WO2010130921A1 - Procede de preparation en suspension d'un pvc greffe sur elastomere - Google Patents
Procede de preparation en suspension d'un pvc greffe sur elastomere Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010130921A1 WO2010130921A1 PCT/FR2010/050870 FR2010050870W WO2010130921A1 WO 2010130921 A1 WO2010130921 A1 WO 2010130921A1 FR 2010050870 W FR2010050870 W FR 2010050870W WO 2010130921 A1 WO2010130921 A1 WO 2010130921A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- acrylic
- elastomer
- monomers
- vinyl
- chloride
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F265/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00
- C08F265/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00 on to polymers of esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F291/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to macromolecular compounds according to more than one of the groups C08F251/00 - C08F289/00
- C08F291/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to macromolecular compounds according to more than one of the groups C08F251/00 - C08F289/00 on to elastomers
Definitions
- the subject of the invention is a process for the preparation of a polymer comprising polymerized and grafted vinyl chloride monomers on acrylic, styrenic and or ethylenic monomers polymerized in the form of an elastomer.
- the manufacture of products based on PVC grafted on acrylic elastomer is already widely described in the prior art.
- the methods comprise two distinct steps.
- the first step relates to the preparation of an emulsion of acrylic polymer in water, generally carried out by emulsion polymerization or by an emulsification process subsequent to mass or solution polymerization.
- the second step is intended to carry out the polymerization of the CVM in the presence of the acrylic polymer emulsion.
- Two access routes differentiating by the reaction processes involved are possible to carry out this second step: a suspension reaction in water or an emulsion reaction in water.
- the operating conditions of the second stage are defined so as to ensure, on the one hand, the formation of the PVC, and on the other hand, a grafting of the PVC on the initial emulsion of acrylic polymer. This notion of grafting implies that a fraction of the suspension grains or emulsion particles constituting the product of the second stage, are individually formed of a mixture of PVC and acrylic polymer.
- the synthesis protocols comprise a polyelectrolyte-type ingredient (for example a divalent metal salt) which makes it possible to cause the polyacrylic emulsion to coagulate before or during the polymerization stage of the chloride monomers.
- vinyl (CVM) This specific ingredient is added in the initial charge of the autoclave.
- the process uses the conventional ingredients (mainly: colloids, pH-regulating agents and radical initiator) and the usual conditions for the polymerization of suspended CVM. A detailed description of this type of process is provided in the book entitled "Encyclopedia of PVC" Volume 1 edited by L. I. Nass and CA. Heiberger (Marcel Dekker).
- the product obtained at the end of the reaction has the characteristics of a slurry of PVC, that is to say that it is formed of polymer grains of average diameter between 100 and 300 microns dispersed in water.
- This product can therefore be isolated via the standard finishing technologies of a PVC suspension, comprising for example a centrifugation filtration stage and a drying phase by heating under reduced pressure.
- the methods of implementation of these PVC grafted on acrylic elastomers manufactured by suspension are similar to that of standard PVC suspension grades (homopolymers or copolymers). In general, these methods correspond to various extrusion, injection or hot molding techniques that allow access to semi-manufactured objects (tubes, profiles, plates, sheets, films, molded parts).
- the present invention aims in particular to overcome two disadvantages of suspension grafting methods.
- the first disadvantage relates to the initial incorporation of the acrylic elastomer in the form of an emulsion in water.
- the emulsions in water more commonly known as latex, consist of elementary particles of polymers with diameters typically less than 5 microns whose homogeneous dispersion in water is stabilized by ionic or nonionic surfactants.
- the solids content or dry extract of the emulsions is generally between 30 and 50% by weight.
- a well-known defect in the handling of latexes results from their mechanical or thermal instability, which can pose problems when used on manufacturing plants (emptying, storage, pumping or loading phases) or during transport to another workshop.
- the second disadvantage lies in the coagulation of the acrylic elastomer latex before or during the CVM polymerization step.
- This coagulation of the latex is necessary to form aggregates of elementary particles of defined size, which makes it possible, on the one hand, to avoid the presence in the final slurry of ultra-fine grains ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ m) which are detrimental to filtration. by centrifugation, and secondly, to ensure control of the size distribution and morphology of grafted resin grains.
- This coagulation process caused by the initial addition of a polyelectrolyte, is difficult to reproduce because it depends on the stability of the latex, which varies according to its thermomechanical history and the operating conditions of the polymerization (agitation, temperature, other ingredients present, pH of the medium).
- the method which is the subject of the invention aims at solving the disadvantages of the processes mentioned above, in particular by replacing the step of introducing the elastomer in the form of an emulsion into water, by a step of introducing the elastomer in the form of a powder obtainable by atomization of an elastomer emulsion.
- the invention therefore relates to a process for preparing a graft polymer, said polymer comprising polymerized vinyl chloride monomers and acrylic, styrene and / or ethylenic monomers polymerized in the form of elastomer, said process comprising at least the following steps:
- step (d) heating the reaction medium to a temperature ranging from 50 0 C to 80 0 C before, during or after step (c) to obtain said polymer.
- incorporación of an elastomer in the form of a powder and preferably in the form of a dry powder in the suspension manufacturing method that is the subject of the invention makes it possible to avoid the disadvantages inherent in the use of a latex emulsion.
- elastomer in water thermomechanical instability of latex problem, possible transport of a product with a large fraction of water, risk of encrustation of the CVM polymerization reactor.
- the method which is the subject of the invention also has the following advantages: use of the elastomeric product packaged in its commercial powder form, greater reproducibility due to the suppression of the coagulation step during the manufacture of the grafted resin.
- the acrylic, styrenic and / or ethylenic elastomer in powder form, added in step (b) has an average particle size of between 10 and 200 ⁇ m.
- This elastomer in powder form can be obtained by atomization of an elastomer latex. Spray drying technologies are commonly used on an industrial scale to obtain elastomer powders, which are then used to make formulations based on different thermoplastic polymers.
- the elastomer in powder form is formed of grains whose average sizes are between 10 and 200 microns depending on the type of atomizer used (spray nozzle or turbine) and its operating conditions. These grains can then undergo a grinding step in order to obtain a particle size adapted to the end use of the product.
- the elastomer latex is obtained by polymerization of acrylic monomers, styrene and / or ethylenic emulsion in water.
- the term "elastomer” is intended to mean a polymer or copolymer having a glass transition temperature of less than or equal to 0 ° C. Such a polymer or copolymer preferably has a Young's modulus, measured at the operating temperature, of between 10 000 Pa and 100 000 000 Pa, and preferably between 50 000 Pa and 10 000 000 Pa.
- Non-exclusive examples include polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene and their hydrogenated versions, polyisobutylene, block copolymers of polybutadiene and isoprene with styrene, and their hydrogenated versions such as poly styrene-b- butadiene (SB), poly styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene (SBS), poly styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene (SIS), poly styrene-b- (isoprene-stat-butadiene) -b -styrene or poly styrene-b-isoprene-b-butadiene styrene (SIBS), hydrogenated SBS (SEBS), poly styrene-b-butadiene-b-methyl methacryl
- the elastomers may especially be chosen from the following products:
- the aqueous dispersion comprising water, the colloid, and the elastomer obtained at the end of step (b) is used for the suspension polymerization of the vinyl chloride monomers, during step (c).
- the initiator capable of forming free radicals, and vinyl chloride monomers with optionally other monomers that can be copolymerized with vinyl chloride. You can also add water.
- the order in which these components are added may vary.
- the reaction medium is heated to a temperature ranging from 50 ° C. to 80 ° C.
- this step (c) is conducted with stirring, and most preferably, the stirring begins before adding the vinyl chloride monomers, and continues throughout step (c).
- the proportion of elastomer contained in the graft polymer according to the invention can easily be adjusted by those skilled in the art by varying either the amount of elastomer powder loaded in step (b), or the amount of vinyl chloride monomers implemented in step (c).
- the polymer obtained according to the process which is the subject of the invention will comprise 15 to 70% by weight relative to the total weight of the polymer, of acrylic, styrenic and / or ethylenic monomers.
- the monomers that can be copolymerized with vinyl chloride are chosen from vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinylisotridecanoic esters, vinylidene chloride, and ethers.
- said monomers are chosen from vinyl acetate and methacrylates.
- a precipitating agent chosen from alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and salts of organic and inorganic acids is added.
- This addition makes it possible to prevent an elastomer emulsion from being formed or reconstituted during step (b), consisting of adding the elastomer in the form of a powder.
- This precipitating agent may, for example, be chosen from magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride, calcium acetate, barium chloride, barium nitrate, aluminum chloride, potassium aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride. .
- the precipitating agent is generally incorporated in aqueous solution.
- the initiator capable of forming free radicals, soluble in vinyl chloride is preferably a peroxide or an azo compound having a half-life of 1 to 20 hours at the polymerization temperature.
- Peroxides that may be mentioned include dialkyl, diacyl and diaroyl peroxides; peroxydicarbonates and peresters.
- Examples of azo initiators are azobisisobutyronitrile and azobisdimethylvaleronithl. If necessary, reducing agents may also be added.
- the initiators may be used alone or in admixture at concentrations preferably ranging from 0.01 to 1% by weight based on the weight of the vinyl chloride monomers.
- protective colloid is preferably used a protective colloid selected from partially hydrolyzed vinyl polyacetate and cellulosic polymers, preferably hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose type compounds
- the method of the invention may include additional steps.
- step (c) before adding the vinyl chloride monomer, a vacuum can be created to remove the oxygen present.
- step (d) can be provided an additional step of maintaining the reaction medium at a constant temperature to a fixed conversion.
- This conversion is defined, for example, on the basis of a reaction time, a heat balance or a drop in pressure generally between -0.1 and -5 bar compared to the initial pressure of vinyl chloride monomer. at the reaction temperature.
- the fixed conversion is generally between 45 to 90%, and preferably from 70% to 80% by weight relative to the vinyl chloride monomer used.
- step (d) there may be a step of degassing and evaporation of the residual vinyl chloride monomers.
- the product obtained by the process which is the subject of the invention after step (d) has the characteristics of a PVC slurry, that is to say that it is formed of polymer grains with a mean diameter of between 100 and 300 ⁇ m dispersed in water.
- This product can be isolated via the standard finishing technologies of a PVC suspension, comprising, for example, a centrifugation filtration stage and a drying phase by heating under reduced pressure.
- the methods of implementation of PVC grafted on elastomers manufactured according to the method of the invention are similar to that of standard PVC suspension grades (homopolymers or copolymers). In general, these methods correspond to the various techniques of injection extrusion or hot molding that allow access to semi-manufactured objects (tubes, profiles, plates, sheets, films, molded parts).
- copolymers obtained by the process which is the subject of the invention have good flowability properties and a high density.
- the stirring speed is brought to 100 rpm and 1011 g of acrylic elastomer powder based on butyl polyacrylate (Durastrength D340® from Arkema) are introduced over 5 minutes. dispersion for 5 minutes. 7.79 g of a 60% by weight emulsion in water of 2-ethylhexyl peroxydicarbonate (Luperox 226EN60® from Arkema) are then added. The stirring speed is increased to 330 rpm and vacuum drawn at a pressure of 0.04 bar for 30 minutes. We load 7 kg of CVM. The mixture is stirred for 25 minutes at room temperature. The temperature of the reaction medium is then raised to 56.5 ° C.
- the stirring speed is brought to 100 rpm and 1011 g of acrylic elastomer powder based on butyl polyacrylate (Durastrength D340® from Arkema) are introduced over 5 minutes and are dispersed for 5 minutes. 10.5 g of a 60% emulsion are then added. weight in water of 2-ethyl-hexyl peroxydicarbonate (Arkema's Luperox 226EN60®). The stirring speed is increased to 330 rpm and vacuum drawn at a pressure of 0.04 bar for 30 minutes. We load 7 kg of CVM. The mixture is stirred for 25 minutes at room temperature. The temperature of the reaction medium is then raised to 56.5 ° C.
- the stirring speed is brought to 100 rpm and 1011 g of acrylic elastomer powder based on butyl polyacrylate (Durastrength D340® from Arkema) are introduced over 5 minutes and are dispersed for 5 minutes. 10.5 g of a 60% by weight emulsion in water of 2-ethyl-hexyl peroxydicarbonate (Luperox 226EN60®) are then added. Arkema).
- the stirring speed is increased to 330 rpm and vacuum drawn at a pressure of 0.04 bar for 30 minutes. We load 7 kg of CVM.
- the mixture is stirred for 25 minutes at room temperature.
- the temperature of the reaction medium is then raised to 56.5 ° C.
- the CVM is degassed and the autoclave is then placed under dynamic vacuum for 4 hours in order to remove residual VCM. 19.640 kg of suspension slurry are thus recovered.
- the slurry is dewatered and dried on a fluidized bed for 48 hours at room temperature.
- the weight of resin grafted after drying is 6,340 g.
- the mean diameter of the suspension grains, measured with the Malvern MasterSizer 2000 granulometer, is 180 ⁇ m.
- the stirring speed is brought to 100 rpm and 1011 g of acrylic elastomer powder based on butyl polyacrylate (Durastrength D340® from Arkema) are introduced over 5 minutes and are dispersed for 5 minutes. 10.5 g of a 60% by weight emulsion in water of 2-ethyl-hexyl peroxydicarbonate (Luperox 226EN60® from Arkema) are then added. The stirring speed is increased to 330 rpm and the vacuum is drawn under a pressure of 0.04. bars for 30 minutes. We load 7 kg of CVM. The mixture is stirred for 25 minutes at room temperature. The temperature of the reaction medium is then raised to 56.5 ° C.
- the CVM is degassed and the autoclave is then placed under dynamic vacuum for 4 hours in order to remove residual VCM. 18.980 kg of suspension slurry are thus recovered.
- the slurry is dewatered and dried on a fluidized bed for 48 hours at room temperature.
- the weight of resin grafted after drying is 5.580 g.
- the suspension suspension obtained is very coarse, the mean diameter of the grains was visually estimated at 5 mm.
- the reaction is continued until a pressure drop of -1 bar relative to the initial CVM pressure at the temperature of 56.5 ° C.
- the autoclave is cooled to 50 ° C. by injection of water at 18 ° C. into the double jacket.
- the total reaction time since the end of the heating ramp up to -1 bar is 210 minutes.
- the CVM is degassed and the autoclave is then placed under dynamic vacuum for 4 hours in order to remove residual VCM. 20.020 kg of suspension slurry are thus recovered.
- the slurry is dewatered and dried on a fluidized bed for 48 hours at room temperature.
- the weight of resin grafted after drying is 6.700 g.
- the mean diameter of the suspension grains, measured with the Malvern MasterSizer 2000 granulometer, is 163 ⁇ m.
- the reaction is continued until a pressure drop of -1 bar relative to the initial CVM pressure at the temperature of 56.5 ° C. At this level of pressure drop, the autoclave is cooled to 50 0 C by injection of water at 18 ° C in the double jacket. The total reaction time since the end of the heating ramp up to -1 bar is 212 minutes. At 50 ° C. under reduced stirring at 250 rpm, the CVM is degassed and the autoclave is then placed under dynamic vacuum for 4 hours in order to remove residual VCM.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Graft Or Block Polymers (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/320,377 US20120077937A1 (en) | 2009-05-15 | 2010-05-06 | Method For Preparing A Suspension Of PVC Grafted Onto An Elastomer |
CN2010800314691A CN102459372A (zh) | 2009-05-15 | 2010-05-06 | 用于制备接枝到弹性体上的pvc的悬浮法 |
EP10727464A EP2430060A1 (fr) | 2009-05-15 | 2010-05-06 | Procede de preparation en suspension d'un pvc greffe sur elastomere |
BRPI1010656A BRPI1010656A2 (pt) | 2009-05-15 | 2010-05-06 | método de preparação de um polímero enxertado |
CA2761926A CA2761926A1 (fr) | 2009-05-15 | 2010-05-06 | Procede de preparation en suspension d'un pvc greffe sur elastomere |
JP2012510332A JP2012526884A (ja) | 2009-05-15 | 2010-05-06 | エラストマー上にグラフトされるpvcの懸濁液の製造方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0953234 | 2009-05-15 | ||
FR0953234A FR2945539B1 (fr) | 2009-05-15 | 2009-05-15 | Procede de preparation en suspension d'un pvc greffe sur elastomere. |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2010130921A1 true WO2010130921A1 (fr) | 2010-11-18 |
Family
ID=41228475
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2010/050870 WO2010130921A1 (fr) | 2009-05-15 | 2010-05-06 | Procede de preparation en suspension d'un pvc greffe sur elastomere |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20120077937A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2430060A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2012526884A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102459372A (fr) |
BR (1) | BRPI1010656A2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2761926A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2945539B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2010130921A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2012080646A1 (fr) * | 2010-12-17 | 2012-06-21 | Arkema France | Procede de preparation en emulsion d'un pvc greffe sur elastomere vinyl aromatique |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB201405624D0 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2014-05-14 | Synthomer Uk Ltd | Method of making a branched polymer, a branched polymer and uses of such a polymer |
CN104448092B (zh) * | 2014-12-29 | 2017-02-22 | 宁波恒进自动化技术有限公司 | 一种耐冲击性的氯乙烯共聚物树脂的制备方法 |
CN105061658B (zh) * | 2015-08-19 | 2017-06-13 | 广东顺德顺炎新材料股份有限公司 | 高阻隔性材料偏氯乙烯共聚丙烯酸酯的制备方法 |
CN109535326A (zh) * | 2018-10-19 | 2019-03-29 | 新疆中泰化学股份有限公司 | 特种pvc合金树脂及其制备方法 |
Citations (2)
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CN101376681A (zh) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-04 | 台湾塑胶工业股份有限公司 | 一种功能性复合材聚卤化乙烯树脂的制造方法 |
EP2067795A1 (fr) * | 2007-12-04 | 2009-06-10 | Formosa Plastics Corporation | Procédé de production d'un polymère d'halogénure de vinyle fonctionnel |
Family Cites Families (9)
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DE3642985A1 (de) * | 1986-12-17 | 1988-06-30 | Hoechst Ag | Vinylchlorid-pfropf-mischpolymerisat und verfahren zur herstellung eines vinylchlorid-pfropf-mischpolymerisates |
JPH0774254B2 (ja) * | 1989-03-02 | 1995-08-09 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 耐熱塩化ビニル系共重合樹脂 |
JPH11279354A (ja) * | 1998-03-30 | 1999-10-12 | Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd | 塩化ビニル系樹脂組成物 |
JP2001106709A (ja) * | 1999-10-07 | 2001-04-17 | Tokuyama Sekisui Ind Corp | 塩化ビニル系樹脂の製造方法 |
JP2003313391A (ja) * | 2002-04-19 | 2003-11-06 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | ポリ塩化ビニル系樹脂組成物 |
JP4348943B2 (ja) * | 2002-12-16 | 2009-10-21 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 易開封性容器用熱封着材及びそれを用いた易開封性容器 |
JP2006083334A (ja) * | 2004-09-17 | 2006-03-30 | Kaneka Corp | 塩化ビニル系共重合樹脂及びその製造方法並びにその樹脂組成物 |
US20090143547A1 (en) * | 2007-11-29 | 2009-06-04 | Cheng-Jung Lin | Method for producing a functional vinyl halide polymer |
CN101397356B (zh) * | 2008-11-19 | 2010-08-18 | 河北工业大学 | 一种丁苯胶乳粒子接枝聚氯乙烯复合树脂的制备方法 |
-
2009
- 2009-05-15 FR FR0953234A patent/FR2945539B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-05-06 JP JP2012510332A patent/JP2012526884A/ja active Pending
- 2010-05-06 CA CA2761926A patent/CA2761926A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2010-05-06 CN CN2010800314691A patent/CN102459372A/zh active Pending
- 2010-05-06 BR BRPI1010656A patent/BRPI1010656A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-05-06 US US13/320,377 patent/US20120077937A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-05-06 WO PCT/FR2010/050870 patent/WO2010130921A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2010-05-06 EP EP10727464A patent/EP2430060A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101376681A (zh) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-04 | 台湾塑胶工业股份有限公司 | 一种功能性复合材聚卤化乙烯树脂的制造方法 |
EP2067795A1 (fr) * | 2007-12-04 | 2009-06-10 | Formosa Plastics Corporation | Procédé de production d'un polymère d'halogénure de vinyle fonctionnel |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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DATABASE WPI Week 200933, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2009-F98495, XP002554086 * |
See also references of EP2430060A1 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2012080646A1 (fr) * | 2010-12-17 | 2012-06-21 | Arkema France | Procede de preparation en emulsion d'un pvc greffe sur elastomere vinyl aromatique |
FR2969154A1 (fr) * | 2010-12-17 | 2012-06-22 | Arkema France | Procede de preparation en emulsion d'un pvc greffe sur elastomere vinyl aromatique |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2430060A1 (fr) | 2012-03-21 |
FR2945539A1 (fr) | 2010-11-19 |
CA2761926A1 (fr) | 2010-11-18 |
CN102459372A (zh) | 2012-05-16 |
JP2012526884A (ja) | 2012-11-01 |
FR2945539B1 (fr) | 2012-05-18 |
BRPI1010656A2 (pt) | 2016-03-15 |
US20120077937A1 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
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