WO2009148660A2 - Imaging an anomaly using backscattered waves - Google Patents

Imaging an anomaly using backscattered waves Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009148660A2
WO2009148660A2 PCT/US2009/036188 US2009036188W WO2009148660A2 WO 2009148660 A2 WO2009148660 A2 WO 2009148660A2 US 2009036188 W US2009036188 W US 2009036188W WO 2009148660 A2 WO2009148660 A2 WO 2009148660A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wave
anomaly
pulse
wave data
backscattered
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2009/036188
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2009148660A3 (en
Inventor
Jeong-Beom Ihn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Boeing Co
Original Assignee
Boeing Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Boeing Co filed Critical Boeing Co
Priority to CN200980113485.2A priority Critical patent/CN102007402B/zh
Priority to EP09758823.0A priority patent/EP2269051B1/en
Priority to JP2011505055A priority patent/JP5639995B2/ja
Publication of WO2009148660A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009148660A2/en
Publication of WO2009148660A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009148660A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/06—Visualisation of the interior, e.g. acoustic microscopy
    • G01N29/0654—Imaging
    • G01N29/069—Defect imaging, localisation and sizing using, e.g. time of flight diffraction [TOFD], synthetic aperture focusing technique [SAFT], Amplituden-Laufzeit-Ortskurven [ALOK] technique
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/4409—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by comparison
    • G01N29/4427—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by comparison with stored values, e.g. threshold values
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/044—Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
    • G01N2291/269—Various geometry objects
    • G01N2291/2694—Wings or other aircraft parts

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to detecting anomalies in a structure, such as an aircraft or other structure, and more particularly to a method and system for detecting an anomaly, such as a delamination or other defect, and generating an image of the anomaly using backscattered waves.
  • New, lightweight composite materials and designs are being used more extensively in the aerospace industry for commercial aircraft and other aerospace vehicles, as well as in other industries.
  • the structures using these composite materials may be formed using multiple plies or layers of material that may be laminated together to form a lightweight, high strength structure. Similar to traditional materials, these structures may be subject to extreme stresses, such as during flight operations for aerospace vehicles or other operations, or damage from an impact or other cause.
  • the multiple plies of material can separate or become delaminated as a result of these stresses or impact.
  • new and traditional materials are being designed in more optimized manner, there is also the need in the aerospace industry to quickly identify and maintain all structures with better efficiency - improving the dispatch reliability and increasing the in-service use of aircraft and any other similar expensive equipment.
  • a method for generating an image of an anomaly may include generating a pulse wave into a structure being evaluated from each of a plurality of sensors and collecting scattered wave data caused by the pulse wave impacting an anomaly.
  • the scattered wave data may be collected by the same sensor that generated the pulse wave or by a different sensor.
  • the method may also include identifying backscattered wave data from a distal edge or border of the anomaly relative to a location of the sensor collecting the scattered wave data.
  • the method may additionally include processing the backscattered wave data from each of the sensors collecting the scattered wave data to generate a two dimensional image of the anomaly.
  • the method may further include presenting the two dimensional image of the anomaly.
  • Figure 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary system for generating an image of an anomaly in a structure in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 3 is an illustration of waveforms for generating an image of an anomaly in a structure in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figures 4A-4E illustrate an example of generating an image of an anomaly in a structure using a pitch-catch configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 5 illustrates an example of generating an image of an anomaly in a structure using a pulse-echo or self-sensing configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the dominant scattered wave around a delamination may be the backscattered wave or wave scattered from a back or distal edge or border of a delamination relative to a location or position of the sensor collecting the backscattered wave data.
  • the backscattered wave 214 may be a stronger scattered wave than a front scattered wave 216 as the wave travels from inside the anomaly 202 or delamination to outside the area of the anomaly 202. While backscattered wave data may be of primary interest both front scattered wave data 216 and backscattered wave data 214 may be collected.
  • the backscattered wave data 214 or pulses may be collected by the combination actuator-sensor 208 if the actuator- sensor 208 is self-sensing.
  • the backscattered wave data 214 or pulses may also be collected by a sensor 218 different from the sensor 208 or actuator that generated the pulse wave.
  • the sensor 218 is capable of receiving the scattered wave data or pulses and transmitting the received or collected scattered wave data to the structural health monitoring unit 206 for analysis and to generate a two dimensional image of the anomaly 202.
  • the sensor 218 may also be an electromechanical device, such as a piezoelectric sensor or similar device capable of sensing the front scattered waves 216 and the backscattered waves 214.
  • the system 200 may include actuators 208 without a sensing capability and sensors 218 in what may be referred to as a pitch-catch configuration or pitch-catch actuators/sensors and may operate in a pitch-catch mode.
  • the actuators 208 may transmit or pitch pulse waves 210 into the structure 204 and the sensors 218 may receive or catch at least a portion of backscattered wave data 214 and front scattered wave data 216 from the anomaly 202.
  • An example of a pitch-catch configuration or a pitch-catch mode of operation to generate a two dimensional image will be described in more detail with reference to Figures 4A-4E.
  • the devices 208 and 218 may both be combination actuator and sensor devices for both transmitting the pulse wave 210 and receiving the backscattered wave data 214 and front scattered wave data 216.
  • the devices 208 and 218 send the collected data to the structural health monitoring unit 206 to identify the backscattered wave data 214 and to generate the two dimensional image of the anomaly 202.
  • This arrangement may be referred to as a pulse-echo arrangement or pulse-echo actuators/sensors and may operate in a pulse-echo mode or self-sensing mode.
  • An example of a pulse-echo configuration or pulse-echo mode of operation will be described in more detail with reference to Figure 5.
  • a velocity of propagation of waves or signals in the structure 204 may be measured or calibrated using the baseline wave data.
  • An example of a baseline waveform 300 is illustrated in Figure 3.
  • Figure 3 also illustrates an example of a waveform 302 illustrating detection of an anomaly and a waveform 304 illustrating front scattered wave data 306 and backscattered wave data 308.
  • the backscattered wave 308 exhibits a much higher amplitude than the front scattered wave 306 in a case of typical damage or an anomaly in a composite structure or layered structure similar to that illustrated in Figure 2.
  • the calibrated velocity of propagation of the waves may be used in generating the two dimensional image from the backscattered wave data 214 as described herein.
  • signal processing may be performed on the front scattered wave data 214 and the backscattered wave data 216 using the collected baseline wave data for the structure 204.
  • the scattered waves 214 and 216 induced by the anomaly 202 can be decoupled or separated from any other waves, such as directly transmitted waves from the actuator 208 to sensor 218 and/or other possible reflected waves from any structural boundaries or other features present in the structure 204, by subtracting post damage data from pristine (baseline) wave data.
  • the size of the delamination or anomaly may be estimated based on a difference in arrival time of the backscattered wave data 214 and front scattered wave data 216 at the sensors 208 and 218 or a Time-of-Flight (TOF) of the wave and based on the calibrated velocity of the wave propagation (Vg) in the structure 204.
  • the TOF may be defined as the time from when a signal or wave is transmitted and the front and backscattered waves are respectively received.
  • the two dimensional image of any delamination or anomaly may be presented to a user on a display, printout or other means. Examples of presenting the two dimensional image of a delamination or other anomaly will be described with reference to Figures 4A-4D and Figure 5.
  • Figures 4A-4D illustrate an example of operation in a pitch-catch mode, similar to that previously described, wherein a multiplicity of substantially ellipsoid-shaped actuator-sensor pulse wave paths are generated to produce the two-dimensional image of the anomaly.
  • Figure 5 illustrates an example of operation in a pulse-echo mode, similar to that previously described, wherein a multiplicity of substantially circular-shaped pulse-echo pulse wave paths are generated to produce the two dimensional image of the anomaly.
  • the two dimensional image of the delamination or other anomaly may be presented on a user interface 220 ( Figure 2), such as a display.
  • the user interface 220 may also include a keyboard, computer pointing device, printer, or other means for interfacing with and controlling operation of the structural health monitoring unit 206.
  • the structural health monitoring unit 206 may include a data storage element 222 to store the baseline wave data and any other data for analyzing the back scatter wave data 214 and the front scattered wave data 216.
  • the structural health monitoring unit 206 may also include a module 224 to generate the two dimensional image of any delamination or anomaly as described herein. Elements of the method 100 may be embodied in the module 224 and performed thereby.
  • the structural health monitoring unit 206 may also include a module to estimate the size, shape and location of any delamination or anomaly as described herein.
  • Figures 4A-4E illustrate an example of generating an image 400 of an anomaly 402 in a structure using a pitch-catch configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Similar to that previously described, in a pitch-catch configuration or mode of operation, selected ones of a plurality of sensors 404 may be actuators or preset to function as actuators under some test conditions. The actuators may each generate a separate pulse wave at different times into the structure being evaluated. As previously described, the pulse wave may be a Lamb wave.
  • Other selected ones of the plurality of sensors 404 may collect the scattered wave data caused by the pulse wave generated by actuator sensors 404 being scattered by the anomaly or other feature of the structure being evaluated.
  • Each of the actuators and sensors 404 may be paired to generate respective actuator-sensor wave paths 406a-406d.
  • the actuator-sensor wave path 406a-406d may be substantially ellipsoid-shaped as illustrated in Figures 4A-4D.
  • the shape of each actuator-sensor pulse wave path 406a-406d may be determined by a wave velocity profile as a function of a wave propagation angle and a measured time-of- flight of the backscattered waves.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an example of generating an image 500 of an anomaly 502 in a structure using a pulse-echo or self-sensing configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Similar to that previously described, in a pulse- echo or self-sensing configuration or mode, each sensor 504 of a plurality of sensors 504 generates an individual pulse wave or Lamb wave. The same sensor 504 that generates the pulse wave collects the scattered wave data resulting from the pulse wave impinging on any anomaly or other feature of the structure.
  • each sensor 504 In the pulse-echo mode, each sensor 504 generates a substantially circular-shaped pulse-echo wave path 506a-506d as illustrated in Figure 5 to generate a two dimensional image 500 of any anomaly based on a time-of-flight of any backscattered waves.
  • the shape of each of the pulse-echo wave paths 506a-506d may be determined by a wave velocity profile as a function of a wave propagation angle and a measured time-of-flight of the backscattered waves.
  • the pulse-echo wave paths 506a-506d are overlapped or superimposed on one another over the portion of the structure being evaluated to generate the outline 508 or two dimensional image of any anomaly 502.
  • the outline 508 of the anomaly 502 corresponds to an area of most overlapping backscattered wave data of the circular-shaped pulse wave paths 506a- 506d. This area will appear visually contrasted as illustrated in Figure 5 relative to other portions or areas of the image of the structure being evaluated. Similar to the pitch- catch configuration, the more pulse-echo wave paths that are available to enclose any anomaly, the better the resolution of the image or outline of the anomaly. If the system is capable of both pitch-catch and pulse-echo configurations, all pitch-catch and pulse- echo paths can be combined and superimposed on one another by the same procedure.
  • the present disclosure may also include a structural health monitoring system consisting of distributed transmitters and sensors that may be permanently or temporarily attached to the structure.
  • a method for generating an image of an anomaly comprising: generating a pulse wave into the structure being evaluated from each of the plurality of sensors positioned at predetermined locations on a portion a structure being evaluated; collecting scattered wave data caused by the pulse wave impacting an anomaly, wherein the scattered wave data is collected by the same sensor that generated the pulse wave or by a different sensor; identifying backscattered wave data from a distal edge of the anomaly relative to a location of the sensor collecting the scattered wave data; processing the backscattered wave data from each of the sensors collecting the scattered wave data to generate a two dimensional image of the anomaly in the structure being evaluated, wherein processing the backscattered wave data comprises superimposing the backscattered wave data from each of the sensors that collected the scattered wave data, wherein an outline of the anomaly corresponds to an area of most overlapping backscattered wave data which appears visually contrasted relative to other portions in the two dimensional image of the structure being evaluated; and presenting the two dimensional image of the anomaly.
  • A13 The method of claim A12, further comprising operating in a pitch-catch configuration, wherein selected ones of the plurality of sensors are actuators, each actuator generating a separate pulse wave and other selected ones of the plurality of sensors collecting the scattered wave data, each actuator-sensor pair defining an actuator-sensor pulse wave path.
  • the method of claim A13 further comprising generating a multiplicity of substantially ellipsoid-shaped actuator-sensor pulse wave paths to generate the two dimensional image of the anomaly based on a time-of-flight of backscattered waves, and superimposing the actuator-sensor pulse wave paths on one another over a portion of the structure being evaluated to generate the two dimensional image of the anomaly, wherein a shape of each actuator-sensor pulse wave path being determined by a wave velocity profile as a function of a wave propagation angle and a measured time-of-flight of the backscattered waves.
  • A15 The method of claim A12, further comprising operating in a pulse-echo or self-sensing configuration, wherein each of the plurality of sensors generates an individual pulse wave and the same sensor collects backscattered wave data to define a pulse-echo path.
  • A16 The method of claim A15, further comprising generating a multiplicity of substantially circular-shaped pulse-echo wave paths to generate the two dimensional image of the anomaly based on a time-of-flight of backscattered waves, and superimposing the pulse-echo wave paths on one another over a portion of the structure being evaluated to generate the two dimensional image of the anomaly, wherein a shape of each of the pulse-echo paths being determined by a wave velocity profile as a function of a wave propagation angle and a measured time-of-flight of the backscattered waves.
  • a system for generating an image of an anomaly comprising: a plurality of actuators, each positioned at a predetermined location on a portion of a structure being evaluated, and each actuator for generating a pulse wave into the structure; a plurality of sensors, each positioned at a selected location on the portion of the structure being evaluated, and each sensor for collecting scattered wave data caused by energy of the pulse wave being at least partially reflected by an anomaly; a structural health monitoring unit for identifying backscattered wave data from a distal edge of the anomaly relative to a location of the sensor collecting the scattered wave data and for processing the backscattered wave data from each of the sensors collecting the scattered wave data to generate a two dimensional image of the anomaly; and an output device for presenting the two dimensional image of the anomaly.
  • the structural health monitoring unit processes the backscattered wave data by superimposing the backscattered wave data from each of the sensors that collected the scattered wave data, wherein an outline of the anomaly corresponds to an area of most overlapping backscattered wave data which appears visually contrasted relative to other portions of the image.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Measuring Pulse, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure Or Blood Flow (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Endoscopes (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
PCT/US2009/036188 2008-04-15 2009-03-05 Imaging an anomaly using backscattered waves Ceased WO2009148660A2 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN200980113485.2A CN102007402B (zh) 2008-04-15 2009-03-05 利用背散射波成像异常部分
EP09758823.0A EP2269051B1 (en) 2008-04-15 2009-03-05 Imaging an anomaly using backscattered waves
JP2011505055A JP5639995B2 (ja) 2008-04-15 2009-03-05 後方散乱波を使用した異常の画像化

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US12/103,118 2008-04-15
US12/103,118 US8015877B2 (en) 2007-05-16 2008-04-15 Imaging an anomaly using backscattered waves

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WO2009148660A3 WO2009148660A3 (en) 2010-05-06

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EP (1) EP2269051B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP5639995B2 (enExample)
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WO (1) WO2009148660A2 (enExample)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20090032329A1 (en) 2009-02-05
EP2269051B1 (en) 2020-06-10
JP5639995B2 (ja) 2014-12-10
CN102007402A (zh) 2011-04-06
WO2009148660A3 (en) 2010-05-06
EP2269051A2 (en) 2011-01-05
CN102007402B (zh) 2015-12-02
JP2011516897A (ja) 2011-05-26
US8015877B2 (en) 2011-09-13

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