WO2009113203A1 - 応答遅延型燃料電池用の内部抵抗測定装置 - Google Patents
応答遅延型燃料電池用の内部抵抗測定装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009113203A1 WO2009113203A1 PCT/JP2008/069660 JP2008069660W WO2009113203A1 WO 2009113203 A1 WO2009113203 A1 WO 2009113203A1 JP 2008069660 W JP2008069660 W JP 2008069660W WO 2009113203 A1 WO2009113203 A1 WO 2009113203A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- internal resistance
- value
- voltage
- current
- measuring device
- Prior art date
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04544—Voltage
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04634—Other electric variables, e.g. resistance or impedance
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04895—Current
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an internal resistance measuring device for evaluating the electrochemical characteristics of a fuel cell that is slow in response to fluctuations in power load.
- the internal resistance of the measurement object is obtained by measuring the current by changing the voltage continuously over time within a certain range.
- the method is performed (for example, refer patent document 1).
- cyclic voltammetry is widely used for the study of redox characteristics such as substances in solution and electrode substances and electrode reaction mechanisms (charge transfer, accompanying chemical reactions, adsorption, etc.). Cyclic voltammetry is performed by reciprocating potential scanning. In cyclic voltammetry, the electrode and the solution are stationary and there is no convection effect, the supporting electrolyte is sufficiently dissolved and ionized, there is no migration effect, and the diffusion pattern is linear using the plate electrode. In other words, accurate measurement is not possible unless the reactants are deposited on the electrode, no chemical reaction occurs, and the electron transfer is reversible. (For example, refer nonpatent literature 1.)
- next-generation fuel cells such as biofuel cells and liquid fuel fuel cells have been developed.
- the biofuel cell include an enzyme fuel cell using an enzyme for an electrode, a microbial fuel cell using a microorganism for an electrode, and the like.
- An enzyme fuel cell is a fuel cell that generates electricity by an oxidoreductase enzyme in an electrode.
- a fuel cell using liquid fuel uses an inorganic catalyst (such as platinum) for the anode and uses a liquid fuel such as methanol or ethanol that has a higher molecular weight, higher energy density, but slightly lower reactivity. It refers to fuel cells.
- an inorganic catalyst such as platinum
- a liquid fuel such as methanol or ethanol that has a higher molecular weight, higher energy density, but slightly lower reactivity. It refers to fuel cells.
- a microbial fuel cell expected as a next-generation bioenergy recovery process can directly produce electrical energy from biomass by biochemical conversion.
- this apparatus it is expected that there is no energy loss generated when fuel generated by methane fermentation or hydrogen fermentation is converted using a power generation apparatus. (For example, see Patent Document 2.)
- JP 2007-66590 A page 8 JP 2007-227216 A The Electrochemical Society, “Electrochemical Measurement Manual: Basic”, Maruzen Co., Ltd., April 2002, p.94
- the liquid fuel-use fuel cell uses a liquid fuel such as methanol or ethanol that has a higher molecular weight, a higher energy density, and a slightly lower reactivity, which causes a response delay problem.
- the fuel cells in which such response delay occurs are collectively referred to as a response delay type fuel cell.
- the response delay type fuel cell the problem in measuring the response delay type fuel cell will be described by taking a microbial fuel cell as an example.
- FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a method for measuring the internal resistance of a microbial fuel cell using a conventional automatic measurement method for measuring a fuel cell, a secondary battery, or the like.
- a voltage to be applied to the microbial fuel cell 7 is instructed to the potentio / galvanostat 5 by the waveform generator 27.
- the waveform generator 27 instructs the potentio / galvanostat 5 to apply a voltage that sweeps within a certain range as shown in FIG. 15 to the microbial fuel cell 7.
- the measured value of the current value generated by the microbial fuel cell 7 is sent to the analysis computer 29.
- FIG. 19A shows a conventional general automatic measurement result using the waveform generator 27. If it is possible to measure accurately, it should coincide with the manual measurement result (FIG. 19B) described later, but it is greatly deviated from the manual measurement result, and accurate measurement cannot be performed.
- Response delay type fuel cells such as microbial fuel cells have a slow response to fluctuations in power load, and when using conventional automatic measurement methods that measure fuel cells, secondary cells, etc., their characteristics cannot be measured correctly. There was a point.
- FIG. 16 is a block diagram of the measurement
- FIG. 17A is a circuit diagram of the measurement circuit
- FIG. 17B shows the measurement theory.
- An external resistor 31 is connected to the microbial fuel cell 7 and the measurer changes the resistance value as necessary. After changing the resistance value, the voltage value applied to both ends of the resistor 31 by the microbial fuel cell 7 is measured by the measurer with the electrometer 33, and whether the measurer determines that the voltage value is stable or is constant. After determining that the time has elapsed, the measurer inputs the measurement value to the analysis computer 29. Further, the measurer inputs the resistance value of the resistor 31 to the analysis computer 29.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram in which voltage values measured by the electrometer 33 are plotted in time series. From the constant resistance mode in which an external resistance of 1 k ⁇ is connected, the resistance circuit is cut off after 5 minutes from the start of measurement, and the stabilization of the output voltage of the microbial fuel cell 7 is awaited. After a further 30 minutes, the resistor 31 is switched to 100 k ⁇ and waits for the output voltage to stabilize. After a further 10 minutes, the resistor 31 is switched to 10 k ⁇ and waits for the output voltage to stabilize. Thereafter, the resistor 31 was switched to 2.4 k ⁇ , 1 k ⁇ , 440 ⁇ , and 100 ⁇ , and the resistor 31 was switched to 1 k ⁇ after the measurement was completed.
- Fuel cells are devices that operate over a long period of time, and it is necessary to periodically evaluate their characteristics over a long period of several months.
- periodically measuring the response-delayed fuel cell for several months requires a skilled measurer to spend 100 minutes or more every few days for measurement, and the human burden is very large.
- the point that the load is once unloaded (open state) is particularly negative for the stabilization of the microbial fuel cell and affects the reproducibility.
- the microbial fuel cell is characterized by a large amount of solution and medium, the microorganisms that serve as electrodes are also present in the medium, and further proliferate, and do not satisfy the prerequisites of cyclic voltammetry,
- the usual cyclic voltammetry measurement evaluation method cannot be applied to the characterization of microbial fuel cells.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and its purpose is to take into account the response delay with respect to power load fluctuations, and to automatically and accurately generate the power generation characteristics of the response delay type fuel cell with good reproducibility. It is to provide a measuring device to be evaluated.
- the first invention is an internal resistance measuring device for measuring the internal resistance of a response delay type fuel cell, wherein the current flowing through the internal resistance measuring device becomes a current control value.
- Constant current control means for controlling current, current measuring means for measuring current flowing through the internal resistance measuring device, voltage measuring means for measuring voltage changing by the internal resistance measuring device, and waiting until the voltage becomes stable
- a calculation unit ; and a recording unit that records the value of the current and the value of the voltage after the voltage is stabilized, and changes the current control value of the constant current control unit to measure the current and the voltage.
- It is an internal resistance measuring device characterized in that the internal resistance of the response delay type fuel cell is measured a predetermined number of times.
- the internal resistance measuring device has a recording function for periodically recording the value of the current flowing through the internal resistance measuring device and the value of the voltage changed by the internal resistance measuring device, and the internal resistance measuring device.
- the control function for controlling the flowing current can be switched between valid and invalid, and it is preferable to start the internal resistance measurement at a predetermined or manual timing and return to the state before the measurement start after the internal resistance measurement is completed.
- control the current flowing through the internal resistance measuring device to be zero when the voltage value is lower than a predetermined value.
- the control function includes constant current control for controlling a predetermined current value to flow through the response delay type fuel cell, and current to flow when an external resistor having a predetermined resistance value is connected to the response delay type fuel cell.
- the constant resistance control flows when the voltage measuring means measures a voltage changed by the internal resistance measuring device, and the computing means flows when a predetermined resistance is connected to the response delay type fuel cell.
- a power current is calculated from the voltage value and the resistance value using Ohm's law, and the constant current control means calculates the current so that the calculated current flows through the response delay fuel cell. And controlling.
- the internal resistance measuring device includes a constant voltage control unit that controls a voltage that the internal resistance measuring device changes, and the constant resistance control is configured such that the current measuring unit determines a current flowing through the internal resistance measuring device.
- the calculating means calculates a voltage changing by the predetermined resistance from the value of the current and the value of the resistance using Ohm's law.
- the step of calculating and the step of controlling the voltage so that the constant voltage control means changes by the voltage calculated by the internal resistance device.
- the response delay type fuel cell is a microbial fuel cell
- the internal resistance measuring device mutually performs acclimatization and internal resistance measurement of the microbial fuel cell.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a measuring apparatus that automatically and accurately evaluates the power generation characteristics of a response delay type fuel cell in consideration of the response delay with respect to power load fluctuation.
- a microbial fuel cell is used on behalf of a response delay type fuel cell.
- FIG. 1 shows a system for evaluating the characteristics of the microbial fuel cell 7.
- a potentio / galvanostat 5 is connected to the microbial fuel cell 7, and an automatic measuring device 3 is connected to the potentio / galvanostat 5.
- the automatic measuring apparatus 3 includes a current instruction unit, a current reading unit, a voltage reading unit, a calculation unit, a recording unit, and a display unit.
- the current instruction means instructs the current control value to be controlled to the potentio / galvanostat 5, reads the current / voltage value measured by the potentio / galvanostat 5 by the current reading means and the voltage reading means, and records it by the recording means. To do.
- it has a screen as a display means.
- the automatic measuring device 3 has an internal timer function, can execute internal resistance measurement at a predetermined timing, can select whether to enable the recording function, and can measure internal resistance at an arbitrary timing. It has a manual measurement start button that enables the control function, has a setting button to move to the setting routine, can select whether to enable the control function, the control function is a constant current control and a constant resistance control Constant voltage control can be selected.
- the internal timer counts up whatever processing is being performed. In addition, once the control function is selected, the selected state is maintained unless the selection is canceled or the voltage drops below the set lower limit value during the control and is not automatically canceled.
- the automatic measuring device 3 has a logging screen that is a screen for plotting the measured values. Recording on the logging screen means plotting the measured value on the logging screen and recording the measured value on the internal memory.
- the potentio / galvanostat 5 includes constant current control means, current measurement means, and voltage measurement means.
- the constant current control means controls so that the current of the current control value instructed by the current instruction means of the automatic measuring device 3 flows to the microbial fuel cell 7, and the current measuring means determines the current flowing through the microbial fuel cell 7 (FIG. 17 ( I 1 ) in a) is measured, and the voltage measuring means measures the voltage of the circuit (E 1 in FIG. 17A) that changes with the potentio / galvanostat 5.
- the current value is a value corresponding to I 1
- the voltage value is a value corresponding to E 1.
- the microbial fuel cell 7 is formed by connecting an anaerobic culture tank 9 having a negative electrode 11 and a positive electrode tank 17 having a positive electrode 19 with a separator 25.
- the anaerobic culture tank 9 is filled with a medium 13, and microorganisms 15 are cultured on the negative electrode 11 and the medium 13.
- the positive electrode tank 17 is filled with a buffer solution 21, and air is exposed to the positive electrode 19 through an air tube 23.
- the anaerobic culture tank 9 is a tank that performs anaerobic fermentation of organic matter, and it is preferable to replace the upper gas phase portion with nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, or the like to make an anaerobic state.
- Methane fermentation using an organic substance is a well-known and commonly used technique.
- methane fermentation may be performed in the anaerobic culture tank 9 in the same manner as methane fermentation of an organic substance under normal conditions.
- the negative electrode 11 is preferably a fibrous graphite electrode in order to enhance the adhesion of microorganisms.
- the medium 13 contains an organic substance that is subjected to methane fermentation. A mediator may be added.
- the pH of the medium is preferably maintained at 6-8.
- Microorganism 15 is an acid-producing microorganism and a microorganism that oxidizes organic substances under anaerobic conditions.
- microorganism sources such as activated sludge and paddy soil can be used.
- the oxidizer such as potassium ferricyanide may be added to the positive electrode chamber 17. Further, a graphite electrode or the like is used for the positive electrode 19, and the air tube 23 aerates a gas containing oxygen to the positive electrode 19.
- the separator 25 is a material that can block oxygen and allow charged substances such as ions to pass therethrough, and an ion exchange membrane such as a hydrogen ion exchange membrane is preferable.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an overall flow of the automatic measuring apparatus 3 measuring method.
- the automatic measuring device 3 reads a current value and a voltage value from the potentio / galvanostat 5 (step 50), and displays the measured value on a screen which is a display means (step 51).
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines whether or not the recording function is valid (step 52). If the recording function is valid (Yes in step 52), the current value and the voltage value are recorded at a specified interval. (Step 53). When the recording function is not valid (No in Step 52), after Step 53 is completed, the process proceeds to Step 54.
- Step 54 When it is determined that the internal timer of the automatic measurement device 3 is the measurement start time (Yes in Step 54) and when the manual measurement start button of the automatic measurement device 3 is pressed (Yes in Step 55), Run the internal resistance measurement routine.
- the automatic measurement device 3 determines that it is not the measurement start time (No in step 54)
- the manual measurement start button is not pressed (No in step 55)
- the automatic measurement device 3 is set.
- the routine proceeds to various setting routines. If the setting button of the automatic measuring device 3 is not pressed (No in step 56), the selection of the control function method is confirmed (steps 57 to 59).
- step 57 When “constant current control” of the automatic measuring device 3 is selected (Yes in step 57), the process proceeds to a constant current control routine, and when “constant resistance control” is selected (Yes in step 58). The process proceeds to the constant resistance control routine. If “constant voltage control” is selected (Yes in step 59), the process proceeds to the constant voltage control routine.
- no control method is selected (No in step 59)
- various setting routines, constant current control routine, constant resistance control routine, constant voltage control routine are completed, Return to step 50.
- the internal resistance measurement routine performed by the automatic measuring device 3 will be described with reference to FIG.
- the current indicating means sets the current (current control value) to be controlled by the constant current control unit of the potentio / galvanostat 5 to 0 (step 61).
- the automatic measuring device 3 reads the current value and the voltage value from the potentio / galvanostat 5 (step 62).
- the process returns to step 62 again.
- step 62 and step 63 are repeated unless the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the initial standby time has elapsed or the voltage is determined to be stable (Yes in step 63).
- the automatic measuring device 3 plots the current value and the voltage value on the logging screen on the screen and records them in the internal memory (step 64), and the current indicating means increases the current control value by the set interval (step 65).
- the automatic measuring device 3 reads the potentio / galvanostat current value and the voltage value (step 66), and when it is determined that the standby time has elapsed or the voltage is stable (Yes in step 67). Plots the measured values on the logging screen of the screen, records them in the internal memory (step 69), and returns to step 65.
- the time change of the current control value instructed to the potentio / galvanostat 5 by the automatic measuring device 3 will be described with reference to FIG. As shown in FIG. 12, the current instruction value that the automatic measuring device 3 instructs the potentio / galvanostat 5 is not continuous. The current control value is maintained for a while after the current control value changes until the voltage value becomes stable, and changes in a stepped manner with respect to time.
- the process returns to step 66 again.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the voltage is below the set lower limit value or determines that the current exceeds the set upper limit value (Yes in step 68)
- the minimum value is determined from the data recorded on the logging screen.
- the internal resistance value and voltage value of the microbial fuel cell are calculated by an approximation method such as a square method (step 70), recorded in the storage memory (step 71), the current control value is set to 0 (step 72), and the internal resistance
- an approximation method such as a square method (step 70)
- the current control value is set to 0 (step 72)
- the internal resistance ends.
- the constant current control routine will be described with reference to FIG.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines whether or not a specified time has elapsed since the last current control value change (step 81).
- the current control value is held without being changed (Step 82), and the constant current control routine is terminated. If the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the specified time has elapsed (Yes in step 81), the voltage value and the current value are read from the potentio / galvanostat (step 83), and the voltage value is the set lower limit value. It is judged whether it is smaller than (step 84).
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the voltage value is smaller than the set lower limit value (Yes in step 84), the automatic measuring device 3 cancels the selection of “constant current control” (step 87), and performs current control. The value is set to 0 (step 88), and the constant current control routine is terminated.
- the voltage value is larger than the set lower limit value (No in step 84)
- the current value is compared with the constant current set value (steps 85 and 86).
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the current value is smaller than the value obtained by removing the dead band from the constant current set value (Yes in step 85), the current control value is increased by a set amount (step 89), and the constant value is set. End the current control routine.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the current value is larger than the value obtained by adding the dead band to the constant current set value (Yes in step 86), the current control value is decreased by a set amount (step 90). Then, the constant current control routine is terminated.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the current value is within the range where the constant current set value takes the dead band into consideration (No in step 86), the current control value is held (step 82), and the constant current is set. The control routine ends.
- the constant resistance control routine will be described with reference to FIG.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines whether or not a specified time has elapsed since the last current control value change (step 101).
- the current control value is held without being changed (step 102), and the constant resistance control routine is terminated. If the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the specified time has elapsed (Yes in step 101), the voltage value and the current value are read from the potentio / galvanostat 5 (step 103), and the voltage value is set to the lower limit. It is determined whether it is smaller than the value (step 104).
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the voltage value is smaller than the set lower limit value (Yes in Step 104)
- the automatic measuring device 3 cancels the selection of “constant resistance control” (Step 108) and performs current control.
- the value is set to 0 (step 109), and the constant resistance control routine is terminated.
- the external resistance value R that is externally connected apparently is obtained from the current value and the voltage value (step 105), and the external resistance value R and the constant resistance are obtained.
- the set value is compared (steps 106 and 107).
- the current control value is decreased by a set amount (step 110). Then, the constant resistance control routine is terminated.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the external resistance value R is larger than the value obtained by adding the dead zone to the constant resistance setting value (Yes in step 107)
- the current control value is increased by a set amount (step 111) and the constant resistance control routine is terminated.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the external resistance value R is within the range in which the constant resistance set value takes the dead zone into consideration (No in Step 107), the current control value is held (Step 102). The constant resistance control routine is terminated.
- the constant voltage control routine will be described with reference to FIG.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines whether or not a specified time has elapsed since the last current control value change (step 121).
- the current control value is held without being changed (Step 122), and the constant voltage control routine is terminated.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the specified time has elapsed (Yes in Step 121)
- the voltage value and the current value are read from the potentio / galvanostat 5 (Step 123), and the voltage value is set to the lower limit. It is determined whether the value is smaller than the value (step 124).
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the voltage value is smaller than the set lower limit value (Yes in step 124), the automatic measuring device 3 cancels the selection of “constant voltage control” (step 127) and performs current control.
- the value is set to 0 (step 128), and the constant voltage control routine is terminated.
- the voltage value is larger than the set lower limit value (No in step 124)
- the voltage value is compared with the constant voltage set value (steps 125 and 126).
- the current control value is decreased by a set amount (step 129), and the constant value is set.
- the voltage control routine ends.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the voltage value is larger than the value obtained by adding the dead band to the constant voltage setting value (Yes in step 126), the current control value is increased by a set amount (step 130). Then, the constant voltage control routine is terminated.
- the automatic measuring device 3 determines that the voltage value is within the range in which the dead band is taken into consideration for the constant voltage setting value (No in step 126), the current control value is held (step 122), and the constant voltage The control routine ends.
- the potentio / galvanostat 5 since the potentio / galvanostat 5 is used in the constant current control mode, the current control value is changed while monitoring the voltage even in the constant voltage control routine.
- the constant current control and the constant voltage control can be automatically switched, so that the voltage value is controlled while monitoring the voltage in the constant voltage control routine.
- the voltage value can be controlled while monitoring the current in the constant resistance control routine.
- the step of setting the current control value to zero when the voltage value falls below the set lower limit value applies a negative voltage to the microbial fuel cell 7.
- steps 68 and 72, steps 84 and 88, steps 104 and 109, and steps 124 and 1208 applies a negative voltage to the microbial fuel cell 7.
- Table 1 shows Usage Methods 1 to 8.
- the internal resistance measurement device periodically measures the internal resistance in an execution state where both the recording function and the control function of the internal resistance measurement device are effective.
- the internal resistance measuring device measures the voltage and current while acclimatizing the microorganism with the control function, and automatically measures the internal resistance periodically. To do. This is a usage mode in which the function of the internal resistance measuring device is utilized most effectively.
- the internal resistance measurement device automatically performs internal resistance measurement in a passive state where the recording function is valid but the control function is invalid.
- the internal resistance measuring device automatically measures the internal resistance periodically while collecting and recording the continuous measurement values of the voltage. The current value is stored even when the internal resistance is not measured, but since the numerical value is zero, only the information as the voltage (opening potential) is significant. It is possible to measure how the internal resistance changes in the no-load state (when opened). If an external resistor is connected separately, it is necessary to calculate the internal resistance after measurement or to remove the external load immediately before measuring the internal resistance.
- the internal resistance measurement device automatically measures the internal resistance in a control state in which the recording function is invalid but the control function is valid. As shown in FIG. 9 (c), in the third usage method, the internal resistance measuring device does not measure the voltage / current being acclimatized.
- the third usage method is used when voltage / current values during acclimatization are not necessary, only acclimatization is performed, and internal resistance is to be automatically measured periodically.
- the internal resistance measurement device automatically measures internal resistance in a standby state where the recording function and the control function are invalid. As shown in FIG. 9D, the fourth usage method is used when only the internal resistance is measured periodically. If an external load is connected separately for acclimatization, the internal resistance including the external load will be measured, and the internal resistance cannot be measured correctly, so the data will be corrected after measurement, or the external load will be measured immediately before the internal resistance measurement. Must be removed.
- the internal resistance measurement device does not automatically measure the internal resistance in the execution state where both the recording function and the control function are effective.
- the 5th usage method can measure the change of the output as a generator and the acclimatization process of microorganisms, taking out an electric current under control.
- the internal resistance measurement device does not automatically measure internal resistance in a passive state where the recording function is valid but the control function is invalid.
- the internal resistance measuring device stores only the measured value without performing the control. It is used like a general data logger. The current value is also stored, but the value is zero, so it is meaningful as a continuous voltage measurement.
- an external load may be connected and used, or the automatic measurement device 3 may be manually instructed to measure the internal resistance at an arbitrary timing.
- the internal resistance measurement device does not automatically measure the internal resistance in the control state where the recording function is invalid but the control function is valid.
- the seventh method of use does not require measurement values of voltage / current, but is used when only habituation of the microbial fuel cell 7 is desired.
- the measurer may manually measure the internal resistance. It is only equivalent to the case where a resistor is connected separately as an external load, but it takes time to remove and reconnect the external load when measuring internal resistance at any timing. Absent.
- the internal resistance measuring device does not automatically measure the internal resistance in the standby state where the recording function and the control function are invalid. As shown in FIG. 10C, the eighth usage method is ineffective as a recording function, but is used as a tester because voltage and current measurement and screen display are performed. Then, it may be used when waiting for the timing to start the internal resistance measurement.
- the ninth usage method is a method of measuring a plurality of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with a single internal resistance measuring device.
- MFCs microbial fuel cells
- a ninth usage method will be described with reference to FIG.
- Each of the three microbial fuel cells, MFC-A, MFC-B, and MFC-C, is connected to an external resistor (load) and is accustomed.
- an external load is removed from the MFC-A, an internal resistance measuring device is connected, and automatic measurement of the internal resistance is started manually. After the measurement is completed, remove the internal resistance measurement device from MFC-A, attach an external load, and acclimatize.
- the external load is removed from the MFC-B
- the internal resistance automatic measuring device removed from the MFC-A is connected to the MFC-B
- automatic measurement of the internal resistance is started manually.
- remove the internal resistance measurement device from MFC-B attach an external load, and acclimatize.
- MFC-C measurement is performed.
- the response to power load fluctuations is slow compared to secondary batteries and fuel cells that are already in practical use, such as microbial fuel cells, and when the current value is fixed to a certain value, even in the case of a response delay type fuel cell, which has a property that the followability of the voltage value is slow and the followability of the current value is slow when the voltage value is fixed to a certain value, the power generation characteristics can be measured more accurately.
- the automatic measurement apparatus performs the measurement with a high reproducibility compared with the method of performing the measurement by waiting until the voltage or current is stabilized while changing the load step by step manually. A result is obtained and repeated evaluation is easy.
- the terminal is not open when no external load is connected, and measurement reproducibility is easily obtained.
- predetermined electricity can be supplied to the microbial fuel cell to acclimatize the microbial fuel cell.
- the present embodiment when the voltage value becomes equal to or lower than the set value, it is possible to avoid damaging the power generation characteristics of the microbial fuel cell by stopping the current flowing through the microbial fuel cell.
- a constant resistance control suitable for acclimatization of the microbial fuel cell is provided.
- Conventional evaluation apparatuses for secondary batteries and fuel cells may be equipped with constant power control for keeping power constant, but they are not equipped with constant resistance control.
- constant power control for keeping power constant, but they are not equipped with constant resistance control.
- acclimatization with constant power is not preferable for the growth of the power generation microorganisms.
- a system for executing this measurement method includes a commercially available potentio / galvanostat and a control / measurement unit connected to the potentio / galvanostat.
- a potentio / galvanostat As a potentio / galvanostat, HA-151 manufactured by Hokuto Denko Corporation is functionally necessary and sufficient, and is inexpensive, but is not limited thereto.
- the control / measurement unit includes a graphic panel, an instrumentation sequencer, a sequencer amplifier, a power supply unit, and the like. In this system, a graphic panel equipped with a touch panel is used to check measured values, setting information, etc. and to operate the system.
- connection terminal For measurement, connect a control / measurement unit, and connect the potentiogalvanostat measurement control probe (connection terminal) set to the galvanostat mode for external input signal control to the positive and negative electrodes of the microbial fuel cell to be measured. Then, the potentiometer / galvanostat is controlled by the program built into the sequencer from the control / measurement unit to automatically measure the current-voltage curve or constant resistance control (behaves the same as when a certain resistor is connected) ) Can be recorded and monitored.
- the control of the potentio / galvanostat may be replaced with a general-purpose computer equipped with an electric signal input / output device or a one-chip microcomputer.
- a similar function can be realized by switching a device having a plurality of resistors with a relay or an electric rotary switch, sequentially changing the external resistance value, and measuring only the voltage value.
- a microbial fuel cell 7 was prototyped using a 3 liter anaerobic electrolytic cell.
- the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in which the positive electrode and the ion permeable diaphragm are integrally formed are both ends of an opening (cross section: about 40 ⁇ 180 mm) passing through a hollow outer shell frame (about 50 ⁇ 200 mm) having an inlet / outlet hole.
- a closed-type hollow cassette stretched on is used as an air cathode (air cathode unit).
- the microbial fuel A battery By immersing five carbon felt negative electrodes (approximately 50 ⁇ 200 mm, anode) in an electrolytic cell having a circular cross section, and inserting five sealed hollow cassettes so as to face the negative electrode, the microbial fuel A battery was constructed.
- oxygen is supplied into the cassette through the inlet / outlet of the sealed hollow cassette, and artificial wastewater (organic substrate) containing organic polymer such as starch is placed in the electrolytic cell with a predetermined COD load (1 to 3 kg / m 3 / day), the microbial fuel cell is continuously operated while continuously flowing.
- the artificial wastewater soil microorganisms were planted as anaerobic microorganisms responsible for power generation, and the operation of the microbial fuel cell was started with a constant resistance control of 500 ⁇ .
- FIG. 13 shows measurement data when the microbial fuel cell 7 is measured. Although measurement was performed every day, in FIG. 13, it is extracted and displayed.
- the current setting upper limit is 80 mA on the second day, 120 mA on the 10th day, 210 mA on the 12th to 19th days, and 300 mA on the 24th day and thereafter. .
- the voltage value suddenly dropped when the current value exceeded 60 mA, and the measurement was automatically interrupted at 75 mA because the voltage value fell below the set value. This is probably because the microbial fuel cell 7 was not well conditioned on the second day of the experiment.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Measurement Of Resistance Or Impedance (AREA)
Abstract
Description
図14は、燃料電池や二次電池などを測定対象とする従来の自動測定方法を用いて微生物燃料電池の内部抵抗を測定する方法のブロック図である。ポテンショ/ガルバノスタット5には、波形発生装置27により、微生物燃料電池7に印加するべき電圧が指示される。波形発生装置27は、ポテンショ/ガルバノスタット5が、微生物燃料電池7に、図15に示すような一定範囲内を掃引する電圧を印加するように指示する。微生物燃料電池7が生じる電流値の測定値は、解析用コンピュータ29に送られる。
図18は、エレクトロメータ33にて測定した電圧値を時系列でプロットした図である。1kΩの外部抵抗を接続した定抵抗モードから、測定開始5分経過後に抵抗の回路を遮断し、微生物燃料電池7の出力電圧の安定を待つ。さらに30分経過後、抵抗器31を100kΩに切り替え、出力電圧の安定を待つ。さらに10分経過後、抵抗器31を10kΩに切り替え、出力電圧の安定を待つ。その後、抵抗器31を、2.4kΩ、1kΩ、440Ω、100Ωに切り替え、測定終了後に抵抗器31を1kΩに切り替えた。各抵抗値での電圧を読み取り、電流値を算出し、プロットすると、図19(b)に示す手動測定のプロットになる。測定者が安定したと判断する基準があいまいで、また、抵抗器31の取替え時に一時的に外部付加を取り外した端子開放状態となることから、再現性が得られにくい。
5………ポテンショ/ガルバノスタット
7………微生物燃料電池
9………嫌気培養槽
11………負極
13………培地
15………微生物
17………正極槽
19………正極
21………緩衝液
23………空気管
25………セパレータ
27………波形発生装置
29………解析用コンピュータ
31………抵抗器
33………エレクトロメータ
本測定方法を実行するシステムは、市販のポテンショ/ガルバノスタットと、ポテンショ/ガルバノスタットに接続する制御・計測ユニットからなる。ポテンショ/ガルバノスタットとしては、北斗電工株式会社製のHA-151が機能的に必要十分でありかつ安価であるが、これに限られない。また、制御・計測ユニットはグラフィックパネル、計装用シーケンサー、シーケンサー用アンプ、電源ユニットなどから構成される。本システムでは、グラフィックパネルとしてタッチパネルを装備したものを使用し、計測値、設定情報などを確認ならびにシステムの操作を行うように製作されている。
容積3リットルの嫌気性電解槽を用いて、微生物燃料電池を試作した。
正電極とイオン透過性隔膜とが一体成型された膜・電極接合体(MEA)を、入出孔を有する中空外殻フレーム(約50×200mm)を貫通する開口(断面約40×180mm)の両端に張設した密閉型中空カセットを空気正極(エアカソードユニット)として用いる。
Claims (7)
- 応答遅延型燃料電池の内部抵抗を測定する内部抵抗測定装置であって、
前記内部抵抗測定装置に流れる電流が電流制御値になるように電流を制御する定電流制御手段と、
前記内部抵抗測定装置に流れる電流を測定する電流測定手段と、
前記内部抵抗測定装置により変化する電圧を測定する電圧測定手段と、
前記電圧が安定するまで待つ演算手段と、
前記電圧が安定した後に、前記電流の値と前記電圧の値を記録する記録手段と、
を備え、
前記定電流制御手段の電流制御値を変え、前記電流と前記電圧の測定を所定の回数繰り返し、複数の測定点から前記応答遅延型燃料電池の内部抵抗を演算して記録することを特徴とする内部抵抗測定装置。 - 前記内部抵抗測定装置が、
前記内部抵抗測定装置を流れる電流の値と、前記内部抵抗測定装置により変化する電圧の値とを、定期的に記録する記録機能と、
前記内部抵抗測定装置を流れる電流を制御する制御機能と、
をそれぞれ有効無効を切り替え可能であり、
所定または手動のタイミングで内部抵抗測定を開始し、内部抵抗測定終了後に測定開始前の状態に戻ることを特徴とする請求項1記載の内部抵抗測定装置。 - 前記電圧の値が所定の値を下回る場合に、前記内部抵抗測定装置を流れる電流をゼロになるように制御することを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2記載の内部抵抗測定装置。
- 前記制御機能は、
前記応答遅延型燃料電池に所定の電流値が流れるように制御する定電流制御、
前記応答遅延型燃料電池に所定の抵抗値の外部抵抗を接続した場合に流れるべき電流値が流れるように制御する定抵抗制御、
前記内部抵抗測定装置が変化する電圧値が、所定の電圧値になるように電流を制御する定電圧制御、
のいずれかであって、電流制御値を指定時間経過ごとに設定量だけ変化させることを特徴とする請求項2または請求項3記載の内部抵抗測定装置。 - 前記定抵抗制御が、
前記電圧測定手段が、前記内部抵抗測定装置により変化する電圧を測定するステップと、
前記演算手段が、前記応答遅延型燃料電池に所定の抵抗が接続されるとき流れるべき電流を、前記電圧の値と前記抵抗の値からオームの法則を用いて演算するステップと、
前記定電流制御手段が、演算された前記電流が前記応答遅延型燃料電池に流れるように電流を制御するステップと、
を具備することを特徴とする請求項4記載の内部抵抗測定装置。 - 前記内部抵抗測定装置が、
前記内部抵抗測定装置が変化する電圧を制御する定電圧制御手段を具備し、
前記定抵抗制御が、
前記電流測定手段が、前記内部抵抗測定装置を流れる電流を測定するステップと、
前記演算手段が、前記応答型燃料電池に所定の抵抗が接続されたとき、所定の抵抗により変化する電圧を、前記電流の値と前記抵抗の値からオームの法則を用いて演算するステップと、
前記定電圧制御手段が、前記内部抵抗装置が演算された前記電圧分変化するように電圧を制御するステップと、
を具備することを特徴とする請求項4記載の内部抵抗測定装置。 - 前記応答遅延型燃料電池が、微生物燃料電池であって、
前記内部抵抗測定装置が、前記微生物燃料電池の馴養と内部抵抗測定を相互に行うことを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項6に記載の内部抵抗測定装置。
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/921,985 US8426045B2 (en) | 2008-03-14 | 2008-10-29 | Internal-resistance measuring device for response-delay type fuel cell |
AU2008352463A AU2008352463B2 (en) | 2008-03-14 | 2008-10-29 | Internal-resistance measuring device for response-delay type fuel cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008-065314 | 2008-03-14 | ||
JP2008065314A JP5095452B2 (ja) | 2008-03-14 | 2008-03-14 | 応答遅延型燃料電池用の内部抵抗測定装置 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2009113203A1 true WO2009113203A1 (ja) | 2009-09-17 |
Family
ID=41064878
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2008/069660 WO2009113203A1 (ja) | 2008-03-14 | 2008-10-29 | 応答遅延型燃料電池用の内部抵抗測定装置 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8426045B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5095452B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101214320B1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2008352463B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2009113203A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103733408A (zh) * | 2011-09-05 | 2014-04-16 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 燃料电池检查方法和检查装置 |
US10279702B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2019-05-07 | Hyundai Motor Company | Technique of diagnosing fuel cell stack |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2013517129A (ja) * | 2010-01-14 | 2013-05-16 | ジエイ・クレイグ・ベンター・インステイテユート | モジュール式エネルギー回収水処理装置 |
JP5636746B2 (ja) * | 2010-06-09 | 2014-12-10 | ソニー株式会社 | 燃料電池 |
WO2012039464A1 (ja) * | 2010-09-24 | 2012-03-29 | イビデン株式会社 | 微生物燃料電池システム、発電方法、及び有機物の処理方法 |
US8715867B1 (en) * | 2011-09-08 | 2014-05-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Deployable microbial fuel cell and methods |
JP6314799B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-13 | 2018-04-25 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池システム及び燃料電池の制御方法 |
FI127087B (en) * | 2015-10-09 | 2017-11-15 | Kemira Oyj | A method for controlling the function of a microbial fuel cell system |
CN109841883A (zh) * | 2019-02-25 | 2019-06-04 | 电子科技大学中山学院 | 一种单室空气阴极mfc的使用方法 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2003234119A (ja) * | 2002-02-07 | 2003-08-22 | Toyota Motor Corp | Fcモジュール用パレット |
JP2004031256A (ja) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-29 | Toyota Motor Corp | 固体高分子型燃料電池の検査方法と該方法による固体高分子型燃料電池 |
JP2004235043A (ja) * | 2003-01-31 | 2004-08-19 | Hioki Ee Corp | 積層電池用モニタ線についての検査方法、および検査装置 |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB8418775D0 (en) * | 1984-07-24 | 1984-08-30 | Queen Elizabeth College | Operation of microbial fuel cells |
JPH0622159B2 (ja) * | 1984-11-29 | 1994-03-23 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 積層電池における異常単セルの検知方法 |
JP2004071183A (ja) * | 2002-08-01 | 2004-03-04 | Fujitsu Ltd | 燃料電池における燃料残量告知装置、燃料残量告知方法、および燃料補充方法 |
EP1623478A2 (en) * | 2003-05-15 | 2006-02-08 | Nissan Motor Company, Limited | Prevention of flooding of fuel cell stack |
JP5146898B2 (ja) * | 2005-08-10 | 2013-02-20 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池電源制御装置、燃料電池システム及び燃料電池電源制御方法 |
JP4986104B2 (ja) | 2005-08-30 | 2012-07-25 | 横河電機株式会社 | 燃料電池の特性測定方法および特性測定装置 |
JP5063905B2 (ja) * | 2006-02-24 | 2012-10-31 | 鹿島建設株式会社 | バイオリアクター/微生物燃料電池ハイブリッドシステム |
JP2008147102A (ja) * | 2006-12-13 | 2008-06-26 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池システム |
-
2008
- 2008-03-14 JP JP2008065314A patent/JP5095452B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-10-29 US US12/921,985 patent/US8426045B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-10-29 KR KR1020107022282A patent/KR101214320B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-10-29 WO PCT/JP2008/069660 patent/WO2009113203A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2008-10-29 AU AU2008352463A patent/AU2008352463B2/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2003234119A (ja) * | 2002-02-07 | 2003-08-22 | Toyota Motor Corp | Fcモジュール用パレット |
JP2004031256A (ja) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-29 | Toyota Motor Corp | 固体高分子型燃料電池の検査方法と該方法による固体高分子型燃料電池 |
JP2004235043A (ja) * | 2003-01-31 | 2004-08-19 | Hioki Ee Corp | 積層電池用モニタ線についての検査方法、および検査装置 |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103733408A (zh) * | 2011-09-05 | 2014-04-16 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 燃料电池检查方法和检查装置 |
US10279702B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2019-05-07 | Hyundai Motor Company | Technique of diagnosing fuel cell stack |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2008352463A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
KR101214320B1 (ko) | 2012-12-21 |
US8426045B2 (en) | 2013-04-23 |
JP2009224090A (ja) | 2009-10-01 |
JP5095452B2 (ja) | 2012-12-12 |
US20110020671A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
AU2008352463B2 (en) | 2013-05-02 |
KR20100122112A (ko) | 2010-11-19 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP5095452B2 (ja) | 応答遅延型燃料電池用の内部抵抗測定装置 | |
JP5307316B2 (ja) | 燃料電池、燃料電池の使用方法、燃料電池用カソード電極、電子機器、電極反応利用装置および電極反応利用装置用電極 | |
Rossi et al. | Evaluation of electrode and solution area-based resistances enables quantitative comparisons of factors impacting microbial fuel cell performance | |
Min et al. | Importance of temperature and anodic medium composition on microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance | |
Lu et al. | Hydrogen production with effluent from an ethanol–H2-coproducing fermentation reactor using a single-chamber microbial electrolysis cell | |
Rahimnejad et al. | Power generation from organic substrate in batch and continuous flow microbial fuel cell operations | |
Min et al. | Innovative microbial fuel cell for electricity production from anaerobic reactors | |
Raman et al. | Performance and kinetic study of photo microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) with different electrode distances | |
US20100178530A1 (en) | Microbial Fuel Cell | |
Pocaznoi et al. | Towards an engineering-oriented strategy for building microbial anodes for microbial fuel cells | |
CN103364469A (zh) | 基于微生物电解池技术快速测定生化需氧量的装置及方法 | |
WO2023207134A1 (zh) | 一种有机废水bod检测装置及其应用与方法 | |
CN104062345A (zh) | 基于微生物电解池技术在线测定生化需氧量的装置 | |
EP2000000A1 (en) | Microbial fuel cell | |
CN113960135B (zh) | 一种可充电微生物电化学传感器及其制备和在水质预警中的应用 | |
Shen et al. | Anodic concentration loss and impedance characteristics in rotating disk electrode microbial fuel cells | |
CN113387427A (zh) | 隔膜阴极及微生物电解池 | |
CN204028036U (zh) | 基于微生物电解池技术在线测定生化需氧量的装置 | |
Cao et al. | A mini-microbial fuel cell for voltage testing of exoelectrogenic bacteria | |
Vázquez et al. | Stainless steel wool as novel bioanode for microbial electrolysis cells: A systematic study of materials | |
JP2010186704A (ja) | 固体高分子型燃料電池の寿命加速試験方法 | |
JP2013048096A (ja) | 燃料電池、燃料電池の使用方法、燃料電池用カソード電極、電子機器、電極反応利用装置および電極反応利用装置用電極 | |
Pietrelli | Electrical valorization of MFC: application to monitoring | |
CN113484397B (zh) | 一种实时原位检测有机废水中bod的生物电化学方法 | |
Longtin | ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS MICROBIAL FUEL CELL |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 08873258 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 12921985 Country of ref document: US |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2008352463 Country of ref document: AU |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20107022282 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2008352463 Country of ref document: AU Date of ref document: 20081029 Kind code of ref document: A |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 08873258 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |