WO2009116269A1 - 軸受 - Google Patents
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- WO2009116269A1 WO2009116269A1 PCT/JP2009/001178 JP2009001178W WO2009116269A1 WO 2009116269 A1 WO2009116269 A1 WO 2009116269A1 JP 2009001178 W JP2009001178 W JP 2009001178W WO 2009116269 A1 WO2009116269 A1 WO 2009116269A1
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- Prior art keywords
- hard coating
- less
- shaft
- bearing
- film
- Prior art date
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
- F16C19/22—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings
- F16C19/24—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for radial load mainly
- F16C19/26—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for radial load mainly with a single row of rollers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
- F01L1/18—Rocking arms or levers
- F01L1/181—Centre pivot rocking arms
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
- F16C33/34—Rollers; Needles
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
- F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
- F16C33/64—Special methods of manufacture
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/20—Adjusting or compensating clearance
- F01L1/22—Adjusting or compensating clearance automatically, e.g. mechanically
- F01L1/24—Adjusting or compensating clearance automatically, e.g. mechanically by fluid means, e.g. hydraulically
- F01L1/2416—Adjusting or compensating clearance automatically, e.g. mechanically by fluid means, e.g. hydraulically by means of a hydraulic adjusting device attached to an articulated rocker
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2305/00—Valve arrangements comprising rollers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2800/00—Methods of operation using a variable valve timing mechanism
- F01L2800/18—Testing or simulation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2820/00—Details on specific features characterising valve gear arrangements
- F01L2820/01—Absolute values
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2240/00—Specified values or numerical ranges of parameters; Relations between them
- F16C2240/12—Force, load, stress, pressure
- F16C2240/18—Stress
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2360/00—Engines or pumps
- F16C2360/18—Camshafts
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a bearing, for example, a bearing applied to a valve mechanism for driving a supply / exhaust valve in an internal combustion engine such as a vehicle.
- a plain bearing is often used as a bearing which is one of components constituting an engine of an automobile or the like.
- the application of rolling bearings has increased due to demands for fuel saving.
- PM such as combustion intermediate products of many fuels including soot (hard carbon particles: carbon) which is a hard foreign matter is generated, and this PM is mixed into the engine oil.
- the bearing is used under oil lubrication mixed with the hard foreign matter, etc., as a result of the rolling bearing being applied from the sliding bearing, it is possible to achieve low fuel consumption by reducing the torque of the bearing, Rolling bearings have a higher surface pressure than plain bearings.
- bearings that are one of the engine parts, particularly for roller followers, improved wear resistance is required.
- One of the components that make up engines such as automobiles is a rocker arm device (rocker arm assembly) used to open and close intake valves and exhaust valves.
- rocker arm assembly rocker arm assembly
- a sliding type roller follower or a rolling type roller follower is also applied. Since this roller follower performs a rotational motion as the valve is opened and closed, compared to other engine parts, each part of the roller follower is likely to be worn. Wear also occurs in the sliding type roller follower.
- the roller followers like other parts of the engine parts, can reduce the torque of the bearings by rolling to reduce fuel consumption.
- the rolling type roller follower has a higher surface pressure than the sliding type roller follower, under the oil lubrication mixed with the hard foreign matter, the hard foreign matter enters the rolling type roller follower, and the rolling element, outer ring, In particular, the shaft was also worn more and the amount of wear was further increased.
- the shaft includes hollow and solid shaft cases. Compared with other engine parts, wear is remarkable.
- roller follower rotates an outer ring. Therefore, since the load area in the shaft is the same, the wear of the shaft is significant compared to the rolling elements and the outer ring. Roller followers that are used under conditions that cause more wear and more wear than other engine parts may also be used under oil lubrication mixed with hard foreign matter. . Of course, it is also used in diesel engines and direct-injection gasoline engines that generate a large amount of hard foreign matter. Therefore, as described above, bearings for engine parts include support bearings such as cam followers, camshafts, crankshafts, balancer shafts, etc., but in particular, improvement in wear resistance of roller followers, that is, measures against wear are required. Yes.
- Patent Document 1 JP 2006-144848 A JSWang et al .: Thin Solid Film, 325, 163 (1998)
- An object of the present invention is to provide a bearing capable of reducing wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matter, which is one form of bearing wear.
- a bearing according to the present invention includes a shaft and an outer ring and, if necessary, a plurality of rolling elements interposed between the shaft and the outer ring, and at least an axial intermediate portion of the shaft is hardened by heat treatment.
- a hard coating is applied to at least one of the rolling surfaces of the shaft, the outer ring, and the rolling element to satisfy at least one of the following characteristics (1) to (6). (1): Satisfies one or both of the roundness of the rolling surface of the substrate on which the hard coating is to be formed being 2 ⁇ m or less and the roundness of the rolling surface after the formation of the hard coating is 4 ⁇ m or less. To do.
- the dynamic hardness of the hard coating is HD800 or more and HD2000 or less, the thickness of the hard coating is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, and the thickness is ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with reference to the thickness in the axial center of the hard coating. That the range.
- P represents the test load and h represents the amount of pushing. Since there is no indentation measurement by visual observation, the set load can be reduced and the penetration depth of the indenter can be reduced.
- the dynamic hardness is measured with a test load of 5 gf, the film hardness can be determined more accurately than the Vickers hardness.
- the surface hardness of the base material on which the hard coating is to be formed is set to HV650 or more and HV1000 or less, the thickness of the hard coating is set to 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, and the thickness is set at the axial center of the hard coating.
- the thickness should be within a range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less based on the film thickness.
- the fracture toughness value of this hard coating was 1.5 MPam 1/2 or more and 6 MPam 1/2 or less.
- the critical load of the hard coating is 40 N or more and 110 N or less, and the thickness of the hard coating is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, and the thickness is based on the thickness in the axial center of the hard coating.
- the surface roughness of the substrate on which this hard coating is to be formed is Ra 0.15 ⁇ m or less
- the film thickness of this hard coating is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less
- this film thickness is the center in the axial direction of the hard coating.
- the thickness should be within a range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with reference to the film thickness.
- the characteristic means a parameter indicating the characteristic of the hard coating or the substrate as will be described later
- the axial middle part is the axis of the shaft that fits into the insertion hole of the opposite side wall of the arm body or the like.
- a known method (see Non-Patent Document 1) is known as a method for measuring the fracture toughness value of a hard coating formed on a substrate surface. This method consists of two types of tests, which are a bending test of a substrate having a hard coating formed on the surface and an indentation test with superalloy balls on the surface of the hard coating. The fracture toughness value is obtained from the crack generation behavior and propagation behavior of the hard coating under test.
- either the roundness of the rolling surface in the base material on which the hard coating is to be formed is 2 ⁇ m or less, and the roundness of the rolling surface after this hard coating is formed is 4 ⁇ m or less.
- the rolling surface has a necessary and sufficient wear resistance. Since the roundness of the rolling surface after the hard coating is formed is 4 ⁇ m or less, the load applied to the hard coating is uniformed and the local excessive surface pressure can be prevented without changing the film thickness depending on the location. Therefore, it is possible to maintain the rolling surface with necessary and sufficient wear resistance and prevent the hard coating from peeling off. As a result, it is possible to prevent an increase in aggression on the counterpart part.
- the roundness of the rolling surface in the base material on which the hard coating is to be formed By setting the roundness of the rolling surface in the base material on which the hard coating is to be formed to 2 ⁇ m or less, the roundness of the shaft after forming the hard coating can be set to 4 ⁇ m or less. With such a bearing, wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters can be reduced.
- the rolling surface has a necessary and sufficient coating strength and strengthens the bonding force between the membrane members to prevent membrane damage. And maintain wear resistance.
- the upper limit value is HD2000, the difference in shaft surface hardness from the hard coating can be reduced. Thereby, the crack of a hard film can be prevented and abrasion resistance can be maintained. With such a bearing having a hard coating, wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters can be reduced.
- the thickness of the hard coating is not less than 1 ⁇ m and not more than 5 ⁇ m, and the thickness is in the range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less based on the thickness in the axial center of the hard coating, so the load acting on the hard coating is uniform. Turn into. Thereby, it is possible to prevent an excessive contact surface pressure from acting locally. Further, as described above, by defining the thickness of the hard coating, it is possible to improve the wear resistance under lubrication mixed with soot (hard carbon particles: carbon) which is a hard foreign matter of the bearing.
- the surface hardness of the base material on which the hard coating is to be formed is defined as HV650 or more and HV1000 or less, and the lower limit of the thickness of the hard coating is set to 1 ⁇ m.
- the film is not peeled off undesirably until it is contained, and wear resistance can be maintained. Since the upper limit value of the film thickness is 5 ⁇ m, it is possible to reduce the residual compressive stress that may occur during film formation. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the film from being cracked due to the impact load being applied to the hard film, and to prevent the hard film from peeling off.
- the film thickness is within a range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with reference to the film thickness at the axial center of the hard coating, the load acting on the hard coating is made uniform. As a result, it is possible to prevent an excessive surface pressure from acting locally. Therefore, wear resistance can be maintained. It is possible to improve the wear resistance of the bearing under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters, particularly soot (hard carbon particles: carbon).
- the formed hard coating can withstand repeated loads, and the hard coating is not easily broken or peeled off. can do.
- the upper limit of the fracture toughness value is set to 6 MPam 1/2 , this hard coating reduces the aggression to the counterpart part by appropriately breaking until the coating becomes familiar with the lubricating oil and exhibits wear resistance. be able to.
- the fracture toughness value of the hard coating exceeds 6 MPam 1/2 , in the abrasion that occurs before the wear resistance is exerted, the hard coating does not break down, and the aggression to the counterpart component increases. .
- the fracture toughness value of the hard coating is less than 1.5 MPam 1/2 , the formed coating cannot withstand repeated loads, and is more likely to break and peel. Furthermore, the attack resistance to the mating parts is increased by the peeled film material, so that the wear resistance cannot be maintained.
- the lower limit value of the critical load by the scratch method measurement of the hard coating is 40 N, it is possible to prevent the hard coating from being peeled off and to exhibit wear resistance. Moreover, the attack to the other components resulting from peeling of a hard film can be prevented beforehand. Since the upper limit value of the critical load is 110 N, it is possible to prevent only a part of the surface of the coating from being worn during the time for which the hard coating is compatible with the lubricating oil until the hard coating exhibits wear resistance. Can be reliably prevented. With such a bearing that defines the critical load by the scratch method measurement, wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters can be reduced.
- the surface roughness of the base material on which the hard film is to be formed is Ra 0.15 ⁇ m or less
- the film thickness of this hard film is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less
- this film thickness is hard
- the film thickness was set to ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less based on the film thickness at the axial center of the film. Since the surface roughness of the substrate is specified to be Ra 0.15 ⁇ m or less and the lower limit value of the hard coating thickness is set to 1 ⁇ m, all the films are undesirably peeled before the hard coating has wear resistance. The wear resistance can be maintained. Since the upper limit value of the film thickness is 5 ⁇ m, it is possible to reduce the residual compressive stress that may occur during film formation.
- the film thickness is within a range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with reference to the film thickness at the axial center of the hard coating, the load acting on the hard coating is made uniform. As a result, it is possible to prevent an excessive surface pressure from acting locally. Therefore, wear resistance can be maintained. It is possible to improve the wear resistance under lubrication mixed with soot (hard carbon particles: carbon) which is a hard foreign matter of the bearing.
- the film thickness of the hard film is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, and the film thickness is ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with reference to the film thickness at the axial center of the hard film. It may be in the range. In this case, it is possible to improve the wear resistance under lubrication mixed with soot (hard carbon particles: carbon) which is a hard foreign material of the bearing.
- the hardness may be HRC58 or more at a depth of 50 ⁇ m or more in the radial direction from the surface of the rolling surface of the substrate.
- the bearing is a roller follower that is used with the shaft fixed to a rocker arm.
- the roller follower has the hard coating of the roller follower.
- the shaft end portion that is not formed is caulked and fixed to the rocker arm, and the outer peripheral surface of the shaft end portion of the roller follower may have a hardness of HRC 58 or more at a depth of 50 ⁇ m or more in the radial direction from the surface. .
- the shaft and rocker arm can be securely fixed.
- this shaft end part HRC35 or less for example, induction hardening except for the shaft end part, induction hardening excluding the shaft end part (hardening not only on the surface but also the inside), and masking on the shaft end part are possible.
- a low-temperature nitriding treatment ion nitriding at 550 ° C. or lower, gas nitriding, salt bath nitriding, etc.
- a method of annealing a shaft end portion of a general overall quenching treatment product by high-frequency heat treatment can be employed.
- the hard coating can withstand repeated loads, and this hard coating can prevent undesirably attacking the counterpart component until it exhibits wear resistance.
- the critical load of the hard coating is 60N or more and 100N or less. In this case, it is possible to more reliably prevent undesired peeling during the time when the hard coating is compatible with the lubricating oil until it exhibits wear resistance or after the wear resistance is exhibited.
- the hard coating film may contain Cr (chromium) and W (tungsten), and the total content of Cr + W may be 5 atomic% or more and 50 atomic% or less.
- the adhesion between the hard coating and the substrate can be improved, and the hardness can be prevented from decreasing. Therefore, it is possible to prevent a decrease in wear resistance.
- the hydrogen content in the region from the surface of the hard coating to 0.3 ⁇ m that satisfies at least the property (5) may be 10 atomic% or more and 30 atomic% or less. In this case, it is possible to prevent a decrease in the adhesion between the hard coating and the base material and to prevent a decrease in the bondability between the film materials. Thereby, it can prevent that a hard film peels undesirably and can prevent a fall of abrasion resistance.
- the surface roughness of the hard coating film may be Ra 0.25 ⁇ m or less.
- the surface roughness of the hard coating exceeds Ra 0.25 ⁇ m, the aggressiveness to the mating part is recognized, so that the wear resistance cannot be maintained. Therefore, by setting the surface roughness of the hard coating to Ra 0.25 ⁇ m or less, it is possible to alleviate the aggression on the counterpart part and maintain the wear resistance.
- the radial clearance of the bearing may be 2 ⁇ m or more and 45 ⁇ m or less, and the circumferential clearance per rolling element may be 2 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the radial clearance is an arithmetic average value of distances moved in the radial direction without applying an external force to different angular positions from one eccentric limit position to the diametrically opposite limit position with respect to the outer ring. This is an average value of different angular positions of the outer ring and the shaft.
- the lower limit value of the radial clearance of the bearing provided with the hard coating can be 2 ⁇ m.
- the assembly of the bearing can be facilitated, and the dimensional change due to the thermal expansion of the base material can be suppressed by applying a hard coating, and problems such as seizure and wear due to poor lubrication can be prevented in advance. it can.
- the upper limit value of the radial clearance is the total number of rolling elements in the circumferential direction when the rolling elements of the total rolling element bearing are brought into contact with the adjacent rolling elements in the circumferential direction. It is synonymous with the value divided by.
- the lower limit value of the circumferential clearance of the bearing provided with the hard coating can be 2 ⁇ m.
- the assembly of the bearing can be facilitated, and the dimensional change due to the thermal expansion of the base material can be suppressed by applying a hard coating, and problems such as seizure and wear due to poor lubrication can be prevented in advance. it can. Since the upper limit value of the clearance in the circumferential direction is 25 ⁇ m, it is possible to suppress vibration and sound caused by the skew of the rolling elements and to prevent a reduction in bearing life.
- the hard coating may be a DLC film.
- the diamond-like carbon film abbreviated DLC film, is, for example, a substrate temperature of 300 ° C. or less, preferably at room temperature, a chemical vapor deposition method such as a plasma CVD method, or a laser ablation method, a sputtering method, an ion beam deposition method, an ion plating method. It is formed by a physical vapor deposition method such as a method.
- the DLC film does not form unless the high energy particles are rapidly cooled on the substrate, and the film quality of the DLC improves as the temperature decreases.
- the DLC is composed of carbon and hydrogen, and the DLC film includes carbon and hydrogen composed of various molar ratios, and may include at least one of silicon, nitrogen, oxygen, and the like.
- the DLC film is an amorphous structure in which sp3 bonds with a diamond structure and sp2 bonds with a graphite structure are mixed.
- the sp3 bond imparts hardness and the sp2 bond imparts slidability (lubricity). To do.
- the hard coating may be formed by dispersing ceramic fine particles in a gas to form an aerosol and colliding the aerosol against the surface of the substrate.
- the aerosol When the aerosol is sprayed onto the surface of the substrate to form a film, it is preferable to collide with a pressure of 0.01 kPa to 120 kPa.
- the pressure is less than 0.01 kPa, the aerosol colliding speed increases, and the base material is etched and no film is formed.
- the collision speed becomes slow, ceramic particles are deposited on the substrate, and no film is formed.
- formation of this hard film on the base material can be performed at room temperature.
- the average particle size of the ceramic may be 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 2.0 ⁇ m or less. If the average particle size of the ceramic is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, it is easy to agglomerate and it is difficult to form an aerosol. If the average particle size exceeds 2.0 ⁇ m, film formation by the AD method becomes difficult. In the present invention, by setting the lower limit value of the average particle size of the ceramic to 0.01 ⁇ m or more, it becomes difficult to agglomerate and the aerosolization can be facilitated. Since the upper limit of the average particle diameter of ceramics is set to 2.0 ⁇ m or less, a film can be easily formed by the AD method.
- the aerosol may be collided with a substrate in a pressure of 0.01 kPa to 120 kPa to form a hard coating.
- the pressure is less than 0.01 kPa, the collision speed of the aerosol becomes high, the substrate is etched, and no film is formed.
- the collision speed becomes slow, ceramic particles are deposited on the substrate, and no film is formed.
- the lower limit value of the pressure when the aerosol collides with the base material is set to 0.01 kPa or more, the collision speed of the aerosol is not undesirably increased, and the base material can be prevented from being etched.
- the upper limit of the pressure is set to 120 kPa or less, the collision speed of the aerosol is not undesirably slowed, and the ceramic particles can be prevented from being deposited on the substrate.
- the rolling element may be a roller.
- FIGS. 14A and 14B are diagrams showing the thickness variation of the hard coating, FIG.
- FIG. 14A is a diagram when the center in the axial direction is the thinnest
- FIG. 14B is a diagram when the center in the axial direction is the thickest
- FIG. (c) is a diagram when the film thickness at the center in the axial direction is an intermediate value.
- FIGS. 1 A first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the bearing according to this embodiment is used with the shaft of the bearing fixed to the rocker arm.
- a schematic configuration of the rocker arm will be described, and a detailed configuration of the bearing, a wear test of the bearing, and a result thereof will be sequentially described.
- the following description also includes an explanation of the invention of the method for forming a hard coating.
- this rocker arm is mounted on an internal combustion engine such as a vehicle, and operates a valve 2 of the internal combustion engine on an arm body 1 that is swingable about a predetermined swing center L1.
- An action portion 3 and a bearing 5 serving as a roller follower that is in rolling contact with the cam 4 are provided.
- the bearing 5 is attached to one end of the arm body 1, and the action portion 3 is provided at the other end of the arm body 1.
- the action unit 3 is a separate component from the arm body 1, has a hydraulic lash adjuster provided at the other end of the arm body 1, and is attached to the arm body 1 so as to be freely adjustable.
- the arm body 1 is formed by forging or casting, for example, carbon steel or aluminum alloy.
- the arm main body 1 is not limited to the carbon steel, aluminum alloy, forging, and casting, and may be made of a sheet metal that is pressed from a sheet material such as a single steel plate. As shown in FIG.
- the arm body 1 has a substantially U-shaped cross-sectional shape having a pair of opposed side walls 6, 6 and a connecting plate wall (not shown) that connects one edge of the opposed side walls 6, 6. ing.
- the opposing side walls 6 and 6 on both sides have a swing fulcrum hole 6b, and the swing fulcrum shaft 7 is fitted into the swing fulcrum hole 6b.
- the axis of the swing fulcrum shaft 7 is the swing center L1.
- the bearing 5 will be described. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the bearing 5 includes a shaft 8 ⁇ / b> M attached to the arm body 1, an outer ring 9, and a plurality of rolling elements 10 interposed between the shaft 8 ⁇ / b> M and the outer ring 9. A roller is applied as the rolling element 10.
- the shaft 8M is attached by fitting both ends into insertion holes 6a, 6a formed in the opposite side walls 6, 6 on both sides of the arm body 1.
- the insertion holes 6 a, 6 a on both sides of the arm body 1 have countersink portions 11 at the opening edges on the outer surface side.
- the counterbore part 11 is made into a taper shape, for example.
- a hard coating 12 described later is applied to the shaft base material.
- the shaft on which the hard coating 12 is applied is referred to as “shaft 8M”.
- the shaft to which the hard coating 12 is not applied is referred to as “shaft substrate 8” or “substrate”.
- regulated by Institute; abbreviation AISI) are used. However, it is not necessarily limited to these steel materials.
- the shaft 8M is inserted into the insertion hole 6a, and the shaft end portions 8a and 8a at both ends of the shaft 8M are caulked and fixed to the arm body 1. That is, the shaft end portions 8a and 8a of the shaft 8M are caulked.
- a circumferential groove 8aa having a diameter Dm slightly smaller than the outer diameter Dj of the shaft 8M is formed in the shaft end portion 8a by using a jig or tool (not shown) with the shaft 8M inserted into the insertion hole 6a.
- the circumferential groove 8aa is formed in the vicinity of the outer diameter of the shaft end portion 8a that is substantially the same axis as the shaft 8M.
- the circumferential groove 8aa may be an annular groove.
- the circumferential groove 8aa may not be formed substantially on the same axis as the shaft 8M.
- plastic working portions 8b projecting a predetermined small distance radially outward are provided near both ends of the outer diameter surface of the shaft 8M.
- 8b is engaged with the counterbore part 11, and the shaft end parts 8a and 8a are caulked.
- the shaft end portions 8a and 8a are caulked to prevent the shaft 8M from coming off from the arm body 1.
- the plastic working portion 8b of the shaft 8M is, for example, an annular protrusion extending over the entire circumference or substantially the entire circumference.
- the plurality of rolling elements 10 are incorporated in the annular space between the shaft 8 ⁇ / b> M and the outer ring 9 without using a cage as a full-roller type.
- the rolling elements 10 adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction are brought close to each other with a clearance allowing rolling, that is, a circumferential clearance ⁇ 1.
- the bearing 5 according to this embodiment is a full-roller type, but it is also possible to provide a cage in the annular space between the shaft 8M and the outer ring 9 and to hold a plurality of rolling elements 10 in this cage. is there.
- the outer ring 9 is made of the same steel material as the shaft base 8.
- the outer ring 9, the shaft base 8, and the rolling element 10 may be made of the same material.
- a part of the bearing component may be made of a material different from other components.
- the roundness of the rolling surface in the base material on which the hard coating 12 is to be formed is 2 ⁇ m or less, and this The roundness of the rolling surface after the hard coating is formed is configured to satisfy one or both of 4 ⁇ m or less.
- the characteristic (1) means a parameter indicating the characteristics of the hard coating or the substrate as described later, and the characteristics (2) to (6) described later are the same.
- the rolling surface can be maintained at a necessary and sufficient wear resistance, and peeling of the hard coating 12 can be prevented.
- the roundness of the shaft 8M can be set to 4 ⁇ m or less.
- the hard coating 12 is formed only on the shaft base material 8, but even if the hard coating 12 is formed on the rolling surfaces 9 a and 10 a of the outer ring 9 or the rolling element 10. good.
- the hard coating 12 may be formed on at least one of the rolling surfaces of the shaft base material 8, the outer ring 9, and the rolling element 10.
- the hardness of the rolling surface part in the base material of the shaft 8M is set to HRC58 or more.
- the hardness of the rolling surface portion of the base material of this shaft 8M requires a hardness of HRC58 or more for the purpose of sufficiently securing the rolling fatigue life.
- the hardened layer depth that requires a hardness of HRC 58 or higher is sufficient when the contact surface pressure during use of the bearing is 2000 MPa or less because rolling fatigue does not occur, and a depth of 50 ⁇ m at which wear occurs is sufficient.
- the hard coating 12 is applied to the shaft base material 8
- the peeled hard coating acts as a hard foreign substance, so that wear occurs to a depth of 50 ⁇ m or more. There are many cases to do.
- the contact surface pressure is 2000 MPa or more and 5000 MPa or less, not only wear but also rolling fatigue occurs, but it is sufficient if the hardness is up to a depth of about 400 ⁇ m.
- the surface is usually directly measured for hardness using a Rockwell hardness meter, a Vickers hardness meter, or the like.
- the above measuring method cannot be used.
- the cross-sectional hardness of the shaft 8M may be measured, and the value in the vicinity of the interface between the hard coating 12 and the shaft base material 8 (the shaft base material 8 side) may be used as the surface hardness of the shaft base material 8. .
- the kind of the hardening method of a base material is shown below, the merit in the case of hardening the surface layer of a base material and not only the surface layer of a base material but the inside is shown here.
- the surface layer of the base material is hardened
- HRC58 depth the hardened layer depth that requires hardness of HRC58 or higher
- the peeled hard coating acts as a hard foreign substance, and thus wear occurs to a depth of 50 ⁇ m or more. There are many.
- the hardened layer depth (HRC 58 depth) is sufficient to be 400 ⁇ m, which is twice the maximum shear stress position.
- induction hardening, subzero treatment after quenching, and low-temperature nitriding treatment can be employed as a method for hardening the base material.
- low-temperature nitriding treatment for example, ion nitriding at 550 ° C. or lower, gas nitriding, salt bath nitriding, or the like can be applied.
- the depth of the hardened layer (HRC 58 depth) that can generate a compressive stress that is considered to have a positive effect on the lifetime is 1/3 of the diameter of the shaft base 8 in the case of the thickness of the shaft base material 8 and the solid shaft at the maximum. There is a track record. From this result, for example, in the case of a solid shaft as shown in FIG. 4, the surface quenching depth (HRC 58 depth) in the shaft base 8 of the rolling bearing having a diameter of 8 mm to 10 mm is 3.3 mm or less. Is desirable.
- the value obtained by subtracting the inner diameter from the outer diameter of the hollow shaft is divided by “2”, and further divided by “3”, that is, the surface quenching depth, ie, [outer diameter ⁇ inner diameter] / 2.
- a surface quenching depth of 1/3 is desirable.
- the shaft end portions 8a and 8a are fixed by caulking.
- the hardness of the shaft end portions 8a and 8a at both ends of the shaft 8M is set to HRC10 or more and HRC35 or less.
- the range satisfying the hardness of the shaft end portion 8a is a range extending from the shaft end surface to a position of 1 mm or more inward in the axial direction. In other words, a range that is equal to or less than HRC35 is secured at least 1 mm inward in the axial direction from the shaft end surface.
- the shaft 8M and the arm body 1 can be securely fixed by setting the hardness of the shaft end 8a to HRC35 or less and caulking the shaft 8M.
- the outer ring 9, the rolling element 10 and the shaft 8M are set at predetermined positions on the arm body 1. Then, the shaft ends 8a, 8a on both sides are caulked to fix the shaft 8M and the arm body 1.
- the shaft 8M is subjected to high-frequency surface quenching excluding the shaft end portions 8a, 8a on both sides, or high frequency excluding the shaft end portions 8a, 8a on both sides.
- Induction hardening that hardens not only the surface but also the inside, low-temperature nitriding treatment that masks the shaft end portions 8a and 8a on both sides, shaft end portions 8a on both sides of the shaft of a general overall hardened product,
- a method of annealing 8a by high-frequency heat treatment can be employed.
- the low-temperature nitriding treatment for example, ion nitriding at 550 ° C. or lower, gas nitriding, salt bath nitriding, or the like can be applied.
- a groove (not shown) is formed on the outer peripheral surface near the shaft end of the shaft 8M, a retaining ring is disposed in the groove, and the shaft 8M and the arm body 1 are fixed.
- Examples of the hard coating 12 are as follows.
- An example is a hard coating 12 that includes amorphous hydrocarbons (including metal-free amorphous hydrocarbons) including sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon.
- a method for forming the hard coating 12 a high-frequency plasma CVD method, an ionized vapor deposition method, a cathode arc method, a sputtering method, and the like are known. In these methods, there are several methods for increasing the adhesion between the formed hard coating 12 and the shaft substrate 8 and the toughness value of the hard coating 12, and these methods will be described later.
- the shaft base 8 having a cleaned surface is installed in the chamber, and the chamber is evacuated. After exhausting to a vacuum degree of about 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa, the shaft base 8 is heated to a temperature of 150 ° C. to 200 ° C. Thereafter, a bias current of about ⁇ 200 V to ⁇ 500 V is applied to the shaft to generate inert gas ions in an inert gas atmosphere at a pressure of 1 Pa, and collide with the shaft base 8 to clean the shaft surface.
- the hard coating 12 having a high fracture toughness value on the shaft base material 8 by the sputtering method it is preferable to use not only C (graphite) but also one or more kinds of metal targets as the target.
- the target to be used include Cu (copper), Ni (nickel), W (tungsten), and Cr (chromium).
- a combination of a plurality of targets, more preferably Cr (chromium) and W (tungsten) is preferable because of the bonding property of graphite and the gradient functional effect after film formation.
- the outermost layer is metal-free, it is called a hard coating made of metal-free amorphous hydrocarbons even if a metal, that is, a metal is mixed in the lower layer.
- a mixed gas of Ar gas and process gas is introduced into the chamber and a bias current is applied to the shaft. While applying the electric power of the sputtering source, a glow discharge is generated. A film is formed at an Ar pressure of 0.5 Pa, a bias voltage of ⁇ 100 V, and a sputtering power of 5 kW. After reaching a predetermined film thickness, the power supply to the sputtering source is stopped, and the shaft 8M is rapidly cooled and removed from the chamber. At this time, if the hard coating 12 is formed in an atmosphere into which a process gas not containing hydrogen is introduced, a coating containing substantially no hydrogen can be formed. On the other hand, if the hard coating 12 is formed in an atmosphere containing hydrogen by introducing hydrocarbon gas or hydrogen gas, a hydrogen-containing layer containing a predetermined amount of hydrogen can be formed.
- a fine ceramic hard coating may be formed on the shaft substrate 8.
- an aerosol deposition method (abbreviation: AD method).
- AD method an aerosol in which raw material ceramic fine particles are dispersed in a gas is sprayed from an aerosol spray nozzle toward a base material, and the aerosol collides with the surface of the base material at a high speed to form a coating made of ultrafine particle constituent materials. Form on top.
- Oxide ceramics such as alumina, zirconia, and titania are known as aerosol raw material ceramics.
- carbide ceramics such as nitrides such as silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and sialon are also known as aerosol raw material ceramics.
- alumina having a smaller true specific gravity tends to be aerosolized, so that the ceramic used as the raw material is preferably alumina.
- the average particle size of the particles used is 0.01 ⁇ m to 2.0 ⁇ m. If the average particle size is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, it is easy to agglomerate and it is difficult to form an aerosol. If the average particle size exceeds 2.0 ⁇ m, film formation by the AD method becomes difficult.
- a pulverizer such as a ball mill or a jet mill so that the alumina is easily pulverized at the time of collision with the base material.
- a pulverizer such as a ball mill or a jet mill
- the aerosol is sprayed onto the surface of the substrate to form a film, it is preferable to collide with a pressure of 0.01 kPa to 120 kPa.
- the pressure is less than 0.01 kPa, the collision speed of the aerosol becomes high, the substrate is etched, and no film is formed.
- the aerosol is collided at a pressure exceeding 120 kPa, the collision speed becomes slow, ceramic particles are deposited on the substrate, and no film is formed.
- the formation of the hard coating 12 on the substrate by the AD method can be performed at room temperature.
- a method of forming an AD ceramic film on the surface of the shaft base 8 of the bearing 5 a method of forming the film by fixing the shaft base 8 and moving the aerosol injection nozzle, and fixing the aerosol injection nozzle of the bearing 5 Any method of forming a film by rotating and moving the shaft base 8 can be adopted.
- the aerosol can be sprayed in a stable state, and the XY table for positioning and the motor for rotating the object are used in combination, and the shaft base 8 of the bearing 5 is moved in the axial direction while rotating.
- the aerosol spray nozzle sprays ceramic fine particles from the nozzle tip having an opening such as a rectangle onto the surface of the axial cylindrical portion.
- the number of aerosol injection nozzles may be one or more, and the aerosol injection nozzles may be configured to be displaceable.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the test machine for the wear test.
- soot hard carbon particles: carbon
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the test machine for the wear test.
- soot hard carbon particles: carbon
- the amount of soot is measured by the Light Extension Measurement method, abbreviated as LEM method, developed by Analyst.
- LEM method measures the amount of soot in oil from the light extinction rate (attenuation rate) when light is projected onto oil containing soot, utilizing the property that soot absorbs light.
- an evaluation engine oil the following oil is simply adopted instead of an oil containing carbon black. That is, as an evaluation engine oil, a carbon black powder is contained in a CD grade 10W-30 diesel engine oil, and then the oil is rotated at a high temperature and a high speed to disperse the oil so that the carbon black powder does not settle in the lubricating oil.
- P in “P / C” indicates a load
- C indicates a basic dynamic load rating of the bearing. That is, P / C indicates the ratio of the load to the basic dynamic load rating of the bearing.
- a drive shaft 15 is rotatably supported in a test housing via a plurality of bearings 14, and one end portion in the longitudinal direction of the drive shaft 15 is connected to a drive source (not shown).
- the drive shaft 15 is a so-called stepped shaft and includes a large-diameter portion 15 a that contacts the outer ring outer diameter surface 9 b of the test bearing 5.
- the testing machine 13 includes a load loading member 16 that applies a radial load to the shaft 8M of the test bearing 5.
- the test bearing 5 is lubricated by an oil bath, and the oil level L2 is filled up to the center of rotation of the test bearing.
- cartridge heaters 17 capable of controlling the oil temperature are provided on both sides in the test housing.
- the bearing 5 used for the test is a rolling bearing with a higher degree of wear and a larger amount of wear than a plain bearing.
- Only the shaft base 8 is shown in the “Hard coating type” column of Tables 2 to 5. The surface treatment was performed. The results of the wear test are also shown in Tables 2 to 5.
- the hard coating 12 on the shaft surface is carried out by changing the parameters shown in Tables 2 to 5 (described later). In this test, only the shaft base material 8 is provided with the hard coating 12. The reason is that this test assumes the use of a roller follower and rotates the outer ring. Therefore, since the load area in the shaft 8M is the same place, the shaft 8M is significantly worn.
- the comprehensive evaluation ⁇ is a sample that satisfies the evaluation standard that the shaft wear amount is 1 ⁇ m or less, and the comprehensive evaluation ⁇ satisfies the evaluation standard that the shaft wear amount exceeds 1 ⁇ m and is 4 ⁇ m or less. It is a sample.
- the comprehensive evaluation x is a sample that satisfies the evaluation criteria for the amount of shaft wear exceeding 4 ⁇ m.
- the sample with the shaft wear amount of 4 ⁇ m or less shows no change in vibration and sound compared with the initial test.
- the ⁇ evaluation was classified according to the amount of shaft wear.
- the amount of shaft wear is large, the vibration becomes larger than the initial vibration, and the aggressiveness to the mating member is recognized. Since the shaft has the same load area, only a part of the shaft is greatly worn. Therefore, shaft wear greatly affects vibration.
- the above-mentioned “only a part of the shaft wears greatly” means that only a portion Sa that reaches a predetermined small angle ⁇ in one circumferential direction from one location A1 of the shaft surface is white as a dotted line. For example, it means that it is scraped off flat.
- SUJ2 was applied to the shaft, outer ring, and rolling element as the material of the sample base material used in the examples and comparative examples in this wear test.
- heat treatment conditions general whole quenching was applied to the rolling elements and the outer ring, and induction surface quenching was applied to the shaft.
- Fracture toughness value of hard coating formed on the rolling surface of bearing shaft The “fracture toughness” of the fracture toughness value used in the present application is synonymous with a scale representing resistance to brittle fracture of a thin film. Yes, the value is the “fracture toughness value”.
- a method for measuring the fracture toughness value of a hard coating formed on the surface of a base material a method of JS1 et al. Thin Solid Film (325, 163 (1998) is known. This method consists of two types of tests, which are a bending test of a substrate having a hard coating formed on the surface and an indentation test with superalloy balls on the surface of the hard coating.
- the fracture toughness value is obtained from the crack generation behavior and propagation behavior of the hard coating under test.
- the fracture toughness value is determined from the indentation diameter, the length of each crack generated on the surface of the hard coating, the area where the crack occurred, and the Young's modulus of the substrate and the hard coating.
- the average value of the measured values obtained by measuring the axial center P1 of the shaft 8M at 10 circumferential intervals was determined. .
- a 1.6 mm diameter tungsten carbide (abbreviated as WC) indenter was pressed radially inward and substantially perpendicular to the measurement location on the axial center P1 of the surface of the shaft 8M, that is, the outer peripheral surface.
- the fracture toughness value was determined from the behavior of cracks generated on the surface of the coating.
- the indentation depth of the indenter with respect to this measurement location was 0.1 mm (0.5% of the indenter diameter) from the hard coating surface.
- ten axial centers P1 of the shaft 8M were measured. However, an arbitrary plurality of locations at appropriate intervals may be measured in the axial center P1 of the shaft 8M, and an average value thereof may be obtained.
- the said hard film since the said hard film generally has few dispersion
- the indenter can be applied with a diameter other than 1.6 mm, and is not necessarily limited to WC. Even in such a case, the fracture toughness value of the hard coating 12 can be measured.
- the fracture toughness value of the hard coating having the necessary abrasion resistance in this invention was 1.5 MPam 1/2 or more and 6 MPam 1/2 or less, more preferably 2 MPam 1/2 or more and 5 MPam 1/2 or less. .
- the formed hard coating 12 can withstand repeated loads, and the hard coating 12 can be hardly broken or peeled off.
- the upper limit of the fracture toughness value is 6 MPam 1/2
- the hard coating 12 has an aggressiveness to the counterpart part by being appropriately broken until the coating becomes familiar with the lubricating oil and exhibits wear resistance. Can be small. That is, when the fracture toughness value of the hard coating 12 exceeds 6 MPam 1/2 , the wear of the hard coating 12 does not proceed in the abrasion that occurs until the wear resistance is exhibited, and therefore the attacking property to the counterpart part is increased. It will increase.
- the fracture toughness value of the hard coating 12 is less than 1.5 MPam 1/2 , the formed coating cannot withstand repeated loads, and is more likely to break and peel. Furthermore, the attack resistance to the mating parts is increased by the peeled film material, so that the wear resistance cannot be maintained.
- At least the axial middle portion of the shaft base 8 of the shaft 8M is cured by heat treatment, and the hard coating 12 is applied to the rolling surface of the shaft base 8, and the fracture toughness value of the hard coating 12 is 1.5 MPam 1/2 or more. 6 MPam 1/2 or less, specifically, sample No. 1-No. The values shown in 56 were used.
- the fracture toughness value of the hard coating 12 is 2 MPam 1/2 or more and 5 MPam 1/2 or less. 1-No.
- the value shown in 24 is desirable.
- the hard coating 12 can withstand repeated loads, and the hard coating 12 can prevent undesirably attacking the counterpart component until the wear resistance is exhibited.
- Sample No. in Table 2 No. 1 bearing 5 had a fracture toughness value of the hard coating 12 of 2.0 MPam 1/2 .
- the wear amount of the shaft 8M is suppressed to 0.5 ⁇ m or less
- the wear amount of the rolling element 10 is suppressed to 1.0 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the outer ring 9 is suppressed to 2.0 ⁇ m
- the wear of the entire bearing is reduced.
- the test bearing according to Comparative Example 57 had a fracture toughness value of 1.4 MPam 1/2 .
- the wear amount of the shaft 8M was 22.5 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the rolling element 10 was 11.5 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the outer ring 9 was 10 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the entire bearing was large.
- Sample No. in Table 6 The test bearing according to the comparative example No. 62 had a fracture toughness value of 7 MPam 1/2 .
- the wear amount of the shaft 8M was 38.5 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the rolling element 10 was 26 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the outer ring 9 was 18.5 ⁇ m.
- the adhesion of the hard coating formed on the rolling surface surface of the shaft of the bearing is to form a coating on the end surface of the cylindrical substrate and Known methods include measuring the critical load (critical load) that bonds and pulls the two together, and scratching to measure the pressing load (critical load) that scratches the surface of the film by scratching it with a diamond indenter. It has been.
- the critical load in the scratch method of the hard coating 12 having the necessary abrasion resistance in the present invention was 40N or more and 110N or less, more preferably 60N or more and 100N or less. This critical load was established by the International Organization for Standardization using the CSM REVETEST scratch tester.
- the moving distance of the probe may not be 10 mm.
- sample No. in the test bearing shown in FIG. 5 the critical load of the hard coating 12 by the scratch method was 85N. After the test, this test bearing can suppress the wear amount of the shaft 8M to 0.5 ⁇ m or less, the wear amount of the rolling element 10 to 1 ⁇ m, and the wear amount of the outer ring 9 to 1 ⁇ m as a whole.
- sample No. 64 the critical load of the hard coating 12 was set to 25N. After the test, the wear amount of the shaft 8M was 26 ⁇ m, the wear amount of the rolling element 10 was 12.5 ⁇ m, the wear amount of the outer ring 9 was 10.5 ⁇ m, and the wear amount of the entire bearing was increased.
- the outer peripheral surface of the shaft 8M was measured at 10 locations. However, an arbitrary plurality of locations at appropriate intervals in the circumferential direction of the outer peripheral surface of the shaft 8M may be measured to obtain an average value thereof. In general, since the hard coating has little variation depending on the part, for example, a value obtained by measuring one arbitrary position on the outer peripheral surface of the shaft 8M may be adopted.
- the lower limit value of the critical load by the scratch method measurement of the hard coating 12 is 40 N, it is possible to prevent the hard coating 12 from peeling off and to exhibit wear resistance. Moreover, the attack to the other components resulting from peeling of the hard film 12 can be prevented beforehand.
- the upper limit value of the critical load is 110 N, the hard coating 12 is prevented from wearing only a part of the coating surface during the time for which the hard coating 12 exhibits wear resistance, so that the hard coating 12 exhibits a wear resistance. Can be prevented from becoming undesirably large. With the bearing 5 that defines a critical load by such a scratch method measurement, wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters can be reduced.
- the critical load of the hard coating 12 when the critical load of the hard coating 12 is set to 60 N or more and 100 N or less, the hard coating 12 may be undesirably peeled during the time when the hard coating 12 exhibits wear resistance or after the wear resistance is exhibited. It can prevent more reliably.
- Hardness of the hard coating formed on the rolling surface of the bearing shaft The hardness of the hard coating 12 formed on the substrate surface was measured with a dynamic ultra-small hardness meter DUH-201W (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). To do. The value measured by this hardness meter is dynamic hardness HD, and is defined by the following formula as described above.
- the set load can be reduced and the penetration depth of the indenter can be reduced.
- the film hardness can be determined more accurately than Vickers hardness.
- the dynamic hardness of the hard coating 12 of the second bearing 5 is HD1188.
- the wear amount of the shaft 8M is suppressed to 0.5 ⁇ m or less, the wear amount of the rolling element 10 is suppressed to 1.5 ⁇ m, the wear amount of the outer ring 9 is suppressed to 1.5 ⁇ m, and the wear of the entire bearing is reduced.
- sample No. The dynamic hardness of the hard coating 12 of the test bearings according to 58 comparative examples is HD572.
- the wear amount of the shaft 8M was 24.5 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the rolling element 10 was 17 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the outer ring 9 was 14 ⁇ m
- the dynamic hardness of the hard coating 12 having the necessary wear resistance in the present invention is HD800 or more and HD2000 or less.
- the rolling surface has a necessary and sufficient coating strength, strengthens the bonding force between the membrane members, prevents membrane damage, and maintains wear resistance.
- the upper limit value is HD2000, the difference in shaft surface hardness between the hard coating 12 and the shaft base material 8 can be reduced. Thereby, the crack of the hard film 12 can be prevented and abrasion resistance can be maintained.
- the bearing 5 provided with such a hard coating 12 having a dynamic hardness of HD 800 or more and HD 2000 or less wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters can be reduced.
- the carotester CSM simple precision membrane
- the thickness of the hard coating 12 is measured with a thickness measuring machine CAROTEST.
- the film thickness of the hard coating 12 is measured by Hobson Co., Ltd.
- the intermediate portion on the surface of the shaft cylindrical portion is a longitudinal intermediate portion on the outer diameter surface of the shaft 8M, that is, an axial intermediate portion, and the insertion holes 6a, 6a of the opposing side walls 6, 6 of the arm body 1.
- This is a portion including the rolling surface surface excluding the outer diameter surface on one end side in the longitudinal direction of the shaft 8M and the outer diameter surface on the other end side in the longitudinal direction.
- the intermediate portion of the surface of the axial cylindrical portion is a rolling width 10 W or more of the rolling element 10.
- Form Talysurf FormTalysurf-120L manufactured by Taylor Hobson Co., Ltd.
- Measurement was performed by moving the probe along the axial direction indicated by the arrow AA2.
- the surface roughness and film forming range of the hard coating 12 formed on the surface of the substrate are measured with Foam Talysurf (manufactured by Taylor Hobson Co., Ltd.).
- Foam Talysurf manufactured by Taylor Hobson Co., Ltd.
- the center P1 of the axial direction 8M of the shaft 8M is used as shown in FIG. 11 using a form tarisurf (FormTalysurf-120L manufactured by Taylor Hobson Co., Ltd.).
- the vicinity was moved along the axial direction indicated by the arrow A3, and an average value of the measured values measured at 10 evaluation intervals at regular intervals in the circumferential direction with an evaluation length of 1.25 mm was obtained.
- Measurement points on the shaft 8M may be arranged at appropriate intervals in the circumferential direction of the axial center P1.
- the evaluation length may not be 1.25 mm.
- the measurement method of the “film formation range” of the hard coating 12 according to this embodiment was also measured using the same form Talysurf (made by Taylor Hobson Co., Ltd.). Specifically, as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the shape of the film after measurement of the film formation range.
- the coating in the vicinity of one end P3 rises steeply from one end P3 toward one side in the axial direction indicated by the arrow A2, and is thereafter formed flat up to the vicinity of the other end P4.
- the coating near the other end P4 rises sharply from the other end P4 toward the other in the axial direction.
- a range between the rising start positions on both sides is referred to as a “film formation range”.
- the surface roughness of the hard coating 12 having the necessary abrasion resistance in the present invention was Ra 0.25 ⁇ m or less. Specifically, the sample Nos.
- the surface roughness of the hard coating 12 of the 18 bearings 5 is Ra 0.049 ⁇ m.
- the wear amount of the shaft 8M was suppressed to 1 ⁇ m or less
- the wear amount of the rolling element 10 was suppressed to 2 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the outer ring 9 was suppressed to 3 ⁇ m
- the wear of the entire bearing could be reduced.
- the surface roughness of the hard coating 12 exceeds Ra 0.25 ⁇ m, the aggression against the mating part is recognized, so that the wear resistance cannot be maintained.
- the surface roughness of the hard coating 12 is desired to be Ra 0.25 ⁇ m or less
- the surface roughness of the shaft base material that is the base that is, the surface of the shaft base material 8 not provided with the hard coating 12 is Ra 0.15 ⁇ m or less.
- this Ra exceeds 0.15 ⁇ m
- the surface roughness of the formed film may exceed Ra0.25 ⁇ m.
- the surface roughness of the hard coating 12 can be Ra 0.25 ⁇ m or less, and the wear resistance can be maintained. . Further, it is possible to prevent an attack on the opponent part.
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12 having the abrasion resistance necessary in the present invention is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the formed hard coating 12 needs time to be familiar with the lubricating oil until it exhibits wear resistance.
- the film thickness is less than 1 ⁇ m, the entire film peels before the hard coating 12 has the wear resistance, so the wear resistance cannot be maintained.
- the reason why the wear resistance cannot be exhibited when the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating is less than 1 ⁇ m will be described. Residual compressive stress is always generated when the hard coating is formed, but peeling of the film due to the residual compressive stress is prevented by the bonding force and adhesion force of the film member.
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 becomes thin due to wear of the hard coating, the residual compressive stress decreases, but the bonding force and adhesion of the film member decrease more than the residual compressive stress.
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating is 0.5 ⁇ m or less, the residual compressive stress is increased against the bonding force and adhesion force of the film member, and the film is peeled off. Therefore, 0.5 ⁇ m which is worn before the hard coating becomes familiar with the lubricating oil and exhibits wear resistance is added, and the minimum film thickness required for the hard coating having the necessary wear resistance is 1.0 ⁇ m.
- the lower limit value of the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12 is set to, for example, the sample numbers in Tables 2 to 5. 1-No.
- the film remains until the hard coating 12 has wear resistance, and the wear resistance can be maintained.
- the upper limit value of the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12 is set to, for example, the sample Nos. 1-No.
- the thickness is 5 ⁇ m, it is possible to suppress an increase in residual compressive stress that may occur during the formation of the hard coating, and to prevent the film from cracking due to the application of an impact load. Therefore, peeling of the hard coating 12 can be prevented and wear resistance can be maintained.
- the film thickness of the hard coating 12 applied to the shaft 8M having the abrasion resistance necessary in the present invention is ⁇ 2 ⁇ m with reference to the film thickness ⁇ 2 (FIG. 4) at the axial center P1 (FIG. 2).
- the range is as follows.
- the variation in the film thickness of the hard coating 12 based on the film thickness ⁇ 2 at the axial center P1 is expressed as “thickness variation” in Tables 2 to 7.
- the “thickness variation” in Tables 2 to 7 refers to the film thickness at the thickest portion of the film thickness on which the hard film 12 is formed, based on the film thickness ⁇ 2 at the axial center P1.
- the film thickness ⁇ max ( ⁇ max is 4 ⁇ m, for example) at the thickest portion and the film at the axial center P1.
- the difference ( ⁇ max ⁇ 2) is obtained from the thickness ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ 2 is 2 ⁇ m, for example).
- the axial center P1 when the axial center P1 is the thickest of the hard coatings 12, the axial center P1 has a film thickness ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ 2 is 3 ⁇ m, for example), and the film thickness of the thinnest portion.
- ⁇ 2 ⁇ min thickness variation
- FIG. 14C when the film thickness ⁇ 2 at the axial center P1 is an intermediate value, the film thickness ⁇ max ( ⁇ max is, for example, 3 ⁇ m) at the thickest portion and the film thickness ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ 2 at the axial center P1) For example, the difference ( ⁇ max ⁇ 2) from 1.5 ⁇ m) is obtained.
- the difference ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ min) between the film thickness ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ 2 is 1.5 ⁇ m, for example) and the film thickness ⁇ min ( ⁇ min is 0.5 ⁇ m, for example) at the thinnest portion is obtained.
- a thickness variation can be obtained by adopting a larger value (currently ⁇ max ⁇ 2).
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12 applied to the shaft 8M is within a range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with respect to the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the axial center P1, the load acting on the hard coating 12 is uniform. Turn into. Thereby, it is possible to prevent an excessive contact surface pressure from acting locally. Therefore, not only the wear resistance is lowered, but also the hard coating 12 can be prevented from peeling off. The peeled hard coating does not attack the mating member. For example, sample No. 7, in the test bearing in which the thickness of the hard coating 12 is 2 ⁇ m and the thickness variation is 1 ⁇ m, the wear amount of the shaft 8M is 0.5 ⁇ m or less after the test, and the rolling element 10 is worn.
- the amount is 1 ⁇ m and the wear amount of the outer ring 9 is 2 ⁇ m, so that the entire bearing can be kept low.
- the sample Nos. As the bearing 12, the shaft surface 8 with a surface roughness Ra of 0.085 ⁇ m, a hard coating 12 with a thickness of 4.5 ⁇ m, and a thickness variation of ⁇ 2 with a thickness variation of 1 ⁇ m was applied. In this case, after the test, the wear amount of the shaft 8M was suppressed to 1 ⁇ m, the wear amount of the rolling element 10 was suppressed to 2 ⁇ m, the wear amount of the outer ring 9 was suppressed to 1 ⁇ m, and the wear of the entire bearing could be reduced. On the other hand, the sample Nos.
- the surface roughness Ra of the shaft base 8 was 0.222 ⁇ m
- the thickness of the hard coating 12 was 7 ⁇ m
- the thickness variation of the thickness ⁇ 2 was 3.5 ⁇ m.
- the wear amount of the shaft 8M was 11 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the rolling element 10 was 13.5 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the outer ring 9 was 27 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the entire bearing was large. This is presumably because the thickness variation of the film thickness ⁇ 2 is as large as 3.5 ⁇ m, the load acting on the hard coating 12 becomes non-uniform, and an excessive surface pressure acts locally.
- the axial formation range of the hard coating 12 having the necessary wear resistance in the present invention is obtained by subtracting the value obtained by multiplying the axial dimension of the roller chamfer by “2” from the roller length. It is preferable that the value be larger than the value obtained by the value, that is, the roller (rolling element) length ⁇ the axial dimension of the roller (rolling element) chamfer ⁇ 2 (both ends). More preferably, it is more than the rolling surface.
- the deformation amount after caulking is the amount of deformation before caulking (the axial direction of the shaft 8M after caulking).
- the method of confirming the surface hardness (rolling surface hardness) of a base material not coated with a hard coating is to use a Rockwell hardness meter or a Vickers hardness meter.
- the hardness of the substrate surface is directly measured.
- the cross-sectional hardness of the base material is measured with a Vickers hardness meter, and the value at the point 0.03 mm from the interface with the hard coating is used as the base material surface hardness. Since the hard coating 12 is applied to the substrate surface, the substrate surface hardness is preferably close to the hard coating hardness.
- the measuring method of the shaft surface hardness was performed by measuring 10 axial centers of the shaft 8M at appropriate circumferential intervals using a micro Vickers hardness tester (HMV-1 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). The average value was obtained. Specifically, in order to obtain the surface hardness at a point of 0.03 mm from the interface with the hard coating, as shown in FIG. 15, the axial center of the shaft 8M is cut along a virtual plane kh substantially perpendicular to the axial direction. To do. As shown in FIG.
- L5 0.03 mm
- sample No. The bearing surface hardness of 19 bearings 5 is HV813.
- the wear amount of the shaft 8M is suppressed to 1 ⁇ m or less
- the wear amount of the rolling element 10 is suppressed to 1.5 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the outer ring 9 is suppressed to 1.5 ⁇ m
- the wear of the entire bearing is reduced. I was able to.
- sample No. The base material surface hardness of the test bearing according to the comparative example 77 is HV633.
- the wear amount of the shaft 8M was 73 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the rolling element 10 was 23.5 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the outer ring 9 was 22 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the entire bearing was large. This is because, due to the insufficient strength of the base material, the base material is plastically deformed, and in particular, wear of the shaft 8M has progressed.
- the lower limit of the substrate surface hardness is HV650, the required strength of the substrate is satisfied, and the deformation amount of the substrate can be suppressed to a predetermined amount or less. Therefore, the adhesiveness between the substrate surface and the hard coating 12 formed on the substrate surface can be improved.
- the upper limit of the substrate surface hardness is HV1000, the necessary toughness value of the substrate is satisfied, and the adhesion to the hard coating 12 can be improved without cracking the substrate.
- the shaft surface is formed before film formation.
- the surface hardness can be close to HV1000.
- a film formed by the AD method there are particles having a size exceeding the average particle size in the raw material powder. A particle having a large particle size does not contribute to film formation and collides with the surface of the base material to be subjected to peening treatment, and the surface hardness of the base material can be close to HV1000.
- the roundness after forming the hard coating 12 on the surface of the cylindrical substrate is, for example, Talirond (made by Taylor Hobson Co., Ltd.) Measure with Talyrond 262).
- the “roundness” is a geometric tolerance that refers to a magnitude of deviation from a geometrically correct circle of a circular shape. This roundness is expressed by the radius difference between the two circles when the circular shape is sandwiched between two concentric geometric circles, and the distance between the two concentric circles is the smallest.
- the roundness is XX ⁇ m, or the roundness Displayed as XXmm.
- the film formation range of the shaft 8M is indicated by an arrow A4 using the talirond.
- the average value of the measured values measured at 10 locations in the circumferential direction at appropriate intervals in the axial direction was determined.
- the roundness of the shaft 8M after the formation of the hard coating which had the necessary abrasion resistance in the present invention, was 4 ⁇ m or less.
- the roundness exceeds 4 ⁇ m, the film thickness ⁇ 2 changes depending on the location, the load applied to the film becomes non-uniform, and the contact surface pressure becomes locally excessive. Therefore, not only the wear resistance is lowered, but also the possibility of inducing peeling of the hard coating 12 is increased. Furthermore, the aggression to the mating part increases due to the peeling of the hard coating 12.
- the rolling surface is necessary by satisfying one or both of the roundness of the rolling surface of the shaft base material 8 of 2 ⁇ m or less and the roundness of the rolling surface of the shaft 8M of 4 ⁇ m or less. Has sufficient wear resistance. Since the roundness of the rolling surface of the shaft 8M is set to 4 ⁇ m or less, the film thickness ⁇ 2 does not change depending on the location, the load applied to the hard coating 12 is made uniform, and local excessive contact pressure can be prevented. it can. Therefore, it is possible to maintain the rolling surface with necessary and sufficient wear resistance and prevent the hard coating 12 from peeling off.
- the roundness of the rolling surface of the shaft base material 8 By setting the roundness of the rolling surface of the shaft base material 8 to 2 ⁇ m or less, the roundness of the shaft 8M can be set to 4 ⁇ m or less. With such a bearing 5, wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters can be reduced.
- sample Nos. As shown in FIG. 3, in the test bearing in which the roundness of the rolling surface of the shaft as the base material is 0.5 ⁇ m and the roundness of the rolling surface after the hard coating is formed is 0.5 ⁇ m, The wear amount of the shaft 8M is 0.5 ⁇ m or less, the wear amount of the rolling element 10 is 1.5 ⁇ m, and the wear amount of the outer ring 9 is 1 ⁇ m. With such a bearing 5, wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters can be reduced. On the other hand, the sample Nos.
- the wear amount of the shaft 8M was 53.5 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the rolling element 10 was 20 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the outer ring 9 was 10.5 ⁇ m
- the wear amount of the entire bearing was increased. This is due to the fact that local excessive surface pressure acts on the rolling surface and promotes peeling of the hard coating 12.
- the clearance of the shaft, rolling element, and outer ring of the rolling bearing By forming the hard coating 12 on the surface of the shaft, the clearances of the components constituting the bearing 5, that is, the shaft 8M, the rolling element 10, and the outer ring 9, change.
- the clearance of the rolling bearing is defined by a radial clearance and a circumferential clearance ⁇ 1 per 10 rolling elements.
- the radial clearance of the bearing 5 having the necessary wear resistance in the present invention was 2 ⁇ m or more and 45 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit value of the radial clearance of the bearing provided with the hard coating can be 2 ⁇ m.
- Assembling of the bearing 5 can be facilitated, and by applying a hard coating, dimensional changes due to thermal expansion of the base material can be suppressed, and problems such as seizure and wear due to poor lubrication can be prevented in advance. Can do.
- the upper limit value of the radial clearance it is possible to suppress vibration and sound caused by the skew of the rolling elements, and to prevent a decrease in bearing life.
- the circumferential clearance ⁇ 1 per rolling element 10 of the bearing 5 having the necessary wear resistance was 2 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit of the circumferential clearance ⁇ 1 of the bearing (with a hard coating) can be 2 ⁇ m. Assembling of the bearing 5 can be facilitated, and by applying a hard coating, dimensional changes due to thermal expansion of the base material can be suppressed, and problems such as seizure and wear due to poor lubrication can be prevented in advance. Can do.
- the upper limit value of the circumferential clearance ⁇ 1 is set to 25 ⁇ m, vibrations and sounds caused by the skew of the rolling elements 10 can be suppressed, and a reduction in bearing life can be prevented.
- sample No. 70 in the test bearing according to the comparative example in which the radial clearance is 1 ⁇ m and the circumferential clearance ⁇ 1 is 1 ⁇ m, the wear amount of the shaft 8M is 59 ⁇ m and the wear amount of the rolling element 10 is 29 ⁇ m after the test.
- the wear amount of the outer ring 9 was 11 ⁇ m, and the wear amount of the entire bearing was increased. This is due to the fact that these gaps become smaller due to thermal expansion, and wear progresses due to poor lubrication.
- Hydrogen content of hard coating made of metal-free amorphous hydrocarbons containing sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon formed on the rolling surface of the bearing shaft The hydrogen content of hard coating 12 formed on the surface of shaft 8M The amount is analyzed by, for example, ERDA (Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis: HRBS500 manufactured by Kobe Steel).
- ERDA Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis: HRBS500 manufactured by Kobe Steel.
- the measurement of hydrogen content by ERDA is observed from the film surface in order to evaluate the composition distribution in the depth direction. It is sufficient to read the hydrogen content in the region up to 0.3 ⁇ m in the depth direction from the measurement result.
- the hydrogen content in the region from the surface of the hard coating 12 to 0.3 ⁇ m, which had the necessary wear resistance in this embodiment, is 10 atomic% to 30 atomic%, preferably 16 atomic% to 25 atomic%. It was the following. When the hydrogen content is less than 10 atomic%, the adhesion is lowered. When the hydrogen content exceeds 30 atomic%, the bondability between the film materials is reduced, the film is easily peeled off, and the wear resistance is lowered.
- the content of Cr (chromium) + W (tungsten) in the hard coating 12 that had the necessary wear resistance in this embodiment was 5 atomic% to 50 atomic%.
- the content of Cr (chromium) + W (tungsten) is less than 5 atomic%, the adhesion between the hard coating 12 and the substrate is lowered.
- it exceeds 50 atomic% more than half of the hard coating 12 constituting the amorphous hydrocarbon film becomes a metal, the hardness is lowered and the wear resistance is lowered.
- the above parameters affect the wear resistance of the bearing 5 in which the hard coating 12 is formed on the rolling surface.
- Each parameter not only affects the wear resistance independently, but the wear resistance is further improved by combining the regions that maintain the wear resistance.
- the roundness of the rolling surface of the base material on which the hard coating 12 is to be formed is 2 ⁇ m or less, and the rolling after the hard coating is formed.
- the roundness of the surface satisfies one or both of 4 ⁇ m or less, the rolling surface has necessary and sufficient wear resistance. Since the roundness of the rolling surface after the hard coating is formed is 4 ⁇ m or less, the film thickness ⁇ 2 does not change depending on the location, the load applied to the hard coating 12 is made uniform, and local excessive surface pressure can be prevented. it can. Therefore, it is possible to maintain the rolling surface with necessary and sufficient wear resistance and prevent the hard coating 12 from peeling off.
- the roundness of the rolling surface of the base material on which the hard coating 12 is to be formed can be set to 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the roundness of the shaft 8M can be set to 4 ⁇ m or less.
- the dynamic hardness of the hard coating 12 is set to HD 800 or more and HD 2000 or less
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12 and the shaft base material 8 is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less
- the rolling surface of the bearing 5 has a necessary and sufficient coating strength, strengthening the bonding force between the membrane members to prevent membrane damage, and maintaining wear resistance. Since the upper limit value is HD2000, the difference in shaft surface hardness between the hard coating 12 and the shaft base material 8 can be reduced.
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12 is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, and the film thickness ⁇ 2 is in the range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with respect to the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the axial center P1 of the hard coating 12.
- the load becomes uniform. Thereby, it is possible to prevent an excessive contact surface pressure from acting locally. Further, as described above, by defining the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12, it is possible to improve the wear resistance under lubrication mixed with wrinkles (hard carbon particles: carbon) which are hard foreign matters of the bearing.
- the surface hardness of the base material on which the hard coating 12 is to be formed is HV650 or more and HV1000 or less
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12 is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 was set to a range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with reference to the film thickness ⁇ 2 at the axial center P1 of the hard coating 12.
- this bearing it is possible to prevent the hard coating 12 from peeling off and to exhibit wear resistance. Moreover, the attack to the other components resulting from peeling of the hard film 12 can be prevented beforehand. With the bearing 5 provided with such a hard coating 12, wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters can be reduced.
- the fracture toughness value of the hard film 12 1.5MPam 1/2 or more 6MPam 1/2 or less, preferably a 2MPam 1/2 or more 5MPam 1/2 or less.
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12 is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, and the film thickness ⁇ 2 is preferably in the range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with respect to the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the center P1 in the axial direction of the hard coating 12.
- the radial clearance of the bearing 5 is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 45 ⁇ m or less, and the circumferential clearance ⁇ 1 per one rolling element 10 is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit value of the fracture toughness value of the hard coating 12 is 1.5 MPam 1/2 , the formed hard coating 12 can withstand repeated loads, and the hard coating 12 is broken or peeled off. It can be made difficult, and it can be fully adapted to the lubricating oil. Therefore, the rolling surface can be maintained at a necessary and sufficient wear resistance, and the hard coating 12 can be prevented from being broken or peeled off. As a result, it is possible to prevent an increase in aggression on the counterpart part. With a bearing having such a fracture toughness value, wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters can be reduced.
- the critical load of the hard coating 12 as measured by the scratch method is 40N or more and 110N or less, more preferably 60N or more and 100N or less.
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12 is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, and the film thickness ⁇ 2 is preferably in the range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with respect to the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the center P1 in the axial direction of the hard coating 12.
- the lower limit value of the critical load measured by the scratch method is 40 N, it is possible to prevent the hard coating 12 from peeling off and to exhibit wear resistance. Moreover, the attack to the other components resulting from peeling of the hard film 12 can be prevented beforehand. Since the upper limit value of the critical load is 110 N, it is possible to prevent the hard coating 12 from being worn only part of the coating surface during the time for which the hard coating 12 exhibits wear resistance, so that only a part of the coating surface is worn. Undesirably increasing the size can be prevented. With the bearing 5 that defines a critical load by such a scratch method measurement, wear under lubrication mixed with hard foreign matters can be reduced.
- the critical load of the hard coating 12 when the critical load of the hard coating 12 is set to 60 N or more and 100 N or less, the hard coating 12 may be undesirably peeled during the time when the hard coating 12 exhibits wear resistance or after the wear resistance is exhibited. It can prevent more reliably.
- the surface roughness of the substrate on which the hard coating 12 is to be formed is Ra 0.15 ⁇ m or less
- the film thickness ⁇ 2 of the hard coating 12 is 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less
- This film thickness ⁇ 2 is set to a range of ⁇ 2 ⁇ m or less with reference to the film thickness at the axial center P1 of the hard coating 12.
- the surface roughness of the hard coating 12 exceeds Ra 0.25 ⁇ m, the aggressiveness to the mating parts is recognized, so that the wear resistance cannot be maintained.
- the surface roughness of the base material on which the hard coating 12 is to be formed By setting the surface roughness of the base material on which the hard coating 12 is to be formed to Ra 0.15 ⁇ m or less, the surface roughness of the hard coating 12 can be Ra 0.25 ⁇ m or less, and wear resistance can be maintained. .
- the bearing only needs to satisfy any one of the above characteristics (1) to (6).
- the bearing may satisfy a plurality of characteristics or all the characteristics at the same time, and in this case, the above-described effects become more remarkable.
- the radial clearance of the bearing 5 may be 2 ⁇ m or more and 45 ⁇ m or less, and the circumferential clearance ⁇ 1 per one rolling element 10 may be 2 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit value of the radial clearance of the bearing provided with the hard coating can be 2 ⁇ m. Assembling of the bearing 5 can be facilitated, and by applying a hard coating, dimensional changes due to thermal expansion of the base material can be suppressed, and problems such as seizure and wear due to poor lubrication can be prevented in advance. Can do.
- the upper limit value of the radial clearance By setting the upper limit value of the radial clearance to 45 ⁇ m, it is possible to suppress vibration and sound caused by the skew of the rolling element 10 and prevent a reduction in bearing life.
- the lower limit value of the circumferential clearance ⁇ 1 of the bearing can be 2 ⁇ m. Assembling of the bearing 5 can be facilitated, and by applying a hard coating, dimensional changes due to thermal expansion of the base material can be suppressed, and problems such as seizure and wear due to poor lubrication can be prevented in advance. Can do. Since the upper limit value of the circumferential clearance ⁇ 1 is set to 25 ⁇ m, vibration and sound due to the skew of the rolling element 10 can be suppressed, and the bearing life can be prevented from being reduced.
- the hard coating 12 may be a diamond-like carbon film or an abbreviation DLC film.
- the DLC film is, for example, a substrate temperature of 300 ° C. or less, preferably at room temperature, a chemical vapor deposition method such as a plasma CVD method, or a physical vapor phase such as a laser ablation method, a sputtering method, an ion beam deposition method, or an ion plating method. It is formed by a growth method.
- the DLC film does not form unless the high energy particles are rapidly cooled on the substrate, and the film quality of the DLC improves as the temperature decreases.
- the DLC is composed of carbon and hydrogen, and the DLC film includes carbon and hydrogen composed of various molar ratios, and may include at least one of silicon, nitrogen, oxygen, and the like.
- the DLC film is an amorphous structure in which sp3 bonds with a diamond structure and sp2 bonds with a graphite structure are mixed.
- the sp3 bond imparts hardness and the sp2 bond imparts slidability (lubricity). To do. Therefore, the properties of the DLC film change depending on the mixing ratio of sp2 bonds and sp3 bonds. Therefore, the DLC film can adjust the hardness of the film surface by adjusting the mixing ratio of these sp2 bonds and sp3 bonds.
- the hard coating 12 may be formed by dispersing ceramic fine particles in a gas to form an aerosol, and causing the aerosol to collide with the substrate surface.
- a pressure of 0.01 kPa to 120 kPa When the pressure is less than 0.01 kPa, the aerosol colliding speed increases, and the base material is etched and no film is formed.
- the collision speed becomes slow, ceramic particles are deposited on the substrate, and no film is formed.
- the hard coating 12 can be formed on the substrate at room temperature.
- the arm body 1 is formed with an insertion hole 6a through which the shaft 8M is inserted.
- the shaft 8M is inserted into the insertion hole 6a, and the shaft end 8a of the shaft 8M is caulked and fixed to the rocker arm.
- the deformation amount in the radial direction after caulking in the hard film forming range may be within the range of the shaft diameter before caulking + 0.1 mm or less.
- the hard coating 12 can be prevented from being undesirably peeled off, and the wear resistance of the hard coating 12 can be reliably exhibited. It is possible to prevent the hard coating 12 from peeling off and becoming a foreign matter.
- the hardness of the shaft end 8a of the shaft 8M may be HRC10 or more and HRC35 or less.
- the shaft 8M and the rocker arm can be securely fixed.
- As a method of making this shaft end portion 8a HRC10 or more and HRC35 or less for example, induction surface hardening excluding the shaft end portion 8a, or induction hardening (excluding not only the surface but also the inside) excluding the shaft end portion 8a, Low-temperature nitriding treatment with masking on the shaft end 8a (ion nitriding, gas nitriding, salt bath nitriding, etc.
- the shaft end portion 8a of the roller follower is not fixed by caulking, it is not necessary to set the hardness of the shaft end portion 8a to HRC10 or more and HRC35 or less, so that general general hardening processing can also be employed.
- the range that satisfies the hardness of the shaft end portion 8a is preferably a range that extends from the shaft end surface to a position of 1 mm or more in the axial direction. In this case, the shaft 8M and the rocker arm can be more reliably fixed.
- the hard coating 12 when the hard coating 12 containing amorphous hydrocarbons including sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon (including metal-free amorphous hydrocarbons) is applied, shot peening is performed on the shaft surface before film formation. By applying this, the surface hardness can be made close to HV1000.
- a film formed by the AD method there are particles having a size exceeding the average particle size in the raw material powder. A particle having a large particle size does not contribute to film formation and collides with the surface of the base material to be subjected to peening treatment, and the surface hardness of the base material can be close to HV1000.
- the substrate surface hardness close to HV1000 the required toughness value of the substrate is satisfied, and the adhesion to the hard coating 12 can be improved without cracking the substrate.
- the content of Cr (chromium) + W (tungsten) in the hard coating 12 is 5 atomic% or more and 50 atomic% or less, the adhesion between the hard coating 12 and the substrate is improved and the hardness is reduced. Can be prevented. Therefore, it is possible to prevent a decrease in wear resistance.
- the hydrogen content in the region from the surface of the hard coating 12 to 0.3 ⁇ m is 10 atomic% to 30 atomic%, preferably 16 atomic% to 25 atomic%, the adhesion between the hard coating 12 and the substrate
- Alumina may be applied as an aerosol raw material ceramic for the hard coating 12.
- oxide-based ceramics such as alumina, zirconia, and titania
- the use of alumina as a raw material can reduce the true specific gravity and facilitate aerosolization.
- the average particle diameter of the particles used may be 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 2.0 ⁇ m or less. By setting it as such an average particle diameter, aerosolization is facilitated and the film formation by AD method can be implemented easily.
- the hard coating 12 may be formed by injecting aerosol onto the substrate surface and colliding with a pressure of 0.01 kPa or more and 120 kPa or less. In this case, the substrate can be formed without being etched. In addition, the collision speed of the particles does not become slow, and therefore it is possible to prevent the ceramic particles from being deposited on the substrate. Therefore, the hard coating 12 can be more reliably formed.
- the hard coating 12 may be formed at room temperature by colliding the aerosol with the substrate. Therefore, when the hard coating 12 is formed by the AD method, it is not necessary to control the temperature, and the equipment cost can be reduced accordingly.
- a bearing having a rolling element, an outer ring, and an inner ring can be applied. In this case, at least the axially intermediate portion of the inner ring outer diameter surface is cured by heat treatment, and the hard coating 12 is applied to at least one of the inner and outer rings and the rolling elements. Even in this case, the same operations and effects as in this embodiment can be obtained.
- the axial intermediate portion of the outer diameter surface of the shaft 8M is equal to or greater than the rolling width 10W of the rolling element 10, the axial intermediate portion of the shaft base 8 is hardened by heat treatment and then the hard coating 12 is applied. . Therefore, the rolling surface can be maintained at a necessary and sufficient wear resistance, and the hard coating 12 can be prevented from being broken or peeled off.
- the intermediate portion in the axial direction on the outer diameter surface of the shaft 8M may be equal to or larger than the width dimension of the outer ring 9. It is preferable that the hardness of the rolling surface portion of at least one of the shaft 8M, the outer ring 9, and the rolling element 10 is HRC 58 or more up to a depth of 50 ⁇ m.
- the rolling surface portion may have a portion where the hardness is 50 ⁇ m or more and HRC 35 or less.
- the shaft 8M may be a solid shaft or a hollow shaft.
- the range of formation of the hard film 12 of the shaft 8M on the roller follower is within a range where the deformation after caulking is +0.1 mm or less with respect to the shaft diameter before caulking (the shaft diameter at the axial center P1 of the shaft 8M after caulking). It is also good. Since the roller follower caulks both ends of the shaft 8M formed at the time of assembling, the deformation range after caulking of the hard coating 12 is determined by the amount of deformation after caulking (the axial center P1 of the shaft 8M after caulking). By setting it within the range of +0.1 mm or less with respect to the shaft diameter in FIG. Therefore, the wear resistance can be exhibited, and it is possible to prevent the opponent parts from attacking.
- a structure in which the arm body 1 is crimped to fix the shaft 8M and the arm body 1 or a structure in which the shaft 8M is press-fitted into the arm body 1 may be employed.
- the shaft 8M is press-fitted into the arm body 1, it is possible to eliminate the need for a caulking jig and tool, and to reduce the number of processing steps.
- a general whole quenching process can be adopted for the shaft base material 8.
- This bearing can be used under engine oil lubrication mixed with the abbreviation “PM” such as a combustion intermediate product of fuel containing soot (hard carbon particles: carbon) which is a hard foreign matter.
- PM such as a combustion intermediate product of fuel containing soot (hard carbon particles: carbon) which is a hard foreign matter.
- the bearing can also be used in engine oil containing hard carbon particles, that is, carbon of 2 mass% or more. As the carbon ratio increases, the amount of wear of the bearing may increase. However, by using the bearing according to the embodiment of the present invention in such engine oil, the amount of wear of the bearing is reduced and the life of the bearing is reduced. Can be prevented. Moreover, you may use this bearing for a diesel engine and a direct-injection gasoline engine with much generation
- a roller is used as the rolling element 10, but a ball can also be used.
- the same effect can be obtained by forming a hard coating on the outer ring or the rolling surface of the rolling element.
- the hard bearing is applied to the rolling bearing.
- the sliding bearing can be applied with the hard coating, and also according to the first embodiment.
- the bearing 5 has a shaft 8 ⁇ / b> M attached to the arm body 1 and an outer ring 9, and the outer peripheral surface of the shaft 8 ⁇ / b> M is in sliding contact with the inner peripheral surface of the outer ring 9.
- the hard coating 12 is applied to the shaft base material 8, but it can also be applied to the inner peripheral surface of the outer ring 9.
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Abstract
Description
また、ディーゼルエンジンや直噴ガソリンエンジンでは硬質異物の発生量が多く、硬質異物が原因で転がり軸受そのものに著しい摩耗が発生する場合が多々見受けられる。
このローラフォロアは、バルブの開閉に伴い回転運動を行うため、その他のエンジン部品と比較し、ローラフォロアの各部には摩耗が発生し易い。滑りタイプのローラフォロアにおいても摩耗が発生している。転がりタイプのローラフォロアも適用されるようになった結果、その他のエンジン部品の各部同様、ローラフォロアも転がり化により軸受の低トルク化を図り低燃費化される。しかし、滑りタイプのローラフォロアに比べ、転がりタイプのローラフォロアは高面圧となるため、硬質異物が混入された油潤滑下では、転がりタイプのローラフォロアに硬質異物が入り込み、転動体、外輪、特に軸も摩耗発生が多くなり、さらに摩耗量も多くなった。前記軸は中空および中実軸の場合を含む。その他のエンジン部品と比較し、摩耗が顕著である。
上記のように、軸受は、摩耗に対するさらなる対策が求められている。特に、摩耗が促進され易い状況である硬質異物混入潤滑下での摩耗対策は、軸受において最も難しい課題の一つである。
(1):この硬質被膜を形成すべき基材における転走面の真円度が2μm以下、およびこの硬質被膜形成後の転走面の真円度が4μm以下のいずれか一方または両方を満足すること。
(2):この硬質被膜のダイナミック硬度をHD800以上HD2000以下とし、前記硬質被膜の膜厚が1μm以上5μm以下で、且つこの膜厚が硬質被膜の軸方向中央の膜厚を基準として±2μm以下の範囲としたこと。前記ダイナミック硬度HDは、HD=3.8584×P/h2で表される式で定義される。この式において、Pは試験荷重、hは押し込み量を示している。目視による圧痕測定が無いため、設定荷重を小さくでき、圧子の侵入深さを浅くすることができる。試験荷重5gfでダイナミック硬度を測定した場合、ビッカース硬度よりも正確な膜硬度を求めることができる。
(3):この硬質被膜を形成すべき基材の表面硬度をHV650以上HV1000以下とし、この硬質被膜の膜厚を1μm以上5μm以下とし、且つ、この膜厚を、硬質被膜の軸方向中央の膜厚を基準として±2μm以下の範囲としたこと。
(4):この硬質被膜の破壊靭性値を1.5MPam1/2以上6MPam1/2以下としたこと。
(5):この硬質被膜のスクラッチ法測定による臨界荷重を40N以上110N以下とし、前記硬質被膜の膜厚が1μm以上5μm以下で、且つこの膜厚が硬質被膜の軸方向中央の膜厚を基準として±2μm以下の範囲であること。
(6):この硬質被膜を形成すべき基材の表面粗さをRa0.15μm以下とし、この硬質被膜の膜厚を1μm以上5μm以下とし、且つ、この膜厚を、硬質被膜の軸方向中央の膜厚を基準として±2μm以下の範囲としたこと。
ここで、前記特性とは、後述するように硬質被膜または基材の特性を示すパラメータを意味し、前記軸方向中間部とは、アーム本体等の対向側壁の挿通孔に嵌合する前記軸の軸方向一端側の外径面、および軸方向他端側の外径面を除く部分であって、転走面表面を含む部分である。
基材表面に形成した硬質被膜の破壊靭性値測定方法として公知の手法(非特許文献1参照)が知られている。この手法は2種類の試験からなり、表面に硬質被膜を形成した基材の曲げ試験及び硬質被膜表面への超合金球による押し込み試験を行う。試験中の硬質被膜のクラック発生挙動及び進展挙動により破壊靭性値を求める。
前記の通り、硬質被膜の膜厚が1μm以上5μm以下で、且つこの膜厚が硬質被膜の軸方向中央の膜厚を基準として±2μm以下の範囲としたため、この硬質被膜に作用する荷重が均一化する。これによって、局所的に過大な接触面圧が作用することを未然に防止することができる。また、前記の通り、硬質被膜の膜厚を規定することにより、軸受の硬質異物である煤(硬質炭素粒子:カーボン)混入潤滑下での耐摩耗性を向上させることができる。
硬質被膜を施した軸受のラジアルすきまの下限値は2μmとすることができる。軸受の組立を容易化することができるうえ、硬質被膜を施すことで基材の熱膨張による寸法変化を抑制することができ、潤滑不良による焼付きや摩耗等の不具合を未然に防止することができる。ラジアルすきまの上限値を45μmとすることにより、転動体のスキューに起因する振動、音響を抑制し、寿命の低下を防止することができる。
前記転動体1本あたりの円周方向すきまとは、総転動体軸受の転動体を、円周方向に隣合う転動体と接するように寄せたとき、円周方向にできるすきまを総転動体数で除した値と同義である。
また、硬質被膜を施した前記軸受の円周方向すきまの下限値は2μmとすることができる。軸受の組立を容易化することができるうえ、硬質被膜を施すことで基材の熱膨張による寸法変化を抑制することができ、潤滑不良による焼付きや摩耗等の不具合を未然に防止することができる。円周方向すきまの上限値を25μmとしたため、転動体のスキューに起因する振動、音響を抑制し、軸受寿命の低下を防止することができる。
ダイヤモンドライクカーボン膜、略称DLC膜は、例えば基材温度300℃以下、好ましくは常温で、プラズマCVD法等の化学気相成長法、またはレーザーアブレーション法、スパッタリング法、イオンビーム蒸着法、イオンプレーティング法などの物理気相成長法によって形成される。DLC膜は高エネルギー粒子を基材上で急冷しないと生成せず、低温ほどDLCの膜質は向上する。
DLCは、炭素と水素とからなり、DLC膜は、炭素と水素が種々のモル比から構成されたものを含み、また、珪素、窒素および酸素等の少なくともいずれか一つが含まれても良い。また、DLC膜は、ダイヤモンド構造のsp3結合と、グラファイト構造のsp2結合とが混在しているアモルファス構造であり、sp3結合は硬さを付与し、sp2結合は摺動性(潤滑性)を付与する。
このようなDLC膜を基材の転走面に施すことにより、硬質異物混入潤滑下での摩耗を低減することができる。
前記硬質被膜は、セラミックス微粒子をガス中に分散してエアロゾル化し、このエアロゾルを基材表面に衝突させることにより形成したものであっても良い。エアロゾルを基材表面に噴射し、膜を形成するときは、0.01kPa以上120kPa以下の圧力で衝突させるのが良い。圧力0.01kPa未満ではエアロゾルの衝突速度が速くなり、基材がエッチングされ成膜しない。圧力120kPaを超えてエアロゾルを衝突させた場合、衝突速度が遅くなり、セラミックス粒子が基材上に堆積し、成膜しない。また、この硬質被膜の基材上への形成は室温下で行うことができる。
8M 軸
9 外輪
10 転動体
12 硬質被膜
先ず、ロッカーアームの一概略構成について説明し、軸受の詳細構成、この軸受の摩耗試験およびその結果について順次説明する。以下の説明は、硬質被膜の形成方法の発明の説明をも含む。
図1に示すように、このロッカーアームは、車両等の内燃機関に装備されるものであり、所定の揺動中心L1回りに揺動自在なアーム本体1に、内燃機関のバルブ2を動作させる作用部3と、カム4に転接するローラフォロアとなる軸受5とが設けられている。
アーム本体1は、例えば炭素鋼やアルミニウム合金等を鍛造または鋳造して形成される。ただし、アーム本体1は、前記炭素鋼、アルミニウム合金、鍛造、鋳造に限定されるものではなく、例えば一枚の鋼板等の板材からプレス加工された板金製のものを適用しても良い。図2に示すように、アーム本体1は、一対の対向側壁6,6と、これら対向側壁6,6の一方縁部を繋ぐ図示外の連結板壁とを有する略U字形状の断面形状とされている。両側の対向側壁6,6は揺動支点孔6bを有し、この揺動支点孔6bに揺動支点軸7が嵌合する。この揺動支点軸7の軸心が上記揺動中心L1である。
図2、図3に示すように、軸受5は、アーム本体1に取り付けられた軸8Mと、外輪9と、これら軸8Mおよび外輪9の間に介在した複数の転動体10とを有する。転動体10としてころが適用されている。軸8Mは、アーム本体1の両側の対向側壁6,6に形成された挿通孔6a,6aに両端が嵌合して取付けられる。
軸基材8の素材として、日本工業規格(Japanese Industrial Standards;略称JIS)に規定されるSUJ2材、SKD材(中でもSKD11材)、SUS440C材、SCM材または、アメリカ鉄鋼協会規格(American Iron and Steel Institute;略称AISI)で規定されるM50材等が用いられる。ただし、これら鋼材に必ずしも限定されるものではない。
外輪9は、軸基材8と同様の鋼材から成る。例えば、外輪9、軸基材8、および転動体10を互いに同じ材質としても良い。また、必要に応じて軸受構成部品の一部を他の構成部品とは異なる材質にしても良い。
この実施形態では、図4に示すように、軸基材8のみに硬質被膜12を形成しているが、外輪9または転動体10の転走面9a,10aに硬質被膜12を形成しても良い。軸基材8、外輪9、および転動体10の少なくともいずれか一つの転走面に硬質被膜12を形成すれば良い。
軸8Mの基材における、転走面部の硬度はHRC58以上としている。この軸8Mの基材の転走面部の硬度は、転動疲労寿命を十分に確保する目的で、HRC58以上の硬度が必要になる。
HRC58以上の硬度が必要な硬化層深さは、軸受使用時の接触面圧が2000MPa以下の場合は転動疲労が生じないため、摩耗が発生する深さ50μmで十分である。ただし、硬質被膜12を軸基材8に施した場合、この発明に示している最適な硬質被膜を施さないと、剥離した硬質被膜が硬質異物として作用するため、深さ50μm以上まで摩耗が発生する場合が多々ある。接触面圧2000MPa以上5000MPa以下の場合、摩耗だけでなく転動疲労が生じるが、400μm程度の深さまで前記硬度を有すれば十分である。
硬質被膜を施していない基材の表面硬度を確認する方法として、通常、ロックウェル硬度計、ビッカース硬度計等を用いて、表面を直接硬度測定する。しかし、軸基材8表面に硬質被膜12を施した場合、上記測定方法は使用できない。代替の測定方法として、例えば、軸8Mの断面硬度を測定し、硬質被膜12と軸基材8の界面近傍(軸基材8側)の値を軸基材8の表面硬度として用いてもよい。
・基材の表層を硬化する場合
接触面圧が2000MPa以下の場合、転動疲労は生じないので、HRC58以上の硬度が必要な硬化層深さ(HRC58深さ)は、摩耗が発生する深さである50μmで十分である。ただし、硬質被膜を基材表面に施した場合、この発明に示している最適な硬質被膜を施さないと、剥離した硬質被膜が硬質異物として作用するため、深さ50μm以上まで摩耗が発生する場合が多々ある。生じ得る接触面圧が2000MPa以上5000MPa以下の場合、硬化層深さ(HRC58深さ)は、最大剪断応力位置の2倍の深さである400μmで十分である。
この基材の表層を硬化する場合における、基材の硬化の方法としては、高周波焼入、焼入後のサブゼロ処理、低温窒化処理が採用できる。前記低温窒化処理としては、例えば、550℃以下のイオン窒化、ガス窒化、塩浴窒化等を適用し得る。
表面焼入れと比較し、軸8Mの径方向中央部(内部)までHRC58以上硬度を有するような高周波焼入れを適用するときにも熱処理条件を厳密に制御する必要がないというメリットがある。つまり、この処理では、処理時間を短時間で制御する必要がないため、比較的長時間の加熱を行うことが可能であり、これにより熱処理条件を厳密に制御する必要がなくなる。したがって、工数低減を図り、軸受の製造コストの低減を図ることができる。
この基材の内部まで硬化する場合における、基材の硬化の方法としては、一般的な全体焼入処理、表面だけでなく内部も硬化させる高周波焼入、焼入後のサブゼロ処理が採用できる。
このように軸端部8aの硬度をHRC35以下とし軸8Mをかしめることにより、軸8Mとアーム本体1とを確実に固定することができる。勿論、この実施形態のような転がりタイプのローラフォロアの場合においては、軸8Mとアーム本体1とを固定する際には、外輪9と転動体10及び軸8Mをアーム本体1の所定位置にセットし、両側の軸端部8a,8aをかしめて軸8Mとアーム本体1とを固定する。なお、滑りタイプのローラフォロアの場合、転動体10はない。
軸8Mの軸端付近の外周面に図示外の溝を形成し、その溝に止め輪を配置してこの軸8Mとアーム本体1とを固定する構造、前記溝に止め輪を配置する代わりにピンを挿入し軸8Mとアーム本体1とを固定する構造、軸端部8aをかしめる代わりに、アーム本体1をかしめて軸8Mとアーム本体1とを固定する構造、アーム本体1に軸8Mを圧入する構造等。
一例として、sp2-及びsp3-交雑炭素を含むアモルファス炭化水素(メタルフリーアモルファス炭化水素の場合も含む)を含む硬質被膜12が挙げられる。この硬質被膜12を形成する方法として、高周波プラズマCVD法、イオン化蒸着法、カソードアーク法及びスパッタ法等が知られている。これらの方法では、形成した硬質被膜12と軸基材8との密着性や硬質被膜12の靭性値を上げるためいくつかの方法があり、これらの方法については後述する。
それぞれのセラミックスの高純度グレードにおいて、真比重の小さいほうがエアロゾル化しやすいことから、原料として使用するセラミックスはアルミナが好ましい。さらに好ましくは、使用する粒子の平均粒子径は0.01μm~2.0μmが良い。平均粒子径0.01μm未満では凝集しやすくエアロゾル化は困難であり、平均粒子径2.0μmを超えるとAD法での膜形成は困難となる。
エアロゾルを基材表面に噴射し、膜を形成するときは、0.01kPa以上120kPa以下の圧力で衝突させるのが良い。圧力0.01kPa未満では、エアロゾルの衝突速度が速くなり、基材がエッチングされ成膜しない。圧力120kPaを超えてエアロゾルを衝突させた場合、衝突速度が遅くなり、セラミックス粒子が基材上に堆積し、成膜しない。
これらの方法の中で、エアロゾルを安定な状態で吹きつけることができ、位置決め用XYテーブルおよび対象物回転用モータを併用し、軸受5の軸基材8を回転させつつ軸方向に移動させることで、ADセラミックス被膜を容易に塗り重ねて形成できることから、エアロゾル噴射ノズル固定、軸回転、移動の後者の方法を用いることが好ましい。前記エアロゾル噴射ノズルは、セラミックス微粒子を、長方形等の開口部を有するノズル先端から、軸円筒部表面に噴射するものである。なお、エアロゾル噴射ノズルは、1本であっても複数本であっても良い、また、エアロゾル噴射ノズルは変位可能に構成しても良い。
図5は、前記摩耗試験の試験機の断面図である。硬質異物である煤(硬質炭素粒子:カーボン)の混入潤滑下での摩耗を模擬するために、以下の表1の試験条件、図5の試験機にて摩耗試験を行った。
ところで、エンジン油内に、煤(硬質炭素粒子:カーボン)が2mass%以上含まれると、軸受に著しい摩耗が発生する。前記煤の割合が増えるほど、摩耗量は多くなる。今回の試験では、エンジン油内に16mass%ものカーボンブラックを含むエンジン油にて評価しており、この発明の効果の有効性を担保している。なお、煤の量は、アナリスト社が開発したLight Extinction Measurement法、略称:LEM法にて測定する。このLEM法は、煤が光を吸収する性質を利用して、煤を含むオイルに光を投射した時の減光率(減衰率)からオイル中の煤の量を測定するものである。
評価エンジン油として、単に、油にカーボンブラックを含有した油ではなく、次のような油を採用する。すなわち、評価エンジン油として、CD級10W-30ディーゼルエンジンオイルにカーボンブラックの粉末を含有後、オイルを高温高速回転し、オイル中にカーボンブラックの粉末が沈降しないように分散させたオイルを潤滑油とする。また、表1において、「P/C」のPは負荷荷重を示し、Cは軸受の基本動定格荷重を示す。すなわち、P/Cは、軸受の基本動定格荷重に対する負荷荷重の割合を示す。
表2~表7において、総合評価◎は、軸摩耗量が1μm以下となる評価基準を満たしたサンプル、総合評価○は、軸摩耗量が1μmを越えて、4μm以下となる評価基準を満たしたサンプルである。また、総合評価×は、軸摩耗量が4μmを越える評価基準を満たしたサンプルである。
ここで軸摩耗量が4μm以下のサンプルは試験初期と比較して振動、音響に変化が見られない。より好ましくは軸摩耗量が少ないものが耐摩耗性が高いことから、軸摩耗量の大小により◎○評価を分類した。×評価は、軸摩耗量が多く、初期振動よりも振動が大きくなり、相手部材への攻撃性が認められるものもある。軸は、負荷域が同一箇所となるため、一部分のみが大きく摩耗する。よって軸の摩耗は振動に大きく影響する。
軸の前記「一部分のみが大きく摩耗する」とは、図6に示すように、軸表面の一箇所A1から円周方向一方に所定小角度α至る部位Saだけが、点線白抜きのように、例えば平坦状に削り取られることを意味する。ただし、前記平坦状に限定されるものではない。
また、この摩耗試験における実施例、比較例に使用したサンプルの基材の材質として、軸、外輪、転動体ともにSUJ2を適用した。熱処理条件として、前記転動体、外輪については一般的な全体焼入、軸については高周波表面焼入を適用した。
(1)軸受の軸の転走面表面に形成した硬質被膜の破壊靭性値について
本件出願にて用いた破壊靭性値の「破壊靭性」とは、薄膜の脆性破壊に対する抵抗を表す尺度と同義であり、その数値を「破壊靭性値」とする。基材表面に形成した硬質被膜の破壊靭性値測定方法として、ジェイ エス ワン他のシィン ソリッド フィルム(J.S.Wanget al.:Thin Solid Film,325,163(1998))の手法が知られている。この手法は2種類の試験からなり、表面に硬質被膜を形成した基材の曲げ試験及び硬質被膜表面への超合金球による押し込み試験を行う。試験中の硬質被膜のクラック発生挙動及び進展挙動により破壊靭性値を求める。破壊靱性値は圧痕直径、硬質被膜表面に生じたクラック各々の長さ、クラックが生じた面積および基材と硬質被膜のヤング率から求める。
この実施形態に係る硬質被膜12の破壊靭性値測定方法として、図7に示すように、軸8Mの軸方向中央P1を、周方向一定間隔おきに10箇所測定した測定値の平均値を求めた。さらに具体的には、軸8Mの表面つまり外周面における軸方向中央P1に、直径1.6mmのタングステンカーバイト(略称WC)製圧子を径方向内方に且つ測定箇所に略垂直に押し当てた際に被膜表面に発生したクラック発生挙動により、破壊靭性値を求めた。この測定箇所に対する圧子の押し込み深さは硬質被膜表面より0.1mm(圧子直径の0.5%)とした。
なお、前記試験では軸8Mの軸方向中央P1を10箇所測定したが、軸8Mの軸方向中央P1のうち適当間隔おきの任意の複数箇所を測定し、それらの平均値を求めてもよい。また、一般的に、上記硬質被膜は部位によるばらつきが少ないため、例えば、軸方向中央P1における任意の1箇所を測定して破壊靭性値を求めてもよい。
前記圧子は、直径1.6mm以外のものを適用することも可能であり、またWC製に必ずしも限定されるものではない。このような場合であっても、硬質被膜12の破壊靭性値を測定可能である。この発明において必要な耐摩耗性を有していた硬質被膜の破壊靭性値は1.5MPam1/2以上6MPam1/2以下、より好ましくは2MPam1/2以上5MPam1/2以下必要であった。
つまり、硬質被膜12の破壊靭性値が6MPam1/2を越えた場合、耐摩耗性が発揮するまでの間に生じる摩耗において、硬質被膜12の破壊が進まないために相手部品への攻撃性が増加してしまう。硬質被膜12の破壊靭性値が1.5MPam1/2未満の場合、形成された被膜は繰り返し荷重に耐えられず、破壊し、剥離が生じる可能性が高くなる。さらに剥離した膜材によって相手部品への攻撃性も増加することで耐摩耗性を維持できない。
軸8Mの少なくとも軸基材8の軸方向中間部が熱処理により硬化され、軸基材8の転走面に硬質被膜12を施し、この硬質被膜12の破壊靭性値を1.5MPam1/2以上6MPam1/2以下、具体的には例えば表2~表5のサンプルNo.1~No.56に示すような値とした。
特に、硬質被膜12の破壊靭性値を2MPam1/2以上5MPam1/2以下、具体的には例えば表2のサンプルNo.1~No.24に示す値とすることが望ましい。この場合、硬質被膜12が繰り返し荷重により耐えることができるうえ、この硬質被膜12は、耐摩耗性が発揮するまでの間に不所望に相手部品を攻撃することを防止し得る。
表2のサンプルNo.1の軸受5は硬質被膜12の破壊靭性値を2.0MPam1/2とした。この場合、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量を0.5μm以下に抑え、転動体10の摩耗量を1.0μmに抑え、外輪9の摩耗量を2.0μmに抑え、軸受全体の摩耗を低減することができた。
これに対して、表6のサンプルNo.57の比較例に係る試験軸受は、破壊靭性値を1.4MPam1/2とした。この場合、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量が22.5μm、転動体10の摩耗量が11.5μm、外輪9の摩耗量が10μmと軸受全体の摩耗量が大きくなった。
表6のサンプルNo.62の比較例に係る試験軸受は、破壊靭性値を7MPam1/2とした。この場合、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量が38.5μm、転動体10の摩耗量が26μm、外輪9の摩耗量が18.5μmと軸受全体の摩耗量が大きくなった。
基材表面に形成した硬質被膜の密着性は円柱基材の端面に被膜を形成し、その表面に相対する円柱を接着して両者を引張って剥離する限界荷重(臨界荷重)を測定する方法や、被膜表面にダイヤモンド圧子を押付けて引っ掻き、被膜に割れを生じる押付け荷重(臨界荷重)を測定するスクラッチ法等が知られている。
この発明において必要な耐摩耗性を有していた硬質被膜12のスクラッチ法での臨界荷重は40N以上110N以下、より好ましくは60N以上100N以下必要であった。この臨界荷重は、CSM製REVETESTスクラッチ試験機を用い、国際標準化機構により策定された。
国際規格ISO20502:2005に準拠した方法で測定した。このスクラッチ法での測定方法では、図8に示すように、軸8Mの軸方向中央P1付近に、測定子を矢符AA1にて表記する軸方向に沿ってP1を含む(AA1の開始点と終了点に挟まれた中にP1が含まれている)ように10mm移動させて測定した。これを軸8Mの外周面における周方向一定間隔おきに10箇所繰り返し、この10箇所の平均値を求めた。各測定において、最大圧子荷重を100Nまたは200Nとし、荷重増加速度を100N/minまたは200N/minとし、圧子移動速度を10mm/minとした。また測定子の移動距離は10mmでなくてもよい。
例えば、表2のサンプルNo.5に示す試験軸受では、硬質被膜12のスクラッチ法での臨界荷重を85Nとした。試験後、この試験軸受は、軸8Mの摩耗量を0.5μm以下、転動体10の摩耗量を1μm、外輪9の摩耗量を1μmと軸受全体として低く抑え得る。
これに対して、表6のサンプルNo.64に示す比較例に係る試験軸受では、硬質被膜12の前記臨界荷重を25Nとした。試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量が26μm、転動体10の摩耗量が12.5μm、外輪9の摩耗量が10.5μmと軸受全体の摩耗量が大きくなった。
なお、前記試験では、軸8Mの外周面を10箇所測定したが、軸8Mの外周面のうち周方向適当間隔おきの任意の複数箇所を測定し、それらの平均値を求めてもよい。また、一般的に、上記硬質被膜は部位によるばらつきが少ないため、例えば、軸8Mの外周面の任意の1箇所を測定した値を採用してもよい。
さらに前記硬質被膜12の臨界荷重を60N以上100N以下とした場合、硬質被膜12が耐摩耗性を発揮するまで潤滑油と馴染む時間中、もしくは耐摩耗性の発揮以後に不所望に剥離することをより確実に防止し得る。
基材表面に形成した硬質被膜12の硬度は、ダイナミック超微小硬度計DUH-201W(株式会社島津製作所製)で測定する。この硬度計で測定する値はダイナミック硬度HDで、上述のとおり、以下の式で定義する。この硬質被膜12の硬度は膜表面の硬さを表している。
HD=3.8584×P/h2
上記式においてPは試験荷重(mN)、hは三角すい圧子の押し込み量(μm)を示している。この実施形態に係る硬質被膜12の硬度の測定方法として、図9に示すように、軸8Mの軸方向中央P1を、周方向一定間隔おきに10箇所測定した測定値の平均値を求めた。各測定箇所において、115°の三角すい圧子に試験荷重5gfを与え、同三角すい圧子の負荷速度0.135gf/secで且つ、三角すい圧子の保持時間10secとしている。なお、ダイナミック硬度「HD」は、試験機に依存した値で表す場合、「DH」や「DHT115」と表している場合もあるが、上記「HD」で表すダイナミック硬度は、試験機に依存しない値である。
この硬度計では、圧子を対象物に試験荷重に達するまで押し込み、押し込み量を測定するため、目視による圧痕測定がない。従って、設定荷重を小さくでき、圧子の侵入深さを浅くすることができる。例えば115°の三角すい圧子に試験荷重5gfを与えて測定した場合、ビッカース硬度よりも正確な膜硬度を求めることができる。
具体的に、表2のサンプルNo.2の軸受5の、硬質被膜12のダイナミック硬度はHD1188である。この場合、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量を0.5μm以下に抑え、転動体10の摩耗量を1.5μmに抑え、外輪9の摩耗量を1.5μmに抑え、軸受全体の摩耗を低減することができた。
これに対して、表6のサンプルNo.58の比較例に係る試験軸受の、硬質被膜12のダイナミック硬度はHD572である。この場合、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量が24.5μm、転動体10の摩耗量が17μm、外輪9の摩耗量が14μmと軸受全体の摩耗量が大きくなった。この発明において必要な耐摩耗性を有していた硬質被膜12のダイナミック硬度はHD800以上HD2000以下である。
軸円筒部全表面に硬質被膜12を形成した場合、カロテスター(CSM製 簡易精密膜厚測定機CAROTEST)でこの硬質被膜12の膜厚を測定する。
軸円筒部表面の中間部のみに硬質被膜12を形成した場合、カロテスター(CSM製 簡易精密膜厚測定機CAROTEST)を用いて欧州規格EN1071-2:2002に準拠した方法またはフォームタリサーフ(テーラーホブソン株式会社製)でこの硬質被膜12の膜厚を測定する。この場合において、前記軸円筒部表面の中間部とは、軸8Mの外径面における長手方向中間部つまり軸方向中間部であって、アーム本体1の対向側壁6,6の挿通孔6a,6aに嵌合する軸8Mの長手方向一端側の外径面、および長手方向他端側の外径面を除く、転走面表面を含む部分である。換言すれば、軸円筒部表面の中間部は、転動体10の転走幅10W以上である。
この実施形態に係る硬質被膜12の膜厚測定方法として、例えば軸円筒部表面の中間部のみに硬質被膜12を形成した場合、フォームタリサーフ(テーラーホブソン(株)製FormTalysurf-120L)を用いて測定する。図10に示すように、軸8Mの片側の軸端部8aと膜端部8bに挟まれた軸8表面から、他側の軸端部8aと膜端部8bに挟まれた軸8表面まで測定子を矢符AA2にて表記する軸方向に沿って移動させて測定した。これを軸8Mの外周面における周方向一定間隔置きに10箇所繰返し、この10箇所の平均値を求めた。
基材表面に形成した硬質被膜12の表面粗さ及び膜形成範囲は、フォームタリサーフ(テーラーホブソン株式会社製)で測定する。この実施形態に係る硬質被膜12の「表面粗さ」の測定方法では、フォームタリサーフ(テーラーホブソン(株)製FormTalysurf-120L)を用いて、図11に示すように軸8Mの軸方向中央P1付近を、測定子を矢符A3にて表記する軸方向に沿って移動させ、評価長さ1.25mmで、周方向一定間隔おきに10箇所測定した測定値の平均値を求めた。軸8Mの測定箇所は、この軸方向中央P1の周方向適当間隔おきであっても良い。評価長さは1.25mmでなくても良い。
また、この実施形態に係る硬質被膜12の「膜形成範囲」の測定方法でも、同フォームタリサーフ(テーラーホブソン(株)製)を用いて測定した。具体的には、図12に示すように、軸8Mの片側の軸端部8aと膜端部8bに挟まれた軸8表面から、他側の軸端部8aと膜端部8bに挟まれた軸8表面まで測定子を矢符AA2にて表記する軸方向に沿って移動させて測定した。図12に示すように、これを軸8Mの外周面における周方向一定間隔置きに10箇所繰返し、この10箇所の平均値を求めた。この測定方法によると、以下の図13に示すような形状Maが得られる。図13は膜形成範囲測定後の被膜の形状を表す図であり、図13において、軸8の表面より径方向外方にやや盛り上がった箇所を、被膜が形成された一端P3から他端P4に至る範囲すなわち「膜形成範囲」としている。一端P3付近の被膜は、一端P3から矢符A2に示す軸方向一方に向かうに従って急峻に立ち上がり、他端P4付近まで以後平坦に形成される。他端P4付近の被膜は、他端P4から軸方向他方に向かうに従って急峻に立ち上がる。この両側の立ち上がり開始位置間の範囲を「膜形成範囲」とする。
硬質被膜12の表面粗さがRa0.25μmを超えた場合、相手部品への攻撃性が認められるため、耐摩耗性を維持できない。また同時に硬質被膜12の表面粗さをRa0.25μm以下としたい場合、下地である軸表面つまり硬質被膜12を施していない軸基材8の表面の表面粗さがRa0.15μm以下であることが好ましい。このRa0.15μmを越えた場合、形成した膜の表面粗さがRa0.25μmを越える場合がある。
換言すれば、硬質被膜12を施すべき基材表面の表面粗さをRa0.15μm以下とすることで、硬質被膜12の表面粗さをRa0.25μm以下とし、耐摩耗性を維持することができる。また、相手部品への攻撃を未然に防止することができる。
硬質被膜の膜厚δ2が1μmに満たない場合、耐摩耗性を発揮できない理由について説明する。硬質被膜形成時には必ず残留圧縮応力が発生しているが、膜部材の結合力や、密着力によって残留圧縮応力に起因する膜の剥離を防止している。硬質被膜の摩耗により膜厚δ2が薄くなると、残留圧縮応力は減少するが、膜部材の結合力や密着力は、残留圧縮応力以上に減少する。そして硬質被膜の膜厚δ2が0.5μm以下になると、膜部材の結合力や密着力に抗して残留圧縮応力が強くなり膜が剥離してしまう。従って、硬質被膜が潤滑油と馴染み耐摩耗性を発揮するまでに摩耗する0.5μmを加えて、必要な耐摩耗性を有する硬質被膜に必要な最小膜厚は1.0μmとなる。
膜厚5μmを超える場合、各硬質被膜12が膜形成時に生じた残留圧縮応力が大きくなりすぎてしまい、衝撃荷重が加わることによって容易に膜に亀裂が生じ、剥離してしまうことによって耐摩耗性を維持できない。
硬質被膜12の膜厚δ2の下限値を、例えば表2~表5のサンプルNo.1~No.56に示すように1μmとした場合、硬質被膜12が耐摩耗性を有するまで膜が残存し、耐摩耗性を維持できる。この硬質被膜12の膜厚δ2の上限値を、例えば表2~表5のサンプルNo.1~No.56に示すように5μmとした場合、硬質被膜形成時に生じ得る残留圧縮応力が大きくなることを抑制し、衝撃荷重が加わることに起因して膜に亀裂が生じることを防止することができる。よって、硬質被膜12の剥離を防止し、耐摩耗性を維持することができる。
例えば、図14(a)に示すように、硬質被膜12の膜厚のうち軸方向中央P1が最も薄い場合、最も厚い箇所の膜厚δmax(δmaxは例えば4μm)と、軸方向中央P1の膜厚δ2(δ2は例えば2μm)との差(δmax-δ2)を求めることで、厚さバラツキが得られる。
図14(b)に示すように、硬質被膜12の膜厚のうち軸方向中央P1が最も厚い場合、この軸方向中央P1の膜厚δ2(δ2は例えば3μm)と、最も薄い箇所の膜厚δmin(δminは例えば2μm)との差(δ2-δmin)を求めることで、厚さバラツキが得られる。
図14(c)に示すように、軸方向中央P1の膜厚δ2が中間値の場合、最も厚い箇所の膜厚δmax(δmaxは例えば3μm)と、軸方向中央P1の膜厚δ2(δ2は例えば1.5μm)との差(δmax-δ2)を求める。また膜厚δ2(δ2は例えば1.5μm)と、最も薄い箇所の膜厚δmin(δminは例えば0.5μm)との差(δ2-δmin)を求める。これらの差(δmax-δ2)、(δ2-δmin)のうち、大きい値(今回δmax-δ2)を採用することで、厚さバラツキが得られる。形成された硬質被膜12が場所によって膜厚δ2が変化すると、膜に作用する荷重が不均一となり、局所的に過大な接触面圧が作用する。前記の通り、軸8Mに施された硬質被膜12の膜厚δ2を、軸方向中央P1の膜厚δ2を基準として±2μm以下の範囲に収めた場合、この硬質被膜12に作用する荷重が均一化する。これによって、局所的に過大な接触面圧が作用することを未然に防止することができる。よって、耐摩耗性の低下だけでなく、硬質被膜12の剥離を防止し得る。剥離した硬質被膜によって相手部材へ攻撃することもない。
例えば、表2のサンプルNo.7に示すように、硬質被膜12の膜厚が2μmで且つ厚さバラツキを1μmと上記範囲に収めた試験軸受では、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量を0.5μm以下、転動体10の摩耗量を1μm、外輪9の摩耗量を2μmと軸受全体として低く抑え得る。
具体的に、表2、表3のサンプルNo.12の軸受5は、軸基材8の基材表面粗さRa0.085μm、硬質被膜12の膜厚4.5μm、膜厚δ2の厚さバラツキ1μmのものを適用した。この場合、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量を1μmに抑え、転動体10の摩耗量を2μmに抑え、外輪9の摩耗量を1μmに抑え、軸受全体の摩耗を低減することができた。
これに対して、表6、表7のサンプルNo.68の比較例に係る試験軸受での、軸基材8の基材表面粗さRa0.222μm、硬質被膜12の膜厚7μm、膜厚δ2の厚さバラツキ3.5μmのものを適用した。この試験軸受では、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量が11μm、転動体10の摩耗量が13.5μm、外輪9の摩耗量が27μmと軸受全体の摩耗量が大きくなった。これは、膜厚δ2の厚さバラツキが3.5μmと大きいため、硬質被膜12に作用する荷重が不均一化し、局所的に過大な面圧が作用したためと考えられる。
ローラフォロアの軸8Mをかしめてロッカーアームと固定し使用される場合における、軸8Mの硬質被膜12の形成範囲はかしめ後の変形量が、かしめ前の軸径(かしめ後の軸8Mの軸方向中央P1における軸径)に対し+0.1mm以下の領域である。ローラフォロアは組立時に膜形成した軸8Mの両端部をかしめることから、かしめ前の軸径+0.1mmを超える変形部に膜形成すると、硬質被膜が剥離し、耐摩耗性を発揮できなくなるだけでなく、相手部品を攻撃してしまう。つまり剥離した被膜が異物となる。
通常、硬質被膜を施していない基材の表面硬度(転走面部硬度)を確認する方法は、ロックウェル硬度計やビッカース硬度計を用いて、基材表面を直接硬度測定する。しかし、表面に硬質被膜12を施した基材の場合、上記測定方法は使用できない。そこで基材の断面硬度をビッカース硬度計で測定し、硬質被膜との界面から0.03mm地点の値を基材表面硬度として用いている。基材表面に硬質被膜12を施すため、基材表面硬度が硬質被膜硬度に近いことが好ましい。
この実施形態に係る軸表面硬度の測定方法では、マイクロビッカース硬度計(株式会社島津製作所製HMV-1)を用いて、軸8Mの軸方向中央を、周方向適当間隔おきに10箇所測定した測定値の平均値を求めた。具体的に、硬質被膜との界面から0.03mm地点の表面硬度を求めるには、図15に示すように、軸8Mの軸方向中央を、軸方向に略垂直な仮想平面khに沿って切断する。図16に示すように、この切断面表面shにおける、軸8Mの表面つまり外周縁部8Maから軸中心L3を結ぶ直線L4上の点P2を、前記マイクロビッカース硬度計で試験荷重300gで測定する。すなわち被膜12と軸8との界面から、軸中心方向へL5(L5=0.03mm)の地点の硬度を測定する。このように周方向適当間隔おきに10箇所測定した測定値の平均値を、基材表面硬度とする。
この発明で耐摩耗性を確認した、硬質被膜12を施した基材表面硬度はHV650以上HV1000以下である。具体的には例えば表2,表4のサンプルNo.1~No.56に示すような値とした。この場合、軸受5の硬質異物である煤(硬質炭素粒子:カーボン)混入潤滑下での耐摩耗性を向上させることができる。例えば、表3のサンプルNo.19の軸受5の、基材表面硬度はHV813である。この場合、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量を1μm以下に抑え、転動体10の摩耗量を1.5μmに抑え、外輪9の摩耗量を1.5μmに抑え、軸受全体の摩耗を低減することができた。
これに対して、表7のサンプルNo.77の比較例に係る試験軸受での、基材表面硬度はHV633である。この試験軸受では、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量が73μm、転動体10の摩耗量が23.5μm、外輪9の摩耗量が22μmと軸受全体の摩耗量が大きくなった。これは基材の強度不足に起因して、この基材が塑性変形して特に軸8Mの摩耗が進展したこと等による。
基材表面硬度の下限値をHV650とした場合、基材の必要強度を満たし、基材の変形量を所定量以下に抑えることができる。そのため基材表面と、この基材表面に形成された硬質被膜12との密着性を向上させることができる。基材表面硬度の上限値をHV1000とした場合、基材の必要な靭性値を満たし、基材に亀裂が発生することがなく硬質被膜12との密着性を向上させることができる。
円筒状基材表面に硬質被膜12を形成した後の真円度は、例えばタリロンド(テーラーホブソン株式会社製Talyrond262)で測定する。前記「真円度」とは、円形形体の幾何学的に正しい円からの狂いの大きさを言う幾何公差である。この真円度は、円形形体を2つの同心の幾何学的円で挟んだとき、同心2円の間隔が最小となる場合の2円の半径差で表し、真円度XXμm、または真円度XXmmと表示する。この実施形態に係る硬質被膜12を形成した後の「真円度」の測定方法では、図17に示すように、前記タリロンドを用いて、軸8Mの膜形成範囲を矢符A4にて表記する周方向に軸方向適当間隔おきに10箇所測定した測定値の平均値を求めた。
この発明において必要な耐摩耗性を有していた、硬質被膜形成後の軸8Mの真円度は4μm以下であった。この真円度が4μmを超えた場合、膜厚δ2が場所によって変化し、膜にかかる荷重が不均一となり、局所的に過大な接触面圧となる。よって、耐摩耗性が低下するだけでなく、硬質被膜12の剥離を誘発する可能性が高くなる。さらに、硬質被膜12の剥離により、相手部品への攻撃性も増加する。
したがって、軸基材8における転走面の真円度が2μm以下、および軸8Mの転走面の真円度が4μm以下のいずれか一方または両方を満足することにより、前記転走面は必要十分な耐摩耗性を有する。軸8Mの転走面の真円度が4μm以下としたため、膜厚δ2が場所によって変化することなく、硬質被膜12にかかる荷重が均一化し、局所的な過大な接触面圧を防止することができる。したがって、前記転走面を必要十分な耐摩耗性に維持し、硬質被膜12の剥離を防止することができる。これにより、相手部品への攻撃性が増加することも防止できる。軸基材8における転走面の真円度を2μm以下とすることで、軸8Mの真円度を4μm以下とすることができる。このような軸受5により、硬質異物混入潤滑下での摩耗を低減することができる。
これに対して、表6、表7のサンプルNo.82に示すように、基材である軸の転走面の真円度を3.5μmとし、さらに硬質被膜形成後の転走面の真円度を5μmとした比較例に係る試験軸受では、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量が53.5μm、転動体10の摩耗量が20μm、外輪9の摩耗量が10.5μmと軸受全体の摩耗量が大きくなった。これは転走面に局所的な過大面圧が作用し、硬質被膜12の剥離を促進したこと等による。
軸表面に硬質被膜12を形成することで、軸受5を構成する部品、つまり軸8M、転動体10、外輪9のすきまが変化する。転がり軸受のすきまはラジアルすきまと、転動体10一本あたりの円周方向すきまδ1とで規定する。
この発明において必要な耐摩耗性を有していた軸受5のラジアルすきまは2μm以上45μm以下であった。
硬質被膜を施した軸受のラジアルすきまの下限値は2μmとすることができる。軸受5の組立を容易化することができるうえ、硬質被膜を施すことで基材の熱膨張による寸法変化を抑制することができ、潤滑不良による焼付きや摩耗等の不具合を未然に防止することができる。ラジアルすきまの上限値を45μmとすることにより、転動体のスキューに起因する振動、音響を抑制し、軸受寿命の低下を防止することができる。
(硬質被膜を施した)前記軸受の円周方向すきまδ1の下限値は2μmとすることができる。軸受5の組立を容易化することができるうえ、硬質被膜を施すことで基材の熱膨張による寸法変化を抑制することができ、潤滑不良による焼付きや摩耗等の不具合を未然に防止することができる。円周方向すきまδ1の上限値を25μmとした場合、転動体10のスキューに起因する振動、音響を抑制し、軸受寿命の低下を防止することができる。
これに対して、表7のサンプルNo.70に示すように、ラジアルすきまが1μmであり、且つ円周方向すきまδ1が1μmとした比較例に係る試験軸受では、試験後、軸8Mの摩耗量が59μm、転動体10の摩耗量が29μm、外輪9の摩耗量が11μmと軸受全体の摩耗量が大きくなった。これは熱膨張に起因してこれらすきまがより小さくなり潤滑不良により摩耗が進展したこと等による。
軸8Mの表面に形成した硬質被膜12の水素含有量は、例えばERDA(Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis:神戸製鋼所製HRBS500)で分析する。この実施形態に係る硬質被膜12の水素含有量の測定方法として、軸8Mの軸方向中央を、図18に示すように周方向適当間隔おきに10箇所測定した測定値の平均値を求め、膜表面から膜厚0.3μmまでの領域を分析した。ERDAによる水素含有量の測定は、深さ方向の組成分布を評価するため、膜表面から観察する。測定結果から深さ方向0.3μmまでの領域の水素含有量を読み取ることで足りる。
この実施形態において必要な耐摩耗性を有していた、硬質被膜12の表面から0.3μmまでの領域の水素含有量は10原子%以上30原子%以下、好ましくは16原子%以上25原子%以下であった。水素含有量が10原子%未満の場合、密着性が低下する。水素含有量が30原子%を越える場合、膜材間の結合性が低下し、剥離しやすくなり耐摩耗性が低下する。
軸8Mの表面に形成した硬質被膜12の金属含有量は、例えばSIMS(Secondary Ion Mass Spectromety:アルバック・ファイ(株)製ADEPT-1010)で分析する。特に硬質被膜12と基材との密着性をよくするためにはCr(クロム)を、(メタルフリーアモルファス炭化水素層を含む)アモルファス炭化水素層とCr(クロム)層との密着性をよくするためにはW(タングステン)を含有させる。この実施形態に係る硬質被膜12の金属含有量の測定方法として、図19に示すように軸8Mの軸方向中央を、周方向適当間隔おきに10箇所測定した測定値の平均値を求めた。
また、この軸受5のラジアルすきまが2μm以上45μm以下であり、且つ転動体10一本あたりの円周方向すきまδ1が2μm以上25μm以下であることが好ましい。
さらに前記硬質被膜12の臨界荷重を60N以上100N以下とした場合、硬質被膜12が耐摩耗性を発揮するまで潤滑油と馴染む時間中、もしくは耐摩耗性の発揮以後に不所望に剥離することをより確実に防止し得る。
DLCは、炭素と水素とからなり、DLC膜は、炭素と水素が種々のモル比から構成されたものを含み、また、珪素、窒素および酸素等の少なくともいずれか一つが含まれても良い。また、DLC膜は、ダイヤモンド構造のsp3結合と、グラファイト構造のsp2結合とが混在しているアモルファス構造であり、sp3結合は硬さを付与し、sp2結合は摺動性(潤滑性)を付与する。それ故、sp2結合とsp3結合との混在割合によって、DLC膜の性質が変化する。したがって、DLC膜は、これらsp2結合とsp3結合との混在割合を調整することにより、膜表面の硬度調整を行うことができる。
前記硬質被膜12は、セラミックス微粒子をガス中に分散してエアロゾル化し、このエアロゾルを基材表面に衝突させることにより形成したものであっても良い。エアロゾルを基材表面に噴射し、膜を形成するときは、0.01kPa以上120kPa以下の圧力で衝突させるのが良い。圧力0.01kPa未満ではエアロゾルの衝突速度が速くなり、基材がエッチングされ成膜しない。圧力120kPaを超えてエアロゾルを衝突させた場合、衝突速度が遅くなり、セラミックス粒子が基材上に堆積し、成膜しない。また、この硬質被膜12の基材上への形成は室温下で行うことができる。
硬質被膜12の表面から0.3μmまでの領域の水素含有量が10原子%以上30原子%以下、好ましくは16原子%以上25原子%以下である場合、硬質被膜12と基材との密着性の低下を防止できるうえ、膜材間の結合性が低下することを防止し得る。これにより、硬質被膜12が不所望に剥離することを防止でき、耐摩耗性の低下を防止することができる。
エアロゾルを基材表面に噴射し、0.01kPa以上120kPa以下の圧力で衝突させ硬質被膜12を形成しても良い。この場合、基材がエッチングされることなく成膜し得る。しかも粒子の衝突速度が遅くなることがなく、よってセラミックス粒子が基材上に堆積することも防止し得る。したがって硬質被膜12をより確実に成膜することができる。
転がり軸受としては、転動体と外輪と内輪とを有する軸受を適用することも可能である。この場合において、内輪外径面の少なくとも軸方向中間部が熱処理により硬化され、内外輪および転動体の少なくともいずれか一つの転走面に硬質被膜12を施す。この場合であっても、この実施形態と同様の作用、効果を奏する。
軸8Mの外径面における軸方向中間部は、外輪9の幅寸法以上であっても良い。
軸8M、外輪9、および転動体10の少なくともいずれか一つの基材における、転走面部の硬度が深さ50μmまでHRC58以上有することが好ましい。軸受使用時の接触面圧に基づいて摩耗だけでなく転動疲労が生じるが、この場合、転動疲労寿命を十分に確保することができる。
軸8Mの軸端部8aをかしめる代わりに、アーム本体1をかしめて軸8Mとアーム本体1とを固定する構造、またはアーム本体1に軸8Mを圧入する構造を採用しても良い。例えば、アーム本体1に軸8Mを圧入する場合、かしめ用の治具、工具を不要することが可能となり、加工工数の低減を図ることができる。アーム本体1をかしめて軸8Mとアーム本体1とを固定する場合、軸基材8について一般的な全体焼入処理を採用できる。
また、硬質炭素粒子つまりカーボンが2mass%以上含まれているエンジン油内においても、この軸受を使用し得る。カーボンの割合が増えるほど、軸受の摩耗量は多くなり得るが、このようなエンジン油内にてこの発明の実施形態に係る軸受を使用することで、軸受の摩耗量の低減を図り、軸受寿命の低下を防止することができる。
また、この軸受を、硬質異物の発生量が多いディーゼルエンジンや直噴ガソリンエンジンに使用しても良い。これらの場合において、軸受に著しい摩耗が発生することを未然に防止することができる。
Claims (15)
- 軸および外輪と、必要に応じてこれら軸と外輪との間に介在した複数の転動体とを備えた軸受であって、
前記軸の少なくとも軸方向中間部が熱処理により硬化され、軸、外輪、および転動体の少なくともいずれか一つの転走面に硬質被膜を施し、
つぎの(1)~(6)の特性の少なくとも一つを満たす軸受。
(1):この硬質被膜を形成すべき基材における転走面の真円度が2μm以下、およびこの硬質被膜形成後の転走面の真円度が4μm以下のいずれか一方または両方を満足すること。
(2):この硬質被膜のダイナミック硬度をHD800以上HD2000以下とし、前記硬質被膜の膜厚が1μm以上5μm以下で、且つこの膜厚が硬質被膜の軸方向中央の膜厚を基準として±2μm以下の範囲としたこと。
(3):この硬質被膜を形成すべき基材の表面硬度をHV650以上HV1000以下とし、この硬質被膜の膜厚を1μm以上5μm以下とし、且つ、この膜厚を、硬質被膜の軸方向中央の膜厚を基準として±2μm以下の範囲としたこと。
(4):この硬質被膜の破壊靭性値を1.5MPam1/2以上6MPam1/2以下としたこと。
(5):この硬質被膜のスクラッチ法測定による臨界荷重を40N以上110N以下とし、前記硬質被膜の膜厚が1μm以上5μm以下で、且つこの膜厚が硬質被膜の軸方向中央の膜厚を基準として±2μm以下の範囲であること。
(6):この硬質被膜を形成すべき基材の表面粗さをRa0.15μm以下とし、この硬質被膜の膜厚を1μm以上5μm以下とし、且つ、この膜厚を、硬質被膜の軸方向中央の膜厚を基準として±2μm以下の範囲としたこと。 - 請求項1において、少なくとも前記特性(1)または(4)を満たし、前記硬質被膜の膜厚が1μm以上5μm以下で、且つこの膜厚が硬質被膜の軸方向中央の膜厚を基準として±2μm以下の範囲である軸受。
- 請求項1において、少なくとも前記特性(3)を満たし、前記基材の転走面表面から径方向に50μm以上の深さでHRC58以上の硬度を有するものとした軸受。
- 請求項1において、少なくとも前記特性(3)または(5)を満たし、前記軸受は、前記軸がロッカーアームに固定され使用されるローラフォロアであり、前記ローラフォロアは、このローラフォロアの前記硬質被膜が形成されていない軸端部をかしめてロッカーアームに固定され、前記ローラフォロアの軸端部の外周面が、前記表面から径方向に50μm以上の深さでHRC58以上の硬度を有するものとした軸受。
- 請求項1において、少なくとも前記特性(4)を満たし、前記硬質被膜の破壊靭性値を2MPam1/2以上5MPam1/2以下とした軸受。
- 請求項1において、少なくとも前記特性(5)を満たし、前記硬質被膜の臨界荷重を60N以上100N以下とした軸受。
- 請求項1において、少なくとも前記特性(5)を満たし、前記硬質被膜がCr(クロム)およびW(タングステン)を含み、Cr+Wの合計含有量が、5原子%以上50原子%以下である軸受。
- 請求項1において、少なくとも前記特性(5)を満たし、前記硬質被膜の表面から0.3μmまでの領域における水素含有量が、10原子%以上30原子%以下である軸受。
- 請求項1において、少なくとも前記特性(6)を満たし、前記硬質被膜の表面粗さをRa0.25μm以下とした軸受。
- 請求項1において、軸受のラジアルすきまが2μm以上45μm以下であり、且つ転動体1本あたりの円周方向すきまが2μm以上25μm以下である軸受。
- 請求項1において、前記硬質被膜はDLC膜である軸受。
- 請求項1において、前記硬質被膜は、セラミックス微粒子をガス中に分散してエアロゾル化し、このエアロゾルを基材表面に衝突させることにより形成したものである軸受。
- 請求項12において、少なくとも前記特性(2)を満たし、前記セラミックスの平均粒子径が0.01μm以上2.0μm以下である軸受。
- 請求項12において、前記エアロゾルを0.01kPa以上120kPa以下の圧力中で基材に衝突させ硬質被膜を形成したものである軸受。
- 請求項1において、前記転動体がころである軸受。
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JP2008073621 | 2008-03-21 | ||
JP2008073619 | 2008-03-21 | ||
JP2008-073618 | 2008-03-21 | ||
JP2008-073617 | 2008-03-21 | ||
JP2008-073620 | 2008-03-21 | ||
JP2008073617 | 2008-03-21 | ||
JP2008-073619 | 2008-03-21 | ||
JP2008-073621 | 2008-03-21 | ||
JP2008-073616 | 2008-03-21 | ||
JP2008073620 | 2008-03-21 | ||
JP2008233839A JP2009257566A (ja) | 2008-03-21 | 2008-09-11 | 軸受 |
JP2008-233841 | 2008-09-11 | ||
JP2008233842A JP2009257569A (ja) | 2008-03-21 | 2008-09-11 | 軸受 |
JP2008-233839 | 2008-09-11 | ||
JP2008-233837 | 2008-09-11 | ||
JP2008-233838 | 2008-09-11 | ||
JP2008-233840 | 2008-09-11 | ||
JP2008233840A JP5207891B2 (ja) | 2008-03-21 | 2008-09-11 | 軸受 |
JP2008233841A JP2009257568A (ja) | 2008-03-21 | 2008-09-11 | 軸受 |
JP2008233837A JP2009257564A (ja) | 2008-03-21 | 2008-09-11 | 軸受 |
JP2008-233842 | 2008-09-11 | ||
JP2008233838A JP2009257565A (ja) | 2008-03-21 | 2008-09-11 | 軸受 |
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CN105935464A (zh) * | 2016-05-31 | 2016-09-14 | 成都德善能科技有限公司 | 一种医用涡轮呼吸机 |
WO2018007449A1 (de) * | 2016-07-07 | 2018-01-11 | Oerlikon Metco Ag, Wohlen | Pulverdrehdurchführung mit spülkammer |
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EP4279257A1 (de) * | 2022-05-20 | 2023-11-22 | Notter GmbH | Tablettierwerkzeug |
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