WO2009087332A2 - Procede de fabrication d'un produit fondu a base de lanthane et de manganese - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'un produit fondu a base de lanthane et de manganese Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009087332A2 WO2009087332A2 PCT/FR2008/052399 FR2008052399W WO2009087332A2 WO 2009087332 A2 WO2009087332 A2 WO 2009087332A2 FR 2008052399 W FR2008052399 W FR 2008052399W WO 2009087332 A2 WO2009087332 A2 WO 2009087332A2
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- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/76—Crystal structural characteristics, e.g. symmetry
- C04B2235/768—Perovskite structure ABO3
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/80—Phases present in the sintered or melt-cast ceramic products other than the main phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/95—Products characterised by their size, e.g. microceramics
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing a product comprising: the lanthanum element (La), optionally an Ln element chosen from the group consisting of praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium ( Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), yttrium (Y), and their mixtures, optionally the cerium element (Ce), an element Qa chosen from the group formed by calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and mixtures thereof, - the manganese element (Mn), optionally an element Qb chosen from the group formed by magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), co
- such a product is termed a "product based on lanthanum and manganese".
- the invention also relates to such a product when it is obtained by melting.
- SOFC solid oxide fuel cell
- An object of the invention is to satisfy this need.
- each electrode is generally divided into two layers.
- a first layer acts as a current collector (CCL).
- CCL current collector
- One of the raw materials used as cathode material in the SOFC technology is a dopant -manganese lanthanum perovskite powder ((La (i -w- xy) Ln w Ce x Qa y ) s (Mn (1-Z) Qb z ) O 3-5 ).
- the active layer CFL is generally composed of a mixture of an ionic conductive material and an electronic conductive material (lanthanum doped perovskite - manganese (La (i -w- x -y) Ln w Ce x Qa y) s (Mn (1-Z) Qb z) O 3-5).
- the contact between the two materials and the air must be optimal, that is to say that the number of triple points must be maximum and there must be percolation of the grains for each material.
- the doped zirconia yttria stabilized cubic zirconia, scandium stabilized cubic zirconia, etc. are commonly used as electrolyte materials or in the functional cathode layer.
- the doped - manganese lanthanum perovskites (La ( i - w - x - y ) Ln w Ce x Qa y ) s (Mn (1 - Z ) Qb z ) O 3-5 of the cathode material can react with zirconia.
- the presence of a pyrochlore phase decreases the performance of the battery
- Another object of the invention is to satisfy this need.
- the invention proposes a manufacturing process (called “general process”) comprising the following steps: a) mixture of raw materials supplying lanthanum, manganese, an element Qa and optionally an element Ln and / or a Qb element and / or cerium, and preferably oxygen, to form a feedstock, the element Qa being selected from the group consisting of calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium ( Ba) and mixtures thereof, the element Ln being selected from the group consisting of praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu ), yttrium (Y), and mixtures thereof, the element Qb being selected from the group
- this method of manufacturing by melting makes it possible to obtain, possibly after annealing, products which have a perovskite level, in particular perovskite (La (i -wxy ) Ln w Ce x
- a product according to the invention when in contact with zirconia powder doped with yttrium oxide, systematically generates less phase of the type pyrochlore -.8 2 Zr 2 O 7 and / or phases of type Qa to Zr b O c and / or LadQa e ZrfQbgO h that the products of the same chemical composition according to the prior art, and in particular that sintered products . It is therefore very well suited to the manufacture of SOFC battery cathodes.
- a manufacturing method according to the invention may also comprise one or more of the following general optional features:
- the elements La, Ln, Ce, Qa, Mn, Qb and O preferably represent, in percentage by mass, more than 95%, preferably more than 98.5%, preferably more than 99%, preferably more than 99.3% or more than 99.6% of the solid product obtained after step c);
- the 100% complement is preferably impurities;
- the impurities are all the elements other than lanthanum, the element Ln, cerium, manganese, the element Qa, the element Qb, the oxygen element and the combinations of these elements;
- the starting charge is adapted so that at the end of step c), the mass content of impurities, expressed in the form of oxides, of the melt is less than 1.5%, preferably less than 1 %, preferably less than 0.7%, more preferably less than 0.4%.
- the mass content of impurities, expressed in the form of oxides, of the melt is less than 1.5%, preferably less than 1 %, preferably less than 0.7%, more preferably less than 0.4%.
- SiO 2 ⁇ 0.1% preferably SiO 2 ⁇ 0.07%, preferably SiO 2 ⁇ 0.06%, and / or ZrO 2 ⁇ 0.5%, preferably ZrO 2 ⁇ 0.1%, preferably ZrO 2 ⁇ 0.05%, and / or Na 2 O ⁇ 0.1%, preferably Na 2 O ⁇ 0.07%, preferably Na 2 O ⁇ 0.05%;
- the raw materials are chosen so that at the end of step c), the melted product has a value of the parameter s between 0.85 and 1, 15, preferably between 0.90 and 1, 10, of preferably between 0.90 and 1, 00, more preferably between 0.95 and 1, 00;
- the lanthanum, the manganese, the element Qa and optionally the element Qb, the cerium and the element Ln are preferably added to the feedstock by precursor compounds of these elements.
- said precursors are chosen from group of oxides, carbonates, hydrates, nitrates, oxalates and mixtures thereof. More preferably, said precursors are selected from the group of oxides, carbonates and mixtures thereof;
- At least one of the elements lanthanum, element Ln, element Qa, element Qb, cerium and manganese is introduced in oxide form;
- the compounds providing the lanthanum, the manganese, the element Qa and optionally the element Qb, the cerium and the element Ln represent for more than 90%, preferably for more than 99%, in percentages by weight, the constituents of the starting charge.
- these compounds together with the impurities represent 100% of the constituents of the feedstock;
- the product obtained at the end of stage c) may have a LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite level, excluding impurities, greater than 30%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 70%, preferably greater than 85%; %, preferably greater than 90%, more preferably greater than 95%, even greater than 96%; -
- the starting load is determined so that the molten product is electrically neutral;
- the feedstock comprises oxides and / or carbonates and / or hydrates and / or nitrates and / or oxalates so as to provide oxygen, preferably in an amount to ensure the electroneutrality of the melted product.
- Oxygen may also be provided, at least partially, by the gaseous environment during fusion. In particular, the melting can therefore be carried out under oxidizing conditions;
- the starting load is determined so that in the melt, z> 0;
- 1, 1 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25 or - 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 1 and ow is different from 0 and Ln is not Yb and / or Y or ow is different from 0 and Ln is equal to Yb and / or Y and x + y + w>
- the starting charge is determined so that the molten product is not a product described in WO2008050063.
- the element Qa is chosen from the group formed by calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and their mixtures, preferably calcium (Ca).
- the element Qb is chosen from the group formed by magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), indium (In), niobium (Nb) and mixtures thereof, and o 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25, preferably 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2 and o 0.1 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.7, preferably 0.4 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.7, and o 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.5, and o 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 15, preferably
- w 0.
- ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25 preferably 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0, 2 and o 0.1 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.7, preferably 0.4 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.7, and o 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1 , 15, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 1, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, preferably 0.95 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.
- w 0.
- oz 0, and o 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25, preferably 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2 and o 0, 1 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.7, preferably 0.4 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.7, and o 0.80 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.9
- w 0.
- oz 0, and o 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25, preferably 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2 and o 0, 5 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.7, and o 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.15, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.1, preferably 0, 9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, preferably 0.95 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.
- w 0.
- o Qa Ca
- o y 0.5
- o s 1.
- the element Qa is calcium (Ca)
- the element Qb is chromium (Cr)
- o 0.18 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4 and o 0, 0.5 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.15, and o 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 15, preferably
- the element Qa is selected from the group consisting of calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and mixtures thereof, and o 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.047, and o 0.155 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.39, and o 0.80 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.15, preferably 0.90 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.1, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, preferably 0.95 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, more preferably 0.96 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.995.
- the element Qa is selected from the group formed by calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and mixtures thereof;
- w 0.
- o Qa is Ca
- o Qb is Ni
- o x 0.1
- o y 0.2
- o s 1.
- o Qa is Ca
- o Qb is a 2/3 Cr and 1/3 Ni molar mixture
- oy 0.199
- os 1 005.
- o Qa is Ca
- o Qb is a 1/2 Cr and 1/2 Ni molar mixture
- oy 0.2
- os 1 .
- the element Ln is chosen from the group consisting of praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium
- Tb dysprosium
- Dy dysprosium
- Ho holmium
- Er erbium
- Tm thulium
- Yb ytterbium
- Lu lutetium
- Pr praseodymium
- Nd neodymium
- Sm samarium
- the element Qa is calcium
- the element Qb is selected from the group consisting of magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and mixtures thereof, preferably in the group formed by nickel (Ni), magnesium (Mg) and mixtures thereof, and o 0.05 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.4, preferably 0.05 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.3, more preferably
- 0.05 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.2 and o 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.4 preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3, more preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2 and o 0.1 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2 , and o 0.05 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.1, and o 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 15, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 1, of preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, preferably 0.95 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.
- the element Ln is selected from the group consisting of neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), yttrium (Y), and mixtures thereof, preferably the element Ln consists of a member selected from the group consisting of samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), dysprosium ( Dy), erbium (Er), and mixtures thereof, preferably the Ln element is samarium (Sm); the element Qa is calcium (Ca), and o 0.005 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.4, preferably 0.175 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.185, and o 0.005 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.02, and o 0.1 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.6, preferably 0.255 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.265, and o 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.15, preferably 0.9
- z O.
- Qa is Ca
- Ln is selected from the group consisting of neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), dysprosium ( Dy), erbium (Er), yttrium (Y) 1 and mixtures thereof, for example still Ln is Sm or Gd or Dy.
- ow 0.179
- os 1.005.
- the element Qa is calcium (Ca), and o 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2, and o 0.2 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.55, and o 0 , 8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.15, preferably
- the invention also relates to a product according to the invention resulting from step c).
- the invention in a first version of the general method, relates to a process for producing particles in a product according to the invention.
- the invention relates in particular to a manufacturing method comprising steps a), b) described above as part of the general manufacturing process, and noted, for this first version of the general method, "ai)" and “bi” , respectively, and a step c) comprising the following steps:
- Ci dispersion of the molten material in the form of liquid droplets, di) solidification of these liquid droplets by contact with an oxygenated fluid, so as to obtain molten particles.
- the manufacturing method may also comprise one or more of the general optional features listed above and / or the following optional optional features:
- step bi we do not use a plasma torch nor a heat gun.
- a plasma torch nor a heat gun.
- an arc furnace is used.
- the productivity is improved.
- processes using a plasma torch or a heat gun generally do not allow to manufacture particles larger than 200 microns, and at least greater than 500 microns;
- step Ci) and / or in step di said molten material and / or said liquid droplets being solidified are brought into contact with an oxygenated fluid, preferably identical for step Ci), and step di);
- the oxygenated fluid preferably a gaseous fluid, for example air, comprises at least 20% or even at least 25% by volume of oxygen;
- the stages of dispersion and solidification are simultaneous; - It maintains a contact between the droplets and the oxygenated fluid until complete solidification of said droplets;
- the melted particles are annealed.
- the particles are annealed at a temperature of between 1050.degree. C. and 1700.degree. C., preferably between 1200.degree. C. and 1650.degree. C., preferably between 1450.degree. C. and 1650.degree. preferably greater than 2 hours, preferably greater than 5 hours, preferably greater than 10 hours, preferably greater than 15 hours, preferably greater than 24 hours and / or preferably less than 72 hours.
- the particles are annealed under an atmosphere containing at least 20% by volume of oxygen, preferably in air, preferably at atmospheric pressure.
- the melted particles can be crushed and / or undergo a granulometric selection operation depending on the intended applications, for example by sieving, in particular so that the particles obtained have a size greater than 0.1 ⁇ m, or even greater than 1 ⁇ m, even greater than 0.3 microns, or even greater than 0.5 microns, or even greater than 1 micron and / or less than 6 millimeters, or even less than 4 millimeters, or even less than 3 millimeters.
- the invention in a second version of the general method, relates to a method of manufacturing a block at least in part, or in whole, a molten product according to the invention.
- the invention relates in particular to a manufacturing method comprising the steps a) and b) described above as part of the general manufacturing process, and noted, for this second version of the general method, "8 2 )" and "b 2 ), Respectively, and a step c) comprising the following steps:
- the manufacturing method may also comprise one or more of the general optional features listed above and / or the following optional additional characteristics:
- step b 2 an induction furnace is used;
- step C 2 and / or in step d 2 ) and / or after step e 2 ), said molten material is contacted, directly or indirectly, during casting or in progress of solidification with an oxygenated fluid, said oxygenated fluid preferably comprising at least 20%, or even at least 25% by volume of oxygen, preferably with a gas, for example air;
- said contact is started immediately after demolding the block; - The contact is preferably maintained until complete solidification of the block;
- step e 2 Demoulding is preferably carried out in step e 2 ) before complete solidification of the block;
- the block is preferably demolded as soon as it has sufficient rigidity to substantially retain its shape;
- the cooling rate of the melt during solidification is preferably always less than 1000 K / s, preferably less than 100 K / s, more preferably less than 50 K / s. In the case where a cast iron or graphite mold is used, the cooling rate is preferably less than 1 K / s;
- the block is annealed at a temperature of between 1050 ° C. and 1700 ° C., preferably between 1200 ° C. and 1650 ° C., preferably between 1450 ° C. and 1650 ° C., during a temperature-controlled period. counted from the moment when the entire block has reached the plateau temperature (at the block surface and in the block core), preferably greater than 2 hours, preferably greater than 5 hours, preferably greater than 10 hours, preferably greater than 15 hours, preferably greater than 24 hours and / or preferably less than 72 hours. More preferably, the block is annealed under an atmosphere containing at least 20% by volume of oxygen, preferably in air, preferably at atmospheric pressure;
- the demolded block optionally annealed, is reduced to pieces or powder.
- the invention also relates to a product obtained by melting, for example according to a process according to the invention, comprising: the lanthanum element (La), optionally an element (Ln) chosen from the group consisting of praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium
- La lanthanum element
- Ln element chosen from the group consisting of praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium
- a product according to the invention is obtained, or can be obtained, according to a process according to the invention.
- a product according to the invention may comprise one or more of the following optional features:
- the elements La, Ln, Ce, Qa, Mn, Qb and O represent, in mass percentage, more than 95%, preferably more than 98.5%, preferably more than 99%, preferably more than 99, 3% or more than 99.6% of the mass of the product;
- the product is polycrystalline;
- the processes described above lead in particular to polycrystalline products.
- the 100% complement may consist of impurities;
- the impurities are all the elements other than lanthanum, the element Ln, cerium, manganese, the element Qa, the element Qb, the oxygen element and the combinations of these elements;
- the molar content O p oxygen element in molar percentage on the basis of the total molar quantity of the elements La, Ln, Ce, Qa, Mn, Qb, O, is such that 2 / (3 + s) ⁇ Op, even 2.5 / (3.5 + s) ⁇ O p , or even 2.7 / (3.7 + s) ⁇ O p , even 2.8 / (3.8 + s) ⁇ O p , or
- z 0;
- z 0 and: - 1, 1 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25 or
- the molten product is not a product described in WO2008050063.
- the mass content of impurities may be less than 1, 5%, preferably less than 1%, preferably less than 0.7%, more preferably less than 0.4%. More preferably, SiO 2 ⁇ 0.1%, preferably SiO 2 ⁇ 0.07%, preferably SiO 2 ⁇ 0.06%, and / or
- a product according to the invention has, apart from impurities, a LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite level greater than 30%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 70%, preferably greater than 85%, preferably greater than at 90%, more preferably greater than 95%, even greater than 96%, more preferably greater than 99%, preferably still greater than 99.9%, or even substantially 100%;
- a product according to the invention may have the shape of a block having a thickness greater than 1 mm, preferably greater than 2 mm, preferably greater than 5 cm, more preferably greater than 15 cm, the thickness of a block being its smallest dimension.
- This block preferably has a mass greater than 200 g;
- a product according to the invention may also be in the form of a particle, preferably of a size greater than 0.1 ⁇ m, even greater than 1 ⁇ m, or even greater than 0.3 ⁇ m, or even greater than 0; , 5 ⁇ m, or even greater than 1 ⁇ m and / or less than 6 mm, or even less than 4 mm, or even less than 3 mm.
- the sphericity of the particle may be greater than 0.5, preferably 0.6, sphericity being defined as the ratio between its smallest dimension and its largest dimension;
- a product according to the invention may also be in the form of a layer or a coating applied to a substrate;
- a product according to the invention may not have undergone annealing heat treatment after solidification or cooling and / or not resulting from grinding;
- a product according to the invention may also be in the form of a powder, optionally obtained after grinding.
- the median particle size may in particular be greater than 0.1 ⁇ m, even greater than 0.3 ⁇ m, even greater than 0.5 ⁇ m, even greater than 1 ⁇ m, or even greater than 10 ⁇ m, and / or less than 4 mm. or even less than 3 mm.
- This powder may in particular comprise more than 90% by weight, or even more than 95% by weight, or even substantially 100% by weight of particles of the melted product according to the invention.
- the element Qa is chosen from the group formed by calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and their mixtures, preferably calcium (Ca); the element Qb chosen from the group formed by magnesium
- Ti titanium
- Sn tin
- Ta tantalum
- In indium
- Nb niobium
- oz 0, and o 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25, preferably 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2 and 0.1 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.7, preferably 0.4 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.7, and o 0.80 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.9
- oz 0, and o 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25, preferably 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2 and 0.5 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 0.7, and o 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 15, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 1, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, preferably 0.95 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.
- o Qa is Ca
- o y 0.5
- o s 1.
- the element Qa is calcium (Ca)
- the element Qb is chromium (Cr)
- the element Qa is selected from the group consisting of calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and mixtures thereof, and o 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.047, and o 0.155 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.39, and o 0.80 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.15, preferably 0.90 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.1, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, preferably 0.95 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, more preferably 0.96 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.995.
- the element Qa is selected from the group formed by calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and mixtures thereof;
- o Qa is Ca
- o Qb is Ni
- oy 0.2
- os 1.
- Qa is Ca
- Qb is a 2/3 Cr and 1/3 Ni molar mixture
- oy 0.199
- os 1.005.
- o Qa is Ca
- o Qb is a 1/2 Cr and 1/2 Ni molar mixture
- oy 0.2
- os 1 .
- the element Ln is chosen from the group consisting of praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium ( Lu), and mixtures thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), and mixtures thereof;
- the element Qa is selected from the group consisting of calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and mixtures thereof; preferably the element Qa is calcium;
- the element Qb is selected from the group consisting of magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al),
- ⁇ w ⁇ 0.2 and o 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.4 preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3, more preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2 and 0,1 0.1 ⁇ y 0,2 0.2, and o 0.05 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.1, and o 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.15, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.1, preferably 0, 9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, preferably 0.95 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.
- the element Ln is chosen from the group consisting of neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), Yttrium (Y), and mixtures thereof, preferably the Ln element consists of a member selected from the group consisting of samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), and mixtures thereof, preferably the element Ln is at least constituted by samarium (Sm), preferably the element Ln is chosen from the group formed by samarium (Sm), gadolinium (Gd) , dysprosium
- the Ln element is samarium (Sm);
- the element Qa is calcium (Ca), and o 0.005 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.4, preferably 0.175 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.185, and o 0.005 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.02, and o 0.1 ⁇ y ⁇ 0 , 6, preferably 0.255 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.265, and o 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 15, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.1, preferably 1 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 02, more preferably 1.001 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 01, and preferably 0.55 ⁇ 1-wxy ⁇ 0.56.
- Qa is Ca
- Ln is selected from the group consisting of neodymium (Nd), samarium
- Ln is Sm or Gd or Dy.
- the element Qa is calcium (Ca), and o 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2, and o 0.2 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.55, and o 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, 25, preferably 0.85 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.15, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.1, preferably 0.9 ⁇ s ⁇ 1, preferably 0.95 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.
- the invention also relates to the use of a product according to the invention, in particular a product manufactured or capable of being manufactured by a process according to the invention, in the manufacture of cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells ( SOFC).
- a cathode for solid oxide fuel cells comprising, or even constituted by, a product according to the invention, in particular manufactured by a method according to the invention.
- perovskite any element having a structure of type ABO3_ ⁇ . Said perovskite, having the sites A and the sites B, being electrically neutral, the value ⁇ corresponds to the value necessary to ensure its electroneutrality.
- the formula above means that the elements La, Ln, Ce and Qa are in A sites and that the Mn and Qb elements are in B sites.
- this perovskite is here called “LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite”
- a L aLnceQaMnQb is the area measured on an X ray diffraction pattern obtained from an apparatus of the type D5000 diffractometer from Bruker provided with a copper DX tube, without deconvolution treatment, of the main peak or the main diffraction multiplet due to the presence of the perovskite phases consisting of La, Mn and O, and possibly at least one of the elements Ln, This, Qa and Qb;
- the term "perovskite of LaLnCeQaMnQb" is the phase corresponding to this principal peak or this main multiplet;
- each main peak or main diffraction multiplet of each phase different from the LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite phase (the latter being measured by the principal peak or the main diffraction multiplet due to the presence of the perovskite phases constituted by La, Mn and O, and optionally at least one of the elements Ln, Ce, Qa and Qb).
- the CeO 2 phase OR a doped CeO 2 phase may for example be one of the other phases identified on the X diffraction diagram.
- a multiplet is the partial superposition of several peaks. For example, a multiplet composed of two peaks is a doublet, a multiplet composed of three peaks is a triplet.
- melted product or “obtained by melting” is understood to mean a solid product, optionally annealed, obtained by complete solidification, by cooling, of a bath of molten material.
- the "demolded” product obtained at the end of step e 2 ) may also comprise non-solidified zones and, immediately after demolding, is therefore not considered to be a melted product.
- a "bath of molten material” is a mass which, to keep its shape, must be contained in a container.
- a bath of molten material, apparently liquid, may contain solid parts, but not enough so that they can structure said mass.
- the "size" of a particle is the average of its largest dimension dM and its smallest dimension dm: (dM + dm) / 2.
- the thickness of a block is its smallest dimension.
- impurities is meant the inevitable constituents, necessarily introduced with the raw materials or resulting from reactions with these constituents.
- Figure 1 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of the product of Example 1 described below.
- the abscissa axis represents the angular domain 2 ⁇ considered.
- a feedstock for making a particle according to the invention is formed from compounds of lanthanum, manganese, element Qa, cerium, element Qb and element Ln, especially in the form of precursors of these various elements, in particular in the form of oxides, carbonates, nitrates, hydrates, oxalates.
- the compositions may be adjusted by the addition of pure oxides or mixtures of oxides and / or precursors.
- oxides and / or carbonates and / or hydrates and / or nitrates improves the oxygen availability necessary for the formation of perovskite and is therefore preferred.
- the quantities of lanthanum, manganese, element Qa, cerium, element Qb and element Ln of the feedstock are found essentially in the melted product produced.
- the granulometries of the powders used can be those commonly encountered in the melting processes.
- the basic mixture may comprise other compounds introduced to confer a particular property on the particles. manufactured.
- no compounds other than those providing the elements lanthanum, manganese, element Qa, cerium, element Qb and element Ln are deliberately introduced into the feedstock, the other elements present being impurities.
- the compounds providing the lanthanum and manganese elements are chosen from La 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , MnO and Mn 3 O 4 .
- the compounds providing the elements cerium, calcium, magnesium and strontium are preferably chosen from CeO 2 , cerium carbonate (Ce 2 (CO 3 ) 3 .vH 2 O), cerium oxalate (Ce 2 ( C 2 O 4 ) 3 .vH 2 O), CaO, CaCO 3 , Ca (NO 3 ) 2 , MgO, MgCO 3 , Mg (NO 3 ) 2 , SrO, SrCO 3 , Sr (NO 3 ) 2 .
- the molar contents of the elements La, Ln, Ce, Qa, Mn and Qb in the starting charge are close to those of the perovskite which it is desired to manufacture.
- (1 -z) / z ⁇ Mn p / Qb p ⁇ k 2 . (1 -z) / z preferably comply with the following conditions: o ki. w / x ⁇ Ln p / This p ⁇ k 2 . w / x and o ki. w / y ⁇ Ln p / Qa p ⁇ k 2 . w / y and o ki. x .s / z ⁇ This p / Qb p ⁇ k 2 . x .s / z and o ki. ws / z ⁇ Ln p / Qb p ⁇ k 2 .
- these values of k 1 and k 2 are those to be adopted under established operating conditions, that is to say outside the transition phases between different compositions and outside the start-up phases. Indeed, if the desired product involves a change in the composition of the feedstock relative to that used to manufacture the previous product, it is necessary to take into account the residues of the previous product in the oven. Those skilled in the art, however, know how to adapt the starting load accordingly.
- 0.95 ⁇ s ⁇ 1 so as to limit the formation of lanthanum hydroxides.
- Intimate mixing of the raw materials can be done in a mixer. This mixture is then poured into a melting furnace.
- step bi the feedstock is melted, preferably in an electric arc furnace. Electrofusion makes it possible to manufacture large quantities of particles with interesting yields.
- Héroult type arc furnace comprising two electrodes and whose vessel has a diameter of approximately 0.8 m and which can contain approximately
- the voltage is between 140 and 180
- step b1) all the feedstock is in the form of a bath of molten material.
- step Ci a stream of molten material, at a temperature preferably above 1500 ° C and preferably below 2200 ° C, is dispersed in small liquid droplets.
- the dispersion can result from blowing through the net of molten material. But any other method of atomizing a molten material, known to those skilled in the art, is possible.
- step di the liquid droplets are converted into solid particles by contact with an oxygenated fluid, preferably a gaseous fluid, more preferably with air and / or steam.
- the oxygenated fluid preferably comprises at least 20%, or even at least 25%, by volume of oxygen.
- the process is adapted so that, as soon as formed, the droplet of molten material is in contact with the oxygenated fluid.
- the dispersion (step Ci)) and the solidification (step di)) are substantially simultaneous, the melt being dispersed by an oxygenated fluid capable of cooling and solidifying this material.
- the contact with the oxygenated fluid is maintained at least until complete solidification of the particles.
- no other means of solidification that cooling by contact with the oxygenated fluid is used.
- Air blowing at room temperature is well suited.
- the cooling rate is a function of the particle diameter.
- the cooling rate is adapted so that the particles are cured, at least peripherally, before coming into contact with the recovery container.
- step di solid particles according to the invention are obtained which have a size of between 0.1 ⁇ m and 3 mm, or even between 0.1 ⁇ m and 4 mm, depending on the dispersion conditions.
- bringing the molten material into contact with an oxygenated fluid makes it possible to obtain, in industrial quantities and at a reduced cost, products having a LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite level, excluding impurities, outstanding, reaching more than 85%, more than 90%, more than 95%, and even more than 96%, without annealing step.
- the melted particles are introduced into an oven for annealing heat treatment.
- annealing makes it possible to further increase the perovskite level of LaLnCeQaMnQb.
- LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite levels are greater than 90%, even greater than 95%, even greater than 96%, even greater than 99%, or even greater than 99.9%, or even substantially equal to 100%, excluding impurities.
- the annealing temperature is preferably between 1050 ° C and 1700 ° C, preferably between 1200 ° C and 1650 ° C, preferably between 1450 ° C and 1650 ° C, for a time of temperature plateau preferably greater than 2 hours, preferably greater than 5 hours, preferably greater than 10 hours, preferably greater than 15 hours, preferably greater than 24 hours and / or preferably less than 72 hours. More preferably, the particles are annealed under an atmosphere containing at least 20% by volume of oxygen, preferably under air, preferably at atmospheric pressure.
- the melted particles according to the invention can be crushed, before or after annealing. If necessary, a granulometric selection is then carried out, depending on the intended application.
- the particles according to the invention may advantageously have various dimensions, the manufacturing process is not limited to obtaining submicron powders. It is therefore perfectly suited to industrial manufacturing.
- the particles obtained comprise LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite. Under certain conditions, for example after annealing, they have enough said perovskite to be used to make a cathode for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC).
- SOFC solid oxide fuel cells
- LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite may be present, as well as impurities from the raw materials.
- MnO 2 powder sold by the company DELTA, whose purity is greater than 91% by weight and whose median size is approximately 45 ⁇ m;
- MgO powder marketed by DELTAMAT PAQUET, whose purity is greater than 99% by weight and whose maximum size is less than 1 mm;
- a compressed dry air blow at ambient temperature and at a pressure of between 1 and 4 bars, breaks the net and disperses the molten material in droplets. Blowing cools these droplets and freezes them in the form of melted particles. Depending on the blowing conditions, the melted particles may be spherical or not, hollow or solid. They have a size of between 0.1 mm and 3 mm, or even between 0.1 and 4 mm.
- the LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite chemical and phase determination analyzes were performed on samples which, after grinding, had a median size of less than 40 ⁇ m.
- the products obtained may comprise perovskite phases of LaLnCeQaMnQb as well as other phases, such as CeO 2 or CeO 2 doped for example with calcium.
- LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite measurements are made when the X-ray diffraction pattern shows:
- the perovskite level is equal to 100%.
- the calculation of the LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite ratio of the product of Example 1 is carried out as follows.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the product of Example 1, given in FIG. 1, shows: a main peak of LaCeCaMnMg perovskite in the angular range between 31, 2 ° and 34.2 °, of measured area equal to 265; a main peak doped CeO 2 in the angular range between 27.3 ° and 29.2 °, with a measured area equal to 11.2.
- Table 1 summarizes the results obtained before any annealing heat treatment.
- Table 1 makes it possible to demonstrate the effectiveness of the process according to the invention.
- Atmosphere air, atmospheric pressure (ambient).
- the product After heat treatment, the product has a LaCieCaMnMg perovskite level of 99%, excluding impurities.
- a method according to the first version of the general method of the invention makes it possible to manufacture in a simple and economical manner, in industrial quantities, particles having a product based on lanthanum and manganese, and also have large amounts of LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite.
- this process makes it possible to manufacture particles made up, excluding impurities, of more than 85%, even more than 90%, even more than 95%, even more than 96%, even more than 99%, even to more than 99.9%, or even 100%, perovskite of formula (La (i -w- xy) Ln w Ce x Qa y ) s (Mn (1-Z ) Qb z ) 03.5, with Ln chosen in the group consisting of praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), yttrium (Y), and their mixtures; Qa selected from the group consisting of calcium (C
- step a 2 a feedstock is prepared as discussed in step a1) described above, step a2 ) having the same preferred characteristics as step
- step b 2 the feedstock is melted, preferably in an electric arc furnace or in an induction furnace.
- Héroult type arc furnace comprising two electrodes and whose vessel has a diameter of approximately 0.8 m and which can contain approximately
- the voltage is between 140 and 180
- the induction furnace is most preferred, as for example described in FR 1 430 962.
- the block can be demolded before complete solidification, the core of the block being still liquid.
- all the feedstock is in the form of a bath of molten material.
- step C 2 the molten material is cast in a mold.
- the melt-cast material has a temperature of preferably greater than 1500 ° C and preferably less than 2200 ° C.
- graphite, cast iron, or as defined in US 3,993.1 19 molds are used. In the case of an induction furnace, the turn is considered to constitute a mold. Casting is preferably carried out under air.
- step d 2 the molten material cast in the mold is cooled until an at least partially solidified block is obtained.
- the molten material is brought into contact with an oxygenated fluid, preferably a gas, preferably with air.
- an oxygenated fluid preferably a gas, preferably with air.
- This contacting can be performed as soon as casting. However, it is preferable to start this contacting only after casting.
- the in contact with the oxygenated fluid preferably begins after demolding, preferably as soon as possible after demolding.
- the oxygenated fluid preferably comprises at least 20%, or even at least 25%, by volume of oxygen.
- the contact with the oxygenated fluid is maintained until complete solidification of the block.
- This contact may be direct, for example for the surfaces of the molten material cast in the mold forming the interface with the ambient air. It can also be indirect, for example for the still melting material in the heart of a block whose outer surfaces are already solidified. The oxygen must then cross the "walls" thus formed to reach the molten material.
- Said contacting of the molten material being solidified with an oxygenated fluid preferably begins less than 1 hour, preferably less than 30 minutes, more preferably less than 20 minutes after the onset of solidification.
- bringing the molten material into contact with an oxygenated fluid can remarkably increase the level of LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite within the molten block according to the invention.
- the cooling rate during solidification is not critical to improving the LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite rate.
- the cooling rate is therefore always kept below 1000 K / s, preferably below 100 K / s, preferably below 50 K / s.
- simple conventional cooling means can thus be implemented.
- to solidify the molten material that is to say the freeze, only molds in contact with the surrounding air or cooled, especially by circulation of a coolant, or when the block is extracted from the mold and contains molten material, a contact of this block with the oxygenated fluid. Reliability and costs are improved.
- step ⁇ 2 the block is demolded. To facilitate the contacting of the molten material with an oxygenated fluid, it is preferable to unmold the block as quickly as possible, if possible before complete solidification. The solidification then continues at step e 2 ).
- the block is demolded as soon as it has sufficient rigidity to substantially retain its shape.
- the block is removed as quickly as possible and the contact with the oxygenated fluid is then immediately begun.
- the demolding is carried out less than 20 minutes after the beginning of the solidification.
- a block according to the invention which contains all the more LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite that the molten material has been placed and kept in contact with oxygen at an early stage of solidification.
- the demolded block is placed in an oven for annealing heat treatment.
- annealing makes it possible to substantially increase the perovskite level of LaLnCeQaMnQb.
- Perovskite levels of LaLnCeQaMnQb are thus obtained greater than 85%, preferably greater than 90%, preferably greater than 95%, preferably greater than 96%, preferably greater than 99%, or even greater than 99.9%, even 100%, excluding impurities.
- LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite level excluding impurities of 99.9%
- the composition and structure of LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite can be expressed by the formula (La (i -w - x - y ) Ln w Ce x Qa y ) s (Mn (1-Z) Qb z) O 3-5, with Ln selected from the group consisting of praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), the europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), yttrium (Y), and mixtures thereof; Qa selected from the group consisting of calcium (Ca), strontium
- the annealing heat treatment increases the LaLnCeQaMnQb perovskite level, even if no molten material could be brought into contact with an oxygenated fluid, for example because the block produced was already completely solidified at the time of demolding and no contact with an oxygenated fluid was possible during cooling in the mold or during casting.
- the parameters of the annealing heat treatment are a function of the dimensions of the treated blocks. Preferably, these parameters are as follows:
- Annealing temperature between 1050 ° C. and 1700 ° C., preferably between 1200 ° C. and 1650 ° C., preferably between 1450 ° C. and 1650 ° C. • Steady maintenance time: preferably greater than 2 hours, preferably greater than 5 hours, preferably greater than 10 hours, preferably greater than 15 hours, preferably greater than 24 hours and / or preferably less than 72 hours , from the moment when the whole block has reached the bearing temperature (at the block surface and at the block core).
- the dwell time will preferably be 5 hours.
- the dwell time will preferably be 15 hours.
- the annealing heat treatment is carried out under an atmosphere containing at least 20% by volume of oxygen, preferably in air, preferably at an ambient pressure of 1 bar.
- the annealing heat treatment must be performed after complete solidification of the block. Before being annealed, however, the block can be reduced to pieces or powder. Preferably, the block is crushed in the form of particles whose size is 5 mm or less than 5 mm.
- the block according to the invention may advantageously have any dimensions.
- the block has a thickness greater than 1 mm, preferably greater than 2 mm, preferably greater than 5 cm, more preferably greater than 15 cm, the thickness of a block being its smallest dimension.
- the block optionally annealed, is then crushed and milled in the desired granulometries.
- the method according to the invention allows the manufacture of particles of various sizes at a reduced cost.
- the demolded block is first crushed into pieces of 0 to 5 mm. Then annealing heat treatment is performed on these pieces, which are then ground in the desired particle size.
- a method according to the second version of the general method of the invention makes it possible to manufacture blocks of the product according to the invention simply and economically in industrial quantities.
- this method makes it possible to manufacture blocks made up, excluding impurities, to more than 85%, even more than 90%, even more than 95%, even more than 99%, or even more than 99.9%, or even substantially 100% perovskite of LaLnCeQaMnQb of formula (La (i -w - x - y ) Ln w Ce x Qa y ) s (Mn (1-Z ) Qb z ) 03.5, with Ln selected from the group consisting of praseodymium (Pr), neodymium ( Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (T
- the dimensions of the blocks can then be reduced, for example by grinding in the form of powders if their use requires it.
- the present invention is not limited to the described embodiments provided by way of illustrative and non-limiting examples.
- the products according to the invention are not limited to particular shapes or dimensions.
- the invention is however limited to molten products.
- Samples comprising powders of (La (i -w- xy) Ln w Ce x Qa y) s (Mn (1-Z) Qb z) O 3-5 compared were prepared as follows:
- Pellets 13 mm in diameter and substantially 5 mm thick are then made using a pelletizer: 2.8 grams of powder are introduced and pressed under 50kN with a Weber manual press for 1 min.
- pellets are then deposited in an alumina magazine with a lid.
- the assembly is introduced into a Naber 1800 oven marketed by Nabertherm, then raised to 1375 ° C for 24 hours, with a temperature rise rate of 5 ° C / min and a temperature drop of 5 ° C / min. .
- Each sintered pellet is then passed to the lapidary to remove about 2mm thick and thus clear the heart of the material.
- the pellet is finally coated in a transparent and polished resin.
- the X-ray diffraction measurements are then carried out using a device
- D5000 BRUKER company provided with a tube DX copper.
- the diffraction pattern X is made with a pitch of 0.02 ° and an acquisition of 4 seconds in steps.
- these diagrams make it possible to detect: o a pyrochlore phase La 2 Zr 2 O 7 , whose main peak diffracts at 2 ⁇ ⁇ 28.7 ° (ICDD sheet 00-017-0450).
- o a cubic zirconia phase whose main peak diffracts at 2 ⁇ ⁇ 30.5 ° (ICDD file 00-027-0997 or 01-049-1642).
- one or more phases of type Qa to Zr b O c are examples of type Qa to Zr b O c .
- the phases to highlight can be CaZrO 3, and SrZrO 3 o one or more kind of phases LadQa e Zr f Qb g 0 h
- this phase can be Ca 09 Zr 09 02 O 3 or La (Mg 05 Zr 05 ) O 3
- EVA software marketed by the Bruker Company
- the peak area of the cubic zirconia phase in the range of angles 29, 3 ° ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ 30.8 °
- the peak area of the phase Qa to Zr b O c for example in the range of angles 30.9 ° ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ 31.7 ° for the CaZrO 3 phase, in the range of angles 30.5 ° ⁇ 2
- the calcium Ca, the phase (Qa to Zr b O c ) to be detected is CaZrO 3 , and the results are given in the form of the following ratios: area (La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ) / [area (La 2 Zr 2 O 7) + ⁇ [areas (CaZrO 3)] + ⁇ [areas (LadCa e ZrfQbgO h)] + area (cubic zirconia)] ( ⁇ [areas (CaZrO 3)] + ⁇ [areas (d Ca e Zr f Qb g 0h)]) / [area (The 2 Zr 2 O 7 ) + ⁇ [areas
- the various perovskite powders (La (i -w- x -y) Ln w Ce x Qa y) s (Mn (1-Z) Qb z) O 3-5 compared are the following:
- a reference powder (comparative example) was manufactured according to a process described in the manufacture of Example 1 of US 5,686,198 (different from the fusion). In detail, the following powders were first mixed, as is, intimately with the spatula in a beaker: 12.04 g of La 2 O 3 powder, sold by the company TREIBACHER, whose purity is greater than 99% by mass and whose median size is less than 45 ⁇ m;
- the intimate mixture of powders is isostatically pressed in the form of a cylinder and sintered 3 times at 1500 ° C under air for a dwell time of 4 hours. After each sintering cycle, the pellet is dry-milled in a tungsten carbide ring mill for 50 seconds and sieved at 160 ⁇ m to improve the chemical homogeneity of the desired perovskite. The final powder, resulting from the third sintering, is milled by attrition so that it has a median size of 0.25 microns.
- the comparative example was compared to a powder of a molten perovskite product according to the invention, previously named "Example 5", having not undergone annealing treatment.
- Pellets were made from a mixture of each of these powders and stabilized zirconia as described above. X-ray diffraction revealed phases
- Table 3 clearly shows that the powder of the molten perovskite product according to the invention has a ratio
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US12/808,861 US20110006255A1 (en) | 2007-12-21 | 2008-12-22 | Method for fabricating a molten product based on lanthanum and manganese |
EP08869486A EP2242733A2 (fr) | 2007-12-21 | 2008-12-22 | Procede de fabrication d'un produit fondu a base de lanthane et de manganese |
CA2710183A CA2710183A1 (fr) | 2007-12-21 | 2008-12-22 | Procede de fabrication d'un produit fondu a base de lanthane et de manganese |
JP2010538880A JP2011510892A (ja) | 2007-12-21 | 2008-12-22 | ランタンおよびマンガンを含有する溶融生成物の作製方法 |
CN2008801261834A CN101939270A (zh) | 2007-12-21 | 2008-12-22 | 生产镧和锰基熔融产品的方法 |
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FR0760240 | 2007-12-21 | ||
FR0760240A FR2925486B1 (fr) | 2007-12-21 | 2007-12-21 | Procede de fabrication d'un produit fondu a base de lanthane et de manganese |
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CN106495689B (zh) * | 2016-09-27 | 2019-09-24 | 湖北工业大学 | 黑色氧化锆陶瓷的制备方法 |
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JP2000053424A (ja) * | 1998-07-24 | 2000-02-22 | Sulzer Hexis Ag | インタ―コネクタのコ―ティングのためのペロブスカイト、インタ―コネクタ及び燃料セル電池 |
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2007
- 2007-12-21 FR FR0760240A patent/FR2925486B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-12-22 KR KR1020107016326A patent/KR20100107016A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2008-12-22 EP EP08869486A patent/EP2242733A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-12-22 CA CA2710183A patent/CA2710183A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2008-12-22 CN CN2008801261834A patent/CN101939270A/zh active Pending
- 2008-12-22 JP JP2010538880A patent/JP2011510892A/ja active Pending
- 2008-12-22 WO PCT/FR2008/052399 patent/WO2009087332A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2008-12-22 US US12/808,861 patent/US20110006255A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-12-22 TW TW097150082A patent/TW200938508A/zh unknown
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KHALYAVIN D D ET AL: "Magnetotransport properties of flux melt grown single crystals of co-substituted manganites with perovskite structure" JOURNAL OF PHYSICS CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 15, no. 6, 19 février 2003 (2003-02-19), pages 925-936, XP002558349 ISSN: 0953-8984 * |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2242733A2 (fr) | 2010-10-27 |
KR20100107016A (ko) | 2010-10-04 |
CN101939270A (zh) | 2011-01-05 |
WO2009087332A3 (fr) | 2010-04-08 |
FR2925486B1 (fr) | 2011-07-01 |
CA2710183A1 (fr) | 2009-07-16 |
US20110006255A1 (en) | 2011-01-13 |
JP2011510892A (ja) | 2011-04-07 |
FR2925486A1 (fr) | 2009-06-26 |
TW200938508A (en) | 2009-09-16 |
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