Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F283/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers provided for in subclass C08G
  • C08F283/12—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers provided for in subclass C08G on to polysiloxanes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/04—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as impregnant, bonding, or embedding substance
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
  • C08G77/045—Polysiloxanes containing less than 25 silicon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
  • C08G77/06—Preparatory processes
  • C08G77/08—Preparatory processes characterised by the catalysts used
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
  • C08G77/14—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to oxygen-containing groups
  • C08G77/18—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to oxygen-containing groups to alkoxy or aryloxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L83/04—Polysiloxanes
  • C08L83/06—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to oxygen-containing groups
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
  • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
  • Y10T156/1052—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with cutting, punching, tearing or severing
  • Y10T156/1062—Prior to assembly
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
  • Y10T428/24802—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.]
  • Y10T428/24926—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.] including ceramic, glass, porcelain or quartz layer

Definitions

• MSI Combustion Chamber Multiple Spark Ignition
• This invention relates to composites for use in high temperature elastic composite applications. Most particularly, this invention relates to elastic composites formed with a silanol-silanol condensation reaction mixture of silsesquioxane silicone resins thermally stabilized by boron nitride, silica and boron oxide additives as their matrix.
• a silanol-silanol condensation reaction mixture of silsesquioxane silicone resins thermally stabilized by boron nitride, silica and boron oxide additives as their matrix.
• the composites have endured over 4 years internal combustion (IC) engine pressurized severe exhaust manifold temperatures without seal leakage or burn through from exhaust gas at sustained and spike temperatures approaching 1000 0 C.
• IC internal combustion
• the composites have passed FAA fire penetration, burn through, heat release ( ⁇ 10 kW/m 2 ), smoke density and Boeing toxicity testing per BSS 7239.
• the Beckley patent, US 5,552,466 is specific to teach methods of producing processable resin blends that produce high density silica ceramics in the red heat zone.
• Boisvert, et al. patent, US 5,972,512 is specific to teach silanol-silanol condensation cured methylsilsesquioxane resins enabling the fabrication of non-burning composites with superior performance than organic laminates. No mention is made of producing a high temperature elastic silicone containing boron nitride and silica to produce the fire resistant elastic silicone laminate that slowly transforms into a flexible ceramic then ceramic with no burn through at 2000 0 F after 15 minutes. Also, the fire resistance is specific to methyl resins overlooking the high thermal advantages of phenyl resins even when used sparingly. Also, elastic composites have dissimilar materials joining advantages not mentioned in the Boisvert patent.
• the Clarke patent, US 6,093,763 is specific to teach the use of the zinc hexanoic acid catalyst for a specific ratio of 2:1 for two specific silicon resins with boron nitride as filler.
• the zinc hexanoic acid catalyst produces a different high cross-link density polymer than the preferred elastic composite produced from a reaction mixture of boron nitride, silica and boron oxide and controlled reaction methods.
• the amount of zinc catalyst required to enable the sealant to perform is also excessive in comparison to the boron oxide catalyst which is sparingly used to favor a slow reaction for producing elastic composites.
• Clarke patent US 6,161,520 is specific to teach that the gasket materials derived from Clarke's copending US patent applications Ser. Nos. 08/962,782; 08/962,783 and 09/185,282, all teach the required use of boron nitride as the catalyst for condensation polymerization of the resin blend needed to produce the gaskets. Clarke has verified that boron nitride is not a catalyst as incorrectly claimed. Clarke verified the certainty that boron nitride is not a catalyst by attempting to repeat the 873 patent's Figure 1 "gel" curve at 177°C using the preferred CERAC, Inc. item #B-1084- 99.5% pure boron nitride.
• boron nitride is not a silicone condensation catalyst. Numerous possible contaminates would need to be investigated to find the actual catalyst or combination of catalysts including the possibility of humidity. No mention of using boron nitride, silica and boron oxide as a reaction mixture processed in a rotating cylinder at ambient temperature to favor the production of a high temperature elastic composite. Neither is boron oxide mentioned as catalyst with boron nitride cost advantage addressed when boron oxide is used as a residual from the chemical processing (Reference 1) of boron nitride.
• the Clarke patent, US 6,183,873 Bl is specific to teach the use of boron nitride as the catalyst in producing polysiloxane resin formulations for hot melt or wet impregnation of ceramic reinforcements.
• boron nitride is not a catalyst as incorrectly claimed.
• the more costly and toxic hot melt and wet processing methods of the above described '873 patent are eliminated with the superior ambient temperature methods addressed by the inventor.
• No resin formulations using boron oxide as the catalyst (Table 6) are mentioned. Additionally, the methods of producing "flexible ceramic" high temperature elastic laminates are not addressed. Also, the use of laser processing (up to 16,500 0 C) to increase the tensile strength by 25% and form ceramic sealed edges is not addressed.
• the economical advantage of using residual boron oxide contained in boron nitride as a source for the catalyst addition is not mentioned.
• the Clarke SAE 2002-01-0332 paper (Reference 2) refers to high purity boron oxide as a Lewis acid catalyst with silica mentioned as an unobvious inhibitor for these silicone condensation polymerization catalysts. High cost boron nitride and boron oxide are added separately. No mention is made of producing resin formulations using boron nitride containing boron oxide residues as a source of boron oxide catalyst and cost savings advantage. Additionally, the methods of producing "flexible-ceramic" laminates capable of high-temperature elastic recovery ( Figure 1) are not addressed. Also, the use of laser processing (up to 16,500 0 C) to increase the tensile strength by up to 25% and forming ceramic sealed edges is not addressed. The "self extinguishing" property of the elastic composite when heat is removed is also not mentioned. This is an essential requirement to prevent combustion pre-ignition in superior fuel saving flexible ceramic composite ignition devices.
• Both B 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 behave as Lewis Acids in facilitating the condensation reaction of the selected silicone resin formulation.
• the Al 2 O 3 is twice as effective on a weight basis.
• boron oxide initially is used for dehydrating the silanol-silanol condensation reactions.
• the boron nitride also serves as a source (Reference 3) for boron oxide when it forms a stable oxidation protective boron oxide film at approximately 500+50 0 C which is stable at red heat (600 to 1000 0 C) until the vapor pressure of boron oxide becomes appreciable (Reference 4) above 1200 0 C.
• the rate controlling step is at most temperatures, the diffusion of oxygen through the boric oxide surface film (Reference 4).
• the hot surface is "self extinguishing" when heat is removed - a significant advantage in preventing combustion engine chamber preignition.
• Boron oxide is also used in combination with alumina which is a more effective catalyst on a weight basis and silica which inhibits both catalysts allowing them to be used in greater quantities than would otherwise be possible.
• This invention extends the elastic range of silicone composite materials from the typically -40 to 300 0 C to temperatures within the "red heat", i.e., up to 600 to 1000 0 C range of applications.
• the polymer matrix composite comprises a matrix of cured high, intermediate and optionally low molecular weight silicone resins including boron nitride and silica additives and reinforcing material.
• Boron oxide is a multipurpose additive.
• the boron oxide dehydrates the silanol-silanol condensation reaction to produce elastic polymers with high thermal properties, while simultaneously, the boron nitride part of the additive reaction mixture combined with silica, enables the formation of a superior flexible elastic matrix within the reinforced polysiloxane composites which is not possible with silica alone or boron nitride alone up to 1000 0 C (see Figure 2). From 300 to 1000 C the burn off of the organic matter of the precursor silicone resins affords the opportunity to create new elastic composites with hybrid elastic matrices made by densification processing the 10 to 20% porosity of the high temperature cured composites with the resin blend as shown in Figure 4.
• the heated regions become high yield (>90%) ceramic while the nonheated areas remain flexible.
• the pyrolyzed preceramic and ceramic regions' porosity has been filled in a rapid thermal quench with the high temperature elastic matrix impregnant and cured to the desired elastic's performance temperature.
• laser cut ceramic or refractory fiber reinforced elastic laminates produce flexible composites with ceramic sealed edges, called Flexible CeramicsTM. Varying the ceramic fibers produces different ceramic sealed edges.
• the multifunctional catalyst used throughout is boron oxide which can be supplied as a residual constituent of commercial reaction produced boron nitride. This approach provides a significant cost savings in eliminating the costly leaching operations needed to remove the boron oxide.
• the resin blend's processing capabilities include ambient temperature solventless prepreg processing, heat barrier material enabling multiplaten press "book stack” laminated parts to be laser cut in multiple stacks in one multiple part cost advantaged operation, thermal quench impregnating, laser cutting formation of ceramic sealed laminate edges, and resin infusion mold processing of large structures, silk screening multiple parts with raised coatings and identification marking.
• the resin blend's products include "O" rings, micro-rod filled sealants that can be “pyroformed” into high-temperature viscoelastic engineering gaskets, adhesives, surface and subsurface wear protective coatings, oxidation protective coatings, porosity stored compliant coatings, pressure activated fastener thread high temperature adhesives, PyrexTM glass adhesives, high temperature computer boards and fasteners, electrical and heat insulators, and affordable up to 33% fuel saving devices.
• Fig. 1 is a graph of laminate thickness recovery as a function of cure temperature
• Fig. 2 is a thermogravimetric scan of glass fiber filled polysiloxane laminate
• Fig. 3 is graph of percent porosity as a function of post cure temperature
• Fig. 4 is a process for a silicone resin densification cycle
• Fig. 5 is a graph illustrating pressure decay curves for flexible ceramic and multilayer steel gaskets.
• the resin blend additive materials are selected with high flexible and thermal resistant properties.
• the unique resin blend is typically mixed from three silicone resins and two or more ceramic additives.
• To accomplish the elastic compression recovery performance (see Figure 1) of composites made from the resin blend's "prepreg” several different composite elements are utilized, the most important being the resin blend composition and methods of processing.
• the resin blend is formulated from a high-molecular-weight "flake resin” and intermediate liquid silicone resin precursor and optionally a lower molecular weight silicone resin. These resins are selected to have different functionality such as listed in Table 2.
• Me ⁇ SiO-. trimethylsilyl terminated e.g.,Me3SiO-(SiMe 2 O) n -SiMe3, or Dimethylpolysiloxane polymers containing methyl or phenyl silsesquioxanes, with optional methoxy-termination, e.g., CH 3 O-(SiMe 2 O) n -
• polysiloxane oligomers are well known in the art that exhibit similar functionality; however, the discovery's most preferred organic groups are the methyl or phenyl because of their high thermal stability.
• silica 3-15 6 or other filler such as silica gel or 3-15 silicon carbide or 15-25 alumina or silica fiber 15-25 reinforced polysiloxane rods
• the preferred resin blend additives are silica and boron nitride retaining 2+1.0 wt% residual boron oxide. These additives provide high thermal capabilities.
• Silica was discovered by Clarke (Reference 2) to slow down the time it takes for the silicone resin reaction mass catalyzed by boron oxide to reach "gel” at 177°C (Tablet). Using this capability, the silicone reaction mass is slowly polymerized at ambient temperature in excess acetone favoring the formation of high molecular weight silicone polymers with high elastic increased linear chain (Si-O-Si) growth. Additionally, a mixture of silica and boron nitride added to the silicone resin reaction mass produces a superior flexible elastic polymer with high-temperature elastic properties than can not be produced using silica or boron nitride alone.
• Silica alone will increase the polymer modulus causing it to become nonelastic above 300 0 C.
• Boron nitride alone at the suggested 16 wt% will produce an excessively plasticized soft low modulus weak polymer that will fail in interlaminar shear loading as a gasket.
• the elastic polymer produced by the boron oxide processing will become a thermally stable high-temperature flexible elastic polymer up to 500 0 C because the silica is increasing the modulus to compensate for the plasticizing effect of the boron nitride which is thermally stable as a lubricant to 85O 0 C (Reference 4).
• Boron nitride retaining 2.0+1.0 wt.% boron oxide is available from the Momentive Performance Materials (grade SAM- 140) and ZYP Coating (grade ZPG- 18 and -19) Companies who can selectively provide this preferred residual boron oxide and within the boron nitride from their commercial synthesis and leaching production operations.
• This aggregate boron nitride retaining 2% residual boron oxide is superior to high purity boron nitride (requiring a separate catalyst addition) in processing efficiency and cost advantage.
• the residual boron nitride containing the residual boron oxide is typically added up to 20 parts by weight for every 100 parts resin as shown in Table 3.
• the submicron boron nitride containing residual boron oxide is then about 16 wt. % of the resin blend and silica is added at 4.8 wt. %.
• Boron nitride is subject to hydrolysis which is negligible (Reference 7) from ambient to less than 100 0 C, but when the temperature exceeds 100 0 C; particularly in autoclave processing, the hydrolysis of boron nitride readily produces noxious ammonia which was observed by the inventor.
• the boron nitride containing the residual boron oxide is purchased free of moisture or ammonia and sealed in containers with appropriate desiccant, typically CaCl 2 .
• silica and boron nitride have been observed to unobviously heat stabilize the elastic phase of the resin blend when used in formulations such as shown in Table 5.
• the method incorporates the least amount of anhydrous acetone necessary to dissolve the flake resin which is typically 25 parts added to the preferred formulation shown in Table 4.
• the method uses additive co-mingling and acetone stripping equipment (capable of recovering the acetone) combined together to assure the initial polymerization of the resin precursors incorporates the solid submicron additives uniformly throughout as the resin blend is slowly produced at ambient temperature.
• This specialized equipment assures that the boron oxide catalyst contained in the boron nitride particulate can uniformly activate the dehydration of the Si-OH groups to form long chain siloxane bonds, Si-O-Si as the acetone is stripped away.
• dehydration probably takes place between the Si-OH groups on the silanol-terminated polysiloxane and residual Si-OH groups on the silsequioxane polymer, leading to polycondensation and the formation of an interpenetrating network.
• the acetone at 16% of the mixture is removed during the mixing down to approximately 1%.
• Tables 7a and 7b provide examples of the calculated prepreg and molded laminate properties for two different fiber glass and ceramic fabrics common to the automotive and aerospace industries.
• Tables 7a and 7b accurately predict the fabric reinforced polysiloxane composite cure ply thicknesses, tu calculated for S-glass 6781 and E-glass 1583 reinforcement of the resin blend's polysiloxane cured laminates. These tables also predict the cured laminate cure ply thickness, t L , at different levels of reinforcement composition as well as the required prepreg composition and weight, W p , necessary to produce each laminate thickness.
• the entire impregnation is carried out cost effectively at ambient temperature not requiring solvents or heat.
• Standard metering blade "over-roll” or high speed “reverse roll” impregnating equipment are used to impregnate the fabric.
• the fabrics can be any of the glass (E-glass, S-glass, quartz or chemically altered variations of these), Nextel ® or refractory (e.g., zirconia) high temperature fibers or advanced composite graphite or pitch fiber weaves or styles provided by the textile industry.
• electro-less metal (such as nickel or aluminum) coated fibers are preferred for producing these advance composite polysiloxane matrix composites with high performance mechanical properties.
• Nickel oxide activates the silicone resin blends just as aluminum oxide assuring increased bond strength.
• the prepreg is processed into stacks of laminates (called "books") separated by unobvious layers of nylon fabric (e.g., style P2220 made by Cramer Fabrics, Inc.) peel ply which the inventor discovered through extensive laser testing will provide a thermo-barrier for multiple stack laser cutting. This allows multiple parts to be cut in one laser cutting operation without thermo-vaporizing the flammable top and edge of each stacked laminate at significant cost advantage.
• books stacks of laminates
• nylon fabric e.g., style P2220 made by Cramer Fabrics, Inc.
• Each ply of each prepreg layer is typically molded in a balanced architecture, e.g., 4-ply laminates for gaskets lmm thick are molded with a (0 , +60 ,-60 , 90 ) balanced architecture (Reference 2), where the warp yarns are arbitrarily selected as the 0 ° primary reference.
• a balanced architecture e.g., 4-ply laminates for gaskets lmm thick are molded with a (0 , +60 ,-60 , 90 ) balanced architecture (Reference 2), where the warp yarns are arbitrarily selected as the 0 ° primary reference.
• a typical multiple platen stacked laminate press molding cycle consists of an ambient applied preload, followed by a 10 minute vacuum soak, followed by a 30 minute heat cycle to 95°C which is held until the loss of water from the condensation reaction is negligible, then the heat cycle is continued to 150 0 C where full pressure of 200 psi is applied, followed by a 19O 0 C cure for 2 hours.
• the laminates are cooled down under pressure to 37°C, and then the platen pressure is reduced to preload, then ambient. After sufficient cooling, the book stacks are removed for multiple part laser cutting.
• the thickness of the composite laminate is the major cost and performance driver in making such products as automotive or aerospace gaskets.
• the laminate uniform thickness is the most critical quality control capability requirement for assuring high durability sealing of exhaust manifold gaskets operating at "spike" exhaust gas temperatures of 927 ° C.
• Pressure decay testing (Table 9) of laminate gaskets reveals the maximum thickness standard deviation should not be greater than ⁇ 0.45 x 10° inches to assure extended durability.
• Laminates made to Table 7a composition requirements and molded to the above thickness standard deviation limits have performed well over 4 years in cab fleet testing (under confidentiality agreement) up to 325,000 miles (exceeding 150,000 mile test requirement).
• the laser cutting procedure uses a carbon dioxide laser with nitrogen purge that produces a ceramic sealed cut edge depending upon which ceramic fiber is used for the laminate reinforcement and the laser cut parts have up to 25% higher tensile strength compared to mechanically sheared parts.
• the following preferred carbon dioxide power settings are used to cut multiple stack laminates with up to 16,500 0 C focus point to vaporize the laminate's cut edge.
• the typical power set up for laser cutting book stacks of multiple laminate is: Carbon dioxide production laser cutting set up:
• a heat barrier nylon fabric is initially placed between laminates molded together in "book stacks"enabling the multiple laminates to be protected from interface thermo- vaporization.
• the preferred carbon dioxide power settings (shown above) are used to cut multiple stack laminates with a up to 16,500 0 C focus point that vaporizes the laminate stack as it is cut, but not the laminate interface protected by the heat protected nylon fabric separator peel plies.
• the power set up enables book stacks of 10 to 20 laminates to be laser cut at a time with higher cutting capacity if needed.
• Figure 1 reveals the laminate thickness recovery after 15% compression and 10,000,000 compression recovery cycles at different temperatures, e.g., at 200 0 C there is 87% recovery and approximately 63% recovery at 400 0 C. Also, the hotter the steel bolted aluminum clamped laminate joint becomes, the greater the anisotropic thermal expansion sealing pressure exerted by the trapped polysiloxane matrix. In contrast, at the minimum automotive engine design operating temperature of -40 0 C, the elastic recovery of the matrix prevents cold start blow outs. Deep thermo-shock testing under pressures higher than exhaust manifold pressures is utilized to verify the thermal cycling capability.
• Figure 3 reveals the porosity created when the gaskets are cured at different temperatures.
• the cure temperature is 177°C with approximately 1% porosity, but after post cure at 400 0 C, the porosity is approximately 11%.
• the fiber + filler volume is approximately constant because the compression at 10% is absorbed by the 11% porosity minimizing lateral displacement of the matrix.
• the porosity is produced in the cured polymer matrix and surface coatings.
• Table 7 reveals that the fiber + filler volume % , V F+f % , at t L of 0.011 inches is 54.9%.
• Table 10 reveals the unobvious discovery of using the porosity to store sealing surface sealant until the laminate is compressed 10% reducing the porosity from 11% to 1%. The porosity also reduces the degree of lateral displacement that would occur in the matrix if the porosity were not free to absorb the compression (see Table 10).
• the porosity is filled with the densification resin blend made with Dow Corning 233 flake resin at 65 parts by weight added to 35 parts Dow Corning 3037 intermediate liquid resin to make up the 100 parts resin to which 20 parts boron nitride and 6 parts silica are added and mixed with the 25 parts acetone.
• Figure 4 reveals how this deep penetrating resin blend is used for densification.
• the porosity of 11% is filled with resin blend by thermally quenching the hot laminate from 200 0 C to ambient in the presence of resin blend in one operation, reducing the porosity to 1%.
• the resin blend is displaced as clamping surface sealant. See Table 8 for t L , V F+f> V R and V 0 Nomenclature.
• fast thermal quench heat treat processes are used to impregnate pyrolyzed porous polymer or ceramic products, e.g., 12% porosity can be brought to less than 1% in one operation.
• This same thermal quench process is used to fast impregnate braid and twisted yarn rolls in one operation for producing rod reinforcement for high temperature liquid sealants or "O" ring seals.
• All Table 6 resin formulations can be thermal quenched from the last laminate cure temperature. The exception is when using rod filled resins for making "pyroformed" viscoelastic gasket type products.
• Fire protective testing of the inventions under FAA typical tests has proven the superior performance of the discoveries to pass the FAA major testing requirements for aircraft interior, cargo container, fire blankets and fire wall requirements.
• the composites have passed FAA fire penetration, burn through, heat release ( ⁇ 10 kW/m 2 ), smoke density and Boeing toxicity testing per BSS 7239.
• FC and MLS exhaust manifold gaskets were comparison tested (under confidentiality agreement) using pressure decay measured from an initial 30 psi applied pressure with the gaskets bolted between aluminum and iron sealing surfaces using standard studs and lock nuts and placed within an oven at 350 0 C.
• the pressure decay curves shown in Figure 5 reveal that FC gaskets had essentially no leakage compared to the MLS gaskets which leaked severely.
• the FC exhaust gasket matrix material when used as an exhaust manifold sealant was also evaluated for a year (under confidentiality agreement) on Jasper Engine Company Generators powered with Ford 460 V8 truck engines. All engines performed without a problem for 6640 hours which is equivalent to 400,000 miles of truck engine durability. Cab fleet testing has confirmed the durability in performing over 350,000 miles in Crown Victoria 4.6 liter V8 engine exhaust manifold composite gasket testing.

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• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
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• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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• 2008
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