WO2009027171A1 - Katalysator sowie verfahren zu seiner herstellung und verwendung - Google Patents
Katalysator sowie verfahren zu seiner herstellung und verwendung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009027171A1 WO2009027171A1 PCT/EP2008/060120 EP2008060120W WO2009027171A1 WO 2009027171 A1 WO2009027171 A1 WO 2009027171A1 EP 2008060120 W EP2008060120 W EP 2008060120W WO 2009027171 A1 WO2009027171 A1 WO 2009027171A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- catalyst
- metal
- temperature
- carrier
- Prior art date
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 96
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910002837 PtCo Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002836 PtFe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002844 PtNi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002849 PtRu Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 35
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 9
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 7
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- -1 transition metal sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940075397 calomel Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L dimercury dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Hg][Hg]Cl ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CC(C)(C)O SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- DSVGQVZAZSZEEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Pt] Chemical compound [C].[Pt] DSVGQVZAZSZEEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000005156 Dehydration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000218213 Morus <angiosperm> Species 0.000 description 1
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011865 Pt-based catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007824 aliphatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylene glycol Chemical compound OCCCOCCCO SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940051250 hexylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005839 oxidative dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8913—Cobalt and noble metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/14—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of noble metals or alloys based thereon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
- H01M8/1011—Direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC], e.g. direct methanol fuel cells [DMFC]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8689—Positive electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the invention relates to a catalyst comprising an alloy of at least two different metals, wherein at least one metal is a metal of the VIII. Subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements according to the old name.
- the invention further relates to a process for the preparation of the catalyst and its use.
- Fuel cells are energy converters that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. In a fuel cell, the principle of electrolysis is reversed.
- the structure of the cells is basically the same for all types. They are generally composed of two electrode layers, an anode and a cathode, where the reactions take place, and an electrolyte between the two electrodes in the form of a membrane. This has three functions. It establishes the ionic contact, prevents the electronic contact and also ensures the separation of the media supplied to the electrode layers.
- the electrode layers are usually supplied with gases or liquids, which are reacted in the context of a redox reaction.
- the anode is supplied with hydrogen or methanol and the cathode with oxygen.
- the electrode layers are usually contacted with electronically conductive gas distribution layers. These are e.g. Plates with a grid-like surface structure consisting of a system of fine channels. The overall reaction can be broken down into anodic and a cathodic sub-step in all fuel cells. With regard to the operating temperature, the electrolyte used and the possible fuels, there are differences between the different cell types.
- GDE gas diffusion electrodes
- the electrolyte Adjacent to the membrane are electrode layers in which there are generally catalytically active species that catalyze the reduction or oxidation reaction.
- the electrolyte present in all fuel cells ensures ionic current transport in the fuel cell. He also has the task of forming a gas-tight barrier between the two electrodes. In addition, the electrolyte guarantees and supports a stable 3-phase layer in which the electrolytic reaction can take place.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell uses organic lo nenSermembranen, in the technically realized cases in particular perfluorinated cation exchange membranes, as electrolytes.
- a membrane electrode assembly which is generally composed of a membrane and two electrode layers respectively adjacent to one side of the membrane, is referred to as a membrane electrode assembly or MEA.
- Catalysts containing an alloy of at least two different metals, where at least one metal is a VIII subgroup metal are used e.g. used as electrocatalysts in fuel cells.
- such catalysts are suitable for use as cathode catalyst in direct methanol fuel cells (direct methanol fuel cells, DMFC).
- direct methanol fuel cells direct methanol fuel cells, DMFC.
- cathode catalysts in DMFCs In addition to a high current density for the reduction of oxygen, further requirements are placed on cathode catalysts in DMFCs. In the operation of a DMFC, the diffusion of methanol across the membrane to the cathode (crossover), which occurs when a fuel cell is operated with organic, water-soluble fuels, is problematic.
- the organic molecule at the catalytically active center of the cathode catalyst is burnt with oxygen directly to carbon dioxide and water.
- the active sites occupied by the combustion of organic molecules are no longer available for the actual electrochemical reaction - the electrochemical reduction of oxygen - so that the total activity of the cathode layer decreases.
- the direct oxidation of the organic molecule with oxygen lowers the electrochemical potential of the cathode layer and reduces the total voltage that can be tapped at the fuel cell. Since oxygen reduction and oxidation of the organic molecule occur at the same electrochemically active center, a so-called mixed potential is formed, which is lower than that of the oxygen reduction.
- the driving force (EMF) is lowered, the total cell voltage and thus the power is lowered.
- the cathode catalyst used must therefore be as inactive as possible against the methanol oxidation. That is, it must have a high selectivity for the oxygen reduction over the methanol oxidation.
- Temperature-treated porphyrin-transition metal complexes e.g. from J. Applied Electrochemistry (1998), pp. 673-682, or transition metal sulfides, for example ReRuS or MoRuS systems, as described e.g. from J. Electrochem. Soc, 145 (10), 1998, pages 3463-3471, see e.g. a high current density for the oxygen reduction and show a good tolerance to methanol.
- these catalysts do not achieve the activity of Pt-based catalysts and are also not stable enough to ensure a sufficient current density in the acidic environment of a fuel cell for a long time.
- the object is achieved by a catalyst comprising an alloy of at least two different metals, wherein at least one metal is a metal of the VIII. Subgroup.
- the alloy is present in at least two phases with different degrees of alloying.
- An alloy is a homogeneous, solid solution of at least two different metals, with one element as the basic element and the others as alloying elements.
- the basic element is the element that has the largest mass fraction within the alloy.
- different phases result due to a different composition.
- the proportion of alloying elements in the basic element differs.
- the proportion of the base element is smaller than the proportion of at least one alloying element.
- the catalyst contains an alloy of two different metals, wherein at least one of the two metals is a metal of VIII. Subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements according to old name.
- the metal of VIII. Subgroup preferably forms the basic element of the alloy.
- Metals of Group VIII, which are useful, are iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum.
- the base metal of the alloy is particularly preferably platinum or palladium.
- both metals are preferably elements of subgroup VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
- the alloy containing the catalyst selected from the group consisting of PtCo, PtNi, PtFe, PtRu, PtPd, PdFe.
- the alloy is present in at least two phases with different degrees of alloying.
- the individual phases in each case form metal crystallites which lie next to one another in disorder.
- the result is a heterogeneous structure of metal crystallites of the individual phases of the alloy.
- the inventively formed catalyst containing the alloy of at least two different metals, wherein the alloy is present in at least two phases with different degrees of alloying, is stable to acids and has a high current density for oxygen reduction, as desired in direct methanol fuel cells ,
- the catalyst formed according to the invention is also very tolerant of methanol impurities.
- the catalyst has a large specific surface area. This is preferably achieved by the catalyst further containing a carrier, wherein the alloy is applied to the carrier or is heterogeneously mixed with the carrier. To achieve a large surface area, it is preferred if the support is porous
- the catalyst When the catalyst is heterogeneously mixed with the carrier, individual catalyst particles are distributed in the carrier material. When the catalyst is supported on the carrier, individual particles of the catalyst material are generally contained on the carrier surface. Usually, the catalyst is not present as a continuous layer on the support surface.
- Suitable supports are, for example, ceramics or carbon. Particularly preferred as carrier material is carbon.
- the advantage of carbon as a carrier material is that it is electrically conductive.
- the catalyst is used as an electrocatalyst in a fuel Cell is used, for example, as the cathode of the fuel cell, it is necessary that it is electrically conductive to ensure the function of the fuel cell.
- Suitable carrier materials are e.g. Tin oxide, preferably semiconductive tin oxide, ⁇ -alumina, which is optionally C-coated, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, silicon dioxide, the latter preferably being highly dispersed, the primary particles having a diameter of 50 to 200 nm.
- Tin oxide preferably semiconductive tin oxide, ⁇ -alumina, which is optionally C-coated, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, silicon dioxide, the latter preferably being highly dispersed, the primary particles having a diameter of 50 to 200 nm.
- tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide which may also be present as bronzes, that is to say as substoichiometric oxides.
- carbon When carbon is used as the material for the carrier, it is preferably present as carbon black or graphite.
- the carbon may alternatively also be present as activated carbon or as so-called nanostructured carbon.
- One representative of the nanostructured carbons are, for example, carbon nanotubes.
- a catalyst layer is applied either to the membrane or to the gas diffusion layer.
- the application of the catalyst layer is carried out by techniques known in the art. Suitable techniques include, for example, printing, spraying, knife coating, rolling, brushing and brushing.
- the catalyst layer can be applied by physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or sputtering.
- a “DecaT” process in which the catalyst layer is first prepared onto a "release” film and then relaminated onto the membrane, can also be used, for which a homogenized process is applied analogously to the direct application of the catalyst layer to the polymer electrolyte membrane
- at least one catalytic active species optionally applied to a suitable carrier
- at least one ionomer and at least one solvent suitable solvents are water, monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, nitrogen-containing polar solvents, glycols and glycol ether alcohols and glycol ethers.
- Particularly suitable are, for example, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and mixtures thereof.
- the phases in which the alloy is present are cubic phases with different lattice constants.
- the lattice constant describes the mean distance of the atoms at the corners of the cubic lattice, which forms the cubic phase. Since different metal atoms each have a different diameter, the lattice constants differ in different composition of the alloy. In this way, the different phases can be characterized.
- the crystallite size of the individual phases is preferably in the range from 1 to 10 nm, particularly preferably 2 to 5 nm.
- the alloy containing the catalyst is a PtCo alloy.
- the phases of the PtCo alloy preferably have lattice constants of 0.388 nm and 0.369 nm. At a grating cost of 0.38 nm, the Co content in the alloy is about 11 atomic percent. The proportion of Co in the alloy with a lattice constant of 0.369 nm is approximately 41 ⁇ 5 atomic percent.
- the further object is achieved by a process for producing a catalyst comprising an alloy of at least two different metals, where at least one metal is a metal of transition group VIII, which comprises the following steps:
- the individual atoms within the metal lattice of the alloy have sufficient mobility to be able to reorient themselves. In this way, it is possible for individual atoms to leave their lattice site and exchange with other atoms.
- Tammann temperature is the temperature at which atoms within the lattice have sufficient mobility to reorient. Usually, the Tammann temperature is at a level of about 30 to 50% of the melting temperature of the alloy.
- the selected temperature at which the alloy is annealed, below the stability limit of the at least two phases with different is different degrees of alloy, which are to be adjusted by the method according to the invention.
- the proportion of the alloying element is greater than the proportion of the alloying element in the low alloying element phase and less than the alloying element content in the alloying element Phase with the larger proportion of the alloying element.
- the ratio of the phases to one another can likewise be adjusted by the proportion of the alloying element in the alloy formed.
- the alloy is formed by any method known to those skilled in the art.
- the at least one further metal is first deposited on the metal of subgroup VIII.
- the deposition of the at least one further metal can take place, for example, in solution.
- metal compounds may be dissolved in a solvent.
- the metal may be bound covalently, ionically or complexed.
- the metal can be deposited, for example, reductively or alkaline by precipitating the corresponding hydroxide.
- the base member i. H. the metal of VIII. Subgroup is first deposited on the carrier. This is preferably the same as described above for the at least one further metal.
- a salt of the base element and then a salt of the alloying element is precipitated. After precipitation, drying and temperature treatment are performed to form the alloy. It is possible that the temperature treatment at the same time includes the annealing in step (b).
- the deposition of the further metal on the metal of the VIII is achieved.
- Subgroup in step (a) by precipitating a corresponding metal salt from a solution in the presence of a carrier. By annealing at a temperature below the melting temperature in step (b), the alloy is formed.
- the solution is preferably filtered off after precipitation and the catalyst is washed.
- the solvent in which the precipitation is carried out any solvent is suitable. It is only necessary to ensure that the salts of the metals that form the alloy dissolve in the solvent.
- Preferred as a solvent is water. Alcohols, especially ethanol, serve to reduce, for example, platinum.
- the precipitation also takes place in aqueous solution, in contrast to platinum, preferably alkaline and not reductive.
- the protective gas in whose presence the drying is carried out is preferably nitrogen or argon. Also, a drying under vacuum is possible. When drying under reducing conditions is desired, drying is generally carried out under a hydrogen atmosphere.
- the hydrogen can be either pure or as a mixture with nitrogen or argon.
- the annealing step is preferably carried out in the presence of hydrogen. Furthermore, however, it is also possible to carry out the annealing step in the presence of nitrogen.
- Pt (NO 2 ) 2 As the salt of the first metal and Co (NO 2 ) 2 as the salt of the second metal.
- carbon black in water is preferably initially introduced in a first step.
- a solution of Pt (NOs) 2 in water and ethanol is combined with the carbon black suspension.
- the resulting reaction mixture is then stirred and then heated. This precipitates on the carbon platinum.
- the precipitated on the carbon platinum is filtered off and then washed with water nitrate-free. Finally, drying takes place under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the carbon thus produced with platinum precipitated thereon is subsequently placed in water.
- This suspension is a mixture of Co (NO 3) 2 * 6H 2 O dissolved in water was added.
- a soda solution By adding a soda solution, the pH is kept constant. Cobalt precipitates on the platinized carbon.
- the solid is filtered off and then dried under nitrogen atmosphere.
- To produce an alloy on the carbon support the solid is then tempered at elevated temperature. The temperature is preferably above the Tammann temperature of the alloy.
- the temperature treatment is preferably carried out in the presence of nitrogen and hydrogen. After the temperature treatment, preference is given to passivation at room temperature in the presence of a nitrogen and air atmosphere.
- the thermally treated catalyst is preferably slurried in sulfuric acid and stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- sulfuric acid preferably 0 to 1 M, preferably 0.4 to 0.6 M sulfuric acid is used.
- the temperature is in the range between 60 and 100 0 C, preferably between 85 and 95 0 C.
- the catalyst is finally filtered off from the solution and dried under vacuum.
- the catalyst prepared according to the invention is suitable e.g. for use as electrode material in a fuel cell. Suitable fields of application are the electrooxidation of methanol or hydrogen and / or the electroreduction of oxygen. Also for other electrochemical processes, such as the chloralkali electrolysis and water electrolysis, the catalyst of the invention is applicable.
- the catalyst according to the invention can also be used, for example, in auto exhaust gas catalysis, for example as a 3-way catalyst or diesel oxidation catalyst, or for catalytic hydrogenation or dehydrogenation in the chemical industry. These include, for example, hydrogenations of unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds.
- dehydrations include the dehydrogenation of paraffins, naphthenes, alkylaromatics and alcohols.
- the hydrogenation or dehydrogenation can be carried out both in the gas phase and in the liquid phase.
- the catalyst according to the invention is used for an electrode in a direct methanol fuel cell.
- the electrode for which the catalyst is used is in particular a cathode of the direct methanol fuel cell.
- the catalyst according to the invention exhibits a high current density for the oxygen reduction.
- the catalyst according to the invention is tolerant of methanol impurities. This means that the catalyst according to the invention is essentially inactive towards the methanol oxidation.
- the catalyst thus prepared was examined by X-ray diffractometry.
- double lines occur at 40.3 ° and 41.7 °, at 46.3 ° and 48.5 °, at 68.2 ° and 71.4 °, and at 82.3 ° and 86.6 °, respectively.
- the crystal size and the lattice constant of the two phases can be determined as follows:
- Phase 1 crystallite size 3.0nm; Lattice constant: 0.388nm phase 2: crystallite size 8.4nm; Lattice constant: 0.369nm
- the PtCo / C material ES has not been heat-treated at 600 0 C but under otherwise identical conditions at 400 0 C 271st In this case, it has been shown that no double phase occurs.
- the crystallite size of the single resulting phase is 2.9nm and the lattice constant is 0.38nm.
- This catalyst was also slurried after the thermal treatment with 0.5 MH 2 SO 4 and stirred at 90 0 C under nitrogen for one hour. Finally, the catalyst was filtered off with suction and dried. In the following, the material produced in this way is called ES 275.
- the diffractogram for ES 275 shows only single lines and no appearance of double lines. It can be seen from this that the temperature-treated at 400 0 C material is only single-phase.
- the X-ray diffractogram shows that the material ES 297 no longer shows double lines but only single lines.
- the catalysts ES 275, ES 294, ES 297 prepared according to the preparation example and the two comparative examples were each processed into an ink.
- 6 mg of the catalyst 1 g of 5% strength Nafion solution and 7.07 g of isopropanol were mixed.
- 200 .mu.l of this ink were applied in 20 .mu.l portions of a measuring head with a cross-sectional area of 100 mm 2 of a 3-electrode assembly with a calomel reference electrode to a ring disk electrode and dried with a hot air dryer.
- the methanol tolerance experiments were carried out in 1 MH 2 SO 4 at 70 0 C.
- the electrolyte was saturated with oxygen for one hour before starting the measurement.
- the current density for the oxygen reduction in the inventively prepared catalyst is more than twice as high as in a non-temperature-treated catalyst and still greater than 30% greater than in a catalyst in which the 2. Phase has been dissolved out. Furthermore, it is found that the measured O 2 reduction currents hardly differ in a solution without methanol and in a solution with 0.1 M methanol for the catalyst according to the invention, whereas in the non-temperature-treated catalyst a drop in the current density of about 40% can be observed and the catalyst with the phase leached out shows a drop of about 62%.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US12/674,909 US20110118110A1 (en) | 2007-08-24 | 2008-08-01 | Catalyst and process for producing it and its use |
EP08786740A EP2185280A1 (de) | 2007-08-24 | 2008-08-01 | Katalysator sowie verfahren zu seiner herstellung und verwendung |
CA2697118A CA2697118A1 (en) | 2007-08-24 | 2008-08-01 | Catalyst and process for producing it and its use |
CN200880108470A CN101808734A (zh) | 2007-08-24 | 2008-08-01 | 催化剂、其生产方法及其用途 |
JP2010521380A JP2010536548A (ja) | 2007-08-24 | 2008-08-01 | 触媒、その製造方法、及びその使用方法 |
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EP07114978.5 | 2007-08-24 | ||
EP07114978 | 2007-08-24 |
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WO2009027171A1 true WO2009027171A1 (de) | 2009-03-05 |
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PCT/EP2008/060120 WO2009027171A1 (de) | 2007-08-24 | 2008-08-01 | Katalysator sowie verfahren zu seiner herstellung und verwendung |
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US (1) | US20110118110A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2185280A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2010536548A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20100065160A (de) |
CN (1) | CN101808734A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2697118A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2009027171A1 (de) |
Cited By (4)
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WO2010026046A1 (de) * | 2008-08-26 | 2010-03-11 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen herstellung eines katalysators |
DE102009057797A1 (de) * | 2009-12-10 | 2011-06-16 | Volkswagen Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines katalytischen Materials für Elektroden einer Brennstoffzelle |
JP2015173132A (ja) * | 2009-09-22 | 2015-10-01 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアBasf Se | 燃料電池用の金属酸化物ドーピングを有する触媒 |
GB2605012A (en) * | 2021-03-17 | 2022-09-21 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Catalyst activation |
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CN102421744B (zh) | 2009-05-14 | 2015-04-08 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 制备芳族胺的方法 |
KR20120023116A (ko) | 2009-05-20 | 2012-03-12 | 바스프 에스이 | 글리신-n,n-디아세트산의 하나 이상의 유도체 및/또는 글루타민-n,n-디아세트산의 하나 이상의 유도체를 포함하는 분말 및 메틸글리신-n,n-디아세트산 삼나트륨염 분말의 제조 방법 |
KR20120024889A (ko) * | 2009-06-02 | 2012-03-14 | 바스프 에스이 | 전기화학적 응용을 위한 촉매 |
GB201110850D0 (en) * | 2011-03-04 | 2011-08-10 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Catalyst and mehtod of preparation |
KR101322641B1 (ko) * | 2011-07-29 | 2013-10-29 | 한국과학기술원 | 티올 말단 고분자로 코팅된 금속 나노 입자의 제조 방법 및 이에 의하여 제조된 티올 말단 고분자로 코팅된 금속 나노 입자 |
US20160099473A1 (en) | 2013-05-27 | 2016-04-07 | Showa Denko K.K. | Catalyst particle, support-type catalyst particle, and uses thereof |
JP6048459B2 (ja) * | 2014-08-08 | 2016-12-21 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | NOx吸蔵還元型触媒及びその製造方法 |
KR20180062091A (ko) * | 2016-11-30 | 2018-06-08 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 막-전극 접합체 제조방법, 이로부터 제조된 막-전극 접합체 및 이를 포함한 연료전지 |
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CN116314872B (zh) * | 2023-05-11 | 2023-08-11 | 苏州擎动动力科技有限公司 | 一种铂钴合金催化剂及其制备方法 |
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- 2008-08-01 JP JP2010521380A patent/JP2010536548A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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- 2008-08-01 US US12/674,909 patent/US20110118110A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-08-01 KR KR1020107006481A patent/KR20100065160A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 2008-08-01 CN CN200880108470A patent/CN101808734A/zh active Pending
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2010026046A1 (de) * | 2008-08-26 | 2010-03-11 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen herstellung eines katalysators |
US8569196B2 (en) | 2008-08-26 | 2013-10-29 | Basf Se | Process for the continuous production of a catalyst |
JP2015173132A (ja) * | 2009-09-22 | 2015-10-01 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアBasf Se | 燃料電池用の金属酸化物ドーピングを有する触媒 |
DE102009057797A1 (de) * | 2009-12-10 | 2011-06-16 | Volkswagen Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines katalytischen Materials für Elektroden einer Brennstoffzelle |
GB2605012A (en) * | 2021-03-17 | 2022-09-21 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Catalyst activation |
GB2605012B (en) * | 2021-03-17 | 2024-02-07 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Catalyst activation under inert conditions |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2010536548A (ja) | 2010-12-02 |
CA2697118A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
US20110118110A1 (en) | 2011-05-19 |
CN101808734A (zh) | 2010-08-18 |
KR20100065160A (ko) | 2010-06-15 |
EP2185280A1 (de) | 2010-05-19 |
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