WO2010102539A1 - 一种生活垃圾能源化处理方法 - Google Patents

一种生活垃圾能源化处理方法 Download PDF

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WO2010102539A1
WO2010102539A1 PCT/CN2010/070805 CN2010070805W WO2010102539A1 WO 2010102539 A1 WO2010102539 A1 WO 2010102539A1 CN 2010070805 W CN2010070805 W CN 2010070805W WO 2010102539 A1 WO2010102539 A1 WO 2010102539A1
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garbage
waste
sent
incineration
refined
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PCT/CN2010/070805
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French (fr)
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陈献清
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Chen Xianqing
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/46—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on sewage, house, or town refuse
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of domestic garbage treatment, and particularly relates to a method for energy treatment of domestic garbage.
  • waste treatment methods is not only related to the composition of waste, but also depends on factors such as the technical and economic level between different cities. From the point of view of waste components, wastes with high organic content should be incinerated; wastes with high inorganic content should be landfilled; biodegradable organics should be composted; but different countries have different national conditions and different treatment methods.
  • the United States has a large land area, it mainly uses landfill method to treat garbage, because the landfill method is cheaper than the incineration method; while Japan, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and other countries with less land resources and strong technical and economic strength, most of them use incineration. Handle garbage.
  • the treatment methods for urban waste in the world mainly include:
  • Landfill treatment is the most basic treatment method for municipal solid waste. It buryes the garbage underground and decomposes it into harmless compounds through long-term decomposition of microorganisms. It is divided into four methods: simple landfill, sanitary landfill, compressed landfill, and broken landfill. Sanitary landfill is the most common method used in various countries. The landfill process is shown in Figure 1.
  • landfills occupy a large amount of land, which creates a sharp contradiction between increasingly tense land resources.
  • landfill waste is produced by aerobic decomposition and anaerobic decomposition of microorganisms, and its components are mainly CH4, CO2, NH3, H2S, etc., among which CH4 and CO2 The majority.
  • the third deficiency of the landfill method is the secondary pollution caused by the permeate.
  • the waste will produce a certain amount of permeate through microbial decomposition and surface water. It is a high concentration of organic wastewater that penetrates the surrounding formation and contaminates drinking water.
  • Landfills require a large amount of land, and most landfills do not have more than 7 layers of strict anti-leakage measures. Since early landfills did not control their pollution to groundwater and the surrounding air, serious consequences were caused.
  • the United States spends billions of dollars each year to clean up past landfills to eliminate pollution.
  • the output of garbage is greatly increased, the composition is more complicated, and the possibility of pollution to the environment is greatly increased.
  • the composting process is an ancient biological treatment technology for organic solid waste.
  • the composting process is shown in Figure 2.
  • Composting has been a source of agricultural fertilizers long before fertilizers were widely used in agriculture.
  • the method is to make the organic matter in the waste manure, under the action of microorganisms, carry out biochemical reaction, and finally form a substance similar to humus soil, used as fertilizer or improved soil.
  • According to the principle of composting it can be divided into two types: anaerobic method and aerobic method. Anaerobic decomposition needs to be carried out under strict anoxic conditions, and anaerobic microorganisms decompose and grow slowly, so there are not many applications.
  • Incineration treatment of municipal waste can make the garbage lose weight, reduce volume, and can decompose and remove certain harmful components, which is an ideal treatment method.
  • the equipment investment is large, the operating cost is high, and secondary pollution occurs during incineration.
  • the law is concentrated in developed countries. Such as: Japan's incineration treatment accounted for about 75% Germany and France account for 30 to 50%. Switzerland is also dominated by incineration.
  • the incineration process is shown in Figure 3:
  • Incineration has been used to treat waste for hundreds of years, but controlled incineration (flue gas treatment, waste heat utilization, and comprehensive utilization of ash) is only a recent occurrence.
  • Compared with the landfill method it has the advantages of small land occupation, easy site selection, short processing time, significant reduction, more harmless and recyclable waste heat. Widely used abroad. In most cities in China, waste is still treated by landfill. However, considering the limited land resources and the reality of urban population expansion, the proportion of municipal waste treated by incineration will increase year by year. However, about 30% of the inorganic slag remaining in the incineration will have a large negative impact on the environment if it is not effectively treated.
  • the waste incineration method has many advantages, it is limited by the composition of waste.
  • Waste is treated by incineration. Although the garbage is sorted and reused, the amount of treatment is reduced, but incineration produces dioxin. This is a very dangerous carcinogen, and it is the most toxic among the environmental hormones that are currently recognized. Many large cities in China are building or preparing to build waste incineration plants. The environmental hazards caused by the disposal of garbage will be very large, and the remaining ash after incineration needs to be landfilled. At present, the dioxin emission standard of the world's most advanced incineration facilities is about 0.1nmg/m3, while the dioxin emission standard of pyrolysis gasification technology has dropped to 0.01nmg/m3. Domestically produced incineration equipment is very cheap, but its dioxin emission standards only reach 0.5nmg/m3.
  • Japan which has the largest waste incineration plant in the world (19,116 waste incineration plants in the country, accounting for more than 70% of the world total), issued a new standard for stricter control of dioxins in 1997, forcibly transforming wastes with excessive dioxin emissions. Incineration plant.
  • Pyrolysis is a high-temperature heating decomposition technique of organic matter under anaerobic or anoxic conditions. The heat can be used to break the polymer, and the large molecular weight organic matter is converted into small-molecule combustible gas (hydrogen, CH4, CO, etc.) and liquid fuel ( The process of methanol, acetone, tar, etc. and coke.
  • hydrobustible gas hydrogen, CH4, CO, etc.
  • liquid fuel The process of methanol, acetone, tar, etc. and coke.
  • the gas and fuel produced by pyrolysis are easy to store and transport. Overcoming the incineration method can only recover energy and is prone to secondary pollution problems. However, this method is only suitable for organic waste disposal.
  • the present invention aims to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art described above and to provide a domestic garbage energy-removing treatment method for harmlessly treating domestic garbage without adding any fuel to make it a reusable energy source. .
  • the conveyor belt for domestic garbage is sent to a dispersing device, and the collected bagged domestic garbage is scattered.
  • the dismantled domestic garbage is sent to a centrifugal sorting machine, and non-combustible sediment, broken bricks, broken ceramic sheets, glass, batteries, etc. are selected for separate treatment.
  • the sorted flammable part of the garbage is sent to a two-roll mill for rolling, and the process mainly crushes hard bones, husks, cores and the like.
  • the crushed garbage raw materials are sent to a multi-roll press for pressing, and most of the water in the garbage is extracted through the process, so that the water content is less than 10%, and the extracted sewage is additionally used. deal with.
  • the pressed and dehydrated waste materials are transported to a special shearing and pulverizing machine for garbage, and the plastic film, rag, paper and other waste materials are sheared and refined to meet the requirements of the next process. .
  • the waste material refined by the previous process is sent to the mixer, and according to the plastic strength of the waste material, an appropriate amount of organic plasticizer is added to fully stir, and if no plasticizer is added, it can be bypassed.
  • the device is sent to the next process.
  • the refined or stirred waste raw materials are sent to a high-power extruder for extrusion molding, and the waste raw materials are extruded, and high temperature (>300 ° C) and high pressure ( ⁇ 15 Mpa) are obtained. Stinky, sterile new solid fuel.
  • the invention has simple process, is easy to implement, has strong operability, is convenient for popularization and application, fundamentally overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art, and does not need to add any fuel, so that the domestic garbage can be turned into waste. Completely solved the difficult problem of difficult disposal of domestic garbage.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a process flow of a prior art landfill method of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a process flow of a prior art composting method of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a process flow of a prior art incineration method of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic view of the process flow of the present invention.
  • the conveyor belt for domestic garbage is sent to a dispersing device, and the collected bagged domestic garbage is scattered.
  • the dismantled domestic garbage is sent to a centrifugal sorting machine, and non-combustible sediment, broken bricks, broken ceramic sheets, glass, batteries, etc. are selected for separate treatment.
  • the sorted flammable part of the garbage is sent to a two-roll mill for rolling, and the process mainly crushes hard bones, husks, cores and the like.
  • the crushed garbage raw material is sent to a multi-roll press for pressing, and most of the water in the garbage is extracted through this process to make the water content below 10%.
  • the sewage is squeezed out and treated separately.
  • the pressed and dehydrated waste materials are transported to a special shearing and pulverizing machine for garbage, and the plastic film, rag, paper and other waste materials are sheared and refined to meet the requirements of the next process. .
  • the waste material refined by the previous process is sent to the mixer, and according to the plastic strength of the waste material, an appropriate amount of organic plasticizer is added to fully stir, and if no plasticizer is added, it can be bypassed.
  • the device is sent to the next process.
  • the refined or stirred waste raw materials are sent to a high-power extruder for extrusion molding, and the waste raw materials are extruded, and high temperature (>300 ° C) and high pressure ( ⁇ 15 Mpa) are obtained. Stinky, sterile new solid fuel.

Abstract

本发明公开了一种生活垃圾能源化处理方法，其特征在于：本发明的工艺流程为：垃圾运输进厂→打散→分选→碾碎→压榨→细化→搅拌→挤压成型→包装→进仓。本发明工艺简单，易于实施，可操作性强，便于推广运用，且无须添加任何燃料，真正可使生活垃圾变废为宝，彻底解决了生活垃圾处理难的棘手问题。

Description

一种生活垃圾能源化处理方法 技术领域
本发明属于生活垃圾处理领域，尤其涉及到一种生活垃圾能源化处理方法。
 背景技术
随着我国城市化进程的发展和人口水平的提高，城市垃圾产生量越来越多，近年来增长率达到5% ～8% 。2001年，城市生活垃圾达到1.35亿吨。城市历年来垃圾堆存量高达66亿吨，侵占35亿多平方米的土地。全国660个城市中已有200多个城市陷入垃圾包围之中。如何妥善处理城市垃圾，实现垃圾的无害化、减量化和再资源化，已成为世界各国面临的重大问题。
垃圾污染矛盾的爆发是在20世纪50～60年代。60年代中期以后，逐渐形成了填埋、焚烧、堆肥等一系列的处置方法。对垃圾处理方法的应用不仅与垃圾成分有关，而且还取决于不同城市间技术经济水平等因素。从垃圾成分来看，有机物含量高的垃圾，宜采用焚烧法;无机物含量高的垃圾，宜采用填埋法;可降解的有机物多宜采用堆肥法;但不同国家国情不同，处理方法也有差异;如美国国土面积大主要采用填埋法处理垃圾，因填埋法较焚烧法便宜;而日本、瑞士、荷兰、瑞典、丹麦等土地资源少技术经济实力较强的国家，则大多采用焚烧法处理垃圾。目前，世界各国对城市垃圾处理方法主要有：
1、垃圾填埋法
填埋处理是城市生活垃圾最基本的处理方法。它是将垃圾埋入地下，通过微生物长期的分解作用，使之分解成无害的化合物。它分为简易填埋、卫生填埋、压缩填埋、破碎填埋四种方法。卫生填埋是各国应用的最普通的方法，其填埋工艺如图1所示。
采用填埋法不足之处之一：填埋要占用大量土地，这对日趋紧张的土地资源形成鲜明的矛盾。
采用填埋法不足之处之二：填埋垃圾经微生物的好氧分解和厌氧分解产生大量填埋沼气，其成分主要有：CH4、CO2、NH3、H2S 等，其中CH4、CO2 占绝大多数。由于气体扩散，当甲烷浓度达到5% ～15% ，在有氧条件下可能发生爆炸;CO2易溶于水，不仅会导致地下水PH值降低，而且会使地下水的硬度及矿物质增加;此外，植物由于受根部积聚的CO2和甲烷的影响，因缺氧而危害其生长。因此，必须对填埋场产生的气体加以收集控制，排除烧掉，或作为能源加以回收利用。
采用填埋法的不足之处之三：是渗透液引起的二次污染问题。垃圾经微生物分解和地表水的影响会产生一定数量的渗透液。其是一种高浓度有机废水，它会穿透周围地层，对饮用水造成污染。 填埋要占用大量土地，且大多填埋场没有7层以上严密防渗漏措施 。  由于早期垃圾填埋未控制其对地下水及周围大气污染，造成严重的后果。目前，美国每年要动用百亿美元来清理过去的填埋物，以消除污染。现今，垃圾产量大增，成份更加复杂，对环境造成污染的可能性大大增加。
2、堆肥法
堆肥工艺是一种古老的有机固体废物的生物处理技术，堆肥法工艺如图2所示。早在化肥广泛使用于农业之前，堆肥一直是农业肥料的来源。该法是使垃圾粪便中的有机物，在微生物作用下，进行生物化学反应，最后形成一种类似腐殖质土壤的物质，用作肥料或改良土壤。根据堆肥原理，可分为厌氧法和好氧法两种。厌氧分解需在严格缺氧条件下进行，厌氧微生物分解生长较慢，故应用不多。
3、焚烧法
焚烧法处理城市垃圾，可以使垃圾减重、减容，并可使某些有害成份分解和去除，是较理想的处理方法。但因该法对垃圾热值要求较高，设备投资大，运行成本高，焚烧中会产生二次污染等原因。该法多集中在发达国家。如：日本焚烧法处理量约占75% 、德国和法国占30～50% 。瑞士也以焚烧法为主。焚烧法工艺如图3所示：
焚烧法处理垃圾已有上百年历史，但出现有控制的焚烧（烟气处理、余热利用、灰渣综合利用）只是近来出现的事。与填埋法相比，具有占地小、场地易选择、处理时间短、减量化显著、无害化较彻底以及可回收余热等优点。在国外得到广泛应用。在我国虽多数城市垃圾仍然采用填埋法处理。但考虑到土地资源有限，城市人口膨胀的现实，采用焚烧法处理城市垃圾其比例将会逐年增长。但焚烧余留的约30％的无机渣，若不进行有效处理，势必会对环境产生较大的负面影响。垃圾焚烧法虽具有众多优点，但受到垃圾成分的限制。当热值低于3.3MJ/Kg时，因难以自然，采用辅助燃烧进行燃烧既消耗能源又不经济，此法就不在适宜。考虑到我国城市垃圾中无机成分较多，采用焚烧法不经济，城市垃圾焚烧处理温度应在1200度以上，时间大于2秒，且要充分搅拌，目前的焚烧炉很难满足这些要求。
采用焚烧方法处理垃圾，虽对垃圾进行了分拣和再利用，减少了处理量，但焚烧却产生二恶英。这是一种极危险的致癌物，在目前已经认识的环境激素中，它的毒性最大。我国许多大城市正在建设或准备建设垃圾焚烧厂，它们在处置垃圾的过程中带来的环境危害将非常大，而且焚烧后剩余的灰渣还需要填埋。目前，世界最先进的焚烧设施的二恶英排放标准大概是0．1nmg／m3，而热解气化技术的二恶英排放标准已经降到0．01nmg／m3。国内制造的焚烧设备虽然很便宜，但其二恶英的排放标准只达到0．5nmg／m3。 由于发现焚烧垃圾产生的二恶英会导致严重的环境灾难，曾以焚烧方式处理垃圾的国家都已经开始警觉。其中全球垃圾焚烧厂最多的日本（全国有垃圾焚烧厂1916个，占世界总数的70％以上）于1997年颁布了更加严格地控制二恶英的新标准，强制改造二恶英排放超标的垃圾焚烧厂。
4、热解法
近几年来国际上较为流行垃圾热解气化处理方法。以瑞士Thermoselect S.A.技术为代表，成为第三代垃圾处理方法。热解法是有机物在无氧或缺氧条件下的高温加热分解技术，利用热能使高分子物化合断裂，由大分子量有机物转化为小分子可燃气体（氢气、CH4、CO等）、液体燃料（甲醇、丙酮、焦油等）和焦炭的过程。与焚烧法相比，无明火燃烧，重金属大都保持原状在残渣之中。热解产生的燃气、燃油便于储存运输。克服了焚烧方法仅能回收能量，易产生二次污染问题。但该法仅适于有机废弃物处理。
 技术问题
技术解决方案
本发明目的在于克服上述现有技术中的不足之处而提供一种对生活垃圾进行无害化处理，不须添加任何燃料而使其成为一种可再利用的能源的生活垃圾能源化处理方法。
本发明是通过如下方式实现的：本发明处理方法工艺流程见图4所示：其工作原理如下：
第一道工序，将生活垃圾用输送带送到打散装置，将收集来的袋装生活垃圾打散。
第二道工序，将打散的生活垃圾输送到离心分选机，将不可燃的泥沙、碎砖块、破瓷片、玻璃、电池等选出另行处理。
第三道工序，将经分选出的可燃部分垃圾输送到双辊碾压机进行碾压，这道工序主要将坚硬的骨头、果壳、果核等碾碎。
第四道工序，将经碾压的垃圾原料输送到多辊压榨机进行压榨，通过这道工序榨出垃圾中的大部分水分，使其含水率在10％以下，榨出的污水，另作处理。
第五道工序，将经压榨脱水的垃圾原料输送到垃圾专用剪切、粉碎机，对其中的塑料薄膜、破布、纸张及其他垃圾原料进行剪切、细化，使其满足下道工序要求。
第六道工序，将经上道工序细化的垃圾原料输送到搅拌机，根据垃圾原料的塑性强弱，添加适量有机增塑剂，进行充分搅拌，若无需添加增塑剂，可经旁路输送装置送到下道工序。
第七道工序，将经细化或搅拌的垃圾原料输送到大功率挤压机，进行挤压成型，垃圾原料经挤压，在高温（＞300℃）、高压（≥15Mpa）下，得到无臭、无菌的新型固体燃料。
 有益效果
综上所述，本发明工艺简单，易于实施，可操作性强，便于推广运用，从根本上克服现有技术的不足之处，且无须添加任何燃料，真正可使生活垃圾变废为宝，彻底解决了生活垃圾处理难的棘手问题。
 附图说明
图1 本发明现有技术填埋法工艺流程示意图；
图2 本发明现有技术堆肥法工艺流程示意图；
图3 本发明现有技术焚烧法工艺流程示意图；
图4 本发明工艺流程示意图；
 本发明的最佳实施方式
本发明的实施方式
现结合附图详述本发明具体实施方式：如图4所示，本发明的工作原理如下：
第一道工序，将生活垃圾用输送带送到打散装置，将收集来的袋装生活垃圾打散。
第二道工序，将打散的生活垃圾输送到离心分选机，将不可燃的泥沙、碎砖块、破瓷片、玻璃、电池等选出另行处理。
第三道工序，将经分选出的可燃部分垃圾输送到双辊碾压机进行碾压,这道工序主要将坚硬的骨头、果壳、果核等碾碎。
第四道工序，将经碾压的垃圾原料输送到多辊压榨机进行压榨，通过这道工序榨出垃圾中的大部分水分，使其含水率在10％以下。榨出的污水，另作处理。
第五道工序，将经压榨脱水的垃圾原料输送到垃圾专用剪切、粉碎机，对其中的塑料薄膜、破布、纸张及其他垃圾原料进行剪切、细化，使其满足下道工序要求。
第六道工序，将经上道工序细化的垃圾原料输送到搅拌机，根据垃圾原料的塑性强弱，添加适量有机增塑剂，进行充分搅拌，若无需添加增塑剂，可经旁路输送装置送到下道工序。
第七道工序，将经细化或搅拌的垃圾原料输送到大功率挤压机，进行挤压成型，垃圾原料经挤压，在高温（＞300℃）、高压（≥15Mpa）下，得到无臭、无菌的新型固体燃料。
 工业实用性
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Claims (1)

  1. 一种生活垃圾能源化处理方法，其特征在于：本发明工艺流程为：
    垃圾运输进厂---打散---分选---碾碎---压榨---细化---搅拌---挤压成型---包装----进仓；
    工艺说明：
    第一道工序，将生活垃圾用输送带送到打散装置，将收集来的袋装生活垃圾打散；
    第二道工序，将打散的生活垃圾输送到离心分选机，将不可燃的泥沙、碎砖块、破瓷片、玻璃、电池等选出另行处理；
    第三道工序，将经分选出的可燃部分垃圾输送到双辊碾压机进行碾压，这道工序主要将坚硬的骨头、果壳、果核等碾碎；
    第四道工序，将经碾压的垃圾原料输送到多辊压榨机进行压榨，通过这道工序榨出垃圾中的大部分水分，使其含水率在10％以下，榨出的污水，另作处理；
    第五道工序，将经压榨脱水的垃圾原料输送到垃圾专用剪切、粉碎机，对其中的塑料薄膜、破布、纸张及其他垃圾原料进行剪切、细化，使其满足下道工序要求；
    第六道工序，将经上道工序细化的垃圾原料输送到搅拌机，根据垃圾原料的塑性强弱，添加适量有机增塑剂，进行充分搅拌，若无需添加增塑剂，可经旁路输送装置送到下道工序；
    第七道工序，将经细化或搅拌的垃圾原料输送到大功率挤压机，进行挤压成型，垃圾原料经挤压，在高温（＞300℃）、高压（≥15Mpa）下，得到无臭、无菌的新型固体燃料。
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