Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4375—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a six-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring heteroatom, e.g. quinolizines, naphthyridines, berberine, vincamine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics

Definitions

• This invention relates to octahydroquinolizines for pharmaceutical use and intermediates for the synthesis of octahydroquinolizines.
• These octahydroquinolizines are for treatment or prevention of diabetes mellirus and its complications, for treatment or prevention of hyperlipidemia, for treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia, for treatment or prevention of the metabolic syndrome, for treatment of diseases related to metabolic dysfunction, for treatment of obesity or obesity- related diseases.
• the invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and kits comprising these compounds alone or in combination with other drugs or compounds aiming towards an improved treatment or prevention of the aforementioned diseases or syndromes in humans or animals.
• Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia and deranged glucose metabolism. Hyperglycaemia results from either deficiency of the glucose-lowering hormone insulin or from resistance of peripheral tissues to the effects of insulin together with inadequate levels of insulin secretion to compensate.
• type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in the permanent destruction of insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas. Normally, type 1 diabetes manifests during adolescence and is life threatening unless treated with exogenous insulin via injection.
• Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is primarily characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency, and mild hyperglycaemia at onset.
• type 2 diabetes may go unnoticed for years before diagnosis.
• Risk factors of type 2 diabetes include obesity, age, first degree relatives with type 2 diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, hypertension and hypertriglyceridaemia.
• the most prevalent factors driving the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are life style associated, the main risk factor being obesity.
• Around 90% of the patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. Increased fat mass, especially an excess of abdominal fat causes insulin resistance, insulin resistance places a greater demand on the pancreatic beta-cells to produce insulin and due to exhaustion of the pancreas, insulin production declines with age leading to the development of apparent diabetes.
• type 2 diabetes represents about 90% of all diabetes.
• Diabetes mellitus is a growing health burden across the world. It is one of the most common diseases globally and among the leading causes of death in developed countries. At present, the three countries estimated to have the highest number of people with diabetes are India, China and the USA. Although the number of people with diabetes is already very high, numbers continue to increase at an alarming rate. The prevalence of diabetes worldwide is expected to double between 2000 and 2030 (2.8% in 2000 and minimum 4.4% in 2030). The total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to at least 366 million in 2030 with the greatest relative increase anticipated in the developing countries in the Middle East, Africa and India.
• diabetes While established treatment regimens allow the diabetic patient an almost normal life for the short term, prolonged presence of the disease over time leads to serious damage of tissues, especially nerves and blood vessels.
• the resulting late complications of diabetes include coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic foot, nephropathy and retinopathy. This causes cumulative proportions of disabilities and increased mortality.
• diabetes is ranked among the leading causes of blindness, renal failure and lower limb amputation and about half of the money spent on diabetes care goes towards the costs of managing complications.
• intensified therapy aiming at an early and stringent control of blood glucose reduces the incidence and severity of complications.
• Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus have no medically proven cure and, hence, the main goal of treatment is the reduction of morbidity and mortality from complications. This can be achieved through effective treatment of hyperglycaemia with HbA) 0 as a valuable readout parameter for glucose control over time.
• HbA hyperglycaemia
• type 1 diabetes treatment with exogenous insulin is essential and, hence, improvement of blood glucose control is mainly reached by more sophisticated insulin injection regimens.
• Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, progressive disease and its pathophysiology varies markedly more among patients than that of type 1 diabetes. This suggests versatile strategies for prevention, diagnostic screening and treatments of type 2 diabetes. Besides lifestyle management, blood pressure control, cardiovascular risk protection and diabetic complications screening, pharmaceuticals are needed to optimise the treatment and outcome.
• a variety of oral drugs is available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These drugs affect blood glucose via different mechanisms of action. According to the global guidelines for type 2 diabetes from the International Diabetes Foundation treatment recommendations are as follows:
• the insulin sensitising biguanide metformin is the drug of choice for first-line oral therapy of type 2 diabetes. Its major effect is to lower glycaemia by decreasing the hepatic glucose output.
• metformin fails to sufficiently control blood glucose concentrations, sulfonylureas and/or PPAR ⁇ agonists should be added. Whereas sulfonylureas enhance insulin secretion, PPAR ⁇ agonists (thiazolidinediones) increase the sensitivity of muscle, fat, and liver to insulin.
• ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors reduce the rate of digestion of polysaccharides in the small intestine, which delays glucose absorption from the intestine and lowers postprandial plasma glucose concentrations. Glinides stimulate insulin secretion similar to sulfonylureas but with shorter half life. Exenatide (glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist) potentiates glucose mediated insulin secretion and pramlintide (amylin agonist) slows gastric emptying and inhibits glucagon production. If drugs and lifestyle-interventions are unable to maintain blood glucose control, insulin therapy is required at the late stage of the disease development.
• type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease with worsening glycaemia over time. Since monotherapies fail to reach glycaemic goals in almost three out of four patients, more than one medication will be necessary for the majority of patients over time and combinations of drugs with different mechanisms of action will encounter best treatment success in most cases. Nevertheless, numerous medications in several combinations still fail to achieve and maintain glycaemic levels to provide optimal health care status for most individual patients, which emphasises the continuing requirement for new and better drugs. Apart from unsatisfactory performance with respect to the treatment targets in- glycaemic control, the prescription of many glucose lowering drugs is limited by concerns about adverse effects. Metformin, recommended for first-line oral therapy of type 2 diabetes, is relatively well tolerated.
• metformin has also been associated with lactic acidosis as an extremely rare but also an extremely dangerous adverse effect.
• Gastrointestinal problems are even much more common for other classes of drugs for type 2 diabetes. At least one third of the patients taking glucosidase inhibitors, exenatide or pramlintide are afflicted by gastrointestinal side effects, which are a frequent cause for discontinuation of treatment. Gastrointestinal effects are not a problem with sulfonylureas and glinides, but these drugs act by inducing insulin secretion and bear the risk of hypoglycaemia, which in extreme cases can be life threatening.
• GTT glucose tolerance test
• this model lacks the component of primary insulin resistance, which is a crucial characteristic of type 2 diabetes.
• Dietary models in particular animals fed with a diet of very high fat content (high fat-diet, HFD) simulate better the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in the prevalent overweight patient. Since the degree of metabolic derangement remains limited, these models are comparable only with the early stages of the development of type 2 diabetes. There are strain differences regarding the extent of the HFD-induced derangement of glucose homeostasis with, e.g., C57/BL mice being more susceptible to HFD-induced metabolic derangements than other strains. The degree and the characteristics of the derangement can also be modulated by the diet composition.
• HFDs have a fat content around 60% (of calories) and contain carbohydrates and protein at a rate comparable to humans eating too much fat.
• Alternative HFDs are almost completely free of carbohydrates, which has the advantage of leading to more severe metabolic consequences within a shorter period of time, but mimics the situation in obese patients less appropriately.
• the compounds disclosed in this invention allow for a novel synthetic method using novel intermediates, which are used, but not limited to, for the synthesis of novel octahydroquinolizines for treatment or prevention of diabetes and related diseases.
• novel octahydroquinolizines convey their therapeutic superiority devoid of side effects which significantly hamper the therapeutic benefit of state of the art antidiabetic treatments.
• side effects known to date as for example: intestinal side effects as observed in the course of the therapeutic use of e.g.
• glucosidase inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide 1 mimics like exenatide; life threatening hypoglycemia documented with the use of insulin and/or insulin secreting drugs like sulfonylureas; dangerous lactic acidosis of which patients may suffer treated with biguanides; unwanted gastrointestinal or immune modulating side effects of state of the art drugs which act via the inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV as for example the gliptins.
• the compounds disclosed in this invention mark an unpredicted and substantial progress in the aforementioned therapeutic use.
• the present invention is generally directed to substituted octahydroquinolizine derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and methods of their pharmaceutical use.
• the invention is directed to Octahydroquinolizinones according to formula I
• a further aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of formula I or II as drug substance. Still further aspects of the invention are:
• the invention is directed to a method of preparation of the novel ketals X (Scheme A) as racemates, enantiomers or partially enriched enantiomeric mixtures are prepared following a known sequence of common reactions which are analogue to the procedure of Frank D. King, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 447-453 (1986). They are further transferred to the respective imines 2, their respective enantiomers, diastereomers or stereoisomeric mixtures.
• the invention is directed to a method of preparation for octahydroquinolizinones 3 their respective enantiomers, diastereomers or stereoisomeric mixtures following a method as using 2 as chemical precursor.
• the invention is directed to octahydroquinolizines their respective diastereomers or enantiomers, used as mixtures or pure compounds of Scheme C for the treatment of diabetes and related diseases in the therapeutic fields described above.
• HPLC Acetonitrile (ACN) LC-MS grade (Fluka); Water, LC-MS grade (Fluka); Formic acid, puriss. p.a. (eluent additive for LC-MS, Fluka); Dry solvents for chemical reactions: Dichloromethane (DCM), puriss., dried over molecular sieve H 2 O ⁇ 0.005% (Fluka)
• reaction products are identified and/or characterized by HPLC/MS.
• Instrumentation SCL-I OA vp, controller; DGU-20A5, degasser, FCV-10ALvp, low pressure gradient mixing unit, LC-10ADvp pump, SILlOADvp; autosampler, SPD-Ml OA vp, PDA detector, LCMS 2010A MS detector (Shimadzu); SmartMix, gradient mixer with 350 ⁇ l mixing chamber (Knauer); N 2 LCMS 1, nitrogen generator (Claind); E2M28, two stage rotary vacuum pump (Edwards); Software: LabSolutions - LCMSolution Ver.
• Reaction products and stereoisomers are characterized by HPLC/MS via relative retention time in minutes after injection (RTT) applying the following methods. Detected ions are given in intensities in percent relative to base peak (100%).
• HPLC/MS Method A Column: Synergi 4 ⁇ Polar-RP 80A 150x2.0 mm, with Security Guard Cartridge Polar-RP 4 x 2.0 mm (Phenomenex Inc.); flow: 0.5 ml/min; linear gradient (%A is the difference to 100%): start at 10% B, in 10 min to 100% B, then kept for 5 min at 100% B, then in 1 min to 10% B, then 7 min equilibration at 10% B; total run time: 23 min; PDA detector: wavelength: 190 - 600 run, sampling rate: 1.56 Hz, MS detector: ionization mode: ESI positive, mass range: 150 - 600 ⁇ 0.5 m/z; scan speed: 500 amu/sec; detector voltage: 1.25 kV; heat block temperature: 200 °C; CDL temperature:
• RT stands for room temperature or ambient temperature, which typically lies between 20 and 25 °C.
• the reaction mixture is quenched with NH 4 Cl solution and extracted with Et 2 O.
• the combined organic phases are dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated in vac. to dryness.
• the product is dissolved in a 5% aqueous HCl solution and stirred over night at RT.
• the reaction mixture is diluted with water, rendered alkaline with solid sodium carbonate (pH 11) and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 .
• the organic phase is dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated in vac. to dryness.
• the product is dissolved in methanol, cooled to 0 0 C and lOeq. sodium borohydride were added.
• the reaction mixture is quenched with NH 4 Cl solution and extracted with Et 2 O.
• the combined organic phases are dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated in vac. to dryness.
• the product is dissolved in a 5% aqueous HCl solution and stirred over night at RT.
• the reaction mixture is diluted with water, rendered alkaline with solid sodium carbonate (pH 11) and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 .
• the product is dissolved in acetone, lOeq. PCC are added and the reaction mixture is stirred at RT over night. After evaporation of the solvent the residue is partitioned between water and CH 2 Cl 2 , the organic phase is dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated in vac. to dryness.
• mice All animal experiments described below and listed in Table 1 were performed in accordance to Austrian law and the principles of good laboratory animal care. Data shown in Table 1 are obtained using commercially available male mice purchased, e.g. from the breeding facilities of Charles River Lab. (USA). Male C57BL/6 mice were used at the age of 7 - 30 weeks and had free access to a standard laboratory chow diet (kg/kg: ⁇ 10% crude fat) and water except for defined fasting periods before experimentation. They were maintained at room temperature and a 12h/12h light-dark cycle.
• mice The antidiabetic activities of the products listed in Table 1 were evaluated in oral glucose tolerance tests in mice, in analogy to the procedure known to the general physician. Mice were fasted for 8-12 hours prior to oral glucose tolerance testing.
• the products listed in Table 1 were dissolved or suspended in 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose containing 1-2% acetic acid. Each mouse was treated per os via gavage with products listed in Table 1. A control group receiving no test product was examined in parallel in each test run. The control group received the same amount of a 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose solution containing 1-2% acetic acid (vehicle).
• Antidiabetic effects of products are listed in Table 1 as evaluated in a glucose tolerance test in mice.

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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Diabetes (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Obesity (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• 2009
  • 2009-06-19 WO PCT/AT2009/000244 patent/WO2010022412A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2009-06-19 JP JP2011524124A patent/JP2012500807A/ja active Pending
  • 2009-06-19 EP EP09775545A patent/EP2315766A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2009-06-29 US US13/060,741 patent/US20110160238A1/en not_active Abandoned

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