Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/44—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a nitrogen atom attached to the same carbon skeleton by a single or double bond, this nitrogen atom not being a member of a derivative or of a thio analogue of a carboxylic group, e.g. amino-carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/50—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a nitrogen atom attached to the same carbon skeleton by a single or double bond, this nitrogen atom not being a member of a derivative or of a thio analogue of a carboxylic group, e.g. amino-carboxylic acids the nitrogen atom being doubly bound to the carbon skeleton
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
  • A23B2/70—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals
  • A23B2/725—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B2/729—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
  • A23B2/762—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
  • A23B2/70—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals
  • A23B2/725—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B2/729—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
  • A23B2/771—Organic compounds containing hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
  • A23B7/00—Preservation of fruit or vegetables; Chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
  • A23B7/14—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by group A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
  • A23B7/153—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by group A23B7/08 or A23B7/10 in the form of liquids or solids
  • A23B7/154—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/99—Enzyme inactivation by chemical treatment

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of succinate dehydrogenase Inhibitors for extending shelf life and storage stability of fruits and vegetables and to a method for extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables by applying a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor to the crops prior to the harvest of the fruits or vegetables.
• Fresh fruits and vegetables are extremely perishable commodities.
• many techniques have been employed to protect such food products from oxidative degradation, mold attack and moisture penetration and to preserve the freshness, texture and color of the fresh produce.
• Coating fresh fruits and/or vegetables is another of these techniques which has been employed with varying degrees of success. Not only must the coating be effective in prolonging the useful shelf life of the fresh product, but the appearance of the commodity must not be altered from that of its natural state. At a minimum, this natural appearance must not only remain unchanged but should ideally be enhanced especially when the fruit or vegetable will be displayed for sale.
• the selection of a coating material is further complicated where the fruit or vegetable is to be consumed in its natural state and it is considered essential that there be no need to remove the coating. In that event, the coating material must not only be edible, it must not affect or alter the natural organoleptic characteristics of the fresh fruit or vegetable.
• Blanching is said to reduce enzyme or bacteria level and to prevent or minimize undesirable changes during storage in the dry or frozen state, such as changes in color, odor or texture or loss of vitamins. Blanching may be conducted with steam (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 2,373,521 of Wigelsworth), hot water (U.S. Pat. No. 2,515,025 of Vahl et al.), hot oxygen-free gas (U.S. Pat. No. 3,801,715 of Smith et al.) or hot air (U.S. Pat. No. 3,973,047 of Linaberry et al.).
• steam e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 2,373,521 of Wigelsworth
• hot water U.S. Pat. No. 2,515,025 of Vahl et al.
• hot oxygen-free gas U.S. Pat. No. 3,801,715 of Smith et al.
• hot air U.S. Pat. No. 3,973,047 of Lin
• EP-A-2036438 discloses the postharvest use of different succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors for improving the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
• preharvest treatment is not disclosed in the reference.
• WO 2004/016088 teaches the preharvest application of fluopyram in order to control Botrytis cinerea in cucumbers.
• XP002536551 teaches the preharvest application of protective fungicides such as captan and thiram to control postharvest occurrence of Botrytis cinerea in strawberries, thereby extending the shelf life of the fruits.
• FIG. 1 Photo of a harvest date box for treatment number 3 (FLU+TFS).
• Figure 2 Photo of a harvest date box for treatment number 4 (Elevate).
• the "blank spots" and wet paper were due to the removal of berries that had melted following a Rhizopus infection (to prevent a second cycle of infection that would overwhelm the berries in the box).
• the dark grey fungus developed to cover the berries within a 24-hour period in the box.
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of fluopyram, isopyrazam, boscalid, penthiopyrad, N-[2-(l,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-5-fluoro-l,3- dimethyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carbox ⁇ i amide, sedaxan and bixafen or mixtures thereof.
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor is fluopyram.
• Fluopyram having the chemical name N- ⁇ [3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]ethyl ⁇ - 2,6-dichlorobenzamide is a fungicide belonging to the chemical class of pyridylethylbenzamides. Fluopyram and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in EP-A- 1 389 614.
• Bixafen having the chemical name N-(3',4'-dichloro-5-fluoro-l,r-biphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoro- methyl)-l -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (Compound 1-2) and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in WO 03/070705.
• Sedaxane is the mixture of 2 cis-isomers 2'-[(lRS,2RS)-l,l '-bicycloprop-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)- l-methylpyrazole-4-carboxanilide and 2 trans-isomers 2'-[(lRS,2SR)-l,l '-bicycloprop-2-yl]-3-
• Isopyrazam is the mixture of 2 syn-isomers 3-(difluoromethyl)-l-methyl-N-[(lRS,4SR,9RS)- l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-isopropyl-l,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and 2 anti- isomers 3-(difluoromethyl)- 1 -methyl-N- [( 1 RS,4SR,9SR)- 1 ,2,3 ,4-tetrahydro-9-isopropyl- 1 ,4- methanonaphthalen-5-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide.
• Isopyrazam and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in WO 2004/035589.
• Penthiopyrad having the chemical name (RS)-N-[2-(l,3-dimethylbutyl)-3-thienyl]-l-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in EP-A-O 737 682.
• Boscalid having the chemical name 2-chloro-N-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in DE-A 195 31 813.
• Fluxapyraxad having the chemical name 3-(Difluoromethyl)-l-methyl-N-(3',4',5'-trifluorobiphenyl- 2-yl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in WO 2006/087343.
• shelf life denotes the period of time during which the perishable fruit or vegetable can be stored refrigerated or un-refrigerated, and remain edible and free from noticeable or harmful degradation or contamination by microorganisms or fungi.
• Extension of shelf life denotes an elongation of shelf life of at least several days, preferably of at least one week, most preferably of at least one month.
• the use/method according to the present invention can be applied to any kind of fruits and vegetables.
• fruits are banana, blackcurrant, redcurrant, gooseberry, tomato, eggplant, guava, lucuma, chili pepper, pomegranate, kiwifruit, grape, table grapes, pumpkin, gourd, cucumber, melon, orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, banana, cranberry, blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, boysenberry, hedge apple, pineapple, fig, mulberry, apple, apricot, peach, cherry, sunflower seed, strawberry and plum.
• Examples for vegetables are green beans, flower buds, such as: broccoli, cauliflower, globe artichokes; seeds, such as sweetcorn also known as maize; leaves, such as kale, lettuce, collard greens, spinach, beet greens, turnip greens, endive; leaf sheaths, such as leeks; buds, such as Brussels sprouts; stems of leaves, such as celery, rhubarb; stem of a plant when it is still a young shoot, such as asparagus, ginger; underground stem of a plant, also known as a tuber, such as potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, sweet potato, yam; whole immature plants, such as bean sprouts; Roots, such as carrots, parsnips, beets, radishes, turnips; bulbs, such as onions, garlic, shallots.
• strawberries or table grapes are treated with succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, most preferably with fluopyram in order to improve the shelf live of the harvested fruits.
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors can be employed for extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables within a certain period of time after the treatment of the crops bearing the fruits or vegetables or after treating the fruits or vegetables itself.
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor is applied to the crop or to its fruits or vegetables prior to the harvest, more preferably prior to the maturation of fruits and vegetables, most preferably during the plant and fruit growth prior to contamination event.
• the period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 hour to 6 months, preferably from 1 week to 1 month after the treatment of the crops or its fruits or vegetables with the active compounds.
• the application rates can be varied within a broad range, depending on the type of application.
• the application rates of active compound are generally ranging from 1 to 500 g/ha, more preferably from 25 to 250 g/ha, most preferably from 30 to 150 g/ha based upon the pure a.s. (active substance).
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor preferably fluopyram
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor can be applied to all parts of the plants such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, leaves, needles, stalks, stems, flowers, vegetative buds and flower buds fruiting bodies and fruits.
• Plants are understood as meaning, in the present context, all plants and plant populations, such as desired and undesired wild plants or crop plants (including naturally occurring crop plants).
• Crop plants or crops may be plants which can be obtained by conventional breeding and optimization methods or else by biotechnological and genetic engineering methods or by combinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants and including the plant varieties capable or not capable of being protected by plant breeders' rights.
• the treatment of the plants with the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors is carried out directly by the customary treatment methods, for example by immersion, spraying, vaporizing, fogging, injecting, dripping, drenching, broadcasting or painting.
• fluopyram is applied by injecting, dripping, drenching or spraying.
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors preferably fluopyram
• formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds with extenders, that is liquid solvents, pressurized liquefied gases and/or solid carriers, optionally with the use of surface-active agents, that is emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam formers. If the extender used is water, it is also possible to employ for example organic solvents as cosolvents.
• Suitable liquid solvents are essentially: aromatics, such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example mineral oil fractions, alcohols, such as butanol or glycol as well as their ethers and esters, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
• aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes
• chlorinated aromatics or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride
• Liquefied gaseous extenders or carriers are those liquids which are gaseous at ambient temperature and at atmospheric pressure, for example aerosol propellants such as halogenated hydrocarbons and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
• aerosol propellants such as halogenated hydrocarbons and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
• solid carriers there are suitable: for example ground natural minerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and silicates.
• solid carriers for granules there are suitable: for example crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, pumice, marble, sepiolite and dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks.
• emulsifiers and/or foam formers there are suitable: for example non-ionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates and protein hydrolysates.
• dispersants for example, lignosulphite waste liquors and methylcellulose are suitable.
• Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, as well as natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids, can be used in the formulations.
• Other possible additives are mineral and vegetable oils.
• colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyestuffs, such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• organic dyestuffs such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs
• trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• the formulations in general contain between 0.1 and 95 per cent by weight of active compounds, preferably between 0.5 and 90 per cent by weight, based upon the total formulation.
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors preferably fluopyram, as such or their formulations
• synergistic effects are obtained, i.e. the activity of the mixture exceeds the activity of the individual components.
• a further embodiment of the invention relates to the use of a composition comprising a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, preferably fluopyram, and a second fungicide extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
• a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor preferably fluopyram
• a second fungicide extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
• Suitable fungicides which can be used in combination with the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, preferably with fluopyram are selected from the group consisting of (1) Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis, for example benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, bupirimate, clozylacon, dimethirimol, ethirimol, furalaxyl, hymexazol, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, ofurace, oxadixyl and oxolinic acid.
• Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis for example benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, bupirimate, clozylacon, dimethirimol, ethirimol, furalaxyl, hymexazol, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, ofurace, oxadixyl and oxolinic acid.
• Inhibitors of the mitosis and cell division for example benomyl, carbendazim, chlorfenazole, diethofencarb, ethaboxam, fuberidazole, pencycuron, thiabendazole, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl and zoxamide.
• Inhibitors of the respiration for example diflumetorim as CI-respiration inhibitor; bixafen, boscalid, carboxin, fenfuram, flutolanil, fluopyram, furametpyr, furmecyclox, isopyrazam (9R-component), isopyrazam (9S-component), mepronil, oxycarboxin, penthiopyrad, thifluzamide as CII-respiration inhibitor; amisulbrom, azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, famoxadone, fenamidone, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyribencarb, trifloxystrobin as CHI-respiration inhibitor.
• CI-respiration inhibitor for example diflumetorim as CI-re
• Inhibitors of the ATP production for example fentin acetate, fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide, and silthiofam.
• Inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis for example andoprim, blasticidin- S, cyprodinil, kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, mepanipyrim and pyrimethanil.
• Inhibitors of the signal transduction for example fenpiclonil, fludioxonil and quinoxyfen.
• Inhibitors of the lipid and membrane synthesis for example biphenyl, chlozolinate, edifenphos, etridiazole, iodocarb, iprobenfos, iprodione, isoprothiolane, procymidone, propamocarb, propamocarb hydrochloride, pyrazophos, tolclofos-methyl and vinclozolin.
• Inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis for example aldimorph, azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, diclobutrazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole- M, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, epoxiconazole, etaconazole, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenhexamid, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fluquinconazole, flurprimidol, flusilazole, flutriafol, furconazole, furconazole-cis, hexaconazole, imazalil, imazalil sulfate, imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, naftifine, nuarimol, oxpoconazole, paclobutra
• Inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis for example benthiavalicarb, dimethomorph, flumorph, iprovalicarb, mandipropamid, polyoxins, polyoxorim, prothiocarb, validamycin A, and valiphenal.
• Inhibitors of the melanine biosynthesis for example carpropamid, diclocymet, fenoxanil, phthalide, pyroquilon and tricyclazole.
• the second fungicide is trifloxystrobin.
• a composition comprising fluopyram and trifloxystrobin is used for extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables, preferably of strawberries.
• a further embodiment of the present invention is a method extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables characterized in that, fluopyram was applied to the crop prior to the harvest of the fruits and vegetables.
• the present invention is exemplified by the following examples.
• Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) plots were established 6.1 meters long by 0.5 meters wide, with 2 rows per plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications each. Treatments were prepared in a standard water volume of 935 1/ha and applied to plots with a backpack sprayer.
• All ripe berries were collected from the plots 15 times (to establish baseline disease rating) and thereafter three times per week (usually 0 to 4 days after each application) and incubated on paper towels in separate plastic storage boxes at 17 0 C.
• Table 1 Cumulative incidence of berries with visual presence of Rhizopus stolonifer infection through 15 harvest dates.
• Table 2 Cumulative incidence of berries with visual presence of Botrytis cinerea infection through 15 harvest dates.
• Table 3 Cumulative total disease incidence of berries with visual presence of Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium spp. infection through 15 harvest dates.
• Green beans plots of the variety "Contender” (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were established 4.0 meters long by 1.5 meters wide, with 2 rows per plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications each under plastic tunnel. Treatments were prepared in a standard water volume of 300 1/ha and applied to plots with a backpack sprayer. Three fungicide applications were made according to the predefined program: first application (A) at beginning of flowering, second application (B) at end of flowering, third application (C) 7 days before harvest.
• results from the post-harvest assessment presented in table 4 as the percentage of damaged pods demonstrate an excellent control of the post-harvest disease with a reduction of 90 % of the disease frequency.
• fluopyram applications during the growing phase of green beans provided a significant extension of the shelf-life of stored beans in comparison to pods from untreated check.
• Table 4 control of post-harvest disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on green beans. Assessment after 8 days storage.
• Fungicide treatments were prepared in a standard water volume of 883 l/ha and applied to plots with a backpack sprayer. Three to 5 fungicide applications were made with conventional hand sprayers until the day before harvest.
• Treatments were: 1- Untreated check 2- FLU 500 SC @ 0.5 L/ha (fluopyram @ 250 g/ha) - 5 applications
• Table 5 control of post-harvest disease caused by Sclerotinia minor on lettuce heads. Assessment after 14 days of storage.

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