Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
  • A61K31/7034—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
  • A61K31/704—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin attached to a condensed carbocyclic ring system, e.g. sennosides, thiocolchicosides, escin, daunorubicin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/12—Ketones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
  • A61K31/047—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates having two or more hydroxy groups, e.g. sorbitol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/12—Ketones
  • A61K31/122—Ketones having the oxygen directly attached to a ring, e.g. quinones, vitamin K1, anthralin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
  • A61K31/216—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acids having aromatic rings, e.g. benactizyne, clofibrate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/365—Lactones
  • A61K31/366—Lactones having six-membered rings, e.g. delta-lactones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
  • A61K31/7034—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/11—Pteridophyta or Filicophyta (ferns)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics

Definitions

• Pterosin compounds are sesquiterpenoids existed in Bracken. Some members of this family are found to possess antineoplastic activity as previously described in, for example, Japan Pat. No. 63146839A2, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1978,
• Diabetes a disorder of sugar metabolism, is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels.
• diabetes There are two different types of diabetes, namely the non-insulin-dependent or maturity onset form, also known as type 2; and the insulin-dependent or juvenile onset form, also known as type 1.
• Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in adults and is highly associated with obesity. Type 2 diabetic patients must control their diet and are encouraged to lose weight and to exercise. They take medicine that increase insulin sensitivity or stimulate the pancreas to release insulin. Current drugs for type 2 diabetes include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolinediones, and ⁇ -glycosidase inhibitors, which however have a number of limitations, such as adverse effects and high rates of secondary failure. In contrast, type 1 diabetic patients are not over- weight relative to their age and height, and exhibit a rapid onset of the disease at an early age. Type 1 diabetic patients must administer insulin by injection for their entire life time.
• this invention provides a method for treating diabetes (type I or type II) comprising administering to a subject in need of the treatment an effective amount of a pterosin compound of formula I:
• each of Ri R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is H, OR a , amino, halogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylamino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, -(G) x , -0-(G) x or Rb-O-(G) x , each of Ra and Rb independently being H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, G being a monosaccharide residue, and x being an integer of 1-4; each R 5 , R 6 , R7, and Rg, independently, is H, OR c , amino, nitro, cyano, halogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylamino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
• this invention provides a method for treating obesity 5 comprising administering to a subject in need of the treatment an effective amount of a pterosin compound of formula I as described.
• Fig. 1 shows the results of the glucose tolerance assay in streptozotocin o (STZ)-induced diabetic mice treated with Compound 1 orally (100 mg/kg/day) for
• FIG. 2 shows the results of the insulin sensitivity assay in the C2C12 mycrotubes (Example 4) treated with different concentrations of Compound 1. 5 */? ⁇ 0.05 represent statistical significance compared to the control.
• Fig. 3 shows the results of the glucose consumption/uptake assay in the C2C12 mycrotubes treated with different concentrations of Compound 1 (Example 5). */? ⁇ 0.05 represent statistical significance compared to the control.
• Fig. 4 shows the results of the glucose transporter-4 (Glut4) expression o assay in STZ-induced diabetic mice treated with Compound 1 orally (100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days (Example 6). */? ⁇ 0.05 represent statistical significance compared to the control, and #p ⁇ 0.05 represent statistical significance compared to STZ-induced diabetic mice.
• Glut4 glucose transporter-4
• Fig. 5 shows the results of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 5 (PEPCK) assay in STZ-induced diabetic mice treated with with Compound 1 orally
• Fig. 6 shows the results of the glucose tolerance assay in db/db mice treated with Compound 1 orally (100 mg/kg/day) for 28 days (Example 8).
• Fig. 7 shows the results of the glucose tolerance assay in db/db mice treated with Compound 1 (30 mg/kg/day) by injection for 21 days (Example 8).
• Fig. 8 shows the results of the glucose tolerance assay in db/db mice treated with Compound 1 (30 mg/kg/day) by injection for 28 days (Example 8).
• Fig. 9 shows the results of the HbAlC (Haemoglobin AlC) test in5 STZ-induced diabetic mice treated with with Compound 1 orally (100 mg/kg/day) for 28 days (Example 9). *p ⁇ 0.05 represent statistical significance compared to the control, and #p ⁇ 0.05 represent statistical significance compared to
• Fig. 10 shows the results of the HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model o Assessment-Insulin Resistance) test in STZ-induced diabetic mice treated with
• FIG. 11 shows the results of (A) the AMP-activated protein kinase 5 (AMPK) phosphorylation assay and those of (B) the acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation assay in the C2C12 mycrotubes (Example 11) treated with different concentrations of Compound 1.
• AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase 5
• ACC acetyl CoA carboxylase
• Fig. 12A shows the results of (A) the blood lipid/cholesterol assay in high fat-diet fed (HFD) mice, and (B) the ratios of high-density lipoprotein o (HDL)-cholesterol/total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol /total cholesterol.
• HFD high fat-diet fed
• B the ratios of high-density lipoprotein o
• HDL high-density lipoprotein o
• LDL low-density lipoprotein
• the present invention is directed to a method for treating diabetes comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a pterosin compound of formula I :
• each of Ri R 2 , R3, and R 4 is H, ORa, amino, halogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylamino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, -(G) x , -0-(G) x or R b -O-(G) x , each of R a and R b independently being H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, G being a monosaccharide residue, and x being an integer of 1-4; each R5, R 6 , R7, and Rs, independently, is H, OR c , amino, nitro, cyano, halogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylamino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclo
• alkyl examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, n-butyl, /-butyl, and /-butyl.
• alkylene refers to a straight or branched bivalent hydrocarbon, containing 1-20 carbon atoms (e.g., Ci-Cg). Examples of alkylene include, but are not limited to, methylene and ethylene.
• alkenyl refers to a straight or branched monovalent or bivalent hydrocarbon containing 2-20 carbon atoms (e.g., C2-C10) and one or more double bonds.
• alkenyl examples include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, propenylene, allyl, and 1,4-butadienyl.
• alkynyl refers to a straight or branched monovalent or bivalent hydrocarbon containing 2-20 carbon atoms (e.g., C2-C10) and one or more triple bonds.
• alkynyl examples include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, ethynylene, 1-propynyl, 1- and 2-butynyl, and l-methyl-2-butynyl.
• alkoxycarbonyl refers to an -0-C(O)-R radical in which R can be H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• amino refers to NH 2 , alkylamino, or arylamino.
• alkylamino and “alkylthio” refer to -N(R)-alkyl and -S(R)-alkyl radicals respectively, in which R can be H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• cycloalkyl refers to a monovalent or bivalent saturated hydrocarbon ring system having 3 to 30 carbon atoms (e.g., C 3 -C 12 ).
• cycloalkyl examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1 ,4-cyclohexylene, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and adamantine.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to a monovalent or bivalent nonaromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having one or more heteroatoms (such as O, N, S, or Se).
• heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxanyl, morpholinyl, and tetrahydrofuranyl.
• aryl refers to a monovalent 6-carbon monocyclic, 10-carbon bicyclic, 14-carbon tricyclic aromatic ring system.
• aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl.
• heteroaryl refers to a monvalent aromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having one or more5 heteroatoms (such as O, N, S, or Se).
• heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, furyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, and thiazolyl.
• monosaccharide residue used herein means a sugar which linked to together through glycosidic (ether) linkages and represent a structurally diverse class of biological molecules.
• the structural diversity of o these compounds arises from the many different sugars and sugar derivatives such as glucuronic acids found in polysaccharides, not limited to a glucose residue and an arabinose, and each sugar can be covalently linked to other sugars through several different positions on the sugar ring.
• the glycosidic linkages can have either an ⁇ or ⁇ configuration due to the stereochemistry of the sugars, 5 and both types of linkages can exist in the same molecule.
• alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, alkylthio, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl mentioned herein include both substituted and unsubstituted moieties.
• substituted refers to one or more substituents (which may be the same or o different), each replacing a hydrogen atom. Examples of substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen (e.g.
• Cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl can also be fused with each other.
• Substituents may be protecting groups during the process of synthesis.
• a protecting group refers to a group or moiety, which is used to protect or mask a functionality during a process step in which it would otherwise react, but in which reaction is5 undesirable. The protecting group prevents reaction at that step, but may be subsequently removed to expose the original functionality.
• a protecting group examples include but are not limited to triethylsilyl (TES), tert-butyloxycarbonyl (tBoc), carbobenzyloxy (CBZ), and fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc).
• TES triethylsilyl
• tBoc tert-butyloxycarbonyl
• CBZ carbobenzyloxy
• Fmoc fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl
• Suitable anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, 5 acetate, malate, tosylate, tartrate, fumurate, glutamate, glucuronate, lactate, glutarate, and maleate.
• a salt can also be formed between a cation and a negatively charged group (e.g., carboxylate) on a pterosin compound.
• Suitable cations include sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and an ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium ion.
• the pterosin compounds o also include those salts containing quaternary nitrogen atoms.
• prodrugs include esters and other pharmaceutically acceptable compounds, which, upon administration to a subject, are capable of providing active pterosin compounds.
• a solvate refers to a complex formed between an active pterosin compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent.
• pharmaceutically acceptable solvents include water, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ethanolamine.
• X is C(O) or CH 2 , and particularly C(O).
• each of Ri R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is H,
• each of R5, R 6 , R7, and Rs is H, OR C , -(G) x , -0-(G) x , R d -O-(G) x , or alkyl optionally substituted with halogen,
• Table 1 shows exemplary pterosin compounds of formula
• Compounds 76-84 refer to the synthetic compounds 3-11 as described in Example 1 below, respectively glu: glucose; ara: arabinose
• the pterosin compounds of formula I of the invention are Compound 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 28, 63 and 71-75.
• Pterosin D (7) Ptero3r ⁇ N CI 7) 2 ⁇ ydno>typterosi ⁇ C (75) Pterosn L(15) Pterosin I (12) C2S,3S)-Pterog ⁇ C (5)
• the pterosin compounds as used in this invention can be in an isolated form, i.e., prepared by a synthetic method or enriched from a natural source, e.g.,
• pterosin compounds described herein are naturally occurring and therefore can be isolated from the natural sources.
• An isolated pterosin compound refers to a preparation that contains at least 40% of the compound by dry weight. Purity of an isolated compound can be measured by, e.g., column chromatography, mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), NMR, or any other suitable methods.
• Non-naturally occurring pterosin compounds can be either converted from those that are naturally-occurring (see, e.g., Banerji er al, Tetrahedron Letters, 1974, 15, 1369, Hayashi et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1991, 33, 2509, and McMorris et al., J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6876), or synthesized de novo by methods well known in the art.
• a pterosin compound thus synthesized can be isolated from the reaction mixture with a suitable solvent, and optionally, further purified by flash column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, crystallization, or any other suitable methods.
• the pterosin compounds mentioned herein may contain a non-aromatic double bond and one or more asymmetric centers.
• the pterosin compounds of the invention can also be present in a fern product prepared from Bracken such as Dennstaedtiaceae and Pteridaceae.
• Certain examples of these plants include but not limited to Dennstaedtia scandens, Histiopteris incisa, Microlepia speluncae, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Pteridium revolutum, Hypolepis punctata, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Pteris fauriei, Pteris dimidiata, and Pteris ensiformis.
• the fern product as described herein refers to any product from at least one of the plant of the above-identified species per se, its part(s), such as leaves, flowers, roots, seeds, stems and fruits, or any modified forms thereof such as juice, powders, granules, extracts, slices, concentrates, and precipitates. Specifically, the fern product is from the fresh whole plant.
• a fern product of Bracken as described herein can be prepared by any 5 standard method or techniques commonly known in the art. One example of the preparation of the fern extraction according to the invention is described below. [0049] Preparation of the fern extraction
• the organic soluble fraction is subjected to polydextran gel (Sephadex LH-20), high-porous polystyrene gel (Diaion HP-20, MCI CHP -20P) gel column chromatography (CC) eluting with water-methanol, o ethanol or purified by silica gel CC with n-hexane, benzene, dichloromethane and methanol solvent system.
• polydextran gel Sephadex LH-20
• high-porous polystyrene gel Diaion HP-20, MCI CHP -20P
• CC gel column chromatography
• silica gel CC with n-hexane, benzene, dichloromethane and methanol solvent system.
• the structures of purified compound can be confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrum (MS) spectra analyses and physical data.
• NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
• MS mass spectrum
• type I diabetes As used herein, the term "type I diabetes”, “juvenile onset diabetes” or “insulin-dependent diabetes” refer to the disease characterized by the pancreas making too little or no insulin. Patients afflicted with type I diabetes depend on insulin for survival; namely without insulin, the patients develop sever metabolic o complications, such as acute ketoacidosis and coma.
• type II diabetes As used herein, the term “type II diabetes”, “maturity onset diabetes” or “non-insulin-dependent diabetes” refers to the disease characterized by excess glucose production in spite of the availability of insulin, and circulating glucose levels remain excessively high as a result of inadequate glucose clearance.
• a "subject” is particularly a mammal, such as a human, but can also be a companion animal (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like) or laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like) in need of the treatment as described.
• the subject is obese.
• the term "treating" includes prophylaxis of the specific disorder or condition, or alleviation of the symptoms associated with a specific disorder or condition and/or preventing or eliminating said symptoms.
• the term "treating diabetes” will refer in general to reducing glucose levels, improving insulin sensitivity, or increasing glucose consumption.
• “An effective amount” as used herein refers to the amount of each active agent required to confer therapeutic effect on the subject, either alone or in combination with one or more other active agents. Effective amounts vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on route of administration, excipient usage, and co-usage with other active agents.
• the peterosin compounds are orally administered in an amount from 10 to 250 mg/kg, specifically 25 to 200 mg/kg, more specifically 50 to 150 mg/kg, and most specifically about 100 mg/kg.
• the peterosin compounds are administered via subcutaneous injection, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection or intravenous injection in an 5 amount from 5 to 150 mg/kg, specifically 10 to 100 mg/kg, more specifically 20 to
• one or more of the peterosin compounds described herein can be can be mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to form a pharmaceutical composition.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means o that the carrier must be compatible with the active ingredient of the composition
• Solubilizing agents such as cyclodextrins (which form specific, more soluble complexes with one or more of active compounds of the extract), can be utilized as pharmaceutical excipients for delivery of the active compounds.
• examples of other carriers include colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 magnesium stearate, cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, and D&C Yellow # 10.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, or via an implanted reservoir.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, o intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
• a sterile injectable composition e.g., aqueous or oleaginous suspension
• a sterile injectable composition can be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween 80) and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile 5 injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• suitable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• An oral composition can be any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions and solutions.
• Commonly used carriers for tablets include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added to tablets.
• useful diluents o include lactose and dried corn starch.
• the active ingredient can be suspended or dissolved in an oily phase combined with emulsifying or suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring, or coloring agents can be added.
• An inhalation composition can be prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and can be prepared as 5 solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
• the present invention is also based on the unexpected finding that the pterosin compounds of formula I as described exhibit anti-obesity activities. o [0063] Therefore, the present invention further provides a method for treating obesity, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a pterosin compound of formula I according to the invention. [0064] Specifically, the method of the invention may reduce the serum lipid (e.g. triglycerides) or cholesterol levels in a subject. 5 [0065] Suitable in vitro assays can be used to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of a pterosin compound in treating diabetes and obesity. The compound can further be examined for its efficacy in treating diabetes and obesity in vivo. For example, the compound can be administered to an animal having diabetes or obesity (e.g., an animal model induced by a chemical, genetic mutation or high fat o food to develop diabetes or obesity) and its therapeutic effects are then accessed.
• an animal having diabetes or obesity e.g
• reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 12 h.
• the reaction mixture was quenched with 2N NaOH (6 mL) and H 2 O 2 (3 mL) at 0 ° C and allowed to stir for 4 h.
• crude reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL), washed with water (10 mL), brine (10 mL) dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (SiO 2 , 8 to 10%
• Example 2 Plant Extraction [0090] 2.1 Hvpolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett [0091] Hypolepis puncta ta (Thunb.) Mett. was collected from Wulai
• Example 3 Glucose Tolerance Assay in Type I Diabetic Mice
• STZ-induced diabetic mice were administered orally with Compound 1 (50 mg/kg). STZ-induced diabetic mice are a well-known mouse model of type I diabetes (insulin dependent). See, e.g., Liu IM, et al, Neuroscience Letters 2001; 307: 81-84. [0098] Two hours later, normal mice, STZ-induced diabetic mice, and the
• STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated with Compound 1 orally (100 mg/kg) for 14 days. These mice were then orally administered with glucose at a dose of 2 g/kg. Their blood glucose levels were examined 15, 45, 75, and 105 minutes after glucose administration. Fig.l shows the results.
• Results thus obtained indicate that the blood glucose levels in health control mice, STZ-induced diabetic mice, and Compound 1 treated STZ-induced diabetic mice were increased 15 minutes after glucose administration.
• the blood glucose levels remained high in STZ-induced diabetic mice during the examined time period, while they decreased significantly in Compound 1-treated
• Example 5 Glucose Consumption/Uptake Assay
• GLUT4 plays an important role in insulin-induced glucose uptake to maintain normal blood glucose levels.
• STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated with Compound 1 orally (100 mg/kg) for 14 days; and then normal mice, STZ-induced diabetic, and the Compound 1 -treated STZ-mice as described 5 were analyzed for the Glut4 expression in soleus muscles based on the method as described in Biochem J. 1996; 313(Pt 1): 133-140). Briefly, at the end of the experimental period, animals were sacrificed by exsanguinations under diethyl ether anesthesia. Soleus muscles from each animal were excised and weighed.
• Fig.4 shows the results.
• Compound 1 significantly rescued the redistribution of Glut4 (glucose transporter-4, the insulin-regulated glucose transporter) into the cell membrane of soleus muscles in STZ-induced diabetic mice.
• Other pterosin compounds of the invention as listed 5 in Table 1 including Compounds 5, 7, 72, 73, 74 were also demonstrated to have the same effect.
• the results suggest that the pterosin compounds of the invention may activate Glut4 and in turn reduce the blood glucose in diabetic mice.
• PEPCK Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase
• STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated with Compound 1 orally (100 mg/kg) for 14 days, and then normal mice, STZ-induced diabetic, and the Compound 1 -treated STZ-mice described above were analyzed for the PEPCK mPvNA expression in liver based on the method as described in Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 1979;87: 568-571. Briefly, at the end of the5 experimental period, animals were sacrificed by exsanguinations under diethyl ether anesthesia.
• Example 8 Glucose Tolerance Assay in Type II Diabetic Mice
• Insulin-resistant C57BL/6J-Leprdb/Lepr db (hereafter, db/db) mice are a 5 well-known mouse model of type II diabetes. See, e.g., Metabolism. 2000;
• mice Jackson Laboratory
• Compound 1 100 mg/kg/day
• Compound 1 30 mg/kg/day
• intraperitoneal i.p.
• mice Two hours later, normal mice, db/db-mice, and the Compound 1-treated o db/db-mice were subjected to a glucose tolerance assay as described in Example 1.
• haemoglobin AlC or HbAlC glycosylated haemoglobin
• HbAlC test is currently one of the common ways to check if diabetes is under control. See, e.g. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:465-471.
• the db/db mice Jackson Laboratory
• Compound 1 100 mg/kg/day
• mice normal mice, db/db-mice, and the Compound 1 -treated db/db-mice were subjected to a HbAlC test, which was conducted based on a method as described in Life Sci. 2005;77: 1391-403. Briefly, at the end of the experimental period, animals were sacrificed by exsanguinations under diethyl ether anesthesia. Plasma was separated from the blood by centrifugation. HbAIc in blood was measured by the standardized method. Fig.9 shows the results.
• mice Jackson Laboratory
• Compound 1 100 mg/kg/day
• normal mice, db/db-mice, and the Compound 1 -treated db/db-mice were subjected to a HOMA-IR test, which was conducted based on a method as described in Biol.
• mouse insulin enzyme immunoassay ELISA kit was used to measure the plasma insulin concentration. Insulin resistance was determined by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) method. Fig.10 shows the results.
• HOMA homeostasis model assessment
• Results thus obtained indicate that Compound 1 significantly reduced the HOMA-IR levels in db/db-mice.
• Other pterosin compounds of the invention listed in Table 1 including Compounds 7 and 73 were also demonstrated to have the same effect in this assay.
• AMP-activated protein kinase is an important sentinel for energy metabolism, which can be activated by low AMP/ ATP ratio, exercise, hypoxia and nutrient starvation. Phosphorylation of Thr 172 may lead to activation of AMPK, which in turn activates down-stream effectors including acetyl CoA carboxylase, HMG CoA reductase, GLUT-4, glucose-6 phosphatase and PEPCK and regulate fatty acid ⁇ -oxidation, cholesterol synthesis, glucose transport, and gluconeogenesis, respectively.
• AMPK may be considered as a molecular target for metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes.
• differentiated C2C12 mycrotubes (American Type Culture Collection: ATCC) were used to conduct an AMPK phosphorylation assay, which was performed based on the method as described in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Vol. 39, No. 2, 222-229, 2007. Briefly, the cells were cultured as in
• Example 1 and incubated with different concentrations of Compound 1 (0, 1, 3, 10 and 30 ⁇ M) at 37°C for 1 hour and then cells were lysed. The cell lysate were immunodetected with phosphor-AMPK specific antibody. The equal loading in each lane was demonstrated by the similar intensities of AMPK.
• AMPK activator AICAR (5-amino-4-carboxamide imidazole riboside 5'-phosphate, 1 mM) was used as a positive control.
• Fig.1 IA shows the results.
• Example 12 Blood Lipid/Cholesterol Assay
• High fat-diet fed mice as a type 2 diabetic model were prepared based on the method as previously described in Diabetes 53 (Suppl. 3):S215-S219, 2004). In this study, mice were fed with a high- fat diet (TestDiet, Richmond, IN, USA; fat content 60% kcal) for 8 weeks to induce type 2 diabetes.
• a high- fat diet TeestDiet, Richmond, IN, USA; fat content 60% kcal
• the HFD5 mice were treated with Compound 1 orally (100 mg/kg) for 28 days; and then normal mice, HFD mice, and the Compound 1 -treated HFD mice were analyzed for the levels of serum lipids, including total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol by ELISA kits.
• Fig .12A shows the results.
• Fig.12B shows the ratios of o HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/ total cholesterol.
• Results thus obtained indicate that Compound 1 significantly reduced serum lipids and exhibited anti-obesity effects in HFD mice.

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