WO2009019400A2 - Substrat de face avant de cellule photovoltaïque et utilisation d'un substrat pour une face avant de cellule photovoltaïque - Google Patents
Substrat de face avant de cellule photovoltaïque et utilisation d'un substrat pour une face avant de cellule photovoltaïque Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009019400A2 WO2009019400A2 PCT/FR2008/051399 FR2008051399W WO2009019400A2 WO 2009019400 A2 WO2009019400 A2 WO 2009019400A2 FR 2008051399 W FR2008051399 W FR 2008051399W WO 2009019400 A2 WO2009019400 A2 WO 2009019400A2
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- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- coating
- layer
- antireflection
- functional layer
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- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 213
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 179
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 132
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
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- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 84
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000006117 anti-reflective coating Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 17
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 13
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- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1 MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910004613 CdTe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000003667 anti-reflective effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
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- HVMJUDPAXRRVQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper indium Chemical compound [Cu].[In] HVMJUDPAXRRVQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XIMIGUBYDJDCKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N diselenium Chemical compound [Se]=[Se] XIMIGUBYDJDCKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
- H01L31/02168—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells the coatings being antireflective or having enhancing optical properties for the solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- the invention relates to a photovoltaic cell front-face substrate, in particular a transparent glass substrate.
- a photovoltaic photovoltaic material system that generates electrical energy under the effect of incident radiation is positioned between a back-face substrate and a front-face substrate, this front-face substrate being the first substrate which is traversed by the incident radiation before it reaches the photovoltaic material.
- the front-face substrate conventionally comprises, beneath a main surface facing the photovoltaic material, a transparent electrode coating in electrical contact with the photovoltaic material disposed below when considering that the main direction arrival of incident radiation is from above.
- This front face electrode coating is for example the negative terminal of the photovoltaic cell.
- the photovoltaic cell also comprises, in the direction of the rear-face substrate, an electrode coating which then constitutes the positive terminal of the photovoltaic cell, but in general, the electrode coating of the rear-face substrate is not transparent.
- photovoltaic cell must be understood to mean any set of constituents generating the production of an electric current between its electrodes by conversion of solar radiation, whatever the dimensions of this assembly and whatever the voltage may be. and the intensity of the current produced and in particular that this set of components has, or not, one or more internal electrical connection (s) (in series and / or in parallel).
- the notion of "cell photovoltaic "in the sense of the present invention is here equivalent to that of" photovoltaic module "or" photovoltaic panel ".
- the material usually used for the transparent electrode coating of the front-face substrate is generally a transparent conductive oxide ("TCO") material, such as for example an indium oxide-based material.
- TCO transparent conductive oxide
- ITO tin
- ZnO zinc oxide doped with aluminum
- ZnO: B doped with boron
- SnO 2 fluorine
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- PECVD plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition
- cathodic sputtering possibly assisted by magnetic field
- TCO must be deposited at a relatively large physical thickness, of the order of 500 to 1000 nm and sometimes even more, which is expensive compared to the price of these materials when they are deposited in layers of this thickness.
- Electrode coatings made of a TCO-based material lies in the fact that for a chosen material, its physical thickness is always a compromise between the electrical conduction finally obtained and the transparency finally obtained because the greater the physical thickness is important the higher the conductivity, the lower the transparency, and the lower the physical thickness, the stronger the transparency but the lower the conductivity.
- the transparent electrode coating is not made of a TCO-based material but consists of a stack of thin layers deposited on a main face of the front-face substrate, this coating comprising at least one metal functional layer, in particular based on silver, and at least two antireflection coatings, said antireflection coatings each comprising at least one antireflection layer, said functional layer being disposed between the two antireflection coatings.
- This process is remarkable in that it provides that at least one highly refractive oxide or nitride layer is deposited below the metal functional layer and above the photovoltaic material when considering the direction of incident light. who enters the cell from above.
- the document discloses an exemplary embodiment in which the two antireflection coatings which frame the metal functional layer, the antireflection coating disposed under the metal functional layer towards the substrate and the antireflection coating disposed above the opposite metallic functional layer.
- the substrate each comprise at least one layer made of a highly refractive material, in this case zinc oxide (ZnO) or silicon nitride (S 3 N 4 ).
- An important object of the invention is to allow the charge transport between the electrode coating and the photovoltaic material to be easily controlled and the efficiency of the cell can be improved accordingly.
- the invention thus has, in its broadest sense, a photovoltaic cell with an absorbent photovoltaic material according to claim 1.
- This cell comprises a front-face substrate, in particular a transparent glass substrate, comprising on a main surface an electrode coating.
- transparent consisting of a stack of Thin layers comprising at least one functional metal layer, in particular based on silver, and at least two antireflection coatings, said antireflection coatings each comprising at least one antireflection layer, said functional layer being disposed between the two antireflection coatings.
- the antireflection coating disposed above the metallic functional layer opposite the substrate comprises a layer which conducts the current furthest from the (terminating) substrate, having a resistivity p between 2.10 4 ⁇ .cm at 10 ⁇ .cm, especially based on TCO.
- the resistivity p corresponds to the product of the square resistance R of the layer by its thickness.
- anti-reflective layer in the sense of the present invention, it should be understood that from the point of view of its nature, the material is “non-metallic", that is to say is not a metal. In the context of the invention, this term does not intend to introduce any limitation on the resistivity of the material, which may be that of a conductor (in general, p ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ .cm), of an insulator (in general, p> 10 9 ⁇ .cm) or a semiconductor (generally between these two previous values).
- a transparent conductive oxide suitable for the implementation of the invention is chosen from the list comprising: ITO, ZnO: Al, ZnO: B, ZnO: Ga, SnO 2 : F, TiO 2 : Nb, Cadmium Stannate, Oxide mixed zinc and tin Sn x Zn y 0 z (where x, y and z are numbers) optionally doped, for example with antimony Sb, and generally all transparent conductive oxides obtained from at least one of the elements Al, Ga, Sn, Zn, Sb, In, Cd, Ti, Zr, Ta, W and Mo, and in particular the oxides from one of these elements doped with at least one other of these elements. elements, or the mixed oxides of at least two of these elements, possibly doped with at least a third of these elements.
- This layer which conducts the current has, preferably an optical thickness representing between 50 and 98% of the optical thickness of the antireflection coating The farthest from the substrate and in particular an optical thickness representing between 85 and 98% of the optical thickness of the antireflection coating furthest from the substrate.
- the entire antireflection coating disposed above the metal functional layer opposite the substrate consists of such a termination layer which conducts the current, in order to simplify the deposition process by reducing the number of different layers to deposit.
- the current conducting layer then has an optical thickness representing the entire optical thickness of the antireflection coating which is disposed above the metallic functional layer from the substrate.
- the antireflection coating disposed above the metallic functional layer can not be entirely electrically insulating (over its entire thickness).
- the antireflection coating disposed above the metallic functional layer opposite the substrate preferably has an optical thickness equal to about half the maximum wavelength ⁇ m absorption of the photovoltaic material.
- the antireflection coating disposed below the metal functional layer towards the substrate preferably has an optical thickness equal to about one-eighth of the maximum wavelength ⁇ m of absorption of the photovoltaic material.
- the maximum wavelength ⁇ m of absorption of the photovoltaic material is, however, weighted by the solar spectrum.
- the antireflection coating disposed above the metallic functional layer in the direction of the substrate has an optical thickness equal to about half the maximum wavelength ⁇ M of the product of the spectrum of absorption of the photovoltaic material by the solar spectrum.
- the antireflection coating disposed below the metal functional layer in the direction of the substrate has an optical thickness equal to about one-eighth of the maximum wavelength ⁇ M of the product of the spectrum of absorption of the photovoltaic material by the solar spectrum.
- the antireflection coating disposed above the metallic functional layer has an optical thickness of between 0.45 and 0.55 times the maximum absorption wavelength ⁇ m of the photovoltaic material, including these values. and preferably said antireflection coating disposed above the metal functional layer (40) has an optical thickness of between 0.45 and 0.55 times the maximum wavelength ⁇ M of the product of the absorption spectrum of the material photovoltaic by the solar spectrum, including these values.
- the antireflection coating disposed beneath the metal functional layer has an optical thickness of between 0.075 and 0.175 times the maximum wavelength ⁇ m of absorption of the photovoltaic material, including these values and preferably antireflection coating disposed below the metal functional layer has an optical thickness of between 0.075 and 0.175 times the maximum wavelength ⁇ M of the product of the spectrum of absorption of photovoltaic material by the solar spectrum, including these values.
- an optimum optical path is defined as a function of the maximum wavelength ⁇ m of absorption of the photovoltaic material or preferably as a function of the maximum wavelength ⁇ M of the product of the spectrum of the absorption of the photovoltaic material by the solar spectrum, in order to obtain the best efficiency of the photovoltaic cell.
- the solar spectrum referred to herein is the AM 1.5 solar spectrum as defined by ASTM.
- coating in the sense of the present invention, it should be understood that there may be a single layer or several layers of different materials inside the coating.
- the optical path of a functional monolayer thin film stack electrode coating which has an antireflection coating disposed above the functional metal layer having an optical thickness of about four Once the optical thickness of the antireflection coating disposed below the metal functional layer, provides the improved efficiency of the photovoltaic cell, as well as its improved resistance to stresses generated during the operation of the cell.
- Said antireflection coating disposed above the metallic functional layer thus preferably has an optical thickness between 3.1 and 4.6 times the optical thickness of the antireflection coating disposed below the metallic functional layer, including those values; even the antireflection coating disposed above the metal functional layer has an optical thickness of between 3.2 and 4.2 times the optical thickness of the antireflection coating disposed below the metal functional layer, including these values.
- the purpose of the coatings that frame the metallic functional layer is to "antireflect" this metallic functional layer. That's why they are called “anti-reflective coatings”. Indeed, if the functional layer alone allows to obtain the desired conductivity for the electrode coating, even at a low physical thickness (of the order of 10 nm), it will strongly oppose the passage of light. In the absence of such an anti-reflective system, the light transmission would then be much too weak and the light reflection much too strong (in the visible and the near infrared since it is a matter of making a photovoltaic cell).
- optical path here takes on a specific meaning and is used to denote the summary of the different optical thicknesses of the different antireflection coatings underlying and overlying the (or each) functional metallic layer of the Fabry-Perrot interference filter. thus realized. It is recalled that the optical thickness of a coating is equal to the product of the physical thickness of the material by its index when there is only one layer in the coating or the sum of the products of the physical thickness of the material of each layer by its index when there are several layers.
- the optical path according to the invention is, in absolute terms, a function of the physical thickness of the metallic functional layer, but in reality in the physical thickness range of the functional metal layer which makes it possible to obtain the desired conductance, it turns out that it does not vary so to speak.
- the solution according to the invention is thus suitable when the functional layer (s) is (or are) based on silver present (or have in total) a physical thickness of between 5 and 20 nm, in including these values.
- the type of thin film stack according to the invention is known in the field of building or vehicle glazing to produce reinforced thermal insulation glazings of the "low-emissive" and / or “solar control” type.
- the inventors have thus discovered that certain stacks of the type of those used for low-emissive glazings in particular were suitable for being used to produce electrode coatings for photovoltaic cells, and in particular the stacks known under the name of "quenchable” or “quenching” stacks, that is to say those used when it is desired to undergo a heat treatment quenching the carrier substrate of the stack.
- Another subject of the present invention is therefore the use of a stack of thin layers for architectural glazing exhibiting the characteristics of the invention and in particular a stack of this type which is "hardenable” or “to be quenched", in particular a stack. low-emissive which is in particular “hardenable” or “to soak”, to achieve a photovoltaic cell front face substrate.
- the present invention thus also relates to the use of this stack of thin layers which has undergone a quenching heat treatment, as well as the use of a stack of thin layers for architectural glazing having the characteristics of the invention having has undergone a surface heat treatment of the type known from the French patent application No. FR 2 911 130.
- each other glazing incorporating tempered substrates and non-hardened substrates, all coated with the same stack, without it being possible to distinguish them. each other by a simple visual observation of the reflection color and / or light reflection / transmission.
- a stack or a substrate coated with a stack that has the following variations before / after thermal treatment will be considered as hardenable because these variations will not be perceptible to the eye: - a light transmission variation (in the visible) ⁇ T L low, less than 3% or even 2%; and or
- ⁇ E / (( ⁇ L *) 2 + ( ⁇ a *) 2 + ( ⁇ b *) 2 ) weak, less than 3, or even 2.
- a stack or a substrate coated with a stack that has after the heat treatment the following characteristics will be considered to be dipping in the context of the present invention, whereas before the heat treatment at least one of these characteristics does not occur. was not fulfilled:
- T L a light transmission (in the visible) T L high of at least 65, even 70%, or even at least 75%;
- a light absorption in the visible, defined by 1 -T L -R L ) low, less than 10%, or even less than 8%, or even 5%;
- a resistance square R at least as good as that of the conductive oxides used usually, and in particular less than 20 ⁇ /, or even less than 15 ⁇ /, or even equal to or less than 10 ⁇ /.
- the electrode coating must be transparent. It must thus present, mounted on the substrate, a mean light transmission between
- the face substrate has undergone a heat treatment, in particular quenching, after the deposition of the thin layers and before it is placed in the cell photovoltaic, it is quite possible that before this heat treatment the substrate coated with the stack acting as electrode coating is not very transparent. It may for example have, before this heat treatment a light transmission in the visible less than 65%, or even less than 50%.
- the electrode coating is transparent before heat treatment and is such that, after the heat treatment, it has an average light transmission between 300 and 1200 nm (in the visible) of at least 65%, or even 75%, and still preferably 85% or more, especially at least 90%.
- the stack does not have in absolute the best light transmission possible, but has the best possible light transmission in the context of the photovoltaic cell according to the invention.
- the antireflection coating disposed beneath the metallic functional layer may also have a function of chemical barrier to diffusion, and in particular to the diffusion of sodium from the substrate, thus protecting the electrode coating, and more particularly the functional metallic layer, in particular during a possible heat treatment, especially quenching.
- the substrate comprises, under the electrode coating, a base antireflection layer having a low refractive index close to that of the substrate, said base antireflection layer preferably being based on silicon oxide or based on aluminum oxide, or a mixture of both.
- this dielectric layer may constitute a chemical barrier layer to the diffusion, and particularly to the diffusion of sodium from the substrate, thus protecting the electrode coating, and more particularly the functional metal layer, especially during a possible heat treatment, especially quenching.
- a dielectric layer is a layer which does not participate in the displacement of electric charge (electric current) or whose effect of participation in the displacement of electric charge can be considered as zero compared to that of the others. electrode coating layers.
- this basic antireflection layer preferably has a physical thickness of between 10 and 300 nm or between 35 and 200 nm and more preferably between 50 and 120 nm.
- the metallic functional layer (or each metal functional layer) is preferably deposited in a crystallized form on a thin dielectric layer which is also preferably crystallized
- This (or each) functional metal layer may be based on silver, copper or gold, and may optionally be doped with at least one other of these elements.
- Doping is usually understood as a presence of the element in an amount of less than 10% molar mass of metal element in the layer and the term "based on” is understood to mean usual of a layer containing predominantly the material, that is to say containing at least 50% of this material in molar mass; the term “based on” thus covers doping.
- the stack of thin layers producing the electrode coating is preferably a functional monolayer coating, that is to say a single functional layer; however, it can be multi-layer functional and in particular two-layer functional.
- the functional layer is thus preferably deposited over one or even directly onto an oxide-based wetting layer, in particular based on zinc oxide, optionally doped, optionally with aluminum.
- the physical (or actual) thickness of the wetting layer is preferably between 2 and 30 nm and more preferably between 3 and 20 nm.
- This wetting layer is dielectric and is a material which preferably has a resistivity p (defined by the product of the resistance per square of the layer by its thickness) such that 0.5 ⁇ .cm ⁇ p ⁇ 200 ⁇ . cm or such that 50 ⁇ .cm ⁇ p ⁇ 200 ⁇ .cm.
- the stack is generally obtained by a succession of deposits made by a technique using the vacuum such as sputtering possibly assisted by magnetic field.
- a layer or coating deposit (comprising one or more layers) is carried out directly under or directly on another deposit, it is that there can be no interposition of 'no layer between these two deposits.
- At least one blocking coating is preferably based on Ni or Ti or is based on a Ni-based alloy, in particular is based on a NiCr alloy.
- the coating below the metal functional layer in the direction of the substrate and / or the coating above the metallic functional layer comprises (nt), preferably a layer based on mixed oxide, in particular based on mixed oxide zinc and tin or mixed tin and indium oxide (ITO).
- the coating below the metallic functional layer in the direction of the substrate and / or the coating above the metallic functional layer may have a layer with a high refractive index, in particular greater than or equal to 2.2.
- a silicon nitride-based layer optionally doped, for example with aluminum or zirconium.
- the coating below the metallic functional layer in the direction of the substrate and / or the coating above the metallic functional layer may have a layer with a very high refractive index, in particular greater than or equal to 2, 35, such as a titanium oxide layer.
- the substrate may include a photovoltaic material-based coating above the electrode coating opposite the front-face substrate.
- a preferred structure of the front face substrate according to the invention is thus of the type: substrate / (optional antireflection base layer) / electrode coating / photovoltaic material, or else of the type: substrate / (optional antireflection layer) / electrode coating / photovoltaic material / electrode coating.
- the electrode coating consists of a stack for architectural glazing, in particular a stack for architectural glazing "hardenable” or "to be tempered”, and in particular a low-emissive stack, in particular a low-emissive stack "hardenable Or "to soak", this stack of thin layers having the characteristics of the invention.
- the present invention also relates to a substrate for a photovoltaic cell according to the invention having the characteristics of the invention, in particular a substrate for architectural glazing coated with a stack of thin layers having the characteristics of the invention, in particular a substrate for architectural glazing "hardenable” or “to be tempered”, and in particular a low-emissive substrate, in particular a low-emissive substrate
- the present invention thus also relates to this architectural glazing substrate coated with a stack of thin layers having the characteristics of the invention and which has undergone a quenching heat treatment, as well as this substrate for architectural glazing coated with a stack of thin layers having the characteristics of the invention having undergone a heat treatment of the type known from the French patent application No. FR 2 911 130.
- All layers of the electrode coating are preferably deposited by a vacuum deposition technique, but it is not excluded, however, that the first or first layers of the stack may be deposited by a another technique, for example by a pyrolytic or CVD type thermal decomposition technique, optionally under vacuum, possibly assisted by plasma.
- the electrode coating according to the invention with a thin film stack is moreover mechanically more resistant than a TCO electrode coating.
- the lifespan of the photovoltaic cell can be increased.
- the electrode coating according to the invention with a thin film stack also has an electrical resistance at least as good as that of the TCO conductive oxides usually used.
- the square resistance R of the electrode coating according to the invention is between 1 and 20 ⁇ / or between 2 and 15 ⁇ /, for example of the order of 5 to 8 ⁇ /.
- the electrode coating according to the invention with a thin film stack also has a light transmission in the visible at least as good as that of the TCO conductive oxides usually used.
- the light transmission in the visible electrode coating according to the invention is between 50 and 98%, or between 65 and 95%, for example of the order of 70 to 90%.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a front-facing photovoltaic cell substrate of the prior art coated with a coating conductive transparent oxide electrode and base anti-reflective layer;
- FIG. 2 illustrates a photovoltaic cell front face substrate according to the invention coated with an electrode coating consisting of a functional monolayer thin layer stack and an anti-reflection base layer;
- FIG. 3 illustrates the quantum efficiency curve of three photovoltaic materials
- FIG. 4 illustrates the real efficiency curve corresponding to the product of the spectrum of the absorption of these three photovoltaic materials by the solar spectrum
- FIG. 5 illustrates the principle of the durability test of photovoltaic cells
- FIG. 6 illustrates a sectional diagram of a photovoltaic cell.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a photovoltaic cell front face substrate 10 'of the prior art with an absorbing photovoltaic material 200, said substrate 10 'having on a main surface a transparent electrode coating 100' consisting of a layer which conducts the current 66 in TCO.
- the front-face substrate 10 ' is disposed in the photovoltaic cell such that the front-face substrate 10' is the first substrate traversed by the incident radiation R, before reaching the photovoltaic material 200.
- the substrate 10 'further comprises in the electrode coating 100', that is to say directly on the substrate 10 a base antireflection layer 15 having a refractive index n 15 low close to that of the substrate.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a photovoltaic cell front-face substrate 10 according to the invention.
- the front-face substrate 10 also has a transparent electrode coating 100 on a main surface, but here this electrode coating 100 consists of a stack of thin layers comprising at least one metallic functional layer 40, based on silver, and at least two antireflection coatings 20, 60, said coatings each comprising at least one fine antireflection layer 24, 26; 64, 66, said functional layer 40 being disposed between the two antireflection coatings, one underlying anti-reflective coating 20 located beneath the functional layer, towards the substrate, and the other called antireflection coating 60 located at the above the functional layer, in the opposite direction to the substrate.
- FIG. 2 is a stacking structure of the type of that of a low-emissive, possibly quenchable or soaking substrate, a functional monolayer, such as can be found in the trade, for applications in the field of architectural glazing for buildings. Twelve examples, numbered 1 to 12, were made on the basis of the functional monolayer stacking structure illustrated:
- the stack of thin layers is deposited on a substrate 10 made of clear soda-lime glass with a thickness of 4 mm.
- the electrode coating 100 'of the examples according to FIG. 1 are based on conductive aluminum-doped zinc oxide.
- Each stack constituting an electrode coating 100 of the examples according to FIG. 2 consists of a stack of thin layers comprising:
- an underlying blocking coating for example based on Ti or based on a NiCr alloy could be disposed directly under the functional layer 40, but is not provided here; this coating is generally necessary if there is no wetting layer 26, but is not necessarily essential;
- the single functional layer 40, silver, is here arranged directly on the wetting coating 26;
- an overlying blocking coating 50 based on Ti or based on a NiCr alloy could be placed directly on the functional layer 40 but is not provided in the examples made;
- a layer which conducts the current 66, which is anti-reflective and which is of termination, based on zinc oxide doped with aluminum, of index n 2, is furthermore provided; its resistivity being substantially close to 1100 ⁇ . cm.
- the photovoltaic material 200 based on microcrystallized silicon (whose crystallite size is of the order of 100 nm), whereas in the examples with an odd number, the photovoltaic material 200 based on amorphous (i.e., non-crystallized) silicon.
- the QE quantum efficiency of these materials is illustrated in FIG. 3, along with that of cadmium telluride, another photovoltaic material that is also suitable in the context of the invention.
- the quantum efficiency QE is in a known manner the expression of the probability (between 0 and 1) that an incident photon with a wavelength according to the abscissa is transformed into an electron-hole pair .
- the maximum absorption wavelength ⁇ m that is to say the wavelength at which the quantum efficiency is maximum (that is to say the higher) :
- amorphous silicon a-Si, ⁇ m a-Si, is 520 nm
- microcrystallized silicon ⁇ c-Si, ⁇ m ⁇ c-Si, is 720 nm
- Cadmium telluride CdTe ⁇ m CdTe, is 600 nm.
- this maximum absorption wavelength ⁇ m is sufficient.
- the antireflection coating 20 disposed below the metal functional layer 40 in the direction of the substrate then has an optical thickness equal to about one-eighth of the maximum absorption wavelength ⁇ m of the photovoltaic material and the antireflection coating 60 disposed above. above the metal functional layer 40 opposite the substrate then has an optical thickness equal to about half of the maximum absorption wavelength ⁇ m of the photovoltaic material.
- Table 1 below summarizes the preferred ranges of the optical thicknesses in nm, for each coating 20, 60, as a function of these three materials.
- the optical definition of the stack can be improved by considering the quantum efficiency to obtain an improved real efficiency by convolving this probability by the wavelength distribution of the sunlight at the surface of the earth.
- the standardized solar spectrum AM1.5 we use the standardized solar spectrum AM1.5.
- the antireflection coating 20 disposed below the metal functional layer 40 in the direction of the substrate has an optical thickness equal to about one-eighth of the maximum wavelength ⁇ M of the product of the absorption spectrum of the photovoltaic material by the solar spectrum and the antireflection coating 60 disposed above the metal functional layer 40 opposite the substrate has an optical thickness equal to about half the maximum wavelength ⁇ M of the product of the spectrum of the absorption of photovoltaic material by the solar spectrum.
- the maximum wavelength ⁇ M of the product of the spectrum of the absorption of the photovoltaic material by the solar spectrum that is to say the wavelength at which the efficiency is maximum (that is the highest):
- - amorphous silicon a-Si, a-Si M ⁇ is 530 nm
- - microcrystalline silicon ⁇ c-Si, ⁇ c-Si ⁇ M is 670 nm
- Table 2 summarizes the preferred ranges of the optical thicknesses in nm, for each coating 20, 60, as a function of these three materials.
- a silicon oxide base antireflection layer 15 was deposited between the substrate and the electrode coating 100.
- refractive index n 15 is low and close to that of the substrate, its optical thickness is not taken into account in defining the optical path of the stack according to the invention.
- a piece of substrate 10, 10 'for example 5cmx5cm and coated electrode coating 100, 100', but without photovoltaic material 200 is deposited on a metal plate 5 disposed on heat source 6 at about 200 0 C.
- 10, 10 'coated electrode coating 100, 100' by making an electrical contact 102 on the surface thereof and connecting this contact 102 and the metal plate 5 to the terminals of a power supply 7 delivering DC current of about 200 V.
- the antireflection coating 60 has an optical thickness equal to 3.74 times the optical thickness of the antireflection coating 20.
- This first series shows that it is possible to obtain an electrode coating consisting of a thin film stack coated with amorphous silicon (Example 4) which has a better square resistance R (-3.5 ohms /) and a performance P better (+ 4.8%) than a TCO electrode coating coated with the same amorphous material (Example 2).
- the optical thicknesses of coatings 20 and 60 of Example 4 fall within the ranges acceptable for a photovoltaic material 200 a-Si according to Table 1 and Table 2. However, the optical thicknesses of the coatings 20 and 60 are respectively closer to ⁇ M / 8 and ⁇ M / 2 of Table 2 than to ⁇ m / 2. 8 and ⁇ m / 2 of Table 1.
- the square resistance R of the electrode coating constituted by a stack of thin layers and coated microcrystallized silicon (Example 3) is also better, but the performance P is worse (-1.8%) than those of the TCO electrode coating coated with the same microcrystallized material (Example 1).
- the optical thickness of 270.6 nm of the coating 60 of Example 3 does not fall within the acceptable range of 324-396 nm for a photovoltaic material 200 ⁇ c-Si according to Table 1 or a fortiori within the acceptable range. of 302-369 nm for a photovoltaic material 200 in ⁇ c-Si according to Table 2.
- the proportion of thin film stack electrode coating remaining after the resistance test (Examples 3 and 4) is much higher, irrespective of the photovoltaic material, than the proportion of TCO electrode coating remaining after the resistance test. (Examples 1 and 2).
- the antireflection coating 60 has an optical thickness equal to 3.2 times the optical thickness of the antireflection coating 20.
- the second series shows that it is possible to obtain an electrode coating consisting of a stack of thin layers and coated with microcrystallized silicon (Example 7) which has a better square resistance R ( - 3 ohms /) and a better performance P (+ 6%) than a TCO electrode coating coated with the same microcrystallized material (Example 5).
- the optical thicknesses of the coatings 20 and 60 of Example 7 fall within the acceptable ranges for a photovoltaic material 200 in ⁇ c-Si according to Table 1 and Table 2. However, the optical thickness of the coating 60 is closer to ⁇ M / 2 of ⁇ c-Si of Table 2 than of ⁇ m / 2 of Table 1.
- the square resistance R of the electrode coating consisting of a stack of thin layers and coated with amorphous silicon is also better, but the performance P is worse.
- the antireflection coating 60 has an optical thickness equal to 4.05 times the optical thickness of the antireflection coating 20.
- the third series shows that it is possible to obtain an electrode coating consisting of a stack of thin layers and coated with amorphous silicon (Example 12 which has a resistance per square R better (-2.9 ohms /) and a better performance P (+ 9.6%) than a TCO electrode coating coated with the same amorphous material (Example 10) .
- the optical thicknesses of the coatings 20 and 60 of Example 12 fall within the acceptable ranges for a photovoltaic material 200 of a-Si according to Table 1 and Table 2.
- the optical thicknesses of the coatings 20 and 60 are respectively closer to ⁇ M / 8 and ⁇ M / 2 of Table 2 than to ⁇ m / 8 and ⁇ m / 2 of Table 1, these optical thicknesses of the coatings 20 and 60 of Example 12 are moreover almost identical respectively to the values ⁇ M / 8 and ⁇ M / 2 of Table 2.
- the resistance by square R of the electrode coating consisting of a n stack of thin layers and coated with microcrystallized silicon (Example 11) is also better, but the performance P is less good (- 11, 6%) than those of the electrode TCO coating coated with the same microcrystallized material (Example 9).
- optical thickness of 266 nm of the coating 60 of Example 11 does not fall within the acceptable range of 324-396 nm for a photovoltaic material 200 ⁇ c-Si according to Table 1 or a fortiori within the acceptable range of 302 nm. -369 nm for a photovoltaic material 200 in ⁇ c-Si according to Table 2.
- theoretical ideal of a-Si (respectively of 65 nm and 260 nm considering ⁇ m and 66 nm and 265 nm considering ⁇ M ) than those of example 4 (respectively of 72.3 nm and 270.6 nm) and that the performance of Example 12 is higher (+ 4.8%), with almost identical R-square resistance and with thin film stack electrode coating ratio remaining after nearly identical PRT resistance test.
- the antireflection coating 20 disposed below the metal functional layer 40 towards the substrate has an optical thickness equal to about one-eighth of the maximum wavelength ⁇ M of the produces the spectrum of absorption of the photovoltaic material by the solar spectrum and that the antireflection coating 60 disposed above the metallic functional layer 40 opposite the substrate has an optical thickness equal to about half the length of the maximum wave ⁇ M of the product of the spectrum of the absorption of the photovoltaic material by the solar spectrum.
- the stacks of thin layers forming electrode coating in the context of the invention do not necessarily have in absolute a very high transparency.
- the light transmission in the visible of the substrate coated only with the stack forming the electrode coating and without the photovoltaic material is 75.3% while the light transmission in the visible range of the equivalent example with a TCO electrode coating and without the photovoltaic material, that of Example 1, is 85%.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a photovoltaic cell 1 in section provided with a front-face substrate 10 according to the invention, through which incident radiation R and a back-face substrate 20 penetrate.
- the photovoltaic material 200 for example amorphous silicon or crystalline silicon or microcrystalline or Cadmium telluride or Diselenide Copper Indium (CuInSe 2 - CIS) or Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenium, is located between these two substrates . It consists of a layer of n-doped semiconductor material 220 and a p-doped semiconductor material layer 240, which will produce the electric current.
- the electrode coatings 100, 300 interposed respectively between firstly the front-face substrate 10 and the layer of n-doped semiconductor material 220 and secondly between the p-doped semiconductor material layer 240 and the substrate of FIG. rear face 20 complete the electrical structure.
- the electrode coating 300 may be based on silver or aluminum, or may also consist of a thin film stack comprising at least one metallic functional layer and according to the present invention.
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EP08827143A EP2183787A2 (fr) | 2007-07-27 | 2008-07-25 | Substrat de face avant de cellule photovoltaïque et utilisation d'un substrat pour une face avant de cellule photovoltaïque |
JP2010517467A JP2010534929A (ja) | 2007-07-27 | 2008-07-25 | 太陽電池の前面基板と太陽電池の前面基板の使用方法 |
US12/445,981 US20100096007A1 (en) | 2007-07-27 | 2008-07-25 | Photovoltaic cell front face substrate and use of a substrate for a photovoltaic cell front face |
CN200880109380A CN101809754A (zh) | 2007-07-27 | 2008-07-25 | 光电池正面基板和基板用于光电池正面的用途 |
MX2010001044A MX2010001044A (es) | 2007-07-27 | 2008-07-25 | Sustrato de cara frontal de celula fotovoltaica y uso de un sustrato para una cara frontal de celula fotovoltaica. |
BRPI0814171-1A2A BRPI0814171A2 (pt) | 2007-07-27 | 2008-07-25 | Célula fotovoltaica, substrato revestido de um empilhamento de camadas finas para uma célula fotovoltaica, e, utilização de um substrato revestido de um empilhamento de camadas finas |
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FR0756767A FR2919429B1 (fr) | 2007-07-27 | 2007-07-27 | Substrat de face avant de cellule photovoltaique et utilisation d'un substrat pour une face avant de cellule photovoltaique |
FR0756767 | 2007-07-27 | ||
FR0759182A FR2919430B1 (fr) | 2007-07-27 | 2007-11-20 | Substrat de face avant de cellule photovoltaique et utilisation d'un substrat pour une face avant de cellule photovoltaique. |
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PCT/FR2008/051400 WO2009019401A2 (fr) | 2007-07-27 | 2008-07-25 | Substrat de face avant de cellule photovoltaïque et utilisation d'un substrat pour une face avant de cellule photovoltaïque |
PCT/FR2008/051398 WO2009019399A2 (fr) | 2007-07-27 | 2008-07-25 | Substrat de face avant de cellule photovoltaïque et utilisation d'un substrat pour une face avant de cellule photovoltaïque |
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PCT/FR2008/051398 WO2009019399A2 (fr) | 2007-07-27 | 2008-07-25 | Substrat de face avant de cellule photovoltaïque et utilisation d'un substrat pour une face avant de cellule photovoltaïque |
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RU2747376C2 (ru) * | 2016-08-02 | 2021-05-04 | Сэн-Гобэн Гласс Франс | Подложка, снабженная набором, обладающим тепловыми свойствами, ее применение и ее изготовление |
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US9379259B2 (en) | 2012-11-05 | 2016-06-28 | International Business Machines Corporation | Double layered transparent conductive oxide for reduced schottky barrier in photovoltaic devices |
CN103151394A (zh) * | 2012-12-14 | 2013-06-12 | 广东志成冠军集团有限公司 | 薄膜太阳能电池及其制作方法 |
CN103746015B (zh) * | 2014-01-28 | 2016-09-28 | 张家港康得新光电材料有限公司 | 一种薄膜太阳能电池 |
CN104532188A (zh) * | 2014-12-18 | 2015-04-22 | 福建新越金属材料科技有限公司 | 选择性太阳能热吸收涂层的复合薄膜材料及其制备方法 |
GB201821095D0 (en) * | 2018-12-21 | 2019-02-06 | Univ Loughborough | Cover sheet for photovoltaic panel |
JP2021015939A (ja) * | 2019-07-16 | 2021-02-12 | Agc株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール |
KR200497101Y1 (ko) | 2022-06-03 | 2023-07-26 | 김덕환 | 논슬립 바둑알 및 그를 포함하는 바둑 세트 |
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- 2008-07-25 CN CN200880108912A patent/CN101809753A/zh active Pending
- 2008-07-25 CN CN200880109380A patent/CN101809754A/zh active Pending
- 2008-07-25 BR BRPI0814171-1A2A patent/BRPI0814171A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-07-25 KR KR1020107004353A patent/KR20100047296A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2008-07-25 MX MX2010001041A patent/MX2010001041A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2008-07-25 JP JP2010517467A patent/JP2010534929A/ja active Pending
- 2008-07-25 MX MX2010001044A patent/MX2010001044A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2008-07-25 EP EP08827100A patent/EP2183786A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-07-25 EP EP08827143A patent/EP2183787A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-07-25 MX MX2010001043A patent/MX2010001043A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2008-07-25 BR BRPI0814170-3A2A patent/BRPI0814170A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-07-25 US US12/445,982 patent/US20100300519A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2008-07-25 JP JP2010517466A patent/JP2010534928A/ja active Pending
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