WO2010104414A1 - Фотопреобразующая часть преобразователя электромагнитного излучения (варианты), преобразователь электромагнитного излучения - Google Patents
Фотопреобразующая часть преобразователя электромагнитного излучения (варианты), преобразователь электромагнитного излучения Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
- H01L31/0687—Multiple junction or tandem solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/072—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
- H01L31/0725—Multiple junction or tandem solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/075—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PIN type, e.g. amorphous silicon PIN solar cells
- H01L31/076—Multiple junction or tandem solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/544—Solar cells from Group III-V materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/548—Amorphous silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the invention relates to semiconductor converters of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), directly converting the incident radiation into electromotive force (EMF) both in the optically visible and invisible (in IR, UV) wavelength range and below, and also to methods for modifying a semiconductor substrate, on which it is executed.
- EMR electromagnetic radiation
- EMF electromotive force
- the spectral sensitivity of known photoelectric converters (PECs) on semiconductor materials representing a heterogeneous n + pp + (P + Hp + ) diode structure is limited in the long-wavelength range of the spectrum by the band gap of the semiconductor and the insufficient diffusion length of minority carriers in the region p (p ) of the base, and in the short-wavelength range, by recombination losses on the photoconverting surface and in the volume of the continuous n + (p + ) surface layer.
- An increase in the efficiency and expansion of the spectral sensitivity of the photovoltaic cells known in the prior art is carried out using multilayer heterostructures in cascade converters.
- Such converters require a full spectrum of incident radiation, modulating the conductivity of each layer, have an extremely high cost at a low layer-by-layer conversion coefficient.
- the authors of the present invention previously proposed a discrete converter structure with open, undoped optical windows, combining both high diode properties of the converter and optical (PCT / RU 2007/000301, priority date 08.06.2006 g .).
- Such a structure has a higher UV intensity than the “violet” samples and a higher conversion coefficient in the entire convertible range than conventional samples.
- VMP- converter Known structure tikalnogo multijunction converter with the vertical (parallel to the incident radiation flux) of the pn transitions (VMP- converter), and a manufacturing method thereof, consists in the fact that a large number of separate conventional n + pp + unijunction solar cells (wafer) stack formed (see link below). The plates in the stack are joined by soldering or diffusion welding. The stack is cut along the normal to the planes of transitions to individual VMP converters, the front surfaces of which are polished and covered with passivating and antireflective layers.
- the HFM converter is composed of a series mechanical connection of single-junction diodes and has the properties of a series connection of current elements: the output voltage is equal to the sum of the voltages generated by each of the photomultipliers, and the output current is determined by the minimum current generated by any of the photomultipliers included in the stack.
- the series resistance of the VMP converter is equal to the sum of the resistances of the photomultipliers that make up the stack. With careful selection of PECs, the stack is characterized by a high filling factor FF ⁇ 0.8, which indicates the fundamental possibility of obtaining a small serial resistance of the converter.
- high carrier collection is achieved by the fact that UV radiation is not absorbed in a heavily doped emitter, but in a lightly doped base.
- the high collection of minority of charge carriers is due to the high lifetime of charge carriers in the base region, (see Farenbruch A., Bube 3. “Solar elements: Theory and experiment)) Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1987, 280 s. // E.G. Hook et al. (Characteristics of silicon multi-junction SCs with vertical pn junctions ”FTP, 1997, vol. 31, N ° 7).
- the aim of the invention is to provide high-performance broadband EMR converters having high conversion efficiency in a wide range of wavelengths and intensities of EMR: from infrared radiation to UV and below.
- this goal is achieved in the photoconverting part of the electromagnetic radiation transducer, which includes a sequence of semiconductor layers forming a sequence of homojunctions with increasing depth, which contains more than one heterogeneous transition.
- photoconverting means the part of the electromagnetic radiation transducer, in which the separation of charges generated by the action of EMR on the transducer occurs.
- An indication of the sequence of transitions (homojunctions) with increasing depth means that the transitions are sequentially located deep into the photoconverting part from its surface, so that the depths Xj 1 , Xj 2 , Xj 3 , Xj 4 , - " , Xjk are sequences of k transitions (k > l) are connected with each other by the relation Xj 1 ⁇ Xj 2 ⁇ Xj 3 ⁇ Xj 4 ⁇ ...
- Xj 1 corresponds to the transition closest to the surface from the STI
- the sign “including [a sequence of semiconductor layers]” with respect to the photoconverting part of the converter hereinafter means that in addition to the indicated sequence, the photoconverting part may also contain other elements, in particular other layers.
- Semiconductor layers are understood as layers of a semiconductor material having electronic (p-type), hole (p-type) or intrinsic (i-type) conductivity.
- homojunctions should be understood as a transition at the boundary between regions with different conductivities from the same semiconductor material.
- heterojunctions are understood to mean transitions between regions of different semiconductor materials.
- a heterogeneous (anisotype) transition is understood to mean a transition formed at the boundary of regions (layers) with different types of conductivity, while an isotopic transition is a transition formed at the boundary of regions (layers) with conductivity of the same type.
- this goal is achieved in the photoconverting part of the electromagnetic radiation transducer, which includes a sequence of semiconductor layers forming between themselves a sequence of homojunctions with increasing depth containing more than one heterogeneous transition, with at least a portion of these layers with the same type of conductivity connected in parallel.
- At least part of the layers or all layers with hole conductivity can be switched in parallel and / or at least part of the layers or all layers with electronic conductivity can be switched in parallel.
- at least one of these layers may have a discontinuity.
- under the discontinuity of the layer should be understood any violation and / or removal from it of at least part of the material, in which the uniformity and / or continuity of the layer is violated, and in which the section with a gap will differ from the section of the layer that does not have such a gap.
- the goal is achieved in an electromagnetic radiation converter comprising at least M> 1 photoconverting parts and collector electrodes, in which at least one of the M photoconverting parts is made as described above and includes a sequence of switched semiconductor layers, forming a sequence of homojunctions with increasing depth, which contains more than one heterogeneous transition.
- the converter may contain one photoconverter part of the specified type on its front side and / or one photoconverter part of the specified type on its back side (single-sided or two-sided unitary converter).
- the converter on at least one of its sides may contain several separate photoconverting parts, at least one of which has a multilayer structure of the type described. These several isolated photoconverting parts can be performed on the front side of the converter and / or on the rear side of the converter (one-way or two-way discrete converter). In this case, one, several or all of the photoconverting parts of the converter (on the front and / or on the back side) can be designed according to any of the particular cases of implementation of the photoconverting part described earlier.
- the photoconverting parts are not necessarily identical both to those considered with respect to each other within one side (for example, for a discrete converter), and in comparison with the photoconverting part or parts on the other side (for a unitary or discrete two-sided converter).
- EMP electromagnetic radiation capable of forming nonequilibrium charge carriers in a converter. It is characterized by electromagnetic wavelengths of 0.005 ⁇ 1000 ⁇ m so-called “Optical emission” or “optical range, which is characterized by the effective formation of radiation fluxes using optical systems - lenses, mirrors, etc. (Krutikova MT. U al. ((Semiconductor devices and the basics of their design) ⁇ , M .: Radio and communications, 1983. - 352 p.)
- a substrate is a plate of any suitable material on which (in) the elements of the transducer are formed. Further, without loss of generality, for example, a p-type silicon substrate of conductivity is considered.
- the front side (JIC) of the transducer is the side that is directly exposed to or exposed to electromagnetic radiation.
- the reverse side of the converter OS (either the shadow side or the back side) is the side opposite to the front one.
- the base of the transducer is the part of the transducer in which EMP is absorbed without charge separation.
- Transmitter emitter E is a transducer element in which an accumulation of minority carriers with respect to the base takes place.
- Fig.l. the structure of a standard horizontal silicon single junction converter known from the prior art; - figure 2. - the structure of the multilayer multi-junction photoconverting part of the horizontal Converter according to one of the possible special cases of the invention ( ⁇ -FEP);
- Fig. 3 is a structural diagram of a one-sided converter with one multilayer multi-junction photoconversion part according to the invention ( ⁇ -FEP); - figure 4 is a fragment of the structure of the photoconverter part of the Converter, a diagram of which is shown in Fig.Z;
- FIG. 5 is a structural diagram of a planar discrete converter in accordance with one of the particular cases of the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a structural diagram of a two-sided converter in accordance with one of the particular cases of the invention.
- the positions in the drawings indicate: 1 - semiconductor base of the converter of the first type of conductivity (in the examples considered - p-conductivity); 1-1,1-2, ... lp — sequence of p layers with the conductivity type identical with the base; 2- an emitter formed in the base of the 2nd, opposite to the base type of conductivity (p- conductivity); 2s — near-surface strongly doped contact layer of the emitter; 2i is a near-surface strongly doped emitter layer with an isotype barrier 2j; 2-1, 2-2, ... 2-n - sequence of n layers with a conductivity type identical to emitter 2; 3-1, 3-2, ...
- the dependence ⁇ (x) is such that quanta with a wavelength of ⁇ ⁇ 0.8 ⁇ m (E> 1.55 eV) are absorbed in a rather narrow near-surface zone of the transducer with a length of less than 10 ⁇ m deep into the base region.
- the spectral response of the “violet” silicon solar cell (a standard transducer with a thin lightly doped emitter having a high spectral response in the short-wavelength range of the spectrum) in the short-wavelength part is E> 2.5 eV ( ⁇ ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m) in l, 5 ⁇ 3.0 times the response of a conventional element.
- the shape of its spectral response is close to theoretical at a low surface recombination rate Sp-I of about 4 cm / s.
- the spectral response is completely determined by the front layer.
- the fraction of electrons collected from the base to the emitter region is determined by the diffusion length of electrons Ln p ⁇ 150 ⁇ 250 ⁇ m for silicon.
- the thickness of the base Hb is selected from the conditions Hb ⁇ Ln p subject to the requirements for the mechanical strength of the plate and is 180 ⁇ 280 microns.
- the photocurrent of the depleted layer in a single spectral interval is equal to the number of photons absorbed in this layer per unit time.
- the SCR width W is negligibly small with respect to the thickness of the Hb base, the contribution of the pn transition to the spectral response reaches 20%, regardless of the type of photomultiplier - “violet” or ordinary.
- the photo-converting part includes the sequence c-1, c-2.
- the proposed doping profile of the layers depends on the method of their preparation — diffusion, ion implantation and annealing, epitaxial buildup, etc., or a combination of methods.
- the assumed degree of doping of the layers is not of fundamental importance and is determined by the conditions for ensuring the maximum spectral response of this layer in combination with neighboring layers.
- the contact region can be matched (layer 2s) to obtain an ohmic contact.
- the 1st c-1 layer on the surface can be supplemented with an isotype layer 2i creating an isotype potential barrier 2j, which prevents the withdrawal of NNS from the less doped region.
- the conductivity type of the 1st layer c-1 with respect to The conductivity of base 1 is not of fundamental importance, and if the types of conductivity of the base and this layer coincide, a Shockley diode (homogeneous or heterogeneous) or a local Schottky diode of the desired direction, or a combination of diodes can be formed on its surface.
- the thickness of each of the layers H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , H 4 , H k is preferably comparable with the characteristic diffusion lengths of minority charge carriers in this layer Lpi, Ln 2 , Lp 3 , Ln 4 , ...
- the front (photodetector) surface of the transducer can be textured and also have an antireflective coating, for example, in the form of transparent conductive films (ITO, etc.) with a contact metallization network.
- the front surface of the converter outside the contacts can be passivated by a dielectric, which also plays the role of an antireflective coating.
- the dielectric can be charge neutral, or have a positive or negative built-in charge, which reduces the surface recombination rate depending on the type of conductivity of the first layer c-1.
- the contact metallization grid can be made by any known method.
- Fig. 3 shows an example implementation of a one-way converter with one photoconverter part of the above-described structure according to the invention.
- layers 2-1, 2-2, ... 2-n with the same conductivity are connected in a parallel circuit (commutated in a parallel current node) using a recessed connecting element 2 with conductivity of the same type, which can for example be carried out by diffusion.
- the in-depth element 2 is connected to all or part of the layers of the same type of conductivity of the photoconverting part of the converter (due to which parallel switching is performed), and with layers 1-1, 1-2, ... 1- p with conductivity of another type forms rp transitions.
- 1-p with a different type of conductivity can also be switched into a parallel current unit using a similar recessed connecting element 13 of the same type of conductivity (also, for example, made by diffusion).
- the shape of the in-depth elements 2 and 13 can generally be any suitable for solving the task. It can also be noted that parallel switching layers of the photoconverting part in other cases of the invention can be performed not only using the connecting elements 2 and 13, recessed into the thickness of the photoconverting part, but also in other ways.
- the layers in addition to the horizontal ones, also have vertical or curved sections, as a result of which the layers extend onto the surface of the photoconverting part
- parallel switching can be carried out using semiconductor elements of the same type of conductivity as the switched layers, or using conductive elements, located on the surface of the photoconverting part (such an example is given below in the description of the particular case shown in Fig. 6).
- Variants are permissible when only one of the groups of layers with the conductivity of the same type is combined: only p-layers with the help of the same deepened element 2 or only p-layers with the same type of deepened element 13.
- the homogeneous layer which is the last (deepest) in the sequence of layers in the photoconverter parts according to the invention, forming a homojunction with the layer preceding it, can form a junction with the base of the converter.
- this transition can be both isotopic and anisotypic, both homogeneous and heterogeneous.
- the specified last layer, forming a homojunction with its predecessor can border not with the base, but with additional deep layers that are part of the transducer.
- a heterojunction or heterojunctions will obviously be formed between the last layer and the adjacent additional layer or layers (since in the case of a homojunction this additional layer will also be part of the indicated sequence of homogeneous layers).
- heterojunctions can be formed not only along the boundary of the last (deepest) layer from a sequence of layers forming the homojunctions, but also at other boundaries of this sequence (for example, along the border of the first layer of the smallest occurrence, or along the lateral boundary of the layers included in the sequence — for example, if we replace elements 2 and 13 in FIG. 4 with semiconductor elements from another semiconductor material).
- the layers 1-1, 1-2, ... 1- p and 2-1, 2-2, ... 2- p, which form homojunctions among themselves, which are part of the photoconverting part may be non-continuous and may have discontinuities in plan and / or in individual sections of the converter.
- the discontinuities can be caused not only by the implementation of in-depth connecting elements, as shown in Fig. 3, but also, for example, by performing on the photodetector surface the photoconverting part of the “okon” converter, which can be sections of base 1 that are not doped in the manufacture of the photoconverting part, or brought out as a result of etching part of the photodetector surface.
- the shape, size and number of “windows” can be from one “window” or more) can be selected in each specific case by a specialist based on the problem being solved.
- continuity breaks by themselves may not lead to a rupture of one photoconverting part into several parts, i.e. to the formation of a discrete converter, discussed below (any of the photoconverting parts of which, however, may also have discontinuities in its layers).
- the considered discontinuities in the case of a unitary transducer according to the invention form a “net” layer (if the continuity is torn at one layer) or a “net” structure from a combination of several consecutive layers with discontinuities.
- the photocurrents Jp ( ⁇ ) and Jn ( ⁇ ) generated from the quasineutral regions of the layers c-1, c-2, c-3, c-4, ..., c-k are determined by the distribution of photons over the thickness of the layers, the effective diffusion lengths in layers and concentration gradients of minority charge carriers at the edges of depleted regions. Since there are more than one heterogeneous transition in the sequence, and each of the layers, except the first c-1 and the base, is limited by pn junctions from two sides, as shown in FIG. 2, FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, then bidirectional concentration gradients appear in them, the charges are separated and the minority carriers drain into neighboring layers, where the carriers become mainstream and are transferred to external circuits through highly doped common elements 2 and 13.
- Electron - hole pairs generated in the space charge regions (SCR) W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , W 4 , ..., W k are divided into neighboring quasineutral regions layers by fields of pn junctions.
- the space charge region itself has the shape of a meander, so that the luminous flux 10 has to repeatedly cross the SCR.
- each of the layers 1-1, 1-2, ..., 1-p forms a diode n + pp + structure with a connecting element 2
- each of the layers 2-1, 2-2, ..., 2 -n forms a diode p + nn + structure with a connecting element 13, as shown in FIG. 3, FIG. 4.
- the heterogeneous p + n and n + p junctions formed create lateral concentration gradients and ensure the collection of minority charge carriers near elements 2 and 13 from adjacent layers of the opposite type of conductivity.
- the isotypic nn + and pp + transitions provide a sink of electrons (lines 11th) to emitter region 2, and holes through layer 13 (lines 11-h) to base 1.
- such a structure is a parallel sequence connected generators.
- the described multilayer (multilayer, or multielement) photoelectric converters are abbreviated and designated by the authors as ⁇ -FEP. Since such a structure does not require large diffusion lengths of the NSWs in the layers, it contains k> l transitions, where the separation of charges occurs without loss, the collection coefficient in it tends to unity in a wide range of absorbed radiation.
- the fact that the generation, separation, and removal of charge carriers from the generation regions occurs in layers allows the use of layers with low degrees of doping: internal sequential layer resistance, in contrast to the structure shown in FIG. 1, in the proposed structure in FIG. 2 and further distributed between the layers.
- emitter 2 Nonequilibrium electrons generated in base 1 by the long-wavelength part of the spectrum are separated by emitter 2. Since the emitter is made in the form of local regions, its degree of doping, depth and configuration can be arbitrary. In particular, by etching, followed by alloying, it can be buried as much as the mechanical strength of the plate allows. The metallization of the emitter in this case is carried out mainly along the lateral surface, i.e. the contact grid forms narrow, recessed vertical tires. The distance between the emitter connecting elements 2 and their width can be arbitrary: from standard, accepted in the constructs of standard solar cells, to sizes commensurate with the characteristic diffusion length in the base region. The back side of the converter can also be performed similarly to the front. To the back, we can apply any of the constructions known in the art.
- Figure 5 shows an example of the implementation of a discrete ⁇ -PEC planar converter on a semiconductor substrate with several separate photoconverting parts, each of which or some of which are multilayer multi-junction in accordance with the previously described aspects of the invention.
- a converter comprises a set of photoconverting parts, one or more of these parts including a sequence of semiconductor layers of the same semiconductor material, forming a sequence of homojunctions with increasing depth (i.e., sequentially located from the surface of the photoconverting part to its depth )
- These photoconverting parts can be performed in the same way as described previously, layers of the same type (i.e. having the same type of conductivity) can be switched in parallel, serial or combined manner.
- Photoconverting parts can have different depths, widths, lengths and arbitrary configuration of layers in the section. Alternatively, the photoconverting parts can be localized to geometrically small sizes, and their number on the surface of the converter can be increased.
- the structure of the proposed discrete converter can be supplemented by an element 13 made in base 1 and creating a deflecting built-in field that prevents the recombination of charges.
- the spectral response in the long-wavelength range of the spectrum with photon energies exceeding the band gap is limited by the diffusion length of minority charge carriers Ln in the base.
- the thickness of the base Hb is chosen less than Ln.
- part of the Hb-H L base is used inefficiently. It is possible to increase the efficiency of collecting media from the depth of the base without increasing the life time in the base by increasing the depth of the emitter coupler 2 both by increasing the diffusion time and by creating locally etched emitters.
- areas of the emitter elements 2 are pre-etched, after which the process of alloying and metallization of the emitter is carried out. The etching depth is limited only by the mechanical strength of the substrate.
- the structure of the front side of the discrete converter can be modified in various ways. For example, if in one of the photoconverting parts the conductivity of the first layer (closest to the surface) of the claimed sequence forming homojunctions is the same as the base conductivity (i.e., for example, p-type conductivity), and in the other photoconverting part, the conductivity of the first according to the layer account is given a heterogeneous base (i.e., in the n-type case), then parallel switching of layers 1-1, 1-2, ...
- the collector electrodes 8-1, adjacent to the first set of photoconverting parts, connected to each other in parallel will have a positive polarity. Electrodes 8-2 connected in parallel to each other will have a negative polarity.
- the electrodes 9-1 and 9-2 located on the back side of a multipolar double-sided discrete converter can be connected similarly to the front ones. The mutual arrangement of the groups of elements is selected taking into account the effective diffusion lengths of the NSC in the base.
- a standard semiconductor technology with standard semiconductor substrate materials can be used to manufacture the converters of the invention.
- the invention provides the creation of highly efficient broadband electromagnetic radiation converters having high conversion efficiency in a wide range of wavelengths and intensities: from infrared radiation to UV. Converters can be successfully used in power engineering and other industries, in particular, as a source of electromotive force.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN2010800185008A CN102422433A (zh) | 2009-03-04 | 2010-02-26 | 电磁辐射转换器的光转换部分(不同的实施例)以及电磁辐射转换器 |
AU2010221821A AU2010221821A1 (en) | 2009-03-04 | 2010-02-26 | A photo-converting part of an electromagnetic radiation converter (variant embodiments), and an electromagnetic radiation converter |
EP10751068.7A EP2405487B1 (en) | 2009-03-04 | 2010-02-26 | A photo-converting part of an electromagnetic radiation converter (variant embodiments), and an electromagnetic radiation converter |
KR1020117023332A KR101685475B1 (ko) | 2009-03-04 | 2010-02-26 | 전자기 방사 변환기의 광-변환부(상이한 실시예들), 및 전자기 방사 변환기 |
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RU2009107568/28A RU2009107568A (ru) | 2009-03-04 | 2009-03-04 | Фотопреобразующая часть преобразователя электромагнитного излучения (варианты), преобразователь электромагнитного излучения |
RU2009107568 | 2009-03-04 |
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WO2010104414A1 true WO2010104414A1 (ru) | 2010-09-16 |
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PCT/RU2010/000089 WO2010104414A1 (ru) | 2009-03-04 | 2010-02-26 | Фотопреобразующая часть преобразователя электромагнитного излучения (варианты), преобразователь электромагнитного излучения |
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EP (1) | EP2405487B1 (ru) |
KR (1) | KR101685475B1 (ru) |
CN (1) | CN102422433A (ru) |
AU (1) | AU2010221821A1 (ru) |
RU (1) | RU2009107568A (ru) |
WO (1) | WO2010104414A1 (ru) |
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FR2994982B1 (fr) * | 2012-09-04 | 2016-01-08 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de fabrication d'une plaquette en silicium monolithique a multi-jonctions verticales. |
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US20030080280A1 (en) * | 2001-10-31 | 2003-05-01 | Takahiro Takimoto | Light receiving element, light detector with built-in circuitry and optical pickup |
WO2007145546A1 (en) | 2006-06-08 | 2007-12-21 | Bronya Tsoi | Photoconverter |
RU2006140882A (ru) | 2006-11-21 | 2008-05-27 | Брон Цой (RU) | Преобразователь электромагнитного излучения |
RU2007129517A (ru) * | 2007-08-01 | 2009-02-10 | Брон Цой (RU) | Преобразователь электромагнитного излучения (варианты) |
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US3936319A (en) * | 1973-10-30 | 1976-02-03 | General Electric Company | Solar cell |
US3994012A (en) * | 1975-05-07 | 1976-11-23 | The Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Photovoltaic semi-conductor devices |
US4688068A (en) * | 1983-07-08 | 1987-08-18 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy | Quantum well multijunction photovoltaic cell |
US4631352A (en) * | 1985-12-17 | 1986-12-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | High band gap II-VI and III-V tunneling junctions for silicon multijunction solar cells |
AUPM996094A0 (en) * | 1994-12-08 | 1995-01-05 | Pacific Solar Pty Limited | Multilayer solar cells with bypass diode protection |
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2009
- 2009-03-04 RU RU2009107568/28A patent/RU2009107568A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2010
- 2010-02-26 WO PCT/RU2010/000089 patent/WO2010104414A1/ru active Application Filing
- 2010-02-26 CN CN2010800185008A patent/CN102422433A/zh active Pending
- 2010-02-26 KR KR1020117023332A patent/KR101685475B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2010-02-26 EP EP10751068.7A patent/EP2405487B1/en active Active
- 2010-02-26 AU AU2010221821A patent/AU2010221821A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US20030080280A1 (en) * | 2001-10-31 | 2003-05-01 | Takahiro Takimoto | Light receiving element, light detector with built-in circuitry and optical pickup |
WO2007145546A1 (en) | 2006-06-08 | 2007-12-21 | Bronya Tsoi | Photoconverter |
RU2006120073A (ru) * | 2006-06-08 | 2007-12-27 | Брон Цой (RU) | Преобразователь |
RU2006140882A (ru) | 2006-11-21 | 2008-05-27 | Брон Цой (RU) | Преобразователь электромагнитного излучения |
RU2007129517A (ru) * | 2007-08-01 | 2009-02-10 | Брон Цой (RU) | Преобразователь электромагнитного излучения (варианты) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2405487A1 (en) | 2012-01-11 |
KR101685475B1 (ko) | 2016-12-13 |
AU2010221821A1 (en) | 2011-10-27 |
RU2009107568A (ru) | 2010-09-10 |
EP2405487A4 (en) | 2017-08-02 |
KR20110139715A (ko) | 2011-12-29 |
EP2405487B1 (en) | 2020-12-02 |
CN102422433A (zh) | 2012-04-18 |
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