Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/46—8-Azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane; Derivatives thereof, e.g. atropine, cocaine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/454—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pimozide, domperidone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4545—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pipamperone, anabasine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
  • A61K31/4709—Non-condensed quinolines and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2121/00—Preparations for use in therapy

Definitions

• the invention is directed to the use of specific 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compounds for the treatment of cognitive disorders, in particular to the use of these compounds in combination with other agents, specifically acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders.
• Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, accounting for 50-60 % of all cases, according to some experts. In 2008, an estimated 5.2 million people were living with Alzheimer's disease in the United States alone, accounting for 13 % of the US population aged 65 and over.
• Alzheimer's disease is defined as progressive cognitive decline and impaired functional status inconsistent with normal aging. It is believed that deficits in the cholinergic system are a major contributor to the cognitive symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, the dominant pharmaceutical treatment for Alzheimer's disease provides modest symptomatic relief through the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. These agents are believed to act by reducing the rate of acetylcholine degradation thus leading to increases in acetylcholine concentrations in the brain.
• Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter that is widely distributed throughout the body, both in the central nervous system and in peripheral systems.
• 5-HT 4 receptors have been demonstrated to play a role in the neuronal mechanism of memory enhancement and cognitive processes in animal models. Activation of the 5-HT 4 receptor enhances release of acetylcholine from cholinergic neurons, thus providing another potential approach to a pharmacological intervention that beneficially increases acetylcholine concentrations at synapses within the brain (Maillet et al. (2004) Current Alzheimer Research 1 :79-85). Furthermore, it has been suggested that some 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compounds may be used in the treatment of central nervous system disorders including cognitive disorders, behavioral disorders, mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, and disorders of control of autonomic function.
• sAPP ⁇ soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha
• a ⁇ is a peptide of 39-43 amino acids that appears to be the main constituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. A ⁇ is formed after cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by ⁇ - and ⁇ -secretases.
• 5-HT 4 receptor agonist-induced activation of ⁇ -secretase, and generation of sAPP ⁇ reduces the level of A ⁇ . Such a reduction in A ⁇ levels is expected to be beneficial. Therefore, 5-HT 4 receptor agonists offer the potential to provide both symptomatic and disease-modifying benefits (Lezoualc'h (2007) Experimental Neurology 205 :325-329).
• the invention relates to the use of specific 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compounds and to the use of specific 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compounds in combination with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or a cognitive disorder.
• the invention relates to the use of the 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compounds and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, where each agent is used at a concentration below the concentration at which a significant effect can be observed when used alone.
• the 5-HT 4 receptor agonist l-isopropyl-2-oxo-l,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ⁇ (15',3i?,5i?)-8-[(i?)-2-hydroxy-3-(methanesulfonyl-methyl-amino)propyl]-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl ⁇ amide (1) and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof
• the 5-HT 4 receptor agonist 4-(4- ⁇ [(2-isopropyl-lH-benzoimidazole-4- carbonyl)amino]methyl ⁇ -piperidin-l-ylmethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid methyl ester (2) and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof
• Compounds 1 and 2 are potent and selective 5-HT 4 receptor agonists that demonstrate moderate to high intrinsic activity in in vitro assays. Compounds 1 and 2 have each been demonstrated to attenuate a muscarinic antagonist-induced memory deficit in the rat Morris water maze preclinical cognition model. Results consistent with an additive or synergistic effect were observed between compound 1 and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and between compound 2 and donepezil at doses that on their own had little or no effect. Compounds 1 and 2 have also been shown to evoke a concentration-dependent increase in sAPP ⁇ in in vitro assays. Compounds 1 and 2 are therefore expected to be beneficial in the treatment of memory dysfunction.
• the invention finds utility in a method of treating Alzheimer's disease or a cognitive disorder in a patient, the method comprising administering to the patient a 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compound wherein the compound is selected from 1- isopropyl-l-oxo-l ⁇ -dihydroquinoline-S-carboxylic acid ⁇ (l J _>,3i?,5i?)-8-[(i?)-2-hydiOxy-3- (methanesulfonyl-methyl-amino)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.
• the invention provides a 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compound as described above for use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or a cognitive disorder.
• the present 5-HT 4 agonist compounds are beneficially used in combination with an agent that acts to inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase in the body.
• Useful inhibitors include, but are not limited to, donepezil hydrochloride (available commercially as Aricept®), galantamine hydrobromide, alternatively written galanthamine hydrobromide (Razadyne®, Reminyl®), rivastigmine tartrate (Exelon®), and tacrine hydrochloride (Cognex®).
• the invention finds utility in a method of treating Alzheimer's disease or a cognitive disorder in a patient, the method comprising administering to the patient a 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compound wherein the compound is selected from l-isopropyl-2- oxo-l,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ⁇ (l£,3i?,5i?)-8-[(i?)-2-hydroxy-3- (methanesulfonyl-methyl-amino)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.
• the invention provides the present 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compounds for use in combination with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or a cognitive disorder.
• the invention further provides the present 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compounds for enhancing the effectiveness of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or a cognitive disorder.
• the 5-HT 4 agonist compound and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor are each administered at a dose that is subefficacious for treating Alzheimer's disease or a cognitive disorder when administered alone.
• the 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compound is l-isopropyl-2-oxo- 1 ,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ⁇ (lS,3R,5R)-$-[(R)-2-hydroxy-3- (methanesulfonyl-methyl-amino)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1 ]oct-3-yl ⁇ amide hydrochloride and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor is donepezil.
• the 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compound is 4-(4- ⁇ [(2- isopropyl- lH-benzoimidazole-4-carbonyl)amino]methyl ⁇ -piperidin- 1 - ylmethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid methyl ester and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor is donepezil.
• the invention additionally finds utility in a method of enhancing memory in a patient experiencing a memory deficit, the method comprising administering to the patient a 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compound wherein the compound is selected from l-isopropyl-2-oxo-l,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ⁇ (l J _>,3i?,5i?)-8-[(i?)-2-hydroxy- 3-(methanesulfonyl-methyl-amino)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1 ]oct-3-yl ⁇ amide and 4-(4- ⁇ [(2-isopropyl- lH-benzoimidazole-4-carbonyl)amino]methyl ⁇ -piperidin- 1 - ylmethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid methyl ester, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
• a 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compound wherein the compound is selected from
• the 5-HT 4 agonist compound and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor are each administered at a dose that is subefficacious for enhancing memory in a patient experiencing a memory deficit when administered alone.
• the invention finds utility in a method of increasing the levels of sAPP ⁇ in a patient, the method comprising (a) identifying a patient in need of increased production of sAPP ⁇ , i.e.
• a patient suffering from cognitive impairment and (b) administering to the patient a therapeutically-effective amount of a 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compound wherein the compound is selected from l-isopropyl-2-oxo-l,2- dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ⁇ (15',3i?,5i?)-8-[(i?)-2-hydroxy-3-(methanesulfonyl- methyl-amino)propyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl ⁇ amide and 4-(4- ⁇ [(2-isopropyl- IH- benzoimidazole-4-carbonyl)amino]methyl ⁇ -piperidin- 1 -ylmethyl)piperidine- 1 -carboxylic acid methyl ester, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• a 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compound wherein the compound is selected from l-isopropyl-2-oxo-l,2- dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic
• the invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, a 5-HT 4 receptor agonist compound, wherein the compound is selected from l-isopropyl-2-oxo-l,2-dihydroquinoline-3 -carboxylic acid ⁇ (15',3i?,5i?)-8-[(i?)-2-hydroxy-3-(methanesulfonyl-methyl-amino)propyl]-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1 ]oct-3-yl ⁇ amide and 4-(4- ⁇ [(2-isopropyl- lH-benzoimidazole-4- carbonyl)amino]methyl ⁇ -piperidin- l-ylmethyl)piperidine-l -carboxylic acid methyl ester, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
• Figures 1 through 6 display the mean escape latency in seconds on the third test day of animals tested in the rat Morris water maze model of cognitive function.
• Figure 1 shows results for administration of vehicle, scopolamine (Scop) (0.5 mg/kg), donepezil (0.3 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), donepezil (1 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), and donepezil (3 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg).
• Scop scopolamine
• * statistically significant with respect to vehicle (student t-test with Bonferroni adjustment p ⁇ 0.025)
• # statistically significant with respect to scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) (one-way ANOVA for scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) and all doses of donepezil plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) , post-hoc Dunnett's test p ⁇ 0.05).
• Figure 2 shows results for administration of vehicle, scopolamine (Scop) (0.5 mg/kg), donepezil (3 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), compound 1 (0.01 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), compound 1 (0.03 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), compound 1 (0.1 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) and compound 1 (0.1 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg).
• Figure 3 shows results for administration of vehicle, scopolamine (Scop) (0.5 mg/kg), GR125487 (1 mg/kg), compound 1 (0.1 mg/kg) plus GR125487 (1 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), and compound 1 (0.1 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg).
• Figure 4 shows results for administration of vehicle, scopolamine (Scop) (0.5 mg/kg), donepezil (0.1 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), compound 1 (0.01 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), and compound 1 (0.01 mg/kg) plus donepezil (0.1 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) * statistically significant with respect to vehicle (student t-test p ⁇ 0.05)
• Figure 5 shows results for administration of vehicle, scopolamine (Scop) (0.5 mg/kg), donepezil (3 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), compound 2 (0.01 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), compound 2 (0.03 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), compound 2 (0.1 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) and compound 2 (1 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg).
• Figure 6 shows results for administration of vehicle, scopolamine (Scop) (0.5 mg/kg), donepezil (0.1 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5mg/kg), compound 2 (0.01 mg/kg) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), and compound 2 (0.01 mg/kg) plus donepezil (0.1 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) ** statistically significant with respect to vehicle (student t-test with Bonferroni adjustment p ⁇ 0.005) # statistically significant with respect to scopolamine (0.5mg/kg) (student t-test with Bonferroni adjustment p ⁇ 0.025).
• terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount sufficient to effect treatment when administered to a patient in need of treatment.
• treatment means the treatment of a disease, disorder, or medical condition in a patient, such as a mammal (particularly a human) which includes, one or more of the following:
• combination therapy means the administration of two or more therapeutic agents as part of a treatment protocol intended to provide beneficial effects from the combined action of the therapeutic agents.
• acetylcholinesterase inhibitor means any agent that has the effect of inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase.
• the term includes agents termed cholinesterase inhibitors, which may have other activity in addition, for example as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.
• donepezil is used herein as an equivalent to donepezil hydrochloride.
• the present 5-HT 4 agonists, compounds 1 and 2 are expected to be useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or a cognitive disorder, including treatment of mild cognitive impairment, and treatment of memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease and of dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
• the compounds may further find utility in the treatment of additional central nervous system disorders including behavioral disorders, mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, and disorders of control of autonomic function.
• compounds that enhance acetylcholine concentrations may also be useful for the treatment of other forms of dementia, such as dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, dementia due to vascular mechanisms, and Lewy body dementia.
• the present compounds are expected to be useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or a cognitive disorder, when administered in combination with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor such as donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept®), galantamine hydrobromide, (Razadyne®, Reminyl®), rivastigmine tartrate (Exelon®), or tacrine hydrochloride (Cognex®).
• an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor such as donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept®), galantamine hydrobromide, (Razadyne®, Reminyl®), rivastigmine tartrate (Exelon®), or tacrine hydrochloride (Cognex®).
• combination therapy offers the additional potential benefit of allowing lower dosages of each agent to be used, thus limiting exposure to any adverse side effects.
• compounds 1 and 2 may be useful when coadministered with agents designed to provide symptomatic therapy to Alzheimer's patients by yet other mechanisms of action.
• the present compounds may be useful in combination with memantine (Namenda®), an NMDA receptor antagonist.
• Additional agents that may be used in combination for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease include 5-HT 6 antagonists such as DMXB-anabaseine, GSK-742457, SUVN-502, PRX-07034, and SAM-531 (WAY-262531); nicotinic receptor agonists, such as ABT-089, SSR-180711, AZD-0328, and EVP-6124; muscarinic Mi agonists, such as NGX-267, AF-102B (Cevimeline), and WAL 2014 FU (talsaclidine); histamine H3 antagonists such as GSK- 189254 and PF-365474; and dimebon.
• 5-HT 6 antagonists such as DMXB-anabaseine, GSK-742457, SUVN-502, PRX-07034, and SAM-531 (WAY-262531)
• nicotinic receptor agonists such as ABT-089, SSR-180711, AZD-0328,
• 5-HT 4 agonists may be beneficial in combination with other proposed disease modifying therapies such as amyloid-beta and tau aggregation inhibitors, and beta secretase inhibitors or gamma secretase inhibitors, such as BMS-708163.
• other proposed disease modifying therapies such as amyloid-beta and tau aggregation inhibitors, and beta secretase inhibitors or gamma secretase inhibitors, such as BMS-708163.
• the present 5-HT 4 compounds are either physically mixed with the other therapeutic agent to form a composition containing both agents; or each agent is present in separate and distinct compositions which are administered to the patient simultaneously or sequentially in any order.
• Combination therapy includes administration of the two agents, when formulated separately, substantially at the same time, as well as administration of each agent at a different time.
• the present 5-HT 4 compounds can be combined with a second therapeutic agent using conventional procedures and equipment to form a composition comprising compound 1 or compound 2 and a second therapeutic agent.
• the therapeutic agents may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to form a pharmaceutical composition comprising compound 1 or compound 2, a second therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the components of the composition are typically mixed or blended to create a physical mixture. The physical mixture is then administered in a therapeutically effective amount using any of the routes described below.
• the therapeutic agents may remain separate and distinct before administration to the patient.
• the agents are not physically mixed together before administration but are administered simultaneously or at separate times as separate compositions.
• Such compositions can be packaged separately or may be packaged together as a kit.
• the two therapeutic agents in the kit may be administered by the same route of administration or by different routes of administration.
• compound 1 or compound 2 When used to treat Alzheimer's disease or cognitive disorders, compound 1 or compound 2 will typically be administered orally in a single daily dose or in multiple doses per day, although other forms of administration may be used. In certain circumstances, it may be beneficial to administer the present 5-HT 4 compounds transdermally or parenterally .
• the amount of active agent administered per dose or the total amount administered per day will typically be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the severity of the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the specific compound administered and its relative activity, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, and the like.
• Suitable doses for treating Alzheimer's disease or cognitive disorders will range from about 0.1 to about 90 mg per day of 5-HT 4 agonist agent for an average 70 kg human, including, for example, from about 1 to about 50 mg per day of compound 1, and from about 0.5 to about 20 mg per day of compound 2.
• the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor is administered in a therapeutically effective amount, i.e. in any amount that produces a therapeutically beneficial effect when co-administered with compound 1 or compound 2.
• Suitable doses for the acetycholinesterase inhibitor administered in combination with the present compounds are typically in the range of about 1 mg/day to about 30 mg/day.
• an effective dose of each individual agent may be lower than the effective dose when the agents are used independently.
• the present 5-HT 4 agonists and the other therapeutic agents, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, are typically administered to a patient in the form of a pharmaceutical composition or formulation.
• Such pharmaceutical compositions may be administered to the patient by any acceptable route of administration including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, vaginal, nasal, inhaled, topical (including transdermal) and parenteral modes of administration.
• the pharmaceutical compositions typically contain a therapeutically effective amount of the active agents.
• a pharmaceutical composition may contain more than a therapeutically effective amount, i.e., bulk compositions, or less than a therapeutically effective amount, i.e., individual unit doses designed for multiple administration to achieve a therapeutically effective amount.
• compositions will contain from about 0.1 to about 95% by weight of the active agent; preferably, from about 5 to about 70% by weight of the active agent.
• any conventional carrier or excipient may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• the choice of a particular carrier or excipient, or combinations of carriers or excipients, will depend on the mode of administration being used to treat a particular patient or type of medical condition or disease state. In this regard, the preparation of a suitable pharmaceutical composition for a particular mode of administration is well within the scope of those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts. Additionally, the carriers or excipients used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention are commercially-available.
• conventional formulation techniques are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20 th Edition, Lippincott Williams & White, Baltimore, Maryland (2000); and H. C. Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 7 Edition, Lippincott Williams & White, Baltimore, Maryland (1999).
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, the following: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, such as microcrystalline cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen
• compositions are typically prepared by thoroughly and intimately mixing or blending the active agent with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and one or more optional ingredients. The resulting uniformly blended mixture can then be shaped or loaded into tablets, capsules, pills and the like using conventional procedures and equipment.
• the pharmaceutical compositions are preferably packaged in a unit dosage form.
• unit dosage form refers to a physically discrete unit suitable for dosing a patient, i.e., each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active agent calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect either alone or in combination with one or more additional units.
• unit dosage forms may be capsules, tablets, pills, and the like, or unit packages suitable for parenteral administration.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for oral administration.
• Suitable pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, tablets, pills, lozenges, cachets, dragees, powders, granules; or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in- water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion; or as an elixir or syrup; and the like; each containing a predetermined amount of a therapeutic compound as an active ingredient.
• the pharmaceutical compositions When intended for oral administration in a solid dosage form (i.e., as capsules, tablets, pills and the like), the pharmaceutical compositions will typically comprise the active agent and one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate.
• such solid dosage forms may also comprise: fillers or extenders, such as starches, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and/or sodium carbonate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as cetyl alcohol and/or
• antioxidants can also be present in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants include: water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfate, sodium sulfite and the like; oil- soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and metal- chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• Coating agents for tablets, capsules, pills and like include those used for enteric coatings, such as cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, methacrylic acid-methacrylic acid ester copolymers, cellulose acetate trimellitate, carboxymethyl ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, and the like.
• Coating agents also include talc, polyethylene glycol, hypomellose and titanium dioxide.
• compositions may also be formulated to provide slow or controlled release of the active agent using, by way of example, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose in varying proportions; or other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres.
• pharmaceutical compositions may optionally contain opacifying agents and may be formulated so that they release the active ingredient only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
• embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
• the active agent can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
• Suitable liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, by way of illustration, pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• Liquid dosage forms typically comprise the active agent and an inert diluent, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (esp., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
• inert diluent such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emul
• Suspensions in addition to the active ingredient, may contain suspending agents such as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• suspending agents such as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• the present active agents can also be administered parenterally (e.g. by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection).
• parenteral administration the active agent is typically admixed with a suitable vehicle for parenteral administration including, by way of example, sterile aqueous solutions, saline, low molecular weight alcohols such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, gelatin, fatty acid esters such as ethyl oleate, and the like.
• Parenteral formulations may also contain one or more anti-oxidants, solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives, wetting agents, emulsif ⁇ ers, buffering agents, or dispersing agents. These formulations may be rendered sterile by use of a sterile injectable medium, a sterilizing agent, filtration, irradiation, or heat.
• the agents are formulated for administration by inhalation.
• Suitable pharmaceutical compositions for administration by inhalation will typically be in the form of an aerosol or a powder.
• Such compositions are generally administered using well- known delivery devices, such as a metered-dose inhaler, a dry powder inhaler, a nebulizer or a similar delivery device.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention When administered by inhalation using a pressurized container, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention will typically comprise the active ingredient and a suitable propellant, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a capsule or cartridge (made, for example, from gelatin) comprising a compound of the invention and a powder suitable for use in a powder inhaler.
• Suitable powder bases include, by way of example, lactose or starch.
• active agents can also be administered transdermally using known transdermal delivery systems and excipients.
• the active agent can be admixed with permeation enhancers, such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, azacycloalkan-2-ones and the like, and incorporated into a patch or similar delivery system.
• permeation enhancers such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, azacycloalkan-2-ones and the like
• Additional excipients including gelling agents, emulsif ⁇ ers and buffers, may be used in such transdermal compositions if desired.
• compositions useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or a cognitive disorder include, but are not limited to, the following examples where 'compound of the invention' represents compound 1 or compound 2.
• Compound 1 is typically supplied as a hydrochloride salt and compound 2 is typically supplied as a free base, but it will be understood that any form of the compounds (i.e. free base or pharmaceutical salt) that is suitable for the particular mode of administration, can be used in the following pharmaceutical compositions.
• Formulation Example A Hard Gelatin Capsules for Oral Administration
• a compound of the invention (20 mg), starch (89 mg), microcrystalline cellulose (89 mg), and magnesium stearate (2 mg) are thoroughly blended and then passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve. The resulting composition is loaded into a hard gelatin capsule (200 mg of composition per capsule).
• a compound of the invention (10 mg), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (50 mg), and starch powder (250 mg) are thoroughly blended and then loaded into a gelatin capsule (310 mg of composition per capsule).
• a compound of the invention (5 mg), microcrystalline cellulose (400 mg), fumed silicon dioxide (10 mg), and stearic acid (5 mg) are thoroughly blended and then compressed to form tablets (420 mg of composition per tablet).
• a compound of the invention (2 mg), microcrystalline cellulose (400 mg), fumed silicon dioxide (10 mg), and stearic acid (5 mg) are thoroughly blended and then compressed to form tablets (417 mg of composition per tablet).
• a compound of the invention (20 mg), microcrystalline cellulose (400 mg), fumed silicon dioxide (10 mg), and stearic acid (5 mg) are thoroughly blended and then compressed to form tablets (435 mg of composition per tablet).
• a compound of the invention (15 mg), cornstarch (50 mg), croscarmellose sodium (25 mg), lactose (120 mg), and magnesium stearate (5 mg) are thoroughly blended and then compressed to form single-scored tablet (215 mg of compositions per tablet).
• a compound of the invention (20 mg) is blended with 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer solution (15 mL). The pH of the resulting solution is adjusted to pH 6 using 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid or 1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide. Sterile normal saline in citrate buffer is then added to provide a total volume of 20 mL.
• a compound of the invention (5 mg), donepezil hydrochloride (5 mg), cornstarch (50 mg), micro crystalline cellulose (15 mg), hydroxypropyl cellulose (10 mg) lactose (120 mg), and magnesium stearate (5 mg) are thoroughly blended and then compressed to form single-scored tablet (210 mg of compositions per tablet).
• compositions for oral administration containing 5 mg of each agent per 10 mL of suspension: compound of the invention (50 mg), rivastigmine tartrate (50 mg) sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, purified water (q.s. to 100 mL).
• Rats Male, male Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight range 275-400 g) were handled by the investigator for approximately 5 minutes one day prior to each study. On the first study day, each rat was dosed intraperitoneally (i.p.), first with test compound or vehicle, followed immediately thereafter with the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), a dose previously identified to provide a near-maximal cognitive decline in this model) or vehicle. Thirty minutes after dosing, rats were placed individually into a circular, dark blue polyethylene tank (6 feet in diameter) filled with water (maintained at 23°C ⁇ 1°C). A clear Perspex® platform was located in a fixed position 1 cm below the surface of the water, and 34 cm from the wall of the tank.
• the rats were allowed to remain on the platform for 30 seconds to observe the external visual cues and pair them with the relative position of the platform. The rats were then taken off the platform and dried gently with a paper towel before repeating the test three more times (from south, then east and finally west starting positions). After the fourth test, each rat was placed under a heating lamp for 5 minutes before being returned to its home cage. The entire procedure was repeated on days 2 and 3. Over the three days of testing, rats learned to associate the location of the submerged platform (and their only means to escape the water) with the visual cues.
• test agents to inhibit scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment was evaluated.
• each rat was dosed as before and subjected to a 2-minute "probe trial", for which the platform had been removed from the tank. The number of crossings of the previous platform location and the time spent by the rat in each quadrant were recorded. Animals that had learned the location of the platform spent more time in the appropriate quadrant and repeatedly crossed that quadrant.
• false positives could be excluded from the analysis (i.e., rats that had previously located the platform via a strategy independent of the visual cues, such as swimming randomly until a leg hit the platform). No animals were excluded based on conflicting data between the three days of testing and the probe test.
• a student's t-test compared the escape latencies of the vehicle / vehicle and vehicle / scopolamine groups.
• the ⁇ value was Bonferroni adjusted to 0.025 as the vehicle / scopolamine group was subjected to both a Student's t-test and a one-way ANOVA test.
• the 5-HT 4 agonist compounds 1 and 2 were prepared according to the procedures described in US 7,375,114 B2 and US 7,256,294 B2, respectively, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Donepezil hydrochloride was purchased from Changzhou Dahua Imp. and Exp. Corp. Ltd. (Changzhou, Jiangsu, China) while scopolamine hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) or Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp. (Gardena, CA).
• GR125487 sulfamate was purchased from Tocris (Ellisville, MO).
• the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil (3 mg/kg i.p.), and the 5-HT 4 receptor agonists, compound 1 (1 mg/kg i.p.) and compound 2 (1 mg/kg i.p.), had no effect, either positive or negative, on the ability of rats to learn the location of the submerged platform when administered alone, i.e. when administered to animals that had not been exposed to scopolamine.
• Donepezil 0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.
• reversed the scopolamine 0.5 mg/kg i.p.
• the donepezil dose at 3 mg/kg produced a statistically significant reversal.
• Example 1 The effect of compound 1 on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment
• Compound 1 was tested at doses of 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg in the rat Morris Water Maze model. As shown in Figure 2, where the mean escape latency on the third test day is displayed, compound 1 was associated with reversal of the memory impairment produced by 0.5 mg/kg scopolamine. The effect of compound 1, at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, achieved statistical significance with respect to scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg). A "U-shaped" dose-response curve was evident; the highest dose of compound 1, 1 mg/kg, had no effect on the scopolamine-induced response unlike the 0.1 mg/kg dose. Compound 1 (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) produced a similar reversal to that of donepezil (3 mg/kg i.p.) on day 3 (i.e., in the range of 50-60%, see Figure 1)
• Example 2 The effect of compound 1 together with a 5-HT 4 receptor antagonist on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment
• compound 1 was tested together with GR125487, a selective 5-HT 4 receptor antagonist compound.
• GR125487 (1 mg/kg i.p.) had no effect when administered alone.
• coadministration of the antagonist GR125487 (1 mg/kg i.p.) abolished the ability of compound 1 (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) to reverse scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude the observed effects of compound 1 are due to 5-HT 4 receptor agonism.
• Example 3 The effect of co-administration of compound 1 together with a the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil on scopolamine- induced cognitive impairment
• Compound 2 was tested as described in Example 1. As illustrated in Figure 5, the effect of compound 2 at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, achieved statistical significance with respect to scopolamine. A "U-shaped" dose-response curve was evident; the highest dose of compound 2, 1 mg/kg, had no effect on the scopolamine-induced response unlike the 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg doses. Compound 2 (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) produced a similar reversal to that of donepezil (3 mg/kg i.p.) on day 3 (i.e., in the range of 50-60%, see Figure 1).
• Example 5 The effect of compound 2 together with a 5-HT 4 receptor antagonist on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment
• Example 6 The effect of co-administration of compound 2 together with a the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil on scopolamine- induced cognitive impairment
• Example 7 In vitro study of effects of compound 1 and compound 2 on extracellular release of sAPP ⁇ in HEK293-5-HT 4(d) - APP 695 cells
• HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cells stably-transfected with human 5-HT 4(d) receptor cDNA and human APP695 cDNA (HEK293-5-HT 4 (d)-APP69s) were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) containing D-glucose supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2mM GlutaMax-1, and 100 units penicillin (100 ⁇ g), and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin in a 5 % CO 2 , humidified incubator at 37 0 C. Cells were grown under continuous selection pressure by the addition of G418 (500 ug/mL) antibiotic.
• DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium
• HEK293 -5 -HT 4 (d)- APP 695 cells (3 xlO 5 cells/well) were serum-starved for 4 hr prior to incubation with agonists for 30 min (unless otherwise stated) at 37 0 C.
• the culture medium was aspirated, centrifuged to remove cellular debris and the level of sAPP ⁇ determined by Western blot.
• sAPP ⁇ was detected using antibody 6E10 (Signet/Covance) and a goat anti-mouse HRP-conjugated 2° antibody. Immunoreactive bands corresponding to sAPP ⁇ were visualized and quantified with ECL substrate (Pierce) and a FluorChem HD2 image system (Alpha Innotech). Western blot analysis of samples was conducted in duplicate.
• Potency data are reported as pECso values, the negative decadic logarithm of the EC 50 value, where EC 50 is the effective concentration for a 50 % maximal response. Test compounds exhibiting a higher pECso value in this assay have a higher potency for stimulating sAPP ⁇ release.
• EC50 values data from independent experiments were fit simultaneously to a sigmoidal concentration response curve using Graph Pad Prism software (slope constrained to unity). Potency data for compound 1 and compound 2, together with the percentage response relative to the effect of the endogenous ligand 5-HT at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M are given below:
• the effect of the 5-HT 4 receptor-selective antagonist GRl 13808 was probed by incubating the cells for 10 min with 1 ⁇ M GRl 13808 before incubating with compound 1 or compound 2 at a concentration of 100 nM, a concentration at which the compounds evoked a near-maximal or maximal response.
• the antagonist completely blocked the effect of compound 1 and of compound 2, indicating that the observed release of sAPP ⁇ is related to agonism of the 5-HT 4 receptor.

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