WO2009080372A1 - Élément conducteur électrique en volume - Google Patents

Élément conducteur électrique en volume Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009080372A1
WO2009080372A1 PCT/EP2008/053822 EP2008053822W WO2009080372A1 WO 2009080372 A1 WO2009080372 A1 WO 2009080372A1 EP 2008053822 W EP2008053822 W EP 2008053822W WO 2009080372 A1 WO2009080372 A1 WO 2009080372A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
contact
matrix
crystallites
electric
contact element
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2008/053822
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Erik Lewin
Ulf Jansson
Åke ÖBERG
Original Assignee
Abb Research Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Abb Research Ltd filed Critical Abb Research Ltd
Priority to PCT/EP2008/055885 priority Critical patent/WO2009080375A1/fr
Priority to EP08759574.0A priority patent/EP2223315B1/fr
Priority to US12/809,673 priority patent/US8487201B2/en
Priority to ES08759574.0T priority patent/ES2607792T3/es
Publication of WO2009080372A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009080372A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021—Composite material
    • H01H1/027—Composite material containing carbon particles or fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H2300/00—Orthogonal indexing scheme relating to electric switches, relays, selectors or emergency protective devices covered by H01H
    • H01H2300/036—Application nanoparticles, e.g. nanotubes, integrated in switch components, e.g. contacts, the switch itself being clearly of a different scale, e.g. greater than nanoscale

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a bulk electrically conductive member for an electric device, such as an electric contact or an electric conductor, said member comprising a nanocomposite material having a matrix and crystallites of nano-size, i.e. here defined as having a size in the range of 1 -200 nm in at least two dimensions, embedded therein.
  • the expression "bulk” is referring to an object substantially consisting of the same material in the body as well as on the surfaces, i.e. the object has a homogenous composition.
  • a bulk material is here defined as being in the size range of at least 0.5 mm.
  • At least one section can be made, wherein two points on the periphery of said section can never be more separated than 200 nm.
  • Such an object can e.g. be a particle with a diameter between 1 -200 nm or a rod with a diameter between 1 - 200 nm.
  • Electric contacts such as arcing contacts and sliding contacts, are used in a wide range of electrotechnical applications such as circuit breakers, generator breakers, contactors, power interrupters, disconnectors, relays, vacuum interrupters, fuses, current limiters, selector switches or for establishing and interrupting electric contacts in contact arrangements of plug-in type. If a contact material can be fabricated in bulk, it can also be used as an electric conductor.
  • such electric contacts and conductors are, for example, made of metals such as Cu, or metal-matrix composite materials such as Ag or Cu, in combinations with a metal, such as W or Ni, or a ceramic with high melting point and/or hardening effect, for example SnO 2 , WC, or graphitic carbon.
  • metals such as Cu, or metal-matrix composite materials such as Ag or Cu
  • a metal such as W or Ni
  • a ceramic with high melting point and/or hardening effect for example SnO 2 , WC, or graphitic carbon.
  • Such materials are often expensive, and are not easy to optimize with regard to electric conductivity, thermal shock, arc erosion/melting, welding, wear and corrosion.
  • a bulk electrically conductive member for an electric device such as an electric contact or an electric conductor
  • the member comprising an electrically conductive material which is easier to optimize with regard to, for example, electric conductivity, thermal shock, arc erosion/melting, welding, wear and corrosion, compared to conventional bulk electrically conductive members.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a bulk electrically conductive member being improved with respect to bulk electrically conductive member already known by at least par- tially addressing said need.
  • This object is according to the invention obtained by providing a bulk electrically conductive member of the type defined in the introduction, in which said member comprising a nanocomposite material having a matrix and crystallites of nano-size, i.e. here defined as having a size in the range of 1 -200 nm in at least two dimensions, embedded therein, portions of said matrix separating adjacent said crystallites of said nanocomposite material have a thickness providing said matrix and hence said member with an electrical conductivity determined by a substantially two- dimensional character of said matrix, such as for so-called pseudo-2D materials like graphene.
  • Pseudo-2D materials are a novel type of materials which have been thoroughly investigated over the last few years.
  • the most widely investigated is graphene (see for instance: "The rise of graphene", A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, Nature Materials, vol. 6 (2007) pp. 183-191 ), which is a material ideally consisting of a single layer of graphite.
  • These pseudo-2D materials have superior electric conductivity, almost reaching superconductivity.
  • nanocomposite comprising crystallites of nano-size embedded in a matrix, where said matrix separating adjacent said crystallites by only a few atomic layers of matrix, thus creating a network of pseudo-2D material with crystallites of nano-size embedded therein, it has surprisingly been seen that the contact resistance of said nanocomposite significantly decreases.
  • Microx is in this disclosure to be interpreted to not only relate to a continuous majority phase in which said crystallites of nano- size are contained.
  • the matrix may only consist of a few atomic layers around said crystallites of nano-size.
  • the matrix is not only to be interpreted as a binding phase, but also as a phase significantly contributing to the electric conductivity and/or the contact resistance of the nanocomposite.
  • the thickness of the matrix between the majorities of said adjacent crystallites does not exceed 10, 7, 5, 3, 2 or 1 atomic or molecular layer/layers.
  • the significant decrease in contact resistance, associated with the pseudo-2D character of the matrix is only achieved when the matrix between the adjacent crystallites is thin enough. When increasing the thickness the contact resistance is rapidly increasing.
  • said matrix comprises a material which has a sheet-like structure on the molecular level, such as graphene sheets in graphite and corresponding sheets in hexagonal BN. It has been shown that the effect of high electrical conductivity in pseudo-2D materials is associated with the hybridization of the atoms included in the material. The high conductivity can be reached if the pseudo-2D materials have a high content of sp2 hybridized atoms, which is the case of sheet-like structures on the molecular level, e.g. almost one hundred percent of the C atoms in pure graphite are sp2 hybridized. The high conductivity discussed above may also be reached if the atoms in the matrix material are partly or fully sp3 hybridized, as long as the matrix separating adjacent crystallites is sufficiently thin.
  • a material which has a sheet-like structure on the molecular level such as graphene sheets in graphite and corresponding sheets in hexagonal BN.
  • said matrix consists of carbon, boron, silicon, carbides, nitrides, borides or suicides, preferably carbon.
  • nanotube research where the carbon nanotubes were the first to be explored, a wide range of new materials, showing similar properties, have been discovered.
  • similar discoveries are to be expected for the field of pseudo-2D materials.
  • Graphene was the first pseudo-2D material explored and in the backwater of that discovery a wide range of materials has been investigated, and there are doubtless more materials to come showing similar properties. The above mentioned materials can show the desired sp2 hybridization, mentioned above, if prepared correctly.
  • the structure of said matrix comprises defects, such as point defects, extended defects or dislocation defects.
  • defects in a structure can enhance the electric conductivity and/or affect the mechanical properties positively, e.g. strengthen the material.
  • said defects comprise at least one doping agent.
  • Doping agents are known in the art to affect the electric conductivity of a material. By choosing one or several proper doping agents the electric conductivity of said matrix can be further increased.
  • said doping agent is a transition metal or a p-element, preferably Fe, Co, Ni, Ag, Ta, F, H or O, more preferred Ni. Said doping agents may provide a significant increase in the electric conductivity of said matrix.
  • said crystallites consist of a metal, metal alloy, metal carbide, metal nitride, metal boride or metal suicide, preferably a metal carbide or a metal nitride.
  • Properties additional to high electrical conductivity and/or contact resistance can be tailored by the embedded crystallites. If e.g. corrosion resistance is demanded by the nanocomposite film, crystallites showing good corrosion resistance is embedded in said matrix, and if e.g. a hard nanocompo- site film is required of a certain contact arrangement, hard crystallites, consisting of e.g. metal carbide or metal nitride, are chosen correspondingly.
  • said crystal- lites consist of niobium carbide or titanium carbide. These two materials provide the nanocomposite film with high wear resistance. Niobium carbide and titanium carbide are also highly electrical conductive, which further increases the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite film.
  • said crystallites have a diameter-like dimension in at least two dimensions in the range of 1 - 200, 30 - 70, 50 - 200, 100 - 150 or 5 - 50 nm. If the crystallites are too large the composite will assume the bulk properties of the material of the crystallites. Furthermore, the thickness of the matrix between the adjacent said crystallites is dependent upon the sizes of the crystallites. If the crystallites are too large, it is impossible to achieve a thin matrix between said adjacent crystallites. According to another embodiment of the invention said crystallites are substantially elongated in one direction, i.e. being in the form of fibers, such as whiskers or nanorods.
  • the increased electric conductivity achieved by providing a pseudo-2D material as discussed above can also be achieved by providing a bundle of fibers, wherein said fibers are separated by a thin layer of matrix, as mentioned above.
  • a bundle of fibers wherein said fibers are separated by a thin layer of matrix, as mentioned above.
  • cables or other elongated conductors having superior electric conductivity can be manufactured.
  • members with anisotropic electric and mechanical properties can be formed by using the features of this embodiment of the invention.
  • said crystallites substantially are in the form of particles, i.e. having substantially the same extension in all directions.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a contact element for making an electric contact to a second contact element for enabling an electric current to flow between said contact element and said second contact element, at least one of said contact element or said second contact element comprising an electric conductive member according to the invention.
  • Said contact element has the advantages of the invention discussed above.
  • the thickness of said contact element in a direction perpendicular to the contact surface is in the range of 0.0005-0.001 , 0.001 -0.01 , 0,005- 0.05 or 0.0005-0.1 m.
  • a thickness in this interval makes it possible to use a bulk material for the production of the contact ele- ment, which gives a cost efficient production of said contact element.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an electric contact arrangement comprising the contact element mentioned above. Said contact arrangement has the advantages of the invention discussed above.
  • said contact arrangement is a sliding electric contact arrangement.
  • said contact arrangement is an arcing contact arrangement.
  • Another object of the present invention in to provide a conductor element for enabling an electric current to flow through said con- ductor element, said conductor element comprises a member according to the invention.
  • the method of manufacturing a member for an electric device comprises a sintering method.
  • the member may be directly sintered into a single piece or by machining or forming a larger piece into the member.
  • a sintering method makes it possible to use large quantities for the production of the member, which gives a cost efficient production of said member.
  • the sintering method of manufacturing said member comprises manufacturing of a powder of said crystallites coated with said matrix and sintering of said manufactured crystallites to form said member.
  • the matrix of said member achieves the electric properties associated with the pseudo-2D character of the matrix discussed above; hence the member achieves superior electric conductivity.
  • the member for an electric device such as an electric contact or an electric conductor according to the invention is used in any conducts, including cables, bundle conductors and/or in any of the follow- ing contacts: circuit breakers, generator breakers, contactors, power interrupters, disconnectors, relays, vacuum interrupters, fuses, current limiters, selector switches.
  • Fig 1 illustrates very schematically a nanocomposite according to the invention
  • Fig 2 shows a graph where the contact resistance is plotted versus the matrix thickness of a nanocomposite according to the invention
  • Fig 3 illustrates very schematically an electric contact element according to an embodiment of the invention
  • Fig 4 is a sectioned view of an electric contact element of helical contact type according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig 5 illustrates very schematically a contact arrangement according to the present invention in a disconnector
  • Fig 6 illustrates very schematically a sliding contact arrangement in a tap changer of a transformer according to an embodiment of the invention
  • Fig 7 illustrates very schematically a contact arrangement according to the present invention in a relay
  • Fig 8 is a sectional view of a contact arrangement according to the present invention in a medium voltage vacuum interrupter.
  • a nanocomposite 1 according to the invention is very schematically shown in Fig 1 .
  • Said nanocomposite 1 comprises a matrix 2 and crystallites 3 of nano-size, i.e. here defined as being in the dimension range of 1 - 200 nm embedded therein.
  • Said crystallites 3 are separated by said matrix 2, having a thickness T between adjacent said crystallites 3 not exceeding 10, 7, 5, 3, 2 or 1 atomic or molecular layer/layers.
  • the matrix 2 comprises a material which has a sheet-like structure on the molecular level, such as graphite and hexagonal BN, and said crystallites 3 consist of a metal, metal alloy, metal carbide, metal nitride, metal boride or metal suicide, preferably a metal carbide or a metal nitride.
  • Fig 2 shows a graph where the contact resistance is plotted ver- sus the matrix 2 thickness T of a nanocomposite film according to the invention, such as a film comprising the nanocomposite in
  • the matrix 2 consists of
  • the contact resistance significantly decreases when the matrix thickness T reaches a thickness corresponding to about two molecu- lar layers of graphite (-0.3 nm).
  • the graph also indicates that the resistance starts to increase again when the thickness T of said matrix 2 between adjacent crystallites 3 nears zero.
  • the low contact resistance shown in Fig 2 corresponding to a thickness T of the matrix 2 of about two molecular layers of C has never been achieved earlier in similar nanocomposites.
  • Similar contact resistance is to be expected when changing the matrix 2 from being C, to being another material which has a sheet-like structure on the molecular level according to the above discussion.
  • the crystallites 3 can also be changed to any other metal, metal alloy, metal carbide, metal nitride, metal boride or metal suicide, without departing from the basic ideas of the present invention.
  • the above described measurement of contact resistance of the nanocomposite of the invention is measured on a thin film but is of course also valid for the nanocomposite in bulk state, thus similar contact resistance is expected for the bulk member of the present invention.
  • a contact element 4 forming an electric contact to a second contact element 5 for enabling an electric current to flow between said contact element 4 and said second contact element 5 is very schematically shown in Fig 3.
  • At least one of the contact elements 4, 5 comprises the nanocomposite according to the invention. This gives the contact element 4, 5 the excellent properties of e.g. electric conductivity reported above.
  • Depend- ing on the application of the contact element 4, 5 the properties of the total contact structure can be optimized by changing the material in said crystallites 3. If e.g. corrosion resistance is demanded by the nanocomposite 1 , crystallites 3 showing good corrosion resistance is embedded in said matrix 2, and if e.g. a hard nanocomposite 1 is required of a certain contact arrange- ment, hard crystallites 3, consisting of e.g. metal carbide or metal nitride, is chosen correspondingly.
  • a contact element 4, 5 having the following advantages may thus be obtained:
  • Fig 4 illustrates an example of a contact arrangement in which it is advantageous that at least one of the contact elements comprises the nanocomposite according to the invention for forming a contact with very high electric conductivity.
  • This embodiment relates to a helical contact arrangement having a first contact element 6 in the form of a spring-loaded annular body, such as a ring of a helically wound wire, adapted to establish and maintain an electric contact to a second contact element 7, such as an inner sleeve or a pin, and a third contact element 8, such as an outer sleeve or tube.
  • the first contact element 6 is in a contact state compressed so that at least a contact surface 9 thereof will bear spring-loadedly against the contact surface 10 of the second contact element 9 and at least another contact surface 1 1 of the first contact element 6 will bear spring-loadedly against at least a contact surface 12 of the third contact element 8.
  • at least one of the contact elements 8 - 10 comprises a nanocomposite according to the invention.
  • Such a helical contact arrangement is used for example in an electrical breaker in a switch gear.
  • Fig 5 illustrates very schematically how an electric contact arrangement according to the invention may be arranged in a disconnector 13 with at least one contact element 14, 15 comprising a nanocomposite according to the invention, said contact elements 14, 15 are movable with respect to each other for establishing an electric contact therebetween and obtaining a visible disconnection of the contact elements.
  • Fig 6 illustrates schematically a sliding electric contact arrangement according to another embodiment of the invention, in which the first contact element 16 is a movable part of a tap changer 17 of a transformer adapted to slide in electric contact along second contact elements 18 to the secondary winding of the transformer, accordingly forming second contact elements, for tapping voltage of a level desired from said transformer.
  • the first contact element 16 and/or the second contact elements 18 comprises a nanocomposite according to the invention.
  • the first contact element 16 may in this way be easily moved along the winding while maintaining a low resistance contact thereto.
  • Fig 7 illustrates very schematically a contact arrangement according to another embodiment of the invention used in a relay 19, and one or both of the contact elements 20, 21 comprises a nanocomposite according to the invention, which will result in less wear of the contact element and make them corrosion resistant as a consequence of the character of said contact element material.
  • FIG 8 illustrates very schematically a contact arrangement according to another embodiment of the invention used in a medium voltage vacuum interrupter 22.
  • the vacuum inter- rupter 22 comprises a vacuum insulated vessel 23 having metallic end plates 24, 25 and a cylindrical insulating wall 26 ar- ranged between the end plates.
  • the cylindrical insulating wall and the end plates are enclosing a volume 27 that is hermetically sealed.
  • the volume 27 comprises a first contact element 28.
  • the first contact element 28 makes a breaking contact to a second contact element 29.
  • the first contact element 28 and the second contact element 29 are arranged opposite each other and arranged at the end of a first and second conductor 30, 31 , respectively.
  • the contact elements 28, 29 are arranged at the conductors 30, 31 by soldering, however, the contact ele- ment 28, 29 can also be manufactured in one piece with its conductor 30, 31 , respectively if the contact elements and the conductors are made from the same material.
  • the first conductor 30 is connected with the end plate 24 through bellows 32 enabling movement along the longitudinal axis of the first conductor 30 without breaking the vacuum in the vessel 23.
  • An arc shield system 33 is arranged inside the insulating walls to prevent metallic contamination and thereby preventing flash- overs.
  • the first and second contact elements 28, 29 comprises the nanocomposite of the inven- tion.
  • the conductors 30, 31 can optionally comprise the nanocomposite of the invention.
  • the contact elements 28, 29 according to the embodiment above are suitable for low as well as high voltage breakers.
  • a contact element and an electric contact arrangement according to the present invention may find many other preferred applications, and such applications would be apparent to a person with ordinary skill in the art without departing from the basic idea of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un élément électriquement conducteur en volume (4, 5) pour un dispositif électrique, tel qu'un contact électrique ou un conducteur électrique, ledit élément (4, 5) comprenant un matériau nanocomposite ayant une matrice (2) et des cristallites (3) de dimension nanométrique, c'est-à-dire définies dans la présente comme ayant une taille dans la plage de 1-200 nm dans au moins deux dimensions, incorporées dedans, des parties de ladite matrice (2) séparant des cristallites adjacentes (3) dudit matériau nanocomposite ayant une épaisseur (T) conférant à ladite matrice (2) et donc audit élément (4, 5) une conductivité électrique déterminée par un caractère sensiblement bidimensionnel de ladite matrice (2), comme pour des matériaux dits pseudo 2D tels que le graphène.
PCT/EP2008/053822 2007-12-20 2008-03-31 Élément conducteur électrique en volume WO2009080372A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2008/055885 WO2009080375A1 (fr) 2007-12-20 2008-05-14 Élément de contact et agencement de contact
EP08759574.0A EP2223315B1 (fr) 2007-12-20 2008-05-14 Élément de contact et agencement de contact
US12/809,673 US8487201B2 (en) 2007-12-20 2008-05-14 Contact element and a contact arrangement
ES08759574.0T ES2607792T3 (es) 2007-12-20 2008-05-14 Elemento de contacto y disposición de contacto

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US828907P 2007-12-20 2007-12-20
US61/008,289 2007-12-20

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2009080372A1 true WO2009080372A1 (fr) 2009-07-02

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2008/053822 WO2009080372A1 (fr) 2007-12-20 2008-03-31 Élément conducteur électrique en volume

Country Status (1)

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WO (1) WO2009080372A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2893548A1 (fr) * 2012-09-07 2015-07-15 HaWilKo GmbH Matière en matières nanogranulaires (ngm), procédés et agencements de fabrication de ladite matière et composants électroniques comprenant ladite matière

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2004253229A (ja) * 2003-02-19 2004-09-09 Device Nanotech Reseach Institute:Kk 被覆層形成方法、被覆層を有した部材
WO2007011276A1 (fr) * 2005-07-15 2007-01-25 Abb Research Ltd. Élément de contact et agencement de contact
WO2007118337A1 (fr) * 2006-04-13 2007-10-25 Abb Research Ltd Ensemble de contacts électriques
WO2008068351A2 (fr) * 2006-12-08 2008-06-12 Thales Tube electronique a cathode froide a commande optique

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2004253229A (ja) * 2003-02-19 2004-09-09 Device Nanotech Reseach Institute:Kk 被覆層形成方法、被覆層を有した部材
WO2007011276A1 (fr) * 2005-07-15 2007-01-25 Abb Research Ltd. Élément de contact et agencement de contact
WO2007118337A1 (fr) * 2006-04-13 2007-10-25 Abb Research Ltd Ensemble de contacts électriques
WO2008068351A2 (fr) * 2006-12-08 2008-06-12 Thales Tube electronique a cathode froide a commande optique

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2893548A1 (fr) * 2012-09-07 2015-07-15 HaWilKo GmbH Matière en matières nanogranulaires (ngm), procédés et agencements de fabrication de ladite matière et composants électroniques comprenant ladite matière

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