and the relative phase is shifted from the relative phase in FIG. 4C. The smaller the rate of change of the relative phase with respect to the wavelength, the smaller the wavelength dependency. Therefore, as shown in FIG.
- the extinction ratio can be further improved by reducing the rate of change of the relative phase with respect to the wavelength in the polarization state where the light is extinguished.
- the rate of change of the relative phase with respect to the wavelength increases in the transmitted polarization state, the loss increase is small when converted to the transmittance, and the effect of improving the extinction ratio becomes larger.
- FIG. 20A shows a transmission spectrum at the time of transmission
- FIG. 20B shows a transmission spectrum at the time of quenching. Although there is a slight increase in loss, it can be seen that the extinction ratio is greatly improved.
- the characteristics of the interferometer-type polarization beam combiner / separator can be further improved.
- FIG. 21 shows an embodiment of an interferometer type polarization combiner / separator in which the interferometer type polarization combiner / separator of the present invention is connected in two stages.
- This circuit includes a first polarization combiner / separator (polarizer) at one output port of the polarization combiner / separator described in FIG. 2, and a second polarization combiner / separator (polarizer) at the other output port. Is connected.
- the first polarization combiner / separator and the second polarization combiner / separator connected to the preceding polarization combiner / separator are composed of the same elements as the previous polarization combiner / separator, Each of the latter two polarization beam combiners / separators is made to function as a polarizer that transmits one polarization state, and is therefore referred to as a first polarizer and a second polarizer in the drawing.
- the polarization combiner / separator in the previous stage is set to divide the input light into the polarization state 1 and the polarization state 2, the first polarizer transmits the polarization state 1, and the second polarizer changes the polarization state 2. Assume that it is set to be transparent.
- the polarization state 1 is output from one output port of the polarization combiner / separator in the previous stage and passes through the first polarizer, thereby further improving the polarization extinction ratio.
- the polarization state 2 is output from the other output port of the preceding polarization beam combiner / separator and passes through the second polarizer, thereby further improving the polarization extinction ratio.
- the polarization extinction ratio of the entire circuit is greatly improved by connecting the output of the interferometer type polarization combiner / separator of the present invention to another interferometer type polarization combiner / polarizer. be able to.
- interferometer-type polarization beam combiners are connected in multiple stages
- the above configuration is an example, and the port to be connected is arbitrary.
- three or more interferometer type polarization beam combiners / separators may be connected, different circuit configurations may be connected, or polarization beam combiners made of different materials may be connected. good.
- different polarization beam combiners and polarizers can be connected to the interferometer type polarization beam combiner of the present invention.
- the interferometer type polarization beam combiner / separator of the present invention may be connected to an optical 90 degree hybrid circuit and used as a component of a dual polarized light 90 degree hybrid, or connected to an LN modulator and polarized multiplexed light You may use as a component of a transmitter.
- the front-stage polarization beam combiner / separator may have the same configuration or different configurations.
- elements having the same constituent elements but having different functions by changing parameters may be used.
- the polarization state 1 is TE light
- the polarization state 2 is TM light
- the first polarization combiner / separator is a TE light transmission type polarizer
- the second polarization combiner / separator is TM light transmission type.
- the first polarizer may be set so that the rate of change of the normalized phase difference between the TE light and the TM light with respect to the wavelength becomes a minimum on average. 22C, the TM light can be extinguished over a wide wavelength range by setting the rate of change with respect to the wavelength of the standardized phase of the TM light to be constant as shown in FIG. 22C. it can. As shown in FIG. 22A, the transmittance of TE light decreases and the excess loss of the circuit increases, but the extinction ratio of TM light can be greatly improved as shown in FIG. 22B. Of course, conversely, by setting the rate of change with respect to the wavelength of the standardized phase of TE light to be constant, TE light may be transmitted over a wide wavelength range to suppress loss.
- the second polarizer wants to function as a TM light transmission type polarizer, as shown in FIG. 23C, by setting the rate of change with respect to the wavelength of the normalized phase of TE light to be constant, TE light can be quenched over a wide wavelength range. As shown in FIG. 23A, the TM light transmittance decreases and the excess loss of the circuit increases. However, as shown in FIG. 23B, the TE light extinction ratio can be greatly improved. Of course, conversely, by setting the rate of change with respect to the wavelength of the standardized phase of TM light to be constant, TM light may be transmitted over a wide wavelength range to suppress loss.
- the light in the polarization state 1 is output from one output port of the previous wave polarization beam combiner.
- the first polarization beam combiner connected to this output port functions as a polarization state 1 transmission type polarizer.
- the normalized phase of this first polarization beam combiner in either polarization state 1 or polarization state 2 is constant with respect to wavelength.
- Light in the polarization state 2 is output from the other output port of the preceding polarization beam combiner / separator.
- the second polarization beam combiner / separator connected to this output port functions as a polarization state 2 transmission type polarizer.
- the normalized phase of this second polarization beam combiner in either polarization state 1 or polarization state 2 is constant with respect to wavelength.
- the polarization beam combiner used in the subsequent stage may be used as a single polarizer.
- Such a polarization beam combiner / separator is connected to an optical branching unit, an optical coupling unit, an optical path length difference providing unit including a plurality of optical waveguides sandwiched between the optical branching unit and the optical coupling unit, and an optical branching unit 1 It is composed of one or more input / output ports and one or more input / output ports connected to the optical coupling unit.
- Polarized light that transmits light in the polarization state 1 and blocks light in the polarization state 2 from the input / output port of the optical branching unit when light is input to the input / output port of the optical coupling unit of such a polarization beam combiner / separator.
- the optical path length difference providing unit includes a plurality of light guides by providing means for generating a birefringence difference between the plurality of optical waveguides of the optical path length difference providing unit. It is also possible to cause a difference in refractive index dispersion between the waveguides.
- the normalized phase difference ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ) ⁇ 1 ( ⁇ ) of the optical path length difference providing unit in the polarization state 1 and the polarization state 2 is the wavelength ⁇ c
- m ′ + (1/2) (m ′ is The normalized phase of either polarization state 1 or polarization state 2 is constant with respect to the wavelength due to the difference in refractive index dispersion given by the means for producing a difference in refractive index dispersion. By doing so, a broadband interferometer type polarizer is provided.
- the optical branching unit and the optical coupling unit constituting the interferometer type polarizer can function as a polarizer by having at least one input / output port.
- any unit such as a Y branch, an MMI coupler, a WinC, and a directional coupler can be used.
- the port to be used may be at least one input and one output. Even if the optical branching unit and the optical coupling unit are constituted by directional couplers having a wavelength dependency of the coupling rate, the cross port is not used. Since a high extinction ratio can be obtained, the circuit length can be shortened compared to the case of using WINC or the like.
- FIG. 24A shows the two-stage interferometer-type polarization beam combiner described with reference to FIG.
- a polarization state 1 (TE) transmission type polarizer is connected to each of the two output ports of the polarization combining separator in the previous stage, and one output port of the polarization combining separator and the polarization state 1 (TE) transmission are connected.
- a polarization rotator 401 is inserted between the type polarizers.
- a polarization state 1 (TE) transmission type polarizer is connected to each of the two output ports of the polarization combining separator of the preceding stage, and one output port of the polarization combining separator and the polarization state 1 (TE) transmission are connected.
- a polarization rotator was inserted between the polarizers, and a polarization rotator 401 was inserted after the polarization state 1 (TE) transmission polarizer in the subsequent stage.
- a polarization state 1 (TE) transmission type polarizer is connected to each of the two output ports of the polarization combining separator in the preceding stage, and one output port of the polarization combining separator and the polarization state 1 (TE) transmission are connected.
- a polarization rotator is inserted between the polarizing polarizers, and the polarized light is also polarized after the subsequent polarization state 1 (TE) transmissive polarizer connected to the other output port of the preceding polarization combining / separating device.
- a rotator was inserted.
- FIG. 12 shows the manufacturing process.
- a lower clad glass soot 362 mainly composed of SiO 2 and a core glass soot 363 obtained by adding GeO 2 to SiO 2 were deposited on a flat substrate 361 by a flame deposition method (FIG. 12A). Thereafter, the glass was made transparent at a high temperature of 1000 ° C. or higher. At this time, glass was deposited so that the lower clad glass layer 364 and the core glass 365 had the designed thickness (FIG. 12B).
- an etching mask 366 was formed on the core glass 365 using a photolithography technique (FIG. 12C), and the core glass 365 was patterned by reactive ion etching (FIG. 12D).
- the upper cladding glass 367 was formed again by the flame deposition method.
- a dopant such as B 2 O 3 or P 2 O 5 is added to the upper clad glass 367 to lower the glass transition temperature so that the upper clad glass 367 enters the narrow gap between the core glass 365 and the core glass 365. (FIG. 12E).
- a thin film heater or a heat insulation groove may be formed as necessary.
- the planar optical circuit described above has mainly shown an example using a silica glass waveguide on a silicon substrate, but the waveguide material is a multi-component oxide glass, a polymer such as polyimide, InP, etc. Alternatively, a dielectric crystal such as LiNbO 3 may be used.
- the manufacturing method may be, for example, a spin coating method, a sol-gel method, a sputtering method, a CVD method, an ion diffusion method, an ion beam direct drawing method, or the like.
- the substrate is not limited to silicon, and other materials such as quartz may be used.
- FIG. 13A shows a broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the first embodiment.
- WINCs are used for the optical branching unit and the optical coupling unit, and the optical branching unit winc 314 and the optical coupling unit winc315 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the center of the circuit.
- a groove 331 was formed on both sides in the vicinity of one of the optical waveguides 222 in the optical path length difference imparting part, and the birefringence difference was generated by releasing the stress of the optical waveguide. This is called a stress adjusting groove.
- an element in which the width of the optical waveguide is changed is provided in the other optical waveguide 221 of the optical path length difference providing unit, and used as a means for causing a difference in refractive index dispersion.
- This is referred to as a width modulation waveguide 341.
- a means for generating a birefringence difference and a means for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion were set so as to satisfy the expressions (16) and (17).
- an optical waveguide having a different width is provided in one of the optical waveguides of the optical path length difference imparting section (width modulation waveguide).
- such a width modulation waveguide has a feature that it is easy to process.
- the thickness may be changed between the optical waveguides constituting the optical path length difference imparting section, and in addition to changing the cross-sectional shape, the refractive index dispersion may be changed by light irradiation, thermo-optic effect, etc. It can be used as a means for causing a difference in refractive index dispersion by changing the V value.
- the width of the optical waveguide was 4.5 ⁇ m. Excluding an optical waveguide in which either a means for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion (width modulation waveguide 341) or a means for generating a birefringence difference (stress adjusting groove 331) on the optical path length difference providing portion is formed.
- the optical path length difference ⁇ L between the optical waveguide 221 and the optical waveguide 222 was ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the distance (ridge width) between the stress adjusting grooves 331 was 0.05 mm
- the depth of the stress adjusting grooves 331 was 0.05 mm
- the width was 0.05 mm.
- the width modulation waveguide 341 includes a tapered waveguide 342, a linear waveguide 343, and a tapered waveguide 344, and the tapered waveguide 342 has an optical waveguide width of 4.5 ⁇ m to 5.5 ⁇ m.
- the straight waveguide 343 is a waveguide having a width of 5.5 ⁇ m and a length of 0.1 mm, and the tapered waveguide 344 has a width of 5.5 ⁇ m. It is a waveguide with a length of 0.2 mm for converting from 0.5 to 4.5 ⁇ m.
- the width of the width modulation section used in this embodiment is only 5.5 ⁇ m, no birefringence difference occurs between the width 4.5 ⁇ m and the surrounding optical waveguide, and only a difference in refractive index dispersion occurs. . Further, since the width is only 1 ⁇ m different from the peripheral optical waveguide, there is a feature that it can be stably manufactured even with respect to the deviation of the optical waveguide width.
- FIG. 14 shows a broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the second embodiment.
- the present embodiment is the same as the first embodiment except that the Y branch 313 is used instead of the WINC in the optical branching portion, but the other is the same as the first embodiment.
- a means for generating a birefringence difference and a means for causing a difference in refractive index dispersion were set so as to satisfy the expressions (16) and (31).
- the width of the optical waveguide was 4.5 ⁇ m. Excluding an optical waveguide in which either a means for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion (width modulation waveguide 341) or a means for generating a birefringence difference (stress adjusting groove 331) on the optical path length difference providing portion is formed.
- the optical path length difference ⁇ L between the optical waveguide 221 and the optical waveguide 222 is ⁇ 0.4 ⁇ m.
- the distance (ridge width) between the stress adjustment grooves 331 was 0.04 mm, the depth of the stress adjustment groove 331 was 0.03 mm, the width was 0.04 mm, and the length Lg was 1 mm.
- the width modulation waveguide 341 includes a tapered waveguide having a length of 0.1 mm for converting the width of the optical waveguide from 4.5 ⁇ m to 5.5 ⁇ m, and a linear waveguide having a width of 5.5 ⁇ m and a length of 0.3 mm.
- FIG. 15A shows a broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the third embodiment.
- the present embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that there are a plurality of means for generating a birefringence difference and a means for generating a birefringence difference on an optical waveguide having a different optical path length providing portion. Is the same as in Example 1.
- a second means for generating a birefringence difference another optical waveguide is provided on both sides in the vicinity of one optical waveguide 221 of the optical path length difference providing unit. This will be referred to as a birefringence adjusting waveguide 332.
- FIG. 332 shows a birefringence adjusting waveguide 332.
- the birefringence adjusting waveguide 332 and the width modulation waveguide 341 may partially overlap. Then, a means for generating a birefringence difference and a means for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion were set so as to satisfy the expressions (16) and (17).
- the width of the optical waveguide was 4.5 ⁇ m. Either means for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion (width modulation waveguide 341) or means for generating a birefringence difference (stress adjusting groove 331, birefringence adjusting waveguide 332) on the optical path length difference providing unit is provided.
- the optical path length difference ⁇ L between the optical waveguide 221 and the optical waveguide 222 was set to ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the distance (ridge width) between the stress adjusting grooves 331 was 0.03 mm
- the depth of the stress adjusting grooves 331 was 0.05 mm
- the width was 0.05 mm.
- the length Lg of the stress adjusting groove 331 was 0.6 mm.
- the width modulation waveguide 341 includes a taper waveguide having a length of 0.3 mm for converting the width of the optical waveguide from 4.5 ⁇ m to 6.0 ⁇ m, and a linear waveguide having a width of 6.0 ⁇ m and a length of 0.05 mm.
- a width modulation waveguide comprising a waveguide and a tapered waveguide having a length of 0.3 mm for converting the width of the optical waveguide from 6.0 ⁇ m to 4.5 ⁇ m was used. Further, as shown in FIG.
- the distance between the birefringence adjusting waveguides 332 is 0.04 mm, and the width of the birefringence adjusting waveguide 332 is 0.07 mm.
- the length Lc of the birefringence adjusting waveguide 332 was 0.6 mm.
- the birefringence adjustment waveguide and the stress adjustment groove are formed on different optical waveguides because the signs of the birefringence difference generated between the birefringence adjustment waveguide and the stress adjustment groove are opposite, so that both are opposite. This is because the difference in birefringence can be strengthened in the same direction by forming on the optical waveguide. Of course, it can also be formed on the same optical waveguide.
- the birefringence adjusting waveguide can also be used alone as a means for generating a birefringence difference. For example, it may be used instead of the stress adjusting groove applied in the first or second embodiment.
- FIG. 16A shows a broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the fourth embodiment.
- the Y branch 313 is used as the optical branching unit
- the MMI coupler 316 is used as the optical coupling unit.
- the means for generating the difference in birefringence and the means for generating the difference in refractive index dispersion are similar to those in the third embodiment.
- a thermo-optic for adjusting a manufacturing error is provided on one optical waveguide 222 of the optical path length difference providing unit.
- the difference from the third embodiment is that a phase shifter 351 is formed.
- thermo-optic phase shifter since the thermo-optic phase shifter is formed only in one optical waveguide, the birefringence difference and the refractive index difference of the optical path length difference imparting portion change. Therefore, in consideration of the change caused by the stress applying film such as the thermo-optic phase shifter, the difference between the refractive index dispersion and the means for generating the birefringence difference is satisfied so as to satisfy the expressions (16) and (36). Set the means.
- the width of the optical waveguide was 4.5 ⁇ m.
- m is set to 1.5
- ⁇ is set to 0.06
- m ′ is set to 0.06
- ⁇ c is set to 1.57 ⁇ m.
- Either means for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion (width modulation waveguide 341) or means for generating a birefringence difference (stress adjusting groove 331, birefringence adjusting waveguide 332) on the optical path length difference providing unit is provided.
- the optical path length difference ⁇ L between the optical waveguide 221 and the optical waveguide 222 was set to ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ m. Further, as shown in FIG.
- the width modulation waveguide 341 includes a taper waveguide having a length of 0.4 mm for converting the width of the optical waveguide from 4.5 ⁇ m to 4.0 ⁇ m, and a linear waveguide having a width of 4.0 ⁇ m and a length of 0.05 mm.
- a width modulation waveguide composed of a waveguide and a tapered waveguide having a length of 0.4 mm for converting the width of the optical waveguide from 4.0 ⁇ m to 4.5 ⁇ m was used. Further, as shown in FIG. 16B, the distance between the birefringence adjusting waveguides 332 is 0.05 mm, and the width of the birefringence adjusting waveguide 332 is 0.08 mm. The length Lc of the birefringence adjusting waveguide 332 was 0.5 mm.
- FIG. 17A shows a broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the fifth embodiment.
- the present embodiment is different from the third embodiment in that a thermo-optic phase shifter 351 is formed in the optical waveguide 221 of the optical path length difference providing portion, and a thermo-optic phase shifter 352 is formed in the optical waveguide 222 of the optical path length difference providing portion. Others are the same as in the third embodiment.
- the two thermo-optic phase shifters 351 and 352 have the same shape, there is no difference in birefringence or refractive index dispersion at the optical path length difference providing portion due to the formation of the thermo-optic phase shifter. Therefore, the manufacturing error can be adjusted by the thermo-optic phase shifter while maintaining the configuration of the third embodiment.
- thermo-optic phase shifter is formed at a position away from the means for causing the difference in birefringence and the means for causing the difference in refractive index dispersion.
- the thermo-optic phase shifter may form in the position which overlaps with the means which produces a difference, and the means which produces the difference of refractive index dispersion
- the birefringence difference and the refractive index dispersion are slightly shifted due to the contribution of the thermo-optic phase shifter, so that the shift is set to be corrected.
- the width of the optical waveguide was 4.5 ⁇ m. Either means for generating a difference in refractive index dispersion (width modulation waveguide 341) or means for generating a birefringence difference (stress adjusting groove 331, birefringence adjusting waveguide 332) on the optical path length difference providing unit is provided.
- the optical path length difference ⁇ L between the optical waveguide 221 and the optical waveguide 222 was set to ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the distance (ridge width) between the stress adjusting grooves 331 was 0.06 mm
- the depth of the stress adjusting grooves 331 was 0.05 mm
- the width was 0.05 mm
- the length Lg was 1.5 mm.
- the width modulation waveguide 341 converts the width of the optical waveguide from 4.5 ⁇ m to 5.5 ⁇ m and a length of 0.3 mm, and converts the width of the optical waveguide from 5.5 ⁇ m to 4.5 ⁇ m.
- a width modulation waveguide composed of a taper waveguide having a length of 0.3 mm was used.
- the distance between the birefringence adjusting waveguides 332 was 40 ⁇ m
- the width of the birefringence adjusting waveguide 332 was 0.1 mm
- the length Lc was 1.5 mm.
- the widths of the thermo-optic phase shifters 351 and 352 were 0.02 mm and the length was 0.5 mm.
- the taper waveguide may have an arbitrary taper shape such as a taper that changes exponentially in addition to a linear taper whose width changes uniformly.
- FIG. 18 shows a broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the sixth embodiment.
- the present embodiment is different from the second embodiment in that a birefringence adjusting waveguide 332 is formed in the optical waveguide 221 of the optical path length difference providing portion instead of the width modulation waveguide, but the other is similar to the second embodiment. is there.
- the stress adjusting groove 331 is used as a means for generating both the birefringence difference and the refractive index dispersion
- the birefringence adjusting waveguide 332 is both a birefringence difference and a difference in refractive index dispersion.
- both the birefringence difference and the difference in refractive index dispersion may be generated by one means.
- Means for generating a difference in birefringence and a difference in refractive index dispersion were set so as to satisfy the expressions (16) and (31).
- the width of the optical waveguide was 4.5 ⁇ m.
- the optical path length difference ⁇ L between 221 and the optical waveguide 222 was ⁇ 0.4 ⁇ m.
- the distance (ridge width) between the stress adjusting grooves 331 was 0.03 mm
- the depth of the stress adjusting grooves 331 was 0.06 mm
- the width was 0.1 mm
- the length Lg was 1.0 mm.
- the distance between the birefringence adjusting waveguides 332 was 60 ⁇ m
- the width of the birefringence adjusting waveguide 332 was 0.05 mm
- the length Lc was 0.7 mm.
- the birefringence adjusting waveguide is used as the main means for generating the difference in refractive index dispersion
- the stress adjusting groove is used as the main means for generating the birefringence difference
- other combinations are possible.
- the difference between the birefringence difference and the refractive index dispersion may be set so as to satisfy the conditional expression of the embodiment of the present invention.
- a means that can be both a means for generating a birefringence difference and a means for causing a difference in refractive index dispersion depending on the shape.
- a width modulation waveguide only the difference in refractive index dispersion occurs at the width of 5.5 ⁇ m in Example 5, but a difference in birefringence occurs when the width is 18 ⁇ m. Therefore, a taper waveguide that converts the width from 4.5 ⁇ m to 5.5 ⁇ m, a linear waveguide that has a width of 5.5 ⁇ m (means for causing a difference in refractive index dispersion), and a width that converts from 5.5 ⁇ m to 18 ⁇ m.
- a taper waveguide, a straight waveguide having a width of 18 ⁇ m (means for generating a birefringence difference), and a tapered waveguide for converting the width from 18 ⁇ m to 4.5 ⁇ m are formed in the optical length difference applying portion.
- the length of the linear waveguide having a width of 5.5 ⁇ m, the length of the linear waveguide having a width of 18 ⁇ m, and the optical path length difference ⁇ L may be set so as to satisfy the conditional expression of the form. However, in that case, it is necessary to consider the refractive index and birefringence of the tapered waveguide.
- the numerical value shown here is an example, and an optimal value may be set according to the material, composition, manufacturing method, and the like to be used.
- a stress adjusting groove, a birefringence adjusting waveguide, a width modulation waveguide, a stress applying film, and the like are applied as means for generating a birefringence difference are shown, but other means are used. May be. Further, after the optical waveguide is formed by light irradiation such as laser or local heating using a thin film heater, the difference in birefringence or refractive index dispersion may be adjusted.
- FIG. 25 shows a broadband interferometer-type polarization beam combiner according to the seventh embodiment.
- This circuit is a circuit in which polarization beam combiners are connected in multiple stages.
- the preceding polarization beam combiner / separator has a configuration similar to that of the broadband interferometer type polarization beam combiner / stractor shown in FIG. 13A.
- the latter two polarization beam combiners / separators are used as a polarizer, that is, a TM light transmission type polarizer and a TE light transmission type polarizer.
- FIG. 26 shows the characteristics of this circuit.
- FIG. 26A shows transmission characteristics
- FIG. 26B shows cutoff characteristics. Referring to FIG. 26, it can be seen that the extinction characteristic is greatly improved with respect to the characteristic shown in FIG.
- the width of the optical waveguide was 6.0 ⁇ m
- the thickness was 6.0 ⁇ m
- the thicknesses of the upper and lower claddings were each 20 ⁇ m.
- the relative refractive index difference between the core and the clad of the optical waveguide was 1.5%.
- the upper and lower optical The optical path length difference ⁇ L of the waveguide was set to ⁇ 0.4 ⁇ m.
- the distance (ridge width) between the stress adjusting grooves was 0.04 mm
- the depth of the stress adjusting grooves was 0.04 mm
- the width was 0.05 mm
- the length Lg was 1.1 mm.
- the upper optical waveguide includes a taper waveguide having a length of 0.2 mm for converting from a width of 6.0 ⁇ m to 8.0 ⁇ m, a linear waveguide having a width of 8.0 ⁇ m and a length L of 0.5 mm, and a width of 8.
- a width modulation waveguide consisting of a 0.2 mm long tapered waveguide that converts from 0 ⁇ m to 6.0 ⁇ m was used.
- the subsequent stage polarizer a configuration similar to that of the previous stage polarization combiner / separator was used, but a directional coupler composed of two adjacent optical waveguides was used instead of WINC as the optical coupler.
- a directional coupler composed of two adjacent optical waveguides was used instead of WINC as the optical coupler.
- the optical path length difference ⁇ L between the upper and lower optical waveguides was set to ⁇ 0.05 ⁇ m.
- the distance between the stress adjusting grooves was 0.04 mm, the depth of the stress adjusting grooves was 0.04 mm, the width was 0.05 mm, and the length Lg was 1.2 mm.
- the upper optical waveguide includes a taper waveguide having a length of 0.3 mm for converting from a width of 6.0 ⁇ m to 8.5 ⁇ m, a linear waveguide having a width of 8.5 ⁇ m and a length L of 0.7 mm, and a width of 8.
- a width modulation waveguide consisting of a 0.3 mm long tapered waveguide that converts from 5 ⁇ m to 6.0 ⁇ m was used.
- the optical path length difference ⁇ L between the upper and lower optical waveguides was set to ⁇ 0.6 ⁇ m.
- the distance between the stress adjusting grooves (ridge width) was 0.04 mm
- the depth of the stress adjusting grooves was 0.04 mm
- the width was 0.05 mm
- the length Lg was 1.2 mm.
- the upper optical waveguide includes a taper waveguide having a length of 0.3 mm for converting from a width of 6.0 ⁇ m to 9.0 ⁇ m, a linear waveguide having a width of 9.0 ⁇ m and a length L of 0.6 mm, and a width of 9.
- a width modulation waveguide composed of a 0.3 mm-long tapered waveguide for converting from 0 ⁇ m to 6.0 ⁇ m was used.
- the thickness of the clad is 20 ⁇ m is shown, but any thickness such as 10 ⁇ m and 40 ⁇ m may be used, and the thickness may be changed between the upper and lower clads.
- the relative refractive index difference is 1.5%, it may be 0.75%, 2.5%, or 10% or more.
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Abstract
Description
2本の光導波路121、122の光路長差を0に設定した場合、入力ポート101に入力した光は、出力ポート104(クロスポート)より出力され、出力ポート103(スルーポート)からは出力されない。入力ポート102に入力した光は、出力ポート103(クロスポート)より出力され、出力ポート104(スルーポート)からは出力されない。
しかし、製造誤差が生じると所望の偏波合成分離特性が得られない。そこで、マッハツェンダ干渉計の2本の光導波路121、122に複屈折調整手段を追加して光導波路の複屈折の誤差を補正するか、または屈折率調整手段を追加して光導波路の屈折率の誤差を補正することも可能である。例えば、複屈折調整手段や屈折率調整手段として、熱光学位相シフタを用いた手法が示されている(特許文献2、3を参照)。複屈折調整用熱光学位相シフタと位相調整用熱光学位相シフタを駆動することで、製造誤差を低減し、所望の偏波消光比に近い特性を得ることができる。
一例として、図8Bに示すように、光分岐部と光結合部に、方向性結合器を用いる。この方向性結合器は、図8Aに示すように、近接する二本の光導波路からなる2入力2出力の方向性結合器である。方向性結合器の分岐率/結合率をγ(λ)とすると、方向性結合器のスルーポート(すなわち、図8Aで、301から入力し303から出力する場合、または、302から入力し304から出力する場合)の伝達関数は
また一例として、図9Cに示すように、光分岐部と光結合部に、波長無依存カプラ(WINC)を用いる。WINCは、図9Aに示すように、入力/出力ポート301、302、303、304と、光分岐部の方向性結合器311と、光結合部の方向性結合器312と、これら二つの方向性結合器に挟まれた二本の光導波路321、322からなる微小光路長差付与部とを備える波長依存性のないカプラである。ここで、光分岐部のWINC314は図9Aの向き、光結合部のWINC315は図9Bの向きとし、マッハツェンダ干渉計型の偏波合成分離器の回路の中心に対し点対称になるよう配置する(図9C)。なお、これらWINCは任意の向きで配置しても良いが、その場合はWINCで発生する位相差の波長依存性を考慮して設計を行う。点対称にすると、WINCで生じる位相差が打ち消し合い、設計が簡単になるので、ここでは点対称になるように配置した。図9AのWINCの301から入力して303から出力するとき、301から入力して304から出力するとき、302から入力して303から出力するとき、302から入力して304から出力するときの伝達関数はそれぞれ、a(λ)、b(λ)、-b*(λ)、a*(λ)と表され、図9BのWINCの301から入力して303から出力するとき、301から入力して304から出力するとき、302から入力して303から出力するとき、302から入力して304から出力するときの伝達関数はそれぞれ、a*(λ)、b(λ)、-b*(λ)、a(λ)と表される(*は複素共役を表す。非特許文献2を参照)。このような配置にすると、クロスポートは、方向性結合器を用いた場合と同じであるが、スルーポートの位相も打ち消し合い、ψ(λ)=φ(λ)となる。したがって、この例でも、(16)式、(17)式を満たすように干渉計型偏波合成分離器を設定することで、本発明の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器が得られる。方向性結合器の分岐率/結合率が波長依存性を持つのに対し、WINCは波長によらず分岐率/結合率が50%になるようにすることができるので、広い波長範囲で高消光比を得たいときには、こちらの構成の方が優れた特性を得やすい。
さらにまた一例として、図10Cに示すように、光分岐部にY分岐、光結合部にWINCを用いる。Y分岐は、図10Aに示すように、入力/出力ポート305、306、307に接続される。WINCは、図10Bに示すように、入力/出力ポート301、302、303、304と、光分岐部の方向性結合器311と、光結合部の方向性結合器312と、これら二つの方向性結合器に挟まれた二本の光導波路321、322からなる微小光路長差付与部とを備える波長依存性のないカプラである。この場合において、Y分岐の分岐率とWINCの結合率が、波長によらず50%となるよう設定した。図10BのWINCの301から入力して303から出力するとき、301から入力して304から出力するとき、302から入力して303から出力するとき、302から入力して304から出力するときの伝達関数はそれぞれ、a(λ)、b(λ)、-b*(λ)、a*(λ)と表される。規格化位相を
図11に、本発明の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器の回路構成を例示する図を示す。本回路は、入力/出力ポート201、203、204と、光分岐部211と、光結合部212と、光分岐部211と光結合部212に挟まれた2本の光導波路221、222からなる光路長差付与部とを備える。光分岐部211は上下対称の1入力2出力のY分岐であり、光結合部212は上下対称の2入力2出力の光カプラであり、光路長差付与部は光導波路221-222間に複屈折率差を生じさせる手段241と屈折率分散の差を生じさせる手段242とを備える。そして、TE光を偏光状態1、TM光を偏光状態2とし、複屈折率差を生じさせる手段241によって、光路長差付与部におけるTE光とTM光の規格化位相の差が、波長λcで、m´+(1/2)(m´は整数)となるよう設定している。さらには、屈折率分散の差を生じさせる手段242によって、この偏波合成分離器の透過率の波長に対する変化率が、TE光とTM光とで、等しくなるように設定している。それにより、偏光状態1、2どちらの偏光でも波長依存性を抑えて偏波合成、もしくは、偏波分離が可能となる。
示したが、その導波路材料が多成分酸化物ガラスや、ポリイミドなどの高分子、InPなどの半導体、LiNbO3などの誘電体結晶であってもよい。また、その製造方法が、例えばスピンコート法、ゾルゲル法、スパッタ法、CVD法、イオン拡散法、イオンビーム直接描画法などであってもよい。また、基板もシリコンに限定するものではなく、石英などその他の材料を用いても良い。
111,112 光カプラ
121,122 光導波路
131,132 テーパ導波路
133 直線導波路
141,142 テーパ導波路
201,202,203,204 入力/出力ポート
211 光分岐部
212 光結合部
221,222 光導波路
241,243 複屈折率差を生じさせる手段
242 屈折率分散の差を生じさせる手段
301,302,303,304 光カプラの入力/出力ポート
305,306,307 Y分岐の入力/出力ポート
311,312 方向性結合器
313 Y分岐
314,315 WINC
316 MMIカプラ
321,322 光導波路
361 平面基板
362 下部クラッドガラススート
363 コアガラススート
364 下部クラッドガラス
365 コアガラス
366 エッチングマスク
367 上部クラッドガラス
331 応力調整溝
332 複屈折調整導波路
341 幅変調導波路
342,344 テーパ導波路
343 直線導波路
351,352 熱光学位相シフタ
401 偏波回転器
Claims (12)
- 光分岐部と、光結合部と、前記光分岐部と前記光結合部に挟まれた複数の光導波路からなる光路長差付与部と、前記光分岐部に接続された1つまたは2つの入力/出力ポートと、前記光結合部に接続された2つの入力/出力ポートとを備える干渉計型偏波合成分離器
であって、
前記光路長差付与部は、前記複数の光導波路に、複屈折率差を生じさせる手段および屈折率分散の差を生じさせる手段を備え、
前記光結合部に接続された2つの入力/出力ポートよりそれぞれ第1の偏光状態と第2の偏光状態を有する光を入力し、前記光分岐部に接続された1つもしくは2つの入力/出力ポートより光を出力して偏波合成するか、または、前記光分岐部に接続された1つもしくは2つの入力/出力ポートに光を入力し、前記光結合部に接続された2つの入力/出力ポートよりそれぞれ第1の偏光状態と第2の偏光状態を有する光を出力して偏波分離することを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項1に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記第1の偏光状態と前記第2の偏光状態とにおける光路長差付与部の規格化位相の差は、波長λcで半整数となるよう設定され、
前記屈折率分散の差を生じさせる手段によって与えられた屈折率分散の差によって、前記規格化位相の差の波長変動が抑制されていることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項2に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記規格化位相の差の波長変動は、前記第1の偏光状態と前記第2の偏光状態とで逆符号であることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項1ないし3に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記光路長差付与部の一方の光導波路に対する他方の光導波路の複屈折と長さの積の総和は、γ(λ-λc)+(m´+(1/2))λcで近似可能であることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項1ないし4に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記第1の偏光状態における光分岐部と光結合部と光路長差付与部との規格化位相の和をψ1(λ)、前記第2の偏光状態における光分岐部と光結合部と光路長差付与部との規格化位相の和をψ2(λ)としたとき、前記ψ1(λ)の波長に対する変化率と前記ψ2(λ)の波長に対する変化率は、大きさが等しくかつ逆符号であることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項5に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記光分岐部および前記光結合部は、二つの方向性結合器と、前記二つの方向性結合器に挟まれた二本の光導波路からなる微小光路長差付与部とを備える波長無依存カプラであり、
前記光分岐部および前記光結合部の波長無依存カプラは、回路の中心に対し点対称に配置されていることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項5に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記光分岐部はY分岐であり、前記光結合部は光カプラであり、前記光分岐部の分岐率と前記光結合部の結合率は波長によらず50%であることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項1ないし4に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記光分岐部はY分岐であり、前記光結合部は光カプラであり、前記第1の偏光状態と前記第2の偏光状態とにおける前記光路長差付与部の規格化位相の波長に対する変化率は、大きさが等しくかつ逆符号であることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項1ないし8に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記複屈折率差を生じさせる手段は、前記光路長差付与部の光導波路の構造の差異によるものであることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項1ないし8に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記複屈折率差を生じさせる手段は、前記光路長差付与部の光導波路に付与される応力を調整するものであることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項1ないし8に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記屈折率分散の差を生じさせる手段は、前記光路長差付与部の光導波路の構造の差異によるものであることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。 - 請求項1ないし11に記載の広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器において、
前記広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器は平面基板上に形成され、前記光導波路はコアとクラッドからなる石英系光導波路であることを特徴とする広帯域干渉計型偏波合成分離器。
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- 2010-06-02 WO PCT/JP2010/003692 patent/WO2010140363A1/ja active Application Filing
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US8787710B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 |
US20120063716A1 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
JPWO2010140363A1 (ja) | 2012-11-15 |
EP2439566B1 (en) | 2017-05-03 |
EP2439566A1 (en) | 2012-04-11 |
JP5155447B2 (ja) | 2013-03-06 |
CN102439499B (zh) | 2014-10-15 |
EP2439566A4 (en) | 2013-01-09 |
CN102439499A (zh) | 2012-05-02 |
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