WO2008145737A1 - Ein verfahren zur herstellung von methacrylsäure oder methacrylsäureestern - Google Patents
Ein verfahren zur herstellung von methacrylsäure oder methacrylsäureestern Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008145737A1 WO2008145737A1 PCT/EP2008/056707 EP2008056707W WO2008145737A1 WO 2008145737 A1 WO2008145737 A1 WO 2008145737A1 EP 2008056707 W EP2008056707 W EP 2008056707W WO 2008145737 A1 WO2008145737 A1 WO 2008145737A1
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- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
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- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/62—Carboxylic acid esters
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/347—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups
- C07C51/377—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups by splitting-off hydrogen or functional groups; by hydrogenolysis of functional groups
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C57/02—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with only carbon-to-carbon double bonds as unsaturation
- C07C57/03—Monocarboxylic acids
- C07C57/04—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/52—Esters of acyclic unsaturated carboxylic acids having the esterified carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
- C07C69/533—Monocarboxylic acid esters having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C07C69/54—Acrylic acid esters; Methacrylic acid esters
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/04—Acids; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
- C08F220/06—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
- C12N9/001—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on the CH-CH group of donors (1.3)
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
- C12P7/42—Hydroxy-carboxylic acids
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- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
- C12P7/52—Propionic acid; Butyric acids
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/62—Carboxylic acid esters
- C12P7/625—Polyesters of hydroxy carboxylic acids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of methacrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters and to a process for the preparation of polymethacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid esters.
- Methacrylic acid is a significant intermediate which finds particular use in the form of its alkyl esters for the preparation of polymers.
- a known methacrylic acid derivative is, for example, the methyl ester of methacrylic acid.
- the world's annual production of methacrylic acid methyl ester is about 1.5 million tonnes.
- the polymethacrylic esters are versatile raw materials in the plastics sector.
- the commercial production of methacrylic acid is usually carried out by heterogeneous, two-stage catalyzed gas phase oxidation of C 4 -carbon compounds such as butylene, isobutylene, butane, isobutane, t-butyl alcohol or methacro- lein on solid multimetal oxide as a catalyst.
- the product gas mixture thus obtained which in addition to the methacrylic acid still contains numerous by-products, is then either subjected to a total condensation to give an aqueous methacrylic acid solution or absorbed in a suitable solvent mixture. This is usually followed by further purification of the liquid phases thus obtained by distillation, crystallization, extraction or by a combination of these measures.
- the object of the present invention was to overcome the disadvantages resulting from the prior art.
- the object of the present invention was to specify a process for the preparation of methacrylic acid in which the methacrylic acid can be obtained with as few thermally stressing steps as possible.
- This process should also make it possible to produce the methacrylic acid from renewable raw materials, in particular from carbohydrates and / or from glycerol.
- xyalkanoate with a nutrient medium containing as the carbon source carbohydrates, glycerol, carbon dioxide, methane, methanol, L-valine or L-glutamate under conditions in which 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates are formed from the carbon source, optionally Purification of the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid from the nutrient medium and optionally neutralization of the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, wherein the formation of the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or the 3-
- Hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates preferably via methylmalonate-semialdehyde or via 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A as precursor;
- 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates via 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A as a precursor, it is further preferred that the formation of isobutyryl-coenzyme A or 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A, preferably 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A takes place as a further intermediate.
- precursor defines a chemical compound that can be enzymatically oxidized in a single reaction step.
- Hydroxyisobutyric acid can be reacted, while the term "intermediate" defines a chemical compound that can not be converted to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid in an enzymatic way in only one reaction step.
- 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid as used herein always describes the corresponding C 4 carboxylic acid in the form in which it is present after formation by the corresponding microorganisms as a function of the pH Acid form (3-hydroxyisobutyric acid), the pure bases form (3-hydroxyisobutyrate) and mixtures of protonated and deprotonated form of the acid. Furthermore, the term “3-hydroxyisobutyric acid” basically includes both the (R) and the (S) stereoisomer, with the (S) stereoisomer being particularly preferred.
- Hydroxyisobutyric acid based polyhydroxyalkanoates but at least no detectable amounts of these compounds can form and only after the genetic modification detectable amounts of these components can be formed.
- a wild-type cell is preferably referred to as a cell whose genome is in a state as naturally produced by evolution, and is used for both the entire cell and for individual genes. fall therefore in particular not such cells or genes whose gene sequences have been at least partially modified by humans by recombinant methods.
- 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid is then obtained by a gentle dehydration methacrylic acid.
- the vesicles contained in the cells which are mixed with these polyhydroxyalkanoates may are filled, isolated and then the polymers are cleaved to give 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, which can then be dehydrated to obtain methacrylic acid.
- the genetically modified cell used in the method according to the invention is genetically modified in such a way that within a defined time interval, preferably within 2 hours, even more preferably within 8 hours and most preferably within 24 hours at least 2 times, more preferably at least 10 times, more preferably at least 100 times, even more preferably at least 100 times, and most preferably at least 10 000 times more 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or polyhydroxyalkanoates based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid forms the wild-type Cell.
- the increase in product formation can be determined, for example, by culturing the cell and the wild-type cell used in the method according to the invention separately under the same conditions (same cell density, same nutrient medium, same culture conditions) for a specific time interval in a suitable nutrient medium, and then the amount of target product (3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or polyhydroxyalkanoates based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid) in the nutrient medium is determined.
- the cells used in the method according to the invention can be prokaryotes or eukaryotes. These may be mammalian cells (such as human cells), plant cells or microorganisms such as yeasts, fungi or bacteria, microorganisms being particularly and bacteria and yeasts are most preferred.
- Suitable bacteria, yeasts or fungi are, in particular, those bacteria, yeasts or fungi which are deposited as bacterial, yeast or fungal strains in the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH (DSMZ), Braunschweig, Germany.
- Bacteria suitable according to the invention belong to the genera under
- Yeasts which are suitable according to the invention belong to those genera which are listed under
- a cell is used in which the formation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid polyhydroxyalkanoates over methylmalonate semialdehyde as a precursor.
- the formation of the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or of the polyhydroxyalkanoate based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid is preferably carried out via succinyl-coenzyme A as an intermediate, the process used in this embodiment of the process according to the invention being Genetically modified cell is preferably able to utilize carbohydrates, glycerol or glutamate as a carbon source.
- the genetically modified cell used in this embodiment of the method according to the invention has an increased activity of an enzyme Ei, compared to its wild type. ches the conversion of succinyl coenzyme A to methylmalonyl coenzyme A (see Figure 1).
- the term "increased activity of an enzyme” as used above in connection with the enzyme Ei and in the following statements in connection with the enzymes E 2 , etc., is preferably to be understood as an increased intracellular activity.
- Genetically engineered cells according to the invention are produced for example by transformation, transduction, conjugation or a combination of these methods with a vector which contains the desired gene, an allele of this gene or parts thereof and a vector which enables the expression of the gene.
- heterologous expression is achieved by integration of the gene or alleles into the chromosome of the cell or an extrachromosomally replicating vector.
- the expression of the above and all of the enzymes or genes mentioned below can be detected in the gel with the aid of 1- and 2-dimensional protein gel separation and subsequent optical identification of the protein concentration with appropriate evaluation software. If the increase in enzyme activity is based solely on an increase in the expression of the corresponding gene, the quantification of the increase in enzyme activity can be determined in a simple manner by comparing the 1- or 2-dimensional protein separations between wild-type and genetically modified cell.
- a common method for preparing the protein gels in co-reactive bacteria and for identifying the proteins is that described by Hermann et al.
- Protein concentration can also be assessed by Western blot hybridization with an antibody specific for the protein to be detected (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed., CoId Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, CoId Spring Harbor, NY USA, 1989) and subsequent optical evaluation with appropriate software for concentration determination (Lohaus and Meyer (1989) Biospektrum, 5: 32-39; Lottspeich (1999), Angewandte Chemie 111: 2630-
- the activity of DNA-binding proteins can be measured by DNA band-shift assays (also referred to as gel retardation) (Wilson et al., (2001) Journal of Bacteriology, 183: 2151-2155) of DNA-binding proteins on the expression of other genes by various well-described methods of reporter gene assays (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed.
- the intracellular enzymatic activities can be determined by various methods described (Donahue et al., (2000) Journal of Bacteriology 182 (19): 5624-5627; Ray et al. (2000) Journal of Bacteriology 182 (8): 2277-2284; berg et al. (1973) Journal of Bacteriology 115 (3): 816-823). Unless specific methods for determining the activity of a particular enzyme are specified in the following, the determination of the increase in the enzyme activity and also the determination of the reduction of an enzyme activity are preferably carried out by means of the methods described in Hermann et al. , Electophoresis, 22: 1712-23 (2001), Lohaus et al. , Biospektrum 5 32-39 (1998), Lottspeich, Angewandte Chemie 111: 2630- 2647 (1999) and Wilson et al. Journal of Bacteriology 183: 2151-2155 (2001).
- mutations can be generated either undirected by conventional methods, such as by UV irradiation or by mutation-triggering chemicals, or specifically by genetic engineering methods such as deletion (s), insertion ( en) and / or nucleotide exchange (s). These mutations result in genetically engineered cells.
- Particularly preferred mutants of enzymes are in particular those enzymes which are no longer or at least reduced in comparison to the wild-type enzyme reduced jfeecibacJc-inhibitable. If the increase in the enzyme activity is accomplished by increasing the expression of an enzyme, for example, the copy number of the corresponding genes is increased or the promoter and regulation region or the ribosome binding site located upstream of the structural gene is mutated.
- expression cassettes act, which are installed upstream of the structural gene.
- Inducible promoters also make it possible to increase expression at any time.
- the enzyme gene can be assigned as regulatory sequences but also so-called “enhancers” which also cause an increased gene expression via an improved interaction between RNA polymerase and DNA. Measures to extend the lifetime of m-RNA also improve expression. Furthermore, by preventing degradation of the enzyme protein, enzyme activity is also enhanced.
- the genes or gene constructs are either present in plasmids with different copy numbers or are integrated and amplified in the chromosome. Alternatively, overexpression of the genes in question can be achieved by changing the composition of the medium and culture. For instructions on this, the skilled person will find, inter alia, in Martin et al. (Bio / Technology 5, 137-146 (1987)), Guerrero et al. (Gene 138, 35-41 (1994)), Tsuchiya and Morinaga
- episomal plasmids are used, for example. Suitable plasmids are in particular those which are replicated in coryneform bacteria. Numerous known plasmid vectors, such as pZl (Menkel et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 549-554 (1989)), pEKEx1 (Eikmanns et al., Gene 107: 69-74 (1991)) or pHS2-l ( Sonnen et al., Gene 107: 69-74 (1991)) are based on the cryptic plasmids pHM1519, pBLI or pGAl.
- plasmid vectors such as those based on pCG4 (US 4,489,160) or pNG2 (Serwold-Davis et al., FEMS Microbiology Letters 66: 119-124 (1990)) or pAG1 (US 5,158,891) can be used in the same way become.
- plasmid vectors with the aid of which one can apply the method of gene amplification by integration into the chromosome, as described for example by Reinscheid et al. (Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 126-132 (1994)) for duplication or amplification of the hom-thrB operon.
- the complete gene is cloned into a plasmid vector which can be replicated in a host (typically Escherichia coli) but not in Corynebacterium glutamicum.
- vectors used are pSUP301 (Simon et al., Bio / Technology 1: 784-791 (1983)), pKl ⁇ mob or pK19mob (Schäfer et al., Gene 145: 69- 73 (1994)), pGEM-T (Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin, USA), pCR2.1-TOPO (Shuman, Journal of Biological Chemischen mistry 269: 32678-84 (1994)), pCR ® Blunt (Invitrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands), pEMI (Schrumpf et al., Journal of Bacteriology 173: 4510-4516)) or pBGS8 (Spratt et al., Gene 41: 337-342 (1986)).
- the plasmid vector containing the gene to be amplified is then converted by conjugation or transformation into the desired strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum.
- the method of conjugation is described by Schwarzfer et al. , Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 756-759 (1994). Methods for transformation are described by Thierbach et al. , Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 29: 356-362 (1988), Dunican and Shivnan, Bio / Technology 7: 1067-1070 (1989) and Tauch et al. , FEMS Microbiology Letters 123: 343-347 (1994). After homologous recombination by means of a cross-over event, the resulting strain contains at least two copies of the gene of interest.
- an activity of an enzyme E x which is increased with respect to its wild type is preferably always a factor greater than or equal to 2, particularly preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 100, and even more Preferably, at least 1,000 and most preferably at least 10,000 increased activity of the respective enzyme E x is understood
- the genetically modified cell used in the method according to the invention comprises "an activity of an enzyme E x " which is increased compared to its wild type, in particular also a cell whose wild type has no or at least no detectable activity of this enzyme E x and only after increasing the enzyme activity, for example by overexpression, a detectable activity of this enzyme E x shows.
- the term "overexpression” or the expression “increase in expression” used in the following also encompasses the case where a starting cell, for example a wild-type cell, has no or at least no detectable expression and only by recombinant methods a detectable expression of the enzyme E x is induced.
- the formulation "reduced activity of an enzyme E x " used below it is preferably even more preferred for a factor of at least 0.5, particularly preferably at least 0.1, moreover preferably at least 0.01
- the activity of a particular enzyme may be reduced by at least 0.001 and most preferably at least 0.0001, for example, by targeted mutation, by the addition of competitive or non-competitive inhibitors, or by other measures known to those skilled in the art to reduce the expression of a particular enzyme certain enzyme.
- the enzyme Ei which catalyzes the conversion of succinyl-coenzyme A to methylmalonyl-coenzyme A, is preferably a methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase (EC 5.4.99.2).
- This enzyme is preferably encoded by the genes selected from the group consisting of mut, mutA, mutB, sbm, sbmA, sbmB, sbm5, bhbA, mcmA, mcmAl, mcmA2, mcmB, mcmI, mcm2, mcm3, icmA, meaAl and meaA2.
- Nucleotide sequences of these genes can be found, for example, in the "Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes” (KEGG database), the National Library for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) databases of the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, MD, USA) or the nucleotide sequence database European Molecular Biologies Laboratories (EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany and Cambridge, UK).
- the enzyme Ei is the methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, which is derived from a gene having the DNA sequence according to SEQ. ID No. 01 and the amino acid sequence according to SEQ. ID No. 02 has.
- the genetically modified cell used according to this alternative of the method according to the invention has, in addition to the increased activity of the enzyme egg, an activity which is increased in comparison to its wild type of at least one of the following enzymes E 2 to E 4 ( see Figure 2):
- an enzyme E 2 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl coenzyme A to methylmalonate
- an enzyme E 3 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonate to methylmalonate semialdehyde
- an enzyme E 4 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonate semialdehyde to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid.
- Particularly preferred according to the invention are cells in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased: E 2 , E 3 , E 4 , E 2 E 3 , E 2 E 4 , E 3 E 4 , E 2 E 3 E 4 , wherein E 2 E 3 E 4 is most preferred. Furthermore, it is possible that an enzyme can also catalyze at least two of the reaction steps described above.
- an enzyme can be used which has both the activity of the enzyme E 2 and that of the enzyme E 3 (and thus catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl coenzyme A directly to the methylmalonate semialdehyde), for example the malyonyl-coenzyme A- Sulfolobus tokodaii reductase derived from the DNA sequence with the Seq. ID. -No. 03 is coded and which the amino acid sequence according to Seq. ID. -No.
- E 2 , E 3 and E 4 an enzyme which has all three enzyme activities E 2 , E 3 and E 4 , such as the malonyl-coenzyme A reductase from Chloroflexus aurantiacus (Hügler et al., Journal of Bacteriology 184, pages 2.404-2.410 , 2002).
- E 2 is a methylmalonyl-coenzyme A-hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.17)
- E 3 is an aldehyde-dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) or an aldehyde-oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) and
- E 4 is a 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.31) or a 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) i st.
- the enzyme E2 is preferably encoded by the aox1 gene.
- Rat liver methylmalonyl coenzyme A hydrolase is described, for example, in Kovachy et al. , "Recognition, isolation, and characterization of rat liver D-methylmalonyl coenzyme A hydrolase", J. Biol. Chem. 258 (1983), pages 11,415-11,421.
- the enzyme E 3 is preferably selected from the group consisting of aldh2, aldh3al, aldh3a2, aldhlbl, aldh9al, aldh7al, aldhla4, aldhlal, aldhla2, mgc80785, mgc83352, mgc89020, dmel-CG31075, cg3752, cg9629, alh-9, alh-1, alh-2, f5O8.35, t7O23.15, fl5I1.19, tT17F15.130, aldl, ald2, ald4, ald5, ald ⁇ , aclO44Wp, adr417wp, msc7, tb06.5F5.780, aldH, puuC, putA, aldA, badH, alkH, pcD, rspl591, rs01031, exaC, acoD, dhaL, pchA,
- Suitable genes for the enzyme E 4 are selected from the group consisting of hibadh, cgl5093, cgl5093, cg4747, mwL2.23, tl3kl4.90, fl9bl5.150, hibA, ygbJ, mmsB, mmsB, garR, tsar, mmsB-1, mmsB-2, yfjR, ykwC, ywjF, hibD, glxR, SCMI.40c, hibD, ehhahd, hadh2, hadhsc, hsdl7B4, Ioc488110, had, mgC81885, hadh2-prov, cg3415, cg7113, ech-1, ech-8, ech-9, ard-1, yfcX, fadB, faoA, fadB2x, hbd-1, hbd-2, hb
- nucleotide sequences of the abovementioned genes and of further genes for the enzymes E 2 to E 4 can be taken from among others the KEGG database, the NCBI database or the EMBL database.
- the monolyl-coenzyme A reductase from Chloroflexus aurantiacus is used (Hügler et al., Journal of Bacteriology 184, pages 2.404- 2.410, 2002).
- the genetically modified cell used according to this embodiment has an activity of an enzyme E 5 which is reduced compared to its wild type and which inhibits the conversion of methylmalon.
- E 5 an enzyme which is reduced compared to its wild type and which inhibits the conversion of methylmalon.
- natsemialdehyd to propionyl coenzyme A wherein this enzyme is preferably a methylmalonatse- mialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.27).
- the cell in which a genetically modified cell is used, in the succinyl-coenzyme A as intermediate and methylmalonate-semialdehyde as precursor in the preparation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or of Hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates are formed, it is preferred that the cell, optionally in addition to the increased activity of the enzyme egg, an increased compared to their wild-type activity of at least one of the following enzymes E 4 to E 7 (see Figure 3):
- an enzyme E 6 which catalyzes the conversion of (R) -methylmalonyl-coenzyme A to (S) -methylmalonyl-coenzyme A
- an enzyme E 7 which catalyzes the conversion of (S) -methylmalonyl-coenzyme A to propionyl-coenzyme A
- an enzyme E 5 which catalyzes the conversion of propionyl coenzyme A to methylmalonate semialdehyde
- an enzyme E 4 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonate semialdehyde to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid.
- E 6 is a methylmalonyl-coenzyme A-epimerase (EC 5.1.99.1)
- E 7 is a methylmalonyl-coenzyme A-decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.41)
- E 5 is a methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.27), and E 4 a 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.31 ' or a 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35)
- Preferred enzymes E 4 are those which have already been described above in connection with the first variant of the first preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention.
- the enzyme E 6 is preferably encoded by the mcee gene.
- a suitable methylmalonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase (enzyme E 7 ) is described, for example, in Biochmistry, Vol. 39 (2000), pages 4,630-4,639 by Benning et al. described.
- Suitable genes for the enzyme E 5 are preferably selected from the group consisting of aldh ⁇ al, cgl7896, t22cl2.10, ald ⁇ , putAl, mmsA, mmsA-1, mmsA-2, mmsA-3, mmsA-4, msdA, iolA and iolAB ,
- Suitable genes for the enzyme E 7 are preferably selected from the group consisting of mmdA, bcc, oadB, oadB2, oadB3, SC1C2.16, SC1G7.10, pccB1, accA2, mmdB, mmdC and ppcB.
- nucleotide sequences of the abovementioned genes for the enzymes E 5 , E 6 and E 7 can also be taken from the KEGG database, among others.
- the cell in addition to, in addition to the increased activity of the enzyme egg, be increased in comparison to its wild type Activity of at least one of the following enzymes E 4 , E 5 and E 7 has (see Figure 4):
- an enzyme E 7 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl coenzyme A to propionyl coenzyme A
- an enzyme E 5 which catalyzes the conversion of propionyl coenzyme A to methylmalonate semialdehyde
- an enzyme E 4 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonate semialdehyde to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid.
- Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A takes place.
- Preferred enzymes and genes for the enzymes E 4 , E 5 and E 7 are those genes or enzymes which have already been mentioned above in connection with the second variant.
- the genetically modified cell used in the method according to the invention has an increased activity of at least one, preferably the following two enzymes E 8 and E 9 in comparison to their wild type (see FIG. 5):
- an enzyme Eg which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid to 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A
- an enzyme E 9 which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A to a 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoate.
- E 8 is a 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA-hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.4) and E 9 is a polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase
- the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or the polyhydroxyalkanoates based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid are produced from succinyl-coenzyme A as intermediate product and from methylmalonate-semialdehyde as precursor. It may be useful in principle, in addition to influencing one or more of the above-mentioned enzyme activities Ei to E 9th also to influence those enzyme activities which lead to an increase in the formation of succinyl-coenzyme A in the cell.
- the used, genetically modified cell has a compared to their wild type increased activity of at least one, preferably the two following enzymes Eio and En (see Figure 6):
- an enzyme Ei 0 which catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenol pyruvate into oxaloacetate
- an enzyme En which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
- the enzyme Eio is preferably encoded by the genes selected from the group comprising fl2ml6.21, fl4n22.13, kl5m2.8, ppc, clpA, pepC, capP, cgl1585, pepC, pck, ppc and pccA, the ppc gene being particularly is preferred.
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases which are preferred according to the invention are also described in particular in US Pat. Nos. 4,757,009, 4,980,285, 5,573,945, 6,872,553 and 6,599,732. The disclosure of these references with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases is hereby incorporated by reference and forms part of the disclosure of the present invention.
- Enzyme En is preferably selected from the group consisting of pc, pcx, cgl516, cgl516, pyc-1, pyc-2, aarl62Cp, pyrl, accC-2, pycA, pycA2, pca, cglO689, pyc, pycB, accC , oadA, acc and accCl, the pyc gene being particularly preferred.
- Pyruvate carboxylases preferred according to the invention are also described in particular in US Pat. Nos. 6,455,284, 6,171,833, 6,884,606, 6,403,351, 6,852,516 and 6,861,246.
- Another pyruvate carboxylase which is particularly preferred according to the invention is that mutant which, in "novel methodology employing Corynebacterium glutamicum genome information, is a general L-lysine-producing mutant. Ohnishi J et al., Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 58 (2), pp. 217-223 (2002).
- nucleotide sequences of suitable genes of the enzymes Eio and En can be found in the KEGG database, the NCBI database or the EMBL database.
- succinyl coenzyme A which can then be converted via methylmalonyl coenzyme A by means of the three variants mentioned above to 3-hydroxyisbutyric acid.
- a first route leads via fumarate as an intermediate.
- a genetically engineered cell in which methylmalonate semialdehyde is formed as a precursor and Succinyl- coenzyme A as an intermediate in that the cell, if appropriate in addition to an increased activity of the enzyme Ei 0 or En, has an activity which is increased in comparison with its wild-type, of at least one of the following enzymes E 12 to Ei 5 (see FIG. 7):
- Fumarate catalyzes; of an enzyme Ei 4 , which requires the conversion of fumarate
- cells are used in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased: E i2 , E i3 , Ei 4 , E i5 , Ei 2 Ei 3 , Ei 2 Ei 4 , Ei 2 Ei 5 , Ei 3 Ei 4 , Egg 3 Egg 5 , Egg 4 Egg 5 , Egg 2 Egg 3 Egg 4 , Egg 2 Egg 3 Egg 5 , Egg 2 Egg 4 Egg 5 , Egg 3 egg 4 egg 5 , egg 2 egg 3 egg 4 egg 5 , egg 2 egg 3 egg 4 egg 5 , egg 2 egg 3 egg 4 egg 5 being most preferred.
- E12 a malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) or a malate
- the enzyme E12 is preferably selected from the group consisting of mdhl, mdh2, morl, cglO748, cglO749, cg5362, mdh-1, f46el0.10, fl9pl9.13, fl2.nl6.14, t30120.4, kl5m2.16, flp2.70, fl7il4.150, mnll2.18, mikl9.17, mdh3, adll64cp, adrl52cp, adr252wp, mdhA, mdhC, mdhB, ybiC, mdh, yiaK, ybiC, allD, citH, yjmC, citH, cgl2380, Idh, sqq, mqo, yojH, mqoA, mqoB, mqol, mqo
- the enzyme E13 is preferably selected from the group consisting of fh, fhl, sc4094, sc4095, t30b22.19, k3k7.11, acr013Cp, fum1, fum2, fum3, fum4, fumH, fumA, fumB, fumC, fumCl, fumC2, fum, ttdA, ttdB, fumB-alpha, fumB-beta, citG, citB, fumX, fum-1 and fum-2, the fum gene being particularly preferred.
- the enzyme Ei 4 is preferably selected from the group consisting of sdhl, sdh2, sdh3, sdh4, sdh5, sdh ⁇ , osml, osm2, sdhA, sdhB, sdhC, sdhD, frdA, frdB, frdC, frdD, ifcA-1, ifcA -2, sdhB-1, sdhB-2, frdC2, cgl0370, cglO371, cglO372, scmlO.lOc, scmlO.llc, scmlO.12c, sc5g8.25c, sc5g8.26c, scbac-31ell .02c, scbac31ell .02c, sc4bl0 .C, s-dhA2, sdhB2, sdhAl,
- the enzyme Ei 5 is preferably selected from genes from the group comprising suclgl, suclg2, Ioc434885, cgl0622, dmel-CG6255, flla3.3, f8115.30, mkd15.ll, iscl, Isc2, a-el211wp, afrl34cp, scsA, scsB , sucC and sucD.
- the nucleotide sequences of suitable genes of the enzymes E12 to Ei 5 can in turn also be taken from the KEGG database, the NCBI database or EMBL database.
- the cell may also prove advantageous for the cell to have an activity of one of the following enzymes E i6 to E 2 3, which is reduced in comparison with its wild type:
- an enzyme E16 which catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to citrate
- an enzyme 7 which catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate
- an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of succinyl coenzyme A to succinate an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of succinyl coenzyme A to succinate
- an enzyme E i9 which catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate
- an enzyme E 2 o which catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate into pyruvate
- an enzyme E 2 i which catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to aspartate
- an enzyme E 22 which catalyzes the conversion of malate to pyruvate
- an enzyme E 2 3 which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetate
- Particularly preferred cells according to the invention are those in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is reduced: E i6 , Ei 7 , E i8 , Ei 9 , E 20 , E 2 i, and EI 6 EI 7 EI 8 EI 9 E 2 OU 2 IE 22 E 2 S.
- E 20 is an oxaloacetate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.3),
- E 2 i is an aspartate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1)
- E 22 a malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.38, EC 1.1.1.39 or EC 1.1.1.40),
- the enzyme E ⁇ ⁇ is preferably selected from genes selected from the group consisting of glt, es, csl, cg3861, cts-1, f7fl9.21, f4il.l6, t20nl0.90, t20nl0.100, t2O9.80, citl, cit2, cit3, aar004cp, agr002wp, cshA, gltA, citZ, cit, prpC, cisY, cis, mmgD, citA, gltAl, gltA2, gltA3, cglO829, prPCl, scdl ⁇ .20, citAl, citA2, citA3, acly, cg8322, f5e6. 2, k7jJ8.14 and ci tE, gltA being the most preferred.
- the enzyme Eig is preferably encoded by genes selected from the group comprising pckA, pckI, pck2, cglO924, cgl7725, cgl7725, pckG, ppcK, cgl2863, pek and 2sck36.02.
- the enzyme E 2 o is preferably encoded by genes selected from the group comprising oadA, oadB, oadC, oadG, oag3, eda, dcoA, oadAl, oadA2, pycB and mmdB.
- the enzyme E21 is preferably selected from the group consisting of myn8.7, gltl, adr290wp, gltB, gltD, gltl, glsl, gltA, glt, glxD, gltDl, gltD2, gdh2, agl040Cp, gdhAl, gdhA, gdhA2, gluD, gluDl, gluD2, rocG, ypcA, gudB, tllil8.2, t2il.l50, mrg7.13, fl9c24.7, gdh, gdhl, gdh2, gdh3, gotl, got2, cg4233, cg8430, f23nl9.17, fl3jll.l6, t26cl9.9, f7fl.l8, F10N7.200
- the enzyme E 2 i is preferably selected from the group consisting of myn8.7, gltl, adr290wp, gltB, gltD, gltl, glsl, gltA, glt, glxD, gltDl, gltD2, gdh2, agl040Cp, gdhAl, gdhA, gdhA2, gluD, gluDl, gluD2, rocG, ypcA,
- the enzyme E22 is preferably selected from the group comprising me, mel, me2, me3, mae, mael, mae2, sfcA, sfcAl, maeA, maeB, tme, yqkJ, ywkA, yqkJ, malS, ytsJ, mleA, mleS, mez, sce59.10c, 2sc7gll.23, malSl, malS2, dme, maeBl, maeB2, mdh, mdhl, mdh2, dmel cgi 0120, dmel cgi 0120, dmel-cg5889, fl9kl6.27, f6f22.7, t22p22.60, fl8al7.1, modl, tme, mao, cgl3007, malS and malE encoded.
- the enzyme E 2 3 is preferably selected from the group comprising me, mel, me2, me3, mae, mael, mae2, sfcA, sfcAl, maeA, maeB, tme, yqkJ, ywkA, yqkJ, malS, ytsJ, mleA, mleS, mez, sce59.10c, 2sc7gll.23, malSl, malS2, dme, maeBl, maeB2, mdh, mdhl, mdh2, dmel_cgl0120, dmel_cgl0120, dmel_cg5889, fl9kl6.27, f6f22.7, t22p22.60, fl8al7.1, modl, tme, mao, cgl3007, times and times encoded.
- glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.49
- 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.44
- Suitable genes for alcohol dehydrogenases and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases can in turn be taken from gene databases known to the person skilled in the art, such as the KEGG database, the NCBI database or EMBL database.
- a second route from oxaloacetate to succinyl coenzyme A is via citrate as an intermediate.
- an enzyme E i6 which catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to citrate
- an enzyme E 2 which is the reaction of citrate to
- Fumarate catalyzes; an enzyme Ei 4 , which catalyzes the conversion of fumarate to succinate; of an enzyme Ei 5 , which the conversion of succinate to
- Cells which are particularly preferred according to the invention are those in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased: E i3 , Ei 4 , Ei 5 , Ei 6 , E 24 , E 25 , E 26 , Ei 3 Ei 4 , Ei 3 Ei 5 , egg 3 egg 6 , egg 3 E 24 , egg 3 E 25 , egg 3 E 26 , egg 4 egg 5 , egg 4 egg 6 , egg 4 E 24 , egg 4 E 25 , egg 4 E 26 , egg 5 egg 6 , egg 5 E 24 , egg 5 E 25 , egg 5 E 26 and egg 3 egg 4 egg 5 egg 6 E 24 E 25 E 26 , egg 3 egg 4 egg 5 egg 6 E 24 E 25 E 26 is.
- Egg 3 a fumarate hydratase (EC 4.2.1.2), egg 4 a succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1 or
- Egg 5 is a succinate-coenzyme A ligase (EC 6.2.1.4 or
- E 16 is a citrate synthase (EC 2.3.3.1 or EC 2.3.3. ⁇ E 2 4 a aconitate hydratase (EC 4.2.1.3), E 2 5 Iscocitrat a lyase (EC 4.1.3.1), and E 26 is a malate Synthase (EC 2.3.3.9),
- Preferred genes for the enzymes E i3 to E i6 are those which have already been described above in conjunction with the first route from oxaloacetate to succinyl-coenzyme A.
- the enzyme E 24 is preferably selected from genes selected from the group consisting of acol, aco2, ratireb, dmel-CG4706, dmel-CG4900, dmel-cg6342, cg9244, t3p4.5, f10m23.310, f4bl4.100, adl032Wp, afr629wp, acnA , acnB, acnC, acnD, rpfA, acnAl, acnA2, acnM, citB, leuC, cgll540, sacA, can, and aco, with acnA and acnB being particularly preferred.
- the enzyme E 25 is preferably encoded by genes selected from the group comprising msd21.4, icll, icl2, ad106cp, agl057wp, aceA, ic1, aceAa, aceAb, cgl0097 and cgl2331, aceA being particularly preferred. According to a particular embodiment, those genes are preferred which code for a gene level or protein level deregulated isocitrate lyase.
- the enzyme E 26 is preferably selected from genes selected from the group comprising med24.5, mlsSl, acr268cp, masA, aceB, mls, glcB-1, glcB-2, cgl2329, masZ, aceBl, aceB2 and mas, with the aceB gene being particularly preferred.
- nucleotide sequences of suitable genes of the enzymes E 2 4 to E 2 6 of the KEGG database, the NCBI database or EMBL database can be found.
- the succinate formed in the cleavage of the isocitrate by the iscocitrate lyase next to glyoxalate can also be used for the formation of suc - Cinyl Coenzyme A can be used.
- the activity of an enzyme E 2 7, which catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate and which is preferably an isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41 or EC 1.1.1.42) is to reduce.
- the isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme which is selected from a gene selected from the group consisting of idhl, idh2, cg7176, cg7176, cg7176, f20d21.16, fl2pl9.10, tl5nl.8O, idpl, idp2, idp3, aalO22Wp, aerO ⁇ Icp, idhC, idhM, icdA, icd, idh, icdl, icd2, leuB, citC, citC, cglO664, leuB2, idh3A, idg3B, idh3G, cgl2233, dmel-CG5028, dmel-CG6439, f6p23.14, f23el2. 180, f8d20.160, fl2e4.20,
- a third route from oxaloacetate to succinyl-coenzyme A is via 2-oxoglutarate as an intermediate.
- it is the first, second or third alternative described above of the inventive method is preferred to use a genetically modified cell, optionally in addition to an increased activity of the enzyme Eio o- ene, increased in comparison to their wild-type activity of at least one of the following enzymes Ei6, E24, E27 and E 2 8 (see Figure 9):
- Particularly preferred cells according to the invention are those in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased: E i6 , E 24 , E 27 , E 28 , Ei 6 E 24 , Ei 6 E 27 , Ei 6 E 28 , E 24 E 27 , E 24 E 28 , E 27 E 28 , egg 6 E 24 E 27 , egg 6 E 24 E 28 , E 24 E 27 E 28 and egg 6 E 24 E 27 E 28 , egg 6 E 24 E 27 E 28 is most preferred.
- E 27 an isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41 or
- Preferred genes for the enzymes Ei 6 , E 2 4 and E 2 7 are those which have already been described above in connection with the first and second route from oxaloacetate to succinyl-coenzyme A.
- the enzyme E 2 g is preferably selected from genes selected from the group consisting of korA, korB, korD, korAl, korA2, korBl, korB2, oorA, oorB, oorC, oorD, oforA, oforB, porA, porB, porAl, porA2, porA3 , porA4, porG, porGl, porG2, porBl, porB2, porB3, SCD20.12c, SCD20.13c, SCAHlO.34c, SCAHlO.35c, korG, orA, orB, korGl and korG2.
- E 2 g may also be a dehydrogenase complex of several subunits which have different enzymatic activities.
- it may be a dehydrogenase complex comprising an oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.2), a dihydro-lipoyl dehydrogenase (EC 1.8.1.4) and a dihydrolipoyl-lysine residual succinyl transferase (EC 2.3.1.61).
- the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.2) is preferably selected from the group consisting of ogdh, ghdhl, Ioc239017, mgc68800, mgc80496, cgll ⁇ 1, t22el6.70, mpA24.10, kgdl, aer374cp, sucA, odhA, kgdA and cglll29, with sucA and odhA being particularly preferred.
- the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (EC 1.8.1.4) is preferably selected from genes from the group comprising dld, dld-prov, dldh, cg7430, t2jl5.6, kl4al7.6, at3gl7240, mgd8.71pdl, afr512wp, dldl, lpd, tb03 .26j7,650, tb04.3ml7.450, tb927.8.7380, tbO8.1OkIO .200, lpdA, lpdG, lpdV, lpd3, acoD, lpdAl, lpdA2, lpdA3, odhL, pdhD, pdhDl, pdhD2, pdhD3, pdhD42, lpdAchl, lpdAch2,
- the diprolipoyllysine residual succinyl transferase (EC 2.3.1.61) is preferably selected from the group consisting of dlst, dlst-prov, mgc89125, dmel_CG5214, fl0m23.250, kl3p22.8, kgd2agl200wp, kgd2, odhB, sucB, aceF, kgdB, sucBl, sucB2, pdhC, dlaT, kgd, sc5F7.20 and sc4B10.24c, with sucB and odhB being particularly preferred.
- nucleotide sequences of suitable genes of the enzyme E 2 8 or of the abovementioned subunits of the enzyme E28 can, in turn, be taken from the KEGG database, the NCBI database or the EMBL database.
- routes from oxaloacetate to succinyl coenzyme A are based on phosphoenolpyruvate or on pyruvate as substrate precursors.
- the genetically modified cell used in the method according to the invention has an increased activity of at least one, preferably all of the following enzymes E 2 9 to E 42 in comparison to their wild type:
- an enzyme E29 which facilitates the diffusion of glycerol into the cell
- an enzyme E30 which catalyzes the conversion of glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate
- an enzyme E31 which catalyzes the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- an enzyme E 32 which inhibits the transfer of sulfur to the sulfur acceptor thioredoxin 1 catalyzed
- an enzyme E33 which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids to form alcohols and glycerol
- an enzyme E34 which catalyzes the transport of glycerol-3-phosphate into the cell in exchange for phosphate
- an enzyme E35 which catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- an enzyme E36 which catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- an enzyme E37 which
- Particularly preferred cells according to the invention are those in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzymes zymkombinationen is reduced: E 29, E 30, E 31, E 32, E 33, E 34, E35, E36, E37, E38, E39, E40, E41, E42, E29E30, E29E31 / E29E32,
- E29E42 E30E31, E30E32, E30E33, E30E34, E30E35, E30E36, E30E37, E30E38, E30E39, E30E40, E30E41, E30E42, E31E32, E31E33, E31E34, E31E35, E31E36,
- E 29 is an aquaglyceroporin (glycerol facilitator), which is preferably encoded by the glpF gene
- E 30 is a glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30), which is preferably encoded by the glpK gene
- E31 is a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5), preferably a FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, wherein the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is preferably derived from the glpA gene, the glpB gene, the glpC gene or the glpD gene, particularly preferably the glpD gene is encoded,
- E32 a sulfur transferase which is encoded by the glpE gene
- E 33 a glycerol phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.46), which is preferably encoded by the glpQ gene
- E34 is a glycerol-3-phosphate permease, which is preferably encoded by the glpT gene
- E 36 is a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12),
- E 40 a pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), E41 a glycerol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.6), which is preferably encoded by the gldA gene, and
- E 42 is a dihydroxyacetone kinase (EC 2.7.1.29) which is preferably encoded by the dhaK gene,
- the gene sequences of the abovementioned enzymes can, in turn, be taken from the gene databases known to the person skilled in the art, in particular the KEGG database, the NCBI database or EMBL database.
- gap gene coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Eikmanns (1992), Journal of Bacteriology 174: 6076-6086), the tpi gene coding for the trisphosphate isomerase (Eikmanns (1992), Journal of Bacteriology 174: 6076-6086) and the pgk gene coding for the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Eikmanns (1992), Journal of Bacteriology 174: 6076-6086) are also known from other sources.
- genes of the enzymes E 2 9 to E 42 can be genetically engineered cells in which at least one, more preferably at least two, more preferably at least three, and most preferably all of the activities of the enzymes E29 to E42 have been increased by the techniques described initially in connection with the enzyme Ei (mutation of the enzyme or enhancement of enzyme expression). These cells are able to be cultured in the presence of glycerol as the sole carbon source (or together with carbohydrates as another carbon source).
- the cell is able to utilize glycerol as carbon source, it may also be advantageous if the following genes are preferably heterologously expressed in the cells used in the method according to the invention:
- the glpG gene or the 3925 gene the glpX gene, the dhaR gene, the ycgU gene or the bl201 gene the fsa gene, the mipB gene, the ybiZ gene or the B0825 gene talC gene, the fsSA gene, the yij G gene or the b394 6 gene.
- nucleotide sequences of these genes can in turn be taken from the KEGG database, the NCBI database or EMBL database.
- the cell used in the method according to the invention has a The wild-type increased activity of at least one, preferably all of the following enzymes E 43 to E 45 and E 36 to E 40 comprises:
- Glucose-6-phosphate catalyses ⁇ -D-fructose-6-phosphate
- an enzyme E 44 which catalyzes the conversion of ⁇ -D-fructose-6-phosphate into ⁇ -D-fructose-1,6-biphosphate
- an enzyme E 45 which catalyzes the conversion of ⁇ -D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- an enzyme E 36 which converts the glycerol-dehyd-3-phosphate into 1, 3-Biphosphoglycerat catalyzes
- an enzyme E 37 which catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
- an enzyme E 3 g which catalyzes the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
- an enzyme E 3 g which is the implementation of 2-
- Phosphoglycerate catalyzed to Phosphoenolpyruvat, and an enzyme E 4 o, which catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.
- Genetically modified cells which are particularly preferred according to the invention are those in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased:
- E 36, E 37, E 3 g, E 3 g, E 4 is O, E 43, E 44, E 45, E 36 E 37 E 36 E 3 S, E 36 E 3 g, E 36 E 4O, E 36 e 43, e 36 e 44 e 36 e 45 e 37 e 3 g, e 37 e 3 g, e 37 e 4O, e 37 e 43 e 37 e 44 e 37 e 45, e 3 ge 3 g , E 3 gE 4 o, E 3 gE 43 , E 3 gE 44 , E 3 gE 45 , E 3 gE 4 o, E 3 gE 43 , E 3 gE 44 , E 3 gE 45 , E 3 gE 4 o, E 3 gE 43 , E 3 gE 44 ,
- E 43 is a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9),
- E 44 is a 6-phosphof rcto-kinase (EC 2.7.1.11),
- E 36 is a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- nucleotide sequences of these genes can in turn be taken from the KEGG database, the NCBI database or EMBL database.
- the uptake of glucose into the cells is increased, for example by the Increasing the activity of enzymes of the phosphotransferase system, in particular of those enzymes which are encoded by ptsl, ptsH and ptsM genes, or by the enhancement of the glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2), which is preferably encoded by the glk gene ,
- the phosphotransferase system in particular of those enzymes which are encoded by ptsl, ptsH and ptsM genes, or by the enhancement of the glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2), which is preferably encoded by the glk gene
- carbohydrates as a carbon source to specifically promote the pentose phosphate route, for example by increasing the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), which is preferably encoded by the gnd gene, and optionally at the same time to inhibit glycolysis, for example by weakening the activity of the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, as described in WO-A-01/07626.
- glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.49
- 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.44
- the cells 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid polyhydroxyalkanoates according to the particular embodiment of the method according to the invention, in which a genetically engineered cell is used are formed in the methylmalonate semialdehyde as a precursor and succinyl-coenzyme A as an intermediate over Oxalacetat and pyruvate as intermediates, it may further be preferred to reduce the activity of at least one, preferably all subsequent enzyme activities in the cell:
- an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate such as the phosphoeylpyruvate carboxy kinase (EC 4.1.1.49) (see also DE-A-199 50 409), an enzyme which converts pyruvate to Acetate catalyzes, such as pyruvate oxidase (EC 1.2.2.2) (see also DE-A-199 51 975), an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of ⁇ -D-glucose-6-phosphate to ⁇ -D-fructose-6-phosphate (see also US 09 / 396,478), an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, such as 1-lactate dehydrogenase
- an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenol pyruvate such as the phosphoe nolpyruvate synthase (EC 2.7.9.2) or the pyruvate phosphate dikinase (EC 2.7.9.1)
- a Enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to alanine such as alanine transaminase
- acetohydroxy acid synthase (EC 2.6.1.12) catalyzes, and / or - an enzyme which converts pyruvate to acetolactate, such as acetohydroxy acid synthase (EC 2.2.1.6).
- particularly preferred cells which can form 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or polyhydroxyalkanoates based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid via succinyl-coenzyme A as an intermediate of carbohydrates as carbon source and in which one or more of the above enzyme activities, in particular one of the enzyme activities Ei to E 45 , moreover preferably the enzyme activities Ei, EiE 2 E 3 E 4 , EiE 4 E 5 E 6 E 7 or and EiE 4 E 5 E 7 can be increased, are those microorganisms, those by Bennett et al. , Metab. Closely. (2005), 7 (3), pages 229 to 239, Bennett et al. , Biotechnol. Bioeng.
- an enzyme E 46 which catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate
- an enzyme E 28 which catalyzes the conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl coemzyme A.
- the enzyme it is particularly preferred that the enzyme
- E 46 a glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.1.13 or EC 1.4.1.14), a glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2, EC 1.4.1.3 or EC 1.4.1.4) or an aspartate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1 or EC 2.6.1.2) and E 2 8 a 2-oxoglutarate synthase (EC 1.2.7.3)
- Preferred as the enzyme E28 are those which have already been mentioned as the preferred enzymes E 2 8.
- the enzyme E 46 is preferably selected from the genes selected from the group comprising myn ⁇ . , gltl, adr290wp, gltB, gltD, yeiT, aegA, ygfT, gltD-1, gltD-2, gltl, glt2, glsl, gltA, glt, glxD, gltA, yerD, cglO184, cglO185, sc3c9.12, gdhl, gdh2 , agl40cp, gdhA, gdhAl, gdhA2, gluD, rocG, ypcA, gudB, gluD, gdhA, gdhA2, gdh, gdhA-1, gdhA2-2, gdhA-3, gluDl,
- nucleotide sequences of these genes can in turn be taken from the KEGG database, the NCBI database or EMBL database.
- the formation of the intermediate propionyl-coenzyme A via acetyl-coenzyme A takes place as a further intermediate.
- the genetically modified cell used has an increased activity of at least one of the following enzymes E 4 , E 5 and E 47 to E 52 in comparison with their wild type (see FIGS.
- genetically modified cells are used in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased: E 47 ,
- E 4 is a 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.31) or a 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35),
- E 5 is a methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
- E 5 i is an enoyl-coenzyme A hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17) and E 52 is an acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3),
- Preferred genes for the enzymes E 4 and E 5 are those which have already been described above in connection with the first particular embodiment of the cell according to the invention.
- the enzyme E 47 is preferably selected from the group consisting of mlycd, tl9bl7.4, tbO8.2904.110, matA, acac, acaca, acacb, f5j5.21, fl5c21.2, t8p21.5, accl, aarO71wp, accA, accB , accC, accD, accCI, accC2, mmdA, fabG, accDl, accD2, accD3, cglO831, accBC, dtsRl, accDA, scc24.16c and cglI327, with accA, accC and accD being most preferred.
- the enzyme E 48 is preferably encoded by the iolD gene.
- the enzyme E 5i is preferably selected from the group comprising echSl, ehhadh, hadha, echsl-prov, cg4389, cg4389, cg6543, cg6984, cg8778, ech-1, ech-2, ech-
- the enzyme E 52 is preferably selected from the group consisting of acadl, acadm, acadlO, acadll, acadmpro, acadl-prov, mgc81873, cgl2262, cg4703, cg4860, f3e22.5, afl213wp, acdC, fadE13, acd-1 , acd-2, acd-3, acd
- nucleotide sequences of suitable genes for the enzymes E 47 to E 52 can be found in the KEGG database, the NCBI database or EMBL database.
- the formation of the intermediate propionyl-coenzyme A is likewise carried out via acetyl-coenzyme A as a further intermediate, in which propionyl-coenzyme A according to this alternative does not react directly but via methylmalonyl-coenzyme A. to the methylmalonatsemialdehyd is reacted.
- the genetically modified cell used has an increased activity of at least one of the following enzymes E 2 to E 4 , E 6 , E 7 and E 47 to E 52 in comparison to their wild type (see FIGS and 14):
- an enzyme E 47 which catalyzes the conversion of acetyl coenzyme A to malonyl coenzyme A; of an enzyme E 48, which catalyzes the conversion of malonyl-Coenzyme A into malonate semialdehyde; an enzyme E 49 which catalyzes the conversion of malonate-dialdehyde to 3-hydroxypropionate; an enzyme E 5 O, which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxypropionate to 3-hydroxypropionyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 5 i which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxypropionyl-coenzyme A to acryloyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 52 which catalyzes the conversion of acryloyl-coenzyme A to propionyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 7 which catalyzes the conversion of propionyl-coenzyme A to (S) -methylmalonyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme Ee
- Preferred enzymes and genes for these enzymes are those genes and enzymes, which have already been described above in connection with the enzymes E 2 to E 4, Ee, E 7 and E 47 to E52 called.
- the formation of the intermediate propionyl-coenzyme A also takes place via acetyl-coenzyme A as a further intermediate, according to this alternative, the propionyl-coenzyme A also not directly, but Ü over (R) -methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (and not via (S) - methylmalonyl-coenzyme A) to Methylmalonatsemialdehyd is reacted.
- the genetically modified cell used has an increased activity compared to its wild-type has at least one of the following enzymes E 2 to E 4 , E 7 and E 47 to E 52 (see Figures 15 and 16):
- an enzyme E 47 which catalyzes the conversion of acetyl coenzyme A to malonyl coenzyme A; of an enzyme E 48, which catalyzes the conversion of malonyl-Coenzyme A into malonate semialdehyde; an enzyme E 49 which catalyzes the conversion of malonate semialdehyde to 3-hydroxypropionate; an enzyme E 5 o, which is the reaction of 3
- Hydroxypropionate catalyzed to 3-hydroxypropionyl-coenzyme A an enzyme E51 which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxypropionyl-coenzyme A into acryloyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 52 which catalyzes the conversion of acryloyl-coenzyme A to propionyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 7 which catalyzes the conversion of propionyl-coenzyme A to methylmalonyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 2 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl coenzyme A to methylmalonate; an enzyme E 3 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonate to methylmalonate semialdehyde; an enzyme E 4 , which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonate semialdehyde to 3-hydroxyisobutyrate.
- Genetically modified cells are particularly preferably used according to the invention in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased: E 2 , E 3 , E 4 , E 7 , E 47 , E 4 g, E 4 g, E 5 o, E 51, E 52 and E 2 E 3 E 4 E 7 E 47 E 4 gE 4 gE 5 oE 5 iE 52 .
- Preferred enzymes and genes of these enzymes are in turn those genes and enzymes that have already been mentioned above in connection with the enzymes E2 to E 4 , E 7 and E 47 to E52.
- the formation of the intermediate propionyl-coenzyme A also takes place via acetyl-coenzyme A as a further intermediate, acetoacetyl-coenzyme A being formed as an intermediate according to this alternative.
- the genetically modified cell used has an activity of at least one of the following enzymes E 8 and E 53 to E 6 i, which is increased in comparison to its wild-type
- an enzyme E 53 which catalyzes the conversion of two acetyl-coenzyme A units to acetoacetyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 54 which catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-coenzyme A to 3-hydroxybutanoyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 55 which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxybutanoyl coenzyme A into crotonyl coenzyme A; an enzyme E 56 which catalyzes the conversion of crotonyl coenzyme A to butyryl coenzyme A; an enzyme E 57, which catalyzes the conversion of butyryl coenzyme A into ethylmalonyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 58 which catalyzes the conversion of ethylmalonyl-coenzyme A into methylsuccinyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E59 which catalyzes the reaction of methyl
- Genetically modified cells particularly preferred according to the invention are those in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased: E 8 , E 53 , E 54 , E 55 , E 5 6 , E 57 , E 58 , E 5 9 , E 60 , E 61 and E 8 E 53 E 54 E 55 E 5 6 E 57 E 58 E 5 gE 6 oE 6 i.
- the formation of the intermediate propionyl-coenzyme A takes place in turn via acetyl-coenzyme A as a further intermediate, acetoacetyl-coenzyme A likewise being formed as a further intermediate, according to this modification, but in this case from crotonyl-coenzyme A directly ethylmalonyl-coenzyme A is formed.
- the cell has an activity which is increased in comparison with its wild-type, at least one of the following the enzymes E 8 , E 53 to E 55 , E 58 and E 6 2 to E 65 has (see Figure 17):
- an enzyme E 53 which catalyzes the conversion of two acetyl-coenzyme A units to acetoacetyl-coenzyme A
- an enzyme E 54 which catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-coenzyme A to 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A
- - an enzyme E 55 which is the reaction of 3-
- Hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A catalyzed to crotonyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 62 which catalyzes the conversion of crotonyl coenzyme A to ethylmalonyl coenzyme A - an enzyme E 58 which catalyzes the conversion of ethylmalonyl coenzyme A to methyl succinyl coenzyme A; an enzyme E 63 which catalyzes the conversion of methyl succinyl coenzyme A to mesaconyl coenzyme A; an enzyme E 64 which catalyzes the conversion of mesaconyl-coenzyme A to ⁇ -methylmalyl-coenzyme A; an enzyme E 65 which catalyzes the conversion of ⁇ -methylmalyl-coenzyme A to glyoxylate and propionyl-coenzyme A.
- propionyl coenzyme A From the propionyl coenzyme A can then in the manner described above (increasing the activity of one or more of the enzymes E 7 , E 2 , E 3 and E 4 , increasing the activity of one or more of the enzymes E 7 , E 6 , E 2 , E 3 and E 4 or increasing the activity of one or both enzymes E 4 and E 5 ) 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid.
- the enzymes E 7 , E 2 , E 3 and E 4 increasing the activity of one or more of the enzymes E 7 , E 6 , E 2 , E 3 and E 4 or increasing the activity of one or both enzymes E 4 and E 5 ) 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid.
- E 53 a ⁇ -ketothiolase (EC 2.3.1.9), E 54 acetoacetyl-coenzyme A reductase (a EC 1.1.1.36),
- E ⁇ 2 is a crotonyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase
- E 58 an ethylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase (EC 5.4.99.2)
- E ⁇ 3 is a methylsuccinyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
- E 64 is a mesaconyl-coenzyme A hydratase
- E 65 is a ⁇ -methylmalyl / L-malyl-coenzyme A lyase
- the enzyme E 53 is preferably selected from genes selected from the group consisting of acatl, acat2, Ioc484063, Ioc489421, mgc69098, mgc81403, mgc81256, mgc83664, cat-1, ergl0, ygeF, atoB, fadAx, phbA-1, phbA-2, atoB-2, pcaF, pcaF-2, phb-A, bktB, phaA, tioL, thlA, fadA, paaJ, phbAf, pimB, mmgA, yhfS, thI, vraB, thI, mvaC, thiL, paaJ, fadA3, fadA4, fadA5, fadA6, cgll2392, catF, sc8f4.03, thiLl, thiL2, acaB
- the enzyme E 54 is preferably encoded by genes selected from the group consisting of phbB, fabG, phbNI, phbB2 or cglI2444, with phbB especially and the corresponding gene from Rhodobacter sphaeroides being particularly preferred.
- the enzyme E 55 is preferably selected from the group consisting of echSl, ehhadh, hadha, echsl-prov, cg4389, cg4389, cg6543, cg6984, cg8778, ech-1, ech-2, ech-3, ech-4, ech-5, ech-6, ech-7, FCAALL.314, fcaall.21, fox2, ecil, eci2, paaF, paaG, yfcX, fadB, faoA, rpfF, phaA, phaB, echAl, echA2, echA3, echA4, echA5, echA ⁇ , echA7, echA8, echA9, echA9, echAlO, echAl 1, echA12, echA13, echA14, echAl5, echAl 6, echAl7, echAl 8, echA
- Suitable genes for the enzyme E 58 are selected from the group consisting of mut, mutA, mutB, sbm, sbmA, sbmB, sbm5, bhbA, mcmA, mcmAl, mcmA2, mcmB, mcml, mcm2, mcm3, ic-mA, meaAl and meaA2, whereby here too the corresponding gene from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is particularly preferred.
- enzyme E 62 an enzyme from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is preferably used, which of DNA sequence with the Seq. ID. -No. 05 is coded and which the amino acid sequence according to Seq. ID. -No. 06 has.
- Preferred genes for the enzymes E ⁇ 3, Ee 4 and Ee 5 are in particular the genes for these enzymes from Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
- nucleotide sequences of the abovementioned genes can be found inter alia also of the KEGG database, the NCBI database or EMBL database.
- the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates are produced via propionyl-coenzyme A and acetyl-coenzyme A as intermediates. It may be useful in principle, in addition to influencing one or more of the above-mentioned enzyme activities E 2 to E 4 and E 47 to E 65 to influence such enzyme activities, which lead to an increase in the formation of acetyl coenzyme A in the cell.
- the cell has an increased activity of an enzyme E66 which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A.
- This enzyme E 66 is preferably a pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.51).
- the cell When the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid is formed from carbon-carbon sources such as methane or methanol, it may be preferable for the cell to have one compared to its Wild type increased activity of at least one of the enzymes E 67 to E 7 I comprises:
- an enzyme E 67 which catalyzes the conversion of methane to methanol
- an enzyme E 68 which catalyzes the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde
- an enzyme E 69 which catalyzes the conversion of formaldehyde to 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolat
- an enzyme E 70 which is the reaction of 5,10-
- Methylene-eta-tetrahydrofolate catalyzed to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate; an enzyme E 7 I, which catalyzes the conversion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to acetyl-coenzyme A.
- E 67 a methane monooxigenase (EC 1.14.13.25), E 68 a methanol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.244),
- E 70 is a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.20),
- nucleotide sequences of suitable genes for the enzymes E 63 to E 67 can be found in the KEGG database, the NCBI database or the EMBL database.
- a genetically modified cell in which the formation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates via methylmalonate
- Semialdehyde is carried out as a precursor, it is preferred that the formation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid polyhydroxyalkanoates over acryloyl-coenzyme -A takes place as an intermediate, wherein the cell used preferably carbohydrates, glycerol or glutamate as a carbon source can.
- the genetically modified cell used has an increased activity of at least one of the following enzymes E 2 to E 4 , E 62 , E 72 and E compared to their wild-type 73 (see FIG. 18):
- An enzyme E 72 which catalyzes the conversion of beta-alanine to beta-alanyl-coenzyme A
- an enzyme E 73 which catalyzes the conversion of beta-alanyl-coenzyme A to acrylyl-coenzyme A
- an enzyme E 62 which catalyzes the conversion of acrylyl coenzyme A to methylmalonyl coenzyme A (or the conversion of crotonyl coenzyme A to ethylmalonyl coenzyme A)
- an enzyme E 2 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl coenzyme A to methylmalonate
- an enzyme E 3 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonate to methylmalonate semialdehyde
- an enzyme E 4 which catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonate semialdehyde to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid.
- Particularly preferred cells according to the invention are those in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased: E62E2, E62E3, E 6 2E 4 , E62E2E3 and E 72 E 73 E 62 E 2 E 3 E 4 . Also in connection with the fourth particular embodiment of the method according to the invention, it may be advantageous that a genetically modified cell is used in which an enzyme is overexpressed, which is able to catalyze at least two of the reaction steps described above.
- an enzyme can also be used here which has both the activity of the enzyme E 2 and that of the enzyme E 3 , such as, for example, the malolyl-coenzyme A reductase from Sulfolobus tokodaii, which differs from the DNA sequence with the Seq. ID. -No. 03 is coded and which the amino acid sequence according to Seq. ID. -No. 04 has.
- the fourth particular embodiment of the cell according to the invention it is in principle also possible to use a cell which is already capable of producing particularly large amounts of acrylyl coenzyme A.
- Synthetase preferably a coenzyme A transferase, E 73 a beta-alanyl-coenzyme A ammonium lysase (EC 4.3.1.6),
- E 62 is a crotonyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase
- E 2 is a methylmalonyl-coenzyme A-hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.17)
- E 3 is an aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) or an aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1)
- E 4 is a 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.31) or a 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35)
- Preferred enzymes E72 with a CoA transferase activity are those from Megasphaera elsdenii, Clostridium propionicum, Clostridium kluyveri and also from Escherichia coli.
- a DNA sequence coding for a CoA transferase mention should be made here of the sequence of Megasphaera elsdenii designated in WO-A-03/062173 with SEQ ID NO: 24.
- Further preferred enzymes are those variants of CoA transferase which are described in WO-A-03/062173.
- Suitable enzymes E 73 having a beta-alanyl-coenzyme A ammonium-lyase activity are, for example, those from Clostridium propionicum.
- DNA sequences encoding such an enzyme can be obtained, for example, from Clostridium propionicum as described in Example 10 of WO-A-03/062173.
- the DNA sequence which codes for the Clostridium propionicum beta-alanyl-coenzyme A ammonium lyase is given in WO-A-03/062173 as SEQ ID NO: 22.
- the crotonyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is used, which of DNA sequence with the Seq. ID. -No. 05 is coded and which the amino acid sequence according to Seq. -ID.- No. 06 has.
- This enzyme is not only able to convert crotonyl coenzyme A to ethylmalonyl coenzyme A, but also acrylyl coenzyme A to methylmalonyl coenzyme A.
- Suitable genes for the enzymes E 2 to E 4 have already been mentioned in connection with the first variant of the process according to the invention, wherein it is preferred also in the context of the second variant, as the gene for the enzyme E 3, the above gene from Sulfolobus tokodaii loading described is particularly preferred.
- a genetically modified cell which has at least one increased activity of the enzyme E2 and E62 or the enzymes E2, E3 and E 6 2 compared to their wild type, wherein the enzyme E 2 or the enzymes E 2 and E 3 of a DNA sequence according to SEQ. ID No. 03 and the enzyme E 62 from a DNA sequence according to SEQ. ID No. 05 is coded.
- the enhanced activity of these two enzymes is achieved by using the polypeptides of SEQ. ID No. 04 and SEQ ID NO.
- amino acid sequences having an identity of at least 50%, preferably at least 55%, moreover preferably at least 60%, moreover preferably at least 65% and most preferably at least 70% to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ , ID No .: 04 or SEQ. ID No. 06, are overexpressed in the cell.
- These two DNA sequences can be integrated into the genome of the cell or can be present on a vector inside the cell.
- the genetically modified cell used in addition to increasing the activity of the enzyme E ⁇ 2 and / or the activity of the enzyme E2 or the enzymes E 2 and E 3 has at least one, preferably both of the following properties:
- the enzyme En is preferably a carboxylase, more preferably a pyruvate carboxylase (EC No. 6.4.1.1), which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
- a particularly preferred pyruvate carboxylase in this context is that mutant which is described in "A novel methodology employing Corynebacterium glutamicum. Information to generate a new L-lysine-producing mutant.”, Ohnishi J et al., Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 58 (2), pp. 217-223 (2002) In this mutation, the amino acid proline was replaced by serine at position 458.
- the disclosure of this publication relates to the possibilities of producing pyruvate carboxylase mutants is hereby introduced as a speaker and forms part of the disclosure of the present invention.
- the enzyme E 75 is preferably a decarboxylase, more preferably a glutamate.
- Decarboxylase or an aspartate decarboxylase most preferred being a 1-aspartate 1-decarboxylase (EC number 4.1.1.11) encoded by the panD gene.
- Aspartate decarboxylase catalyzes the conversion of aspartate to beta-alanine.
- panD genes inter alia, from Escherichia coli (FEMS Microbiology Letters, 143, pages 247-252 (1996)), "Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. Laumondii, Mycobacterium bovis subsp. Bovis ”) and many other microorganisms have already been cloned and sequenced
- panD genes from Corynebacterium glutamicum are described in DE-A-198 55 313.
- panD genes of every conceivable origin, whether from bacteria, yeasts or fungi can be used.
- all the alleles of the panD gene can be used, in particular also those which result from the degeneracy of the genetic code or by function-neutral sense mutations (sense mutations).
- a particularly preferred aspartate decarboxylase according to the invention in addition to the aspartate decarboxylase from Corynebacterium glutamicum is the Escherichia coli mutant DV9 (Vallari and Rock, Journal of Bacteriology, 164, pages 136-142 (1985)).
- a cell is used in the process according to the invention in which the formation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or polyhydroxyalkanoates based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid according to the second variant via 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A takes place as precursor, it is according to In the first particular embodiment it is preferred that the formation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or of polyhydroxyalkanoate based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid takes place via isobutyryl-coenzyme A as an intermediate, wherein the cell is preferably able to utilize carbohydrates, glycerol or L-valine as carbon source.
- a genetically modified cell which has an increased activity of at least one of the following enzymes E 76 compared to its wild-type to e 79, e 6 o, 6 e i and e 8 has (see Figure 19):
- an enzyme E 76 which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to 2-acetolactate
- an enzyme E 77 which catalyzes the reaction of 2-acetolactate to 2, 3-dihydroxyisolvalerate
- an enzyme E 7 g which catalyzes the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisolvalerate to 2-oxoisovalerate
- an enzyme E 79 which is the reaction of 2-
- Genetically modified cells are particularly preferably used according to the invention in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased: Eg, ego, Egi, E 7 g, E 77 , E 78 , E 7 g and E 8 EgoEgiE 7 gE 77 E 78 E 79 ,
- E 8 is a 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A-hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.4),
- E 77 is a dihydroxyisovalerate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.86),
- E 79 is a 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.25 or EC 1.2.4.4),
- Butyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.2) or a 2-methylacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.12), and E ⁇ i an enoyl coenzyme A hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17)
- Preferred enzymes E 8 , E 6 o and E 6 i are those which have already been described above.
- the enzyme E 76 is preferably selected from the group consisting of ilvbl, t8pl9.70, ilvl, ilv2, ilv ⁇ , aalO21wp, ael305cp, ilvl, ilvH, ilvN, ilvB, ilvM, ilvG, ilvN, budB, ilvN-1, ilvN -2, atrC, ilvX, iolD, budB, asS, ilvK, ilvBl, ilvB2, ilvB3, ilvNl, ilvN2, cglI271, cglI272, iolD and scc57A.40c.
- the enzyme E 77 is preferably encoded by genes selected from the group comprising fl4p22.200, ilv5, acll98Wp, ilvC, ilVY, ilvC-1, ilvC-2, ilvC-3 and cgll273, the ilvC gene being most preferred is.
- the enzyme E 7 g is preferably encoded by genes selected from the group comprising fl4ol3.18, ilv3, acIII7wp, ilvD, cgl128, ilvD1 and ilvD2, with ilvD being most preferred.
- L-valine serves as carbon source, it is according to a second modification of the first particular embodiment of the second alternative of the method according to the invention, in which a genetically modified cell is used, in which the formation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid based polyhydroxyalcohol kanoaten via 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A as a precursor and isobutyryl-coenzyme A as an intermediate, it is preferred that this cell used a increased compared to their wild-type activity of at least one of the following enzymes E 79 , E 80 , E 60 , E 6i and E 8 (see FIG. 20):
- Genetically modified cells are particularly preferably used according to the invention in which the activity of the following enzymes or enzyme combinations is increased: E 8 , E 6 O, E 6 i, E 79 , E 80 and E 8 E 60 E 6 IE 79 E 80 .
- E 8 is a 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A-hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.4), E 6 O an acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3), a
- Butyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.2) or a 2-methylacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.12),
- E 61 an enoyl coenzyme A hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17), E 79 a 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.25 or EC 1.2.4.4), and
- E 80 an amino acid transferase (EC 2.6.1.42)
- Preferred enzymes Eg, E 6 o, E 6 i and E 79 are those already described above.
- the enzyme E 80 is preferably selected from the group consisting of bcatl, bcat2, t27I1.8, t27il.9, f2jl ⁇ .5, f2jl ⁇ .4, tl2hl.l6, mmbl2.20, t9c5.3, mpa24.13, batl , bat2, adl384wp, eca39, bcaA, ilvE, ilvEI, ilvE2, ilVE3, ywaA, ybgE, bcaT and cgl2204, with ilvE being particularly preferred.
- nucleotide sequences of suitable genes, the enzyme E 80 can be found again in the KEGG database, the NCBI database or EMBL database.
- a genetically modified cell in which the activity of an enzyme E 4 which catalyzes the conversion of methyl malonate semialdehyde to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, is reduced, wherein this enzyme E 4 is preferably a 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.31) or a 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35).
- this enzyme E 4 is preferably a 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.31) or a 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35).
- the genetically modified cell used it is furthermore preferred for the genetically modified cell used to have an increased expression of the glbO gene compared to its wild type. Furthermore, it may be preferable under some circumstances for the genetically modified cell used to have a reduced activity of the citrate transport protein, which is encoded by the dctA gene or the citP gene, in comparison to its wild type.
- the genetically modified cell used in the process according to the invention is preferably obtainable by a process comprising the process step of increasing the activity of at least one of the above-mentioned described enzymes, preferably one or more of the enzymes
- the increasing of the enzyme activity is preferably carried out by the methods described above.
- the genetically modified cells can be used continuously or discontinuously in the batch process (batch culturing) or in the fed-batch process (feed process) or repeated-fed-batch process (repetitive feed process) for the purpose of producing 3 Hydroxyisobutyrate or 3-hydroxyisobutyrate based polyhydroxyalkanoates are contacted with the nutrient medium and thus cultured. Also conceivable is a semi-continuous process, as described in GB-A-1009370.
- a summary of known cultivation methods can be found in the textbook by Chmiel ("Bioprocess Technique 1. Introduction to Bioprocess Engineering” (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the textbook by Storhas (“Bioreactors and Peripherals Facilities “, Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1994).
- the culture medium to be used must suitably satisfy the requirements of the respective strains. Descriptions of culture media of various microorganisms are contained in the Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C, USA, 1981).
- carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch and cellulose, oils and fats such.
- oils and fats such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and coconut oil, fatty acids such.
- palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid alcohols such.
- glycerol and methanol hydrocarbons such as methane, amino acids such as L-glutamate or L-valine or organic acids such.
- acetic acid can be used. These substances can be used individually or as a mixture.
- Particularly loading vorzugt is the use of carbohydrates, especially monosaccharides, oligosaccharides or polysaccharides, as described in US 6,01,494 and US 6,136,576, by C 5 - sugars or glycerol.
- organic nitrogen-containing compounds such as peptones, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, corn steep liquor, soybean meal and urea, or inorganic compounds such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate can be used.
- the nitrogen sources can be used singly or as a mixture.
- Phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts can be used as the phosphorus source.
- the culture medium must continue to contain salts of metals such. As magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate, which are necessary for growth.
- essential growth factors such as amino acids and vitamins can be used in addition to the above-mentioned substances.
- suitable precursors can be added to the culture medium.
- the said starting materials can be added to the culture in the form of a one-time batch or fed in during the cultivation in a suitable manner.
- the temperature of the culture is normally from 20 ° C. to 45 ° C., and preferably from 25 ° C. to 40 ° C.
- the cells which can convert glycerol as substrate, it may be preferable to use such cells as cells, which are described in US 6,803,218.
- the cells can be cultured at temperatures in the range of 40 to 100 0 C.
- the purification of the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid from the nutrient solution is preferably carried out continuously, it also being preferred in this connection to carry out the preparation of the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid by fermentation continuously so that the entire process from the preparation of the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid to its purification can be carried out continuously from the fermentation broth.
- a device for separating the microorganisms used in the fermentation preferably via a filter having an exclusion size in a range from 20 to 200 kDa, in which a solid / Liquid separation takes place.
- a centrifuge, a suitable sedimentation device or a combination of these devices wherein it is particularly preferred first to separate off at least part of the microorganisms by sedimentation and then to feed the fermentation broth partially freed from the microorganisms to an ultrafiltration or centrifuging device.
- the enriched in its 3-Hydroxyisobutterklare-share fermentation product is supplied after the separation of the microorganisms of a preferably multi-stage separation plant.
- a separation plant In this separation plant a plurality of series-connected separation stages are provided, from which each return lines lead, which are returned to the fermentation tank. Furthermore, discharges lead out of the respective separation stages.
- the individual separation stages can work according to the principle of electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration or nanofiltration. As a rule, these are membrane separators in the individual separation stages. The selection of the individual separation stages results from the nature and extent of the fermentation by-products and substrate residues.
- the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid can also be separated by extraction from the microorganism-freed fermentation solution, in which case, ultimately, the pure 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid can be obtained.
- the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid by extraction for example, ammonium compounds or amines may be added to the fermentation solution to form an ammonium salt of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid.
- This ammonium salt can then be separated from the fermentation solution by adding an organic extractant and then heating the resulting mixture, whereby the ammonium salt accumulates in the organic phase. From this phase, the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid can then be isolated to obtain the pure 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, for example by further extraction steps. Further details regarding this separation process can be found in WO-A-02/090312, the disclosure content of which with regard to the separation of hydroxycarboxylic acids from fermentation solutions is hereby incorporated by reference and forms part of the disclosure of the present application. Depending on the manner of separation of the 3
- Hydroxyisobutyric acid from the fermentation solution becomes either an aqueous 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid solution containing 2 to 90% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 50% by weight and more preferably 10 to 25% by weight of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, or obtained pure 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid.
- the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid prepared in step IA) of the process according to the invention can be neutralized before, during or after the purification, it being possible to use bases such as calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide for this purpose.
- the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid is dehydrated to form methacrylic acid, for which purpose either the pure 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid isolated from the fermentation solution or the aqueous 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid solution isolated in the work-up of the fermentation solution are used may be, which is optionally concentrated before the dehydration, for example by distillation, optionally in the presence of a suitable entrainer.
- the dehydration can in principle be carried out in the liquid phase or in the gas phase. Furthermore, it is preferred according to the invention that the dehydration takes place in the presence of a catalyst, the type of catalyst used being dependent on whether a gas-phase or a liquid-phase reaction is carried out.
- Suitable dehydration catalysts are both acidic and alkaline catalysts. Acid catalysts are particularly preferred because of the low tendency toward oligomer formation.
- the dehydration catalyst can be used both as a homogeneous and as a heterogeneous catalyst. When the dehydration catalyst is present as a heterogeneous catalyst, it is preferred that the dehydration catalyst be in contact with a carrier x. Suitable carriers x are all solids which appear suitable to the person skilled in the art.
- these solids have suitable pore volumes which are suitable for good binding and absorption of the dehydration catalyst.
- total pore volumes according to DIN 66133 in a range from 0.01 to 3 ml / g are preferred and total pore volumes in a range from 0.1 to 1.5 ml / g are particularly preferred.
- the solids suitable as carrier x have a surface area in the range from 0.001 to 1000 m 2 / g, preferably in the range from 0.005 to 450 m 2 / g and moreover preferably in the range from 0.01 to 300 m 2 / g according to BET test according to DIN 66131.
- the carrier for the dehydration catalyst may on the one hand be a bulk material having an average particle diameter in the range from 0.1 to 40 mm, preferably in the range from 1 to 10 mm and more preferably in the range from 1.5 to 5 mm, be used.
- the wall of the dehydration reactor may serve as a carrier.
- the carrier per se may be acidic or basic, or an acidic or basic dehydration catalyst may be applied to an inert carrier. As application techniques are in particular immersion or impregnation or to name the incorporation into a carrier matrix.
- Suitable carriers x which may also have dehydration catalyst own shanks, are in particular natural or synthetic silicatic substances, such as in particular mordenite, montmorillonite, acidic zeolites; with mono-, di- or polybasic inorganic acids, in particular phosphoric acid, or acidic salts of inorganic acids occupied carriers, such as oxidic or siliceous substances, for example Al2O3, TiO 2 ; Oxides and mixed oxides, such as ⁇ -Al 2 ⁇ 3 and ZnO-Al 2 ⁇ 3 mixed oxides of heteropoly acids.
- the carrier x consists at least partially of an oxidic compound.
- oxidic compounds should have at least one of Si, Ti, Zr, Al, P or a combination of at least two of them.
- Such carriers can themselves act as dehydration catalysts by their acidic or basic properties.
- a preferred class of compound acting both as a carrier as x and as a dehydration catalyst include silicon / aluminum / phosphorus oxides.
- Preferred basic substances which function both as dehydration catalyst and as support x include alkali, alkaline earth, lanthanum, lanthanoids or a combination of at least two thereof in their oxidic form.
- acidic or basic dehydration catalysts are commercially available both from Degussa AG and from Südchemie AG.
- Another class is ion exchangers. These too can be in both basic and acidic forms.
- Suitable homogeneous dehydration catalysts are, in particular, inorganic acids, preferably phosphorus-containing acids and, moreover, preferably phosphoric acid. These inorganic acids can be immobilized on the support x by immersion or impregnation.
- heterogeneous catalysts Especially in the gas phase dehydration, the use of heterogeneous catalysts has proven particularly useful. In liquid phase dehydration, however, both homogeneous and heterogeneous dehydration catalysts are used.
- a dehydration catalyst having a H 0 value in the range of +1 to -10, preferably in a range of +2 to -8.2 and more preferably in the liquid phase dehydration in a Range of +2 to -3 and in the gas phase dehydration in a range of - 3 to -8.2 is used.
- the H 0 value corresponds to the acid function after hammering and can be determined by the so-called amine titration and the use of indicators or by absorption of a gaseous base (see “Studies in Surface Science and Catalytic", Vol. 51, 1989: “New solid Acids and Bases, their catalytic properties ", K. Tannabe et al.
- the process according to the invention is as an acidic solid catalyst with an inorganic acid, preferably with phosphoric acid or pore-shaped carrier body brought into contact with superacids such as sulfated or phosphated zirconium oxide, which is preferably at least 90% by weight, more preferably at least 95% by weight and most preferably at least 99% by weight a silicon oxide, preferably based on SiO 2.
- superacids such as sulfated or phosphated zirconium oxide
- the contacting of the pore-shaped carrier body with the inorganic acid is preferably carried out by impregnating the carrier body with the acid, these preferably in an amount in a range of 10 to 70 wt .-%, particularly preferably in a range 20 to 60 wt.
- the support body is heated to fix the inorganic acid, preferably to a temperature in a range of 300 to 600 0 C, moreover preferably in a range of 400 to 500 0 C.
- the dehydration is carried out in the gas phase.
- customary apparatuses such as those known to those skilled in the gas phase reaction, for example tubular reactors, can be used.
- Particularly preferred is the use of tube bundle heat exchangers and of reactors which include thermoplates as heat exchangers.
- pure 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid is introduced into a reactor comprising one of the abovementioned fixed-bed catalysts.
- the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid is in the form of an aqueous solution containing 2 to 80 wt .-%, more preferably 5 to 50 wt .-% and more preferably 10 to 25 wt .-% of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, each based on the total weight of the aqueous solution, introduced into the reactor.
- the pressure and temperature conditions inside the reactor are chosen so that the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or the aqueous solution is in gaseous form when it enters the reactor.
- the dehydration in the gas phase is preferably carried out in the temperature range between 200 and 400 0 C, more preferably between 250 and 350 0 C.
- the pressure inside the reactor is in the gas phase dehydration preferably in a range of 0.1 to 50 bar, more preferably in a range of 0.2 to 10 bar, and most preferably in a range of 0.5 to 5 bar.
- the amount of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid introduced into the reactor is preferably in a range of from 10 to 100% by volume, more preferably in a range of from 20 to 100% by volume, and most preferably in a range of from 30 to 100%, in the gas phase dehydration -%.
- the dehydration is carried out in the liquid phase.
- the liquid phase dehydration may also be carried out in any apparatus known to those skilled in the art in which a fluid can be heated to a desired reaction temperature, the pressure being sufficient to maintain the reaction components liquid under the desired temperature conditions ,
- the process of liquid phase dehydration comprises a first process step, in which pure 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or an aqueous solution containing 5 to 100 wt .-%, particularly preferably 20 to 100 wt .-% and am most preferably 50 to 100% by weight of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, based on the total weight of the aqueous solution, is introduced into a reactor.
- the pressure and temperature conditions inside the reactor are chosen so that the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or the aqueous solution is in liquid form when it enters the reactor.
- the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or the aqueous solution in the interior of the dehydration reactor is passed over a fixed catalyst bed in such a way that the liquid phase trickles over the surface of the catalyst particles.
- Such a procedure can be carried out, for example, in a trickle bed reactor.
- the dehydration is preferably carried out in the liquid phase in the temperature range between 200 and 350 0 C, particularly preferably between 250 and 300 0 C.
- the pressure inside the reactor is in the sossigphasendehydratisie- tion preferably in a range of 1 to 50 bar, particularly preferably in a range of 2 to 25 bar, and most preferably in a range of 3 to 10 bar.
- the catalysis of the dehydration can take place homogeneously or heterogeneously both in the gas phase dehydration and in the liquid phase dehydration.
- the catalyst which is then preferably an inorganic acid such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid, is first contacted with the pure 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or with the aqueous solution containing the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid. Subsequently, the composition thus obtained is introduced into the reactor and converted under the desired pressure and temperature conditions in methacrylic acid. It is also conceivable to introduce the inorganic acid into the reactor independently of the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or of the aqueous solution. In this case, the reactor has at least two supply lines, one for the 3
- the catalyst is in the form of a solid substrate in the reaction space, for example in the form of a fixed bed, in the form of catalyst-coated plates, preferably thermoplates, which are arranged inside the reactor or in the form of Catalyst coated reactor walls.
- Possible reactors are described, for example, in DE-A- 198 48 208, DE-A-100 19 381 and EP-AI 234 612 described.
- preferably impregnated pore-shaped support bodies are used as catalysts which are brought into contact with inorganic acids. The 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or aqueous solution containing the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid is then contacted in vapor or liquid form with the surface of the solid catalyst material.
- the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid in the liquid phase at a pressure in a range of 200 to 500 mbar, at a temperature in a range of 200 to 230 0 C and in the presence of alkali metal Ion carried out as a catalyst.
- the reaction mixture which is obtained following the dehydration is either an aqueous methacrylic acid solution which contains no catalyst constituents (such is obtained in the case of a heterogeneously catalyzed dehydration) or else an aqueous methacrylic acid solution, which catalyst (obtained in the case of homogeneously catalyzed dehydration) is obtained.
- the aqueous methacrylic acid solution can be present in liquid form (if the dehydration has taken place in the liquid phase) or in gaseous form (if the dehydration has taken place in the gas phase).
- the methacrylic acid solution thus obtained can, according to a particular embodiment of the process according to the invention, optionally without esterification be supplied.
- the methacrylic acid solution is contacted with appropriate alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol or 1-butanol and suitable esterification catalysts known to those skilled in the art, such as concentrated acids, with heating, and the methacrylic acid converted into the corresponding esters in this way.
- suitable alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol or 1-butanol and suitable esterification catalysts known to those skilled in the art, such as concentrated acids, with heating, and the methacrylic acid converted into the corresponding esters in this way.
- it may be advantageous to purify the methacrylic acid prior to the esterification in which case any purifying process known to those skilled in the art can be used, which is conventionally used for the purification of contaminated (meth) acrylic acid obtained by catalytic gas-
- the methacrylic acid is first condensed to obtain an aqueous methacrylic acid solution.
- any condensation process known to the person skilled in the art can be used, for example a fractionated condensation, as described in WO-A
- the aqueous methacrylic acid solution obtained after the condensation or else the aqueous methacrylic acid solution obtained in the case of liquid phase dehydration can then be freed of water and other impurities in further purification steps. It can be first the water in the presence of an entraining agent by azeotropic distillation are removed, as described for example in DE-A-198 53 064. Also conceivable is the use of high-boiling organic solvents for the absorption of methacrylic acid, as disclosed, for example, in EP-A-0 974 574. In addition to these distillative processes, it is also possible to use membranes for dewatering, as proposed for example in DE-A-44 01 405. It is also conceivable to purify the aqueous methacrylic acid solution obtained in the case of liquid phase dehydration or obtained by condensation by crystallization processes.
- the methacrylic acid obtained after dewatering can be further purified in further process steps. So still contained, high-boiling impurities can be removed by further distillation steps. However, it is particularly preferred if the methacrylic acid obtained after dewatering is further purified by crystallization processes, as described, for example, in DE-A-101 49 353.
- the purified methacrylic acid thus obtained may then optionally be subjected to esterification.
- a contribution to the solution of the abovementioned objects is further provided by a process for the preparation of methacrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters, comprising the process steps IIA) Preparation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates by the method described above,
- the carboxyl groups of methacrylic acid can be at least partially esterified before or after the radical polymerization.
- FIG. 1 shows the conversion of succinyl-coenzyme A into methylmalonyl-coenzyme A catalyzed by the enzyme Ei.
- FIG. 3 shows the reaction of (R) -methylmalonyl-coenzyme A catalyzed by the enzymes E 4 , E 6 and E 7 to form 3-hydroxyisobutergic acid according to the second alternative of the method according to the invention, in which a genetically modified cell is used Succinyl coenzyme A as an intermediate and methylmalonate semialdehyde as a precursor in the preparation of 3-Hydroxyisobutterklaklad or of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based Polyhydro- xyalkanoaten be formed.
- FIG. 4 shows the reaction of methylmalonyl-coenzyme A catalyzed by enzymes E 4 , E 5 and E 7 to give 3-hydroxyisobutergic acid according to the third alternative of the process according to the invention, in which a genetically modified cell is used in the succinyl-coenzyme A as an intermediate and methylmalonate semialdehyde as a precursor in the preparation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid o- which are formed by 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates.
- FIG. 5 shows the reaction of 3-hydroxyisobutergic acid catalyzed by the enzymes E 8 and E 9 to give a polyhydroxyalkanoate.
- FIG. 6 shows the reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate or pyruvate to oxalacetate catalyzed by the enzymes Ei 0 or En according to a particular embodiment of the first, second or third alternative of the method according to the invention, in which a genetically modified cell is used in the succinyl Coenzyme A as an intermediate and methylmalonate semialdehyde as a precursor in the preparation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or on 3-
- Hydroxyisobutyric acid based polyhydroxyalkanoates are formed.
- Hydroxyisobutyric acid based polyhydroxyalkanoates are formed.
- FIG. 9 shows the conversion of oxaloacetate into succinyl-coenzyme A catalyzed by the enzymes Ei6, E24, E27 and E 2 8 according to a third particular embodiment of the first, second or third alternative of the method according to the invention, in which a genetically modified cell is used is formed in succinyl coenzyme A as an intermediate and methylmalonate semialdehyde as a precursor in the preparation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid based polyhydroxyalkanoates.
- FIG. 10 shows the conversion of L-glutamate into succinyl-coenzyme A catalyzed by the enzymes E 4 6 and E28 according to a further particular embodiment of the first, second or third alternative of the method according to the invention, in which a genetically modified cell is used is formed in the succinyl-coenzyme A as an intermediate and methylmalonate-semialdehyde as a precursor in the preparation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid based polyhydroxyalkanoates.
- FIGS. 11 and 12 show the reaction of acetyl coenzyme A catalyzed by the enzymes E 4 , E 5 and E 47 to E52 to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid according to a first alternative of the second particular embodiment of the method according to the invention, in which a genetically modified cell is used in the propionyl-coenzyme A as an intermediate and methylmalonate semialdehyde as a precursor in the preparation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or formed on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates.
- FIGS. 13 and 14 show the reaction of propionyl-coenzyme A to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid catalyzed by the enzymes E 2 to E 4 , Ee, E 7 and E 47 to E 52 according to a second alternative of the second particular embodiment of the method according to the invention; in which a genetically modified cell is used in which propionyl-coenzyme A as intermediate and methylmalonate-semialdehyde as precursor in the production of
- FIGS. 15 and 16 show the reaction of propionyl coenzyme A to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid catalyzed by the enzymes E 2 to E 4 , E 7 and E 47 to E 52 according to a third alternative of the second particular embodiment of the process according to the invention, in which a genetically modified cell is used in which propionyl-coenzyme A is formed as an intermediate and methylmalonate semialdehyde as a precursor in the preparation of 3-Hydroxyisobutterkladre o- or of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates.
- FIG. 17 shows the reaction, catalyzed by the enzymes E53 to E 55 , E 5 g and E 6 2 to E 65 , of two units of acetyl coenzyme A to give glyoxylate and propionyl coenzyme A according to a fifth alternative of the second particular embodiment in which a genetically modified cell is used in which propionyl-coenzyme A is formed as an intermediate and methylmalonate semialdehyde as a precursor in the preparation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates.
- FIG. 18 shows the reaction of beta-alanine to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid catalyzed by the enzymes E 2 to E 4 , E 62 , E 72 and E 73 according to a third particular embodiment of the process according to the invention, in which a genetically modified cell is used, are formed in the Acry- lyl-coenzyme A as an intermediate and methylmalonate semialdehyde as a precursor in the preparation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid polyhydroxyalkanoates.
- FIG. 19 shows the reaction of pyruvate to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid catalyzed by the enzymes E 76 to E 79, E 6 o, E 6 i and E 8 according to a first alternative of the first particular embodiment of the second variant of the process according to the invention, in which a genetically engineered cell is used in which isobutyryl coenzyme A is formed as an intermediate and 3-hydroxyisobutyryl coenzyme A as a precursor in the preparation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or based on 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid polyhydroxyalkanoates.
- FIG. 19 shows the reaction of pyruvate to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid catalyzed by the enzymes E 76 to E 79, E 6 o, E 6 i and E 8 according to a first alternative of the first particular embodiment of the second variant of the process according to the invention, in which a genetically engineered cell is used in which isobutyryl coenzyme A is formed as an intermediate and 3-
- FIG. 20 shows the reaction of L-valine to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid catalyzed by the enzymes Eg, E ⁇ o, E ⁇ i, E 7 g and E 80 according to a second alternative of the first particular embodiment of the second variant of the method according to the invention modified cell is used in which isobutyryl coenzyme A as an intermediate and 3-hydroxyisobutyryl coenzyme A as a precursor in the production of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid or 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid-based polyhydroxyalkanoates are formed.
- FIG. 21 shows the plasmid pEKEx2MCM cgi from Example 3.
- FIG. 22 shows the vector pGA4_3HIBDH from Example 3.
- FIG. 23 shows the vector pGA5_MMCoAR_3HIBDH from Example 3.
- FIG. 24 shows the vector pECXT99A from Example 3.
- FIG. 25 shows the vector pECXT99A_MMCoAR_3HIBDH from Example 3.
- FIG. 26 shows the ion-chromatographic detection of a formation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid by the recombinant cells in Example 3.
- FIG. 27 shows the ion chromatographic detection that the peak identified in FIG. 26 is that for 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid.
- Example 1 The present invention will now be illustrated in Example 1 with reference to a recombinant cell capable of producing 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid via 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A as a precursor and isobutyryl-coenzyme A as an intermediate starting from L-valine as a carbon source.
- This cell can be used according to the invention for the production of methacrylic acid.
- the enzymes EC 2.6.1.42 and EC 1.2.4.4 each from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- a cluster comprising the three enzymes EC 1.3.99.12, EC 4.2.1.17 and E. coli BL21 (DE3) were used
- the enzyme EC 1.2.4.4 is from a gene with the DNA sequence shown in SEQ. ID No. 07 and 08 (GC and ß subunit) encoded, while the enzyme EC 2.6.1.42 from a gene with the DNA sequence shown in SEQ. ID No. 09 is coded.
- the enzyme EC 1.3.99.12 is from a gene with the DNA sequence with the SEQ. ID No. 10 encodes the enzyme EC 4.2.1.17 from a gene with the DNA sequence according to SEQ. ID No. 11 and the enzyme EC 3.1.2.4 from a gene with the DNA sequence according to SEQ. ID No. 12.
- Organisms, plasmids and oligonucleotides The following bacterial strains, vectors, genomic DNA and oligonucleotides were used to prepare this recombinant cell:
- E. coli DH5 NEB E. coli BL21 Invitrogen (DE3)
- the vector pCDFDuet-1 (having a streptomycin / spectinomycin resistance) is, like the PCR fragment 2.6.1.42, cut by means of EcoRI / Sali and the resulting restrictions ligated with T4 ligase overnight.
- the vector pCDFDuet :: 2.6.1.42 is obtained.
- the vector pCDFDuet:: 2.6.1.42 and the vector pCR2.1-TOPO:: 1.2.4.4 are digested with BglII / Kpnl. Subsequently, the ligation of pCDFDuet:: 2.6.1.42 (BgI-II / Kpnl) with pCR2.1-TOPO:: 1.2.4.4 to obtain the vector pCDFDuet:: 2.6.1.42-1.2.4.4.
- E. coli DH5 ⁇ cells were transformed. The plasmids were isolated.
- the plasmid pCDFDuet:: 2.6.1.42-1.2.4.4 has the DNA sequence according to SEQ. ID No. 19 on.
- V-ClusAca Cloning of the Valine Cluster from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
- the strain ATCC 33304 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was cultured for isolation of total DNA (HH agar or medium).
- the isolation of total DNA was carried out with the kit DNEasy from Qiagen (L1 and L2) and by a method comprising the steps i) centrifugation of 1 mL culture, ii) addition of 200 ⁇ L H 2 O to the pellet, iii) heating for 10 min at 95 0 C, iv) centrifugal fugation (10 min, 13,000 rpm), and v) removing the Ü berstandes for a PCR.
- the PCR products were purified and ligated according to the instructions for the plasmid pET101 / D-TOPO and brought into E. coli DH5CC.
- the plasmid pET101 / D-TOPO :: V cluster Aca is obtained.
- the plasmid pET101 / D-TOPO:: V cluster Aca has the DNA sequence according to SEQ. ID No. 20 on.
- Hydroxyisobutyric acid from L-valine is able to form
- E. coli BL21 (DE3) was transformed with plasmids pET101 / D-TOPO :: V-cluster Aca and pCDF-Duet :: 2.6.1.42-1.2.4.4 (plated on LB-Spec. / Amp-medium).
- the cells thus obtained were capable of neutralizing L-valine in a nutrient medium containing L-valine.
- a DNA encoding a gene is isolated and the gene overexpressed in E. coli.
- the DNA encodes an enzyme which has both the activity of the enzyme E 2 and that of the enzyme E 3 .
- Sulfolobus tocodaii was grown in small culture volumes (40-200 ml) at 75 ° C and a pH of 3.0 with shaking (150 rpm). The growth was photomet- followed by measuring the optical density at 578 nm (OD 578 nm ).
- a modified SuIfOIo jbus medium was used (modified according to Brock et al., Archives of Microbiology 84, pages 54-68, 1972; Suzuki et al., Extremophiles, 6, pp. 39-44, 2002).
- the source of energy and carbon was yeast extract, casamino acids and glucose.
- the medium consisted of the following components: basal medium, glucose stock solution, iron stock solution and trace element stock solution.
- the cells were harvested at an OD 5 7 8 nm of 0.3-0.5 (exponential phase). The centrifugation was carried out in a Sorvall centrifuge (SS34 rotor) for 15 min at 9,000 rpm. The cell precipitate was used directly for the DNA extraction.
- Glucose stock solution (10fold). Glucose (100 g / l). The solution was sterile filtered.
- Isolation of genomic DNA was performed by the method of Murray and Thompson (Nucleic Acid Research, 8, pp. 4,321-4,325, 1980). For this purpose, 10 to 50 mg (wet weight) of freshly harvested cells were weighed into a 1.5 ml Eppendorf reaction vessel and resuspended in 570 ml of TE buffer (10 mM Tris / HCl (pH 8.0), 1 mM NaEDTA). 30 ⁇ l of a 10% (w / v) SDS solution (sodium dodecyl sulfate solution) and 3 ⁇ l proteinase K (20 ⁇ g / ⁇ l) were added and incubated for 1 h at 52 ° C.
- CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
- aqueous phase was free of pigments, it was overcoated with 400 ⁇ l of 100% isopropanol. By careful mixing of both phases, the chromosomal DNA precipitated at the interface. The DNA could be caught with an extracted Pasteur pipette and washed in 200 ⁇ l of 70% ethanol. After renewed centrifugation (5 min, 14,000 rpm), the supernatant was removed, the DNA dried for 2 h at room temperature and finally dissolved in 100 ul TE buffer. 3. Amplification of the malonyl-coenzyme A reductase gene
- PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
- the reaction mixture indicated in Table 1 below was used for the PCR reactions.
- the PCR was carried out as hot-start PCR, ie, the reaction was onsansatz incubated prior to the addition of the Pfu polymerase 2 min at 95 0 C. This was followed by 30 cycles, each with 1 minute at 95 0 C, 1 minute at 45 0 C and 5 minutes at 72 0 C, followed by a last step with 30 seconds at 45 0 C, 15 minutes at 72 0 C and finally a break at 6 0 C.
- Table 1 Standard reaction batch (50 ⁇ l) for proofreading PCR with Pfu polymerase
- Example 3 For cloning of the malonyl-coenzyme A reductase gene from Sulfolobus tocodaii, the gene amplified in Example 3 was nonspecific with the
- PCR T7 Topo TA Expression Kit (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf) was cloned into the vector pCR T7 / CT-Topo (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- the isolated cloning vector obtained in Example 4 is subjected to restriction digestion with the restriction enzymes NcoI and BamRI.
- 25-27 ⁇ l of plasmid DNA expression vector pTrc99A or pCR T7 / CT topo vector with the incorporated gene of malonyl-coenzyme A reductase
- 5 .mu.l 10fach concentrated reaction buffer 5 .mu.l 10fach concentrated reaction buffer and 2-3 ul restriction enzyme (10 U / ul Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot) mixed well.
- the reaction mixture was made up to 50 ⁇ l with H 2 O dest and incubated for 5 h at the temperature indicated by the manufacturer. Before the others
- ethanol precipitation was performed.
- the DNA was mixed with 3 volumes of 100% ethanol and 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.3) for 2 hours or overnight at -80 0 C.
- a centrifugation step (20 min, 14,000 rpm, 4 ° C, Eppendorf bench centrifuge)
- the supernatant was carefully removed and the DNA with
- alkaline phosphatase is used to remove the 5 'phosphate groups of the linearized double-stranded vector. In this way, the cloning efficiency is increased because religation of the vector is prevented.
- Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase was used to dephosphorylate the digested vector.
- Dephosphorylation was carried out in the same buffer as the restriction digest. 50 .mu.l of the restriction mixture were mixed with 1.5 .mu.l CIAP (CaIf intestine alkaline phosphatase) (lU / ul, Fermentas, St. Leon Red) and incubated at 37 0 C for 30 min. Prior to further use of the cut and dephosphorylated vector, ethanol precipitation was performed as described above.
- CIAP CaIf intestine alkaline phosphatase
- Ligation of the insert DNA with the expression vector uses T4 DNA ligase using plasmid DNA and insert DNA in a molar ratio of 1: 3 - 1: 6.
- the ligation mixtures had a volume of 50 ⁇ l.
- Plasmid DNA (2 - 10 ⁇ l), insert DNA (2 - 20 ⁇ l), 5 ⁇ l ligation buffer with DTE (50 mM) and the appropriate amount of sterile H 2 O of t were pipetted together, vortexed, centrifuged briefly and then Incubated at 45 ° C for 5 min. The batch was cooled on ice. 5 ⁇ l of 5 mM ATP and 1.5 ⁇ l of T4 DNA ligase (1 U / ⁇ l, Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot) were added and the batch was mixed. The ligation took place overnight at 16 ° C.
- the ligation mixture was used directly for the transformation of chemically competent cells.
- centrifugation was carried out for 1 min at 10,000 rpm, 750 ⁇ l were discarded from the supernatant and the cell precipitate resuspended. From this concentrated approach 50 ul, 100 ul and 200 ul were streaked onto LB plates (Sambrook et al incubated overnight at 37 0 C in the incubator. The plates were rinsed with 1 ml of LB medium. 150 ml LB medium (containing 100 ⁇ g / ml ampilcillin) were then inoculated into 500 ml Erlenmeyer baffled flasks with this cell suspension. The cultures grew at 37 ° C. and 180 rpm.
- Overexpression was carried out by induction of the promoter in pTrc99A by addition of 0.5 M IPTG (isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside) at an OD 5 7 8 nm of 0.6.
- IPTG isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside
- the E. coli strain obtained in Example 6 was digested by means of a cell mill.
- the disrupted cells were heated for 15 min at 85 0 C.
- non-heat-stable enzymes coagulate and are precipitated. Since the target protein is heat-stable, it remains contained in the supernatant.
- Coenzyme A reductase activity the supernatant was diluted 1:50 in TM buffer (50mM Tris / Cl, 1mM MgCl 2 , pH 8.1).
- TM buffer 50mM Tris / Cl, 1mM MgCl 2 , pH 8.1
- HIPS buffer 100 mM HEPES / NaOH, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM dithioerythritol containing 0.5 mM NADPH
- HIPS buffer 100 mM HEPES / NaOH, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM dithioerythritol containing 0.5 mM NADPH
- the reaction was started by addition of malonyl coenzyme A, the final concentration being 0.5 mM, and the decrease in NADPH absorption at 365 nm was determined, the enzyme activity determined being 15.5 ⁇ mol / min / mg protein (15.5 U / mg).
- the reaction was started by addition of methylmalonyl coenzyme A (Fluka, Art. No .: 67767), the final concentration being 2.0 mM. The decrease in NADPH absorption was determined. The determined enzyme activity was 0.24 ⁇ mol / min / mg protein (0.24 U / mg).
- Example 3 The present invention is further illustrated in Example 3 with reference to the preparation of methacrylic acid by a recombinant cell capable of producing 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid via methylmalonate-semialdehyde as a precursor starting from glucose as a carbon source.
- the enzymes methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase (egg) and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (E 4 ) were overexpressed in C. glutamicum ATCC13032.
- pEKEx2MCM cgi For the construction of pEKEx2MCM cgi, the vector pEKEx2 was used (Kleinertz et al., 1991, Gene 102: 93), which involves the transcription of cloned genes under the control of the isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) inducible tac promoter and the lac repressor system (laclq) allowed.
- IPTG isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside
- laclq lac repressor system
- the 5.2 kb DNA fragment coding for the genes NCgll470, NCgll471 and NCgll472 was amplified by means of the following oligonucleotides and DNA of Cory- nebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 as template amplified:
- pcgl857-59_back (SEQ ID NO: 24): 5'-cTTAGGCTTTGTCGAACGCCTCC-3 '.
- the 5.2 kb fragment was isolated as a Sall fragment from the pUC19 derivative and ligated into the Sal I site of the vector pEKEx2. Restriction digests were used to select plasmids with the correct orientation, and one of them was designated pEKEx2MCM cgi. The resulting plasmid is shown in FIG. 2. Cloning of Thermus thermophilus 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase into pEKEx2, construction of pEC-XT99A MMCoAR 3HIBDH
- 3HIBDH from Thermus thermophilus (TTHA0237) was synthesized taking into account the codon usage of C. glutamicum.
- the codon usage optimized gene (SEQ ID NO: 25) was synthesized into the vector pGA4 (pGA4_3HIBDH, Figure 22).
- the gene of 3HIBDH was linearized into the vector pGA5_MMCoAR linearized with the restriction enzymes BamRI (and subsequent fill-in reaction) and KpnI, a vector which was already tokodaii from the sulfolobus methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase containing deduced sequence under functional expression control of the T7 promoter, ligated.
- the resulting vector pGA5_MMCoAR_3HIBDH is shown in FIG.
- the insert with the methylmalonyl-coenzyme A reductase and the 3HIBDH was converted into the target vector pECXT99A linearized by digestion with the restriction endonucleases BamRI (and then fill-in reaction) and KpnI by digestion with Kpnl and .Ecll36II (Accession Number: AY219684, FIG. 24) (resulting vector pECXT99A_MMCoAR_3HIBDH, FIG. 25).
- Competent cells of C. glutamicum ATCC13032 were prepared as described by Tauch et al. (Curr Microbiol., 2002, 45: 362-367).
- DNA from pEKEx2MCM_cgl and pEC-XT99A_3HIBDH_varIIMMCoAR was introduced by electroporation, and transformants on brain heart agar from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), which had been supplemented with 50 mg / l kanamycin and 5 mg / l tetracycline, were selected ( Liebl et al., FEMS Microbiol Lett., 1989, 53: 299-303).
- Transformers were used to isolate plasmid DNA, which was characterized by restriction digestion. In this way, C. glutamicum pEKEx2MCM_cgl / pEC-XT99A_3HIBDH_varIIMMCoAR was obtained.
- the cultures were spun down (10 min, 4 0 C, 5292 xg) and washed with saline (0.9% NaCl). Cells were incubated in 25 ml (in 250 ml flasks) GCXII medium with antibiotics (15 ⁇ g / 1 kanamicin and 5 ⁇ g / 1 tetracycline). resuspended. The plasmid-carrying strain was induced with 0.5 mM (12.5 ⁇ l of the 1 M stock solution) IPTG.
- the salts were redistilled in about 800 ml of aqua. dissolved and the pH adjusted to 7 with KOH. For this purpose, about 20-25 KOH cookies were added and then titrated to pH 7 with 10 N KOH. The media components were then redistilled with aqua. filled to 900 ml and autoclaved.
- NiCl 2 X 6 H 2 O 0, 002 g of NiCl 2 X 6 H 2 O.
- the salts are dissolved in 100 ml of deionized H 2 O, acidifying with HCl (pH paper about pH 1). Subsequently, the solution is sterile filtered.
- the medium was washed with 1 ml of biotin (20 mg / 100 ml),
- Example 4 The present invention is further illustrated in Example 4 by the preparation of methacrylic acid by a recombinant E. coli cell,
- glycerol dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.30) (GD) from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
- the enzyme catalyzes the adenosyl-cobalamin-dependent dehydration of glycerol to 3-HPA (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde). It consists of 3 subunits (GD-alpha, GD-beta and GD-gamma) which are encoded in K.pneumoniae by 3 genes (gldA, gldB and gIdC) in an operon.
- Glycerol are inactivated, in addition, the activity of a reactivation factor is required for the conversion of glycerol to 3-HPA.
- the reactivation factor for glycerol dehydratase from K. pneumoniae is encoded by the genes gdrA and gdrB.
- Propionyl-coenzyme A synthase catalyses the conversion of 3-HP to propionyl-coenzyme A. It is a trifunctional enzyme and contains three functional domains.
- the acyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) domain catalyzes the activation of 3-HP to 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA. This is followed by dehydration to acrylyl-CoA catalyzed by the enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH) domain of the Pcs.
- ACS acyl-coenzyme A synthetase
- CoA carboxylase / reductase s. u.
- Ccr crotonyl-coenzyme A carboxylase / reductase (enzyme E 62 ) (Ccr) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (encoded by the gene ccR).
- the major activity of Ccr is the reductive carboxylation of crotonyl-coenzyme A to ethylmalonyl-CoA.
- the enzyme shows a broad substrate specificity and very efficiently converts acrylyl coenzyme A to methylmalonyl
- Mcr Malonyl-CoA reductase
- E 2, and E 3 Malonyl-CoA reductase from sulfolobut tokodaii (encoded by the gene mcr.)
- Mcr preferentially catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of malonyl coenzyme A to malonate semialdehyde, but it also shows a side activity with methylmalonyl-coenzyme A as a substrate and converts this to methylmalonate-semialdehyde.
- gdrA seonym ORF4
- gdrB seonym ORF2b
- oligonucleotides For the amplification of gdrA the following oligonucleotides were used:
- orf4Salrv (SEQ ID NO: 27): 5'-TATATAGTCGACTTAATTCGCCTGACCGGCCAG-B '; (Sali recognition sequence underlined).
- oligonucleotides were used to amplify gdrB:
- orf2bPcifw (SEQ ID NO: 28): 5'-TATATAACATGTCGCTTTCACCGCCAGGC-B '
- the resulting PCR products were subsequently fused together by crossover PCR.
- orf4Salrv (SEQ ID NO: 31): 5'-TATATAGTCGACTTAATTCGCCTGACCGGCCAG-S '
- the PCR product (2,220 bp) was purified using the QIA-quick PCR purification kit from Qiagen, Hilden, according to the manufacturer's instructions, and into the vector pCR-Bluntll-TOPO to obtain the pCR Bluntll topo KpGDRF Vector ligated.
- the ligation and subsequent transformation into E. coli cells is carried out according to the instructions of the manufacturer Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad (Zero Blunt TOPO PCR Cloning
- the GDRF sequence was then excised from the vector by digestion of pCR-Bluntll-Topo-KpGDRF with Peil and Sali and into the pACYC-Duet expression vector cut with Ncol and Sali to give pACYCDuet-KpGDRF (6,142 bp).
- K. pneumoniae GD The three subunits of K. pneumoniae GD are naturally organized in an operon (genes gldA, gldB and gldC). They were amplified by PCR, again using chromosomal DNA of K. pneumoniae DSM2026 as template.
- oligonucleotides were used for the amplification:
- the amplificate was inserted into the vector pCR-Bluntll-
- E. coli aldH gene was amplified.
- chromosomal DNA of E. coli K12 was used as a template, as PCR primer were the oligonucleotides
- 1228_ald_fp (SEQ ID NO: 34): 5 '-AAAACATATGAATTTTCATCATCTGGCTTACTGG-B' (Ndel recognition sequence underlined) and
- the PCR amplificate was gel purified and then ligated by Ndel digestion into the Ndel site of plasmid pAS50, the
- Plasmid pAS50_Ec_aldH (9,666 bp) was obtained.
- ccr-fw (SEQ ID NO: 36): 5 '-GGAGGCAACCATGGCCCTCGACGTGCAGAG-3' ( ⁇ / coI recognition sequence underlined) and
- telomere sequence was amplified by PCR, using chromosomal DNA of the strain R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 (DSMZ 158) as a template.
- the PCR product was ligated into the Ncol / BamHI cut vector pET3d (Merck, Germany) as the NcoI / BamHI fragment to give the plasmid pTE13.
- the ccr gene was recloned as a Ncol / BamHI fragment into the AfcoI / BamHI sites of the plasmid pCDFDuet-1 (Merck, Germany) to give the plasmid pCDFDuet-1 Rs ccr.
- pGA4_MMCoAR_ST DNA was used as a PCR template to label the artificial gene St mcr oCg with the
- oligonucleotides 1228_MMCoAR_fp SEQ ID NO: 41: 5 '-AACCATGGGCCGCACCCTGAAGG-3' ( ⁇ Fcol recognition sequence underlined) and
- the amplificate was digested with NcoI / BamHI and ligated into the corresponding cleavage sites of the plasmid pCOLADuet_I (Merck, Germany) to obtain the plasmid pCOLADuet_St_mcr_oCg.
- thermophilus gene MmsB (coding for a 3-HIB-DH) adapted to the codon usage of Corynebacterium glutamicum was likewise provided by gene synthesis (GeneArt, Germany) in the form of the plasmid pGA4_3HIBDH_TT (SEQ. ID No. 43).
- pGA4_3HIBDH_TT was used as PCR template to construct the artificial gene Tth HIBDH oCg with the oligonucleotides
- 1228_Tth_HIBDH_fp (SEQ ID NO: 44): 5 '-AAAACATATGGAAAAGGTGGCATTCATCG-S' (Ndel recognition sequence underlined) and
- the amplificate was cut with Ndel / Bgl II and transferred to the Ndel / Bgl II sites of plasmid pCOLA.
- Duet_St_mcr_oCg to obtain the plasmid pCOLA- Duet_St_mcr_oCg_Tth_HIBDH_oCg (5,620 bp).
- the selection was carried out on LB agar supplemented with ampicillin (25 ⁇ g / ml), chloramphenicol (17 ⁇ g / ml), kanamycin (15 ⁇ g / ml) and streptomycin (25 ⁇ g / ml).
- the plasmid-carrying E. coli strains described in e) above were incubated in modified M9 medium (6.8 g / l Na 2 HPO 4 X 2H 2 O, 3 g / l KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5 g / l NaCl; 1 g / l NH 4 Cl; 1.25 g / l yeast extract;
- 1% v / v glycerol 15 mg / l CaCl 2 X 2H 2 O; 250 mg / 1 MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O; 1% v / v Gibco MEM Vitamin Solution; 41.9 g / l MOPS).
- the medium was supplemented with ampicillin (25 ⁇ g / ml), chloramphenicol (17 ⁇ g / ml), kanamycin (15 ⁇ g / ml) and streptomycin (25 ⁇ g / ml).
- the entire cultivation was carried out on a temperature-controlled Shaker at 37 0 C. First, the strains were cultured in 5 ml of medium overnight.
- Syringe filter (pore size 0.44 microns) cleaned. The measurement is carried out with a Metrohm Compact IC 761 with autosampler. Mobile phase: 8 mM NaOH. Column: Dionex AS15 4 x 250 mm, guard column AG15 4 x 50 mm. Column temperature: 25 ° C. Flow rate: 1.4 ml / min. Injection volume: 10 ⁇ l.
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JP2010509836A JP5449142B2 (ja) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-05-30 | メタクリル酸又はメタクリルエステルの製造方法 |
CN2008800183645A CN101679187B (zh) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-05-30 | 用于制备甲基丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸酯的方法 |
EP08760294.2A EP2152659B1 (de) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-05-30 | Ein verfahren zur herstellung von methacrylsäure oder methacrylsäureestern |
CA2688292A CA2688292C (en) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-05-30 | A process for preparing methacrylic acid or methacrylic esters |
AU2008257512A AU2008257512A1 (en) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-05-30 | A process for preparing methacrylic acid or methacrylic esters |
RU2009148592/10A RU2491346C9 (ru) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-05-30 | Способ получения метакриловой кислоты или сложных эфиров мeтакриловой кислоты |
MX2009012867A MX2009012867A (es) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-05-30 | Proceso para preparar ácido metacrílico o ésteres metacrílicos. |
BRPI0812487A BRPI0812487A2 (pt) | 2006-06-02 | 2008-05-30 | processo para preparação de ácido metacrílico ou ésteres metacrílicos |
ES08760294T ES2422382T3 (es) | 2006-06-02 | 2008-05-30 | Un procedimiento para la preparación de ácido metacrílico o ésteres del ácido metacrílico |
US12/602,593 US9234218B2 (en) | 2006-06-02 | 2008-05-30 | Process for preparing methacrylic acid or methacrylic esters |
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- 2008-05-30 CN CN2008800183645A patent/CN101679187B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2008-05-30 EP EP08760294.2A patent/EP2152659B1/de not_active Revoked
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- 2008-05-30 JP JP2010509836A patent/JP5449142B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2008-05-30 AU AU2008257512A patent/AU2008257512A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2152659A1 (de) | 2010-02-17 |
CN101679187B (zh) | 2013-06-05 |
RU2491346C2 (ru) | 2013-08-27 |
JP2010528597A (ja) | 2010-08-26 |
RU2009148592A (ru) | 2011-07-20 |
CN101679187A (zh) | 2010-03-24 |
MX2009012867A (es) | 2010-02-15 |
EP2152659B1 (de) | 2013-04-24 |
RU2491346C9 (ru) | 2014-04-27 |
CA2688292A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
JP5449142B2 (ja) | 2014-03-19 |
CA2688292C (en) | 2015-01-27 |
KR20100031525A (ko) | 2010-03-22 |
MY154910A (en) | 2015-08-28 |
AU2008257512A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
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