WO2008118523A2 - Scintillateurs et leur procédé de fabrication - Google Patents
Scintillateurs et leur procédé de fabrication Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008118523A2 WO2008118523A2 PCT/US2008/051917 US2008051917W WO2008118523A2 WO 2008118523 A2 WO2008118523 A2 WO 2008118523A2 US 2008051917 W US2008051917 W US 2008051917W WO 2008118523 A2 WO2008118523 A2 WO 2008118523A2
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- Prior art keywords
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- nano
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- metal
- elements
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 273
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- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
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- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
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- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)OC LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- 229910020187 CeF3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002249 LaCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000008051 alkyl sulfates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
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- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium iodide Inorganic materials [I-].[Cs+] XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
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- MWFSXYMZCVAQCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium(iii) nitrate Chemical compound [Gd+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MWFSXYMZCVAQCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZTXCQEUYMCKHGD-UHFFFAOYSA-K hexanoate yttrium(3+) Chemical compound [Y+3].CCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCC([O-])=O ZTXCQEUYMCKHGD-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- XKUYOJZZLGFZTC-UHFFFAOYSA-K lanthanum(iii) bromide Chemical compound Br[La](Br)Br XKUYOJZZLGFZTC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/14—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/32—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by oxidation or hydrolysis of elements or compounds in the liquid or solid state or in non-aqueous solution, e.g. sol-gel process
- C01B13/328—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by oxidation or hydrolysis of elements or compounds in the liquid or solid state or in non-aqueous solution, e.g. sol-gel process by processes making use of emulsions, e.g. the kerosine process
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
- C01F17/20—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element
- C01F17/288—Sulfides
- C01F17/294—Oxysulfides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
- C01F17/30—Compounds containing rare earth metals and at least one element other than a rare earth metal, oxygen or hydrogen, e.g. La4S3Br6
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/02—Use of particular materials as binders, particle coatings or suspension media therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/67—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing refractory metals
- C09K11/68—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing refractory metals containing chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- C09K11/681—Chalcogenides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/67—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing refractory metals
- C09K11/68—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing refractory metals containing chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- C09K11/681—Chalcogenides
- C09K11/684—Chalcogenides with alkaline earth metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/74—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing arsenic, antimony or bismuth
- C09K11/745—Germanates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/77—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
- C09K11/7766—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals containing two or more rare earth metals
- C09K11/7767—Chalcogenides
- C09K11/7769—Oxides
- C09K11/7771—Oxysulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/77—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
- C09K11/7766—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals containing two or more rare earth metals
- C09K11/7772—Halogenides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/77—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
- C09K11/7766—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals containing two or more rare earth metals
- C09K11/7777—Phosphates
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
- G01T1/202—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being a crystal
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
- A61B6/037—Emission tomography
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to a scintillation material for making scintillation detectors.
- a scintillation material comprising nano-scale particles of a metal oxide, a metal oxyhalide, a metal oxysulfide, or a metal halide and methods for preparing the same.
- Another embodiment of the invention relates to a scintillation material comprising nano-scale particles of metal halides and methods for preparing the same.
- Yet another embodiment of the invention relates to a scintillation material comprising nano-scale particles of either a metal oxyhalide or a metal oxysulfide, and methods for preparing the same.
- Scintillators are materials that convert high-energy radiation, such as X- rays and gamma rays, into visible light. Scintillators are widely used in detection and non-invasive imaging technologies, such as imaging systems for medical and screening applications. In such systems, high-energy photons typically pass through the person or object undergoing imaging and, on the other side of the imaging volume, impact a scintillator associated with a light detection apparatus. The scintillator typically generates optical photons in response to the high-energy photon impacts. The optical photons may then be measured and quantified by the light detection apparatus, thereby providing a surrogate measure of the amount and location of high-energy radiation incident on the detector. Additionally, scintillators may be useful in systems used to detect radioactive objects, such as contraband or contaminants, which might otherwise be difficult to detect.
- PET positron emission tomography
- a scintillator-based detector having a plurality of pixels typically arranged in a circular array. Each such pixel comprises a scintillator cell coupled to a photomultiplier tube.
- a chemical tracer compound having a desired biological activity or affinity is labeled with a radioactive isotope that decays by emitting a positron. Subsequently, the emitted positron interacts with an electron giving out two 511 keV photons (gamma rays).
- the two gamma rays are emitted simultaneously and travel in opposite directions, penetrate the surrounding tissue, exit the patient's body, and become absorbed and recorded by the detector.
- the position of the positron inside the target can be calculated.
- the limitations of this time difference measurement are highly dependent on the stopping power, light output, and decay time of the scintillator material.
- the scintillators are made from single crystals or transparent ceramic imaging plates that are cut into small segments, or diced. The smaller segments are used with collimating reflectors between the individual elements to maintain as much of the light toward an individual detector as is physically possible. The dicing process limits the size of the individual pixel, as both production costs and process difficulties increase as the pixel size gets finer.
- scintillators used in the detection of radioactive contraband or contamination are often simple plastic films, made from such materials as polythiophene or polyanaline.
- these systems are not very specific to the type of radiation involved, and often may give false alarms.
- the present techniques provide a scintillator comprising a plastic matrix wherein the plastic matrix comprises embedded nano- scale particles of a scintillation material.
- the nano-scale particles may be made from metal oxides, metal oxyhalides, metal oxysulfides, metal halides, or combinations thereof.
- the present techniques provide a scintillation detection system comprising a plastic matrix containing embedded nano-scale particles of a scintillation material.
- One or more photodetectors are attached to the plastic matrix, and are configured to detect photons generated in the plastic matrix.
- the present techniques provide a radiation detection and analysis system comprising a scintillation detection system and a signal processing system, which is configured to analyze the signals generated by the scintillation detection system.
- the scintillation detection system is made of a scintillator comprising a plastic matrix, containing embedded nano-scale particles of a scintillation material, and an attached light detection apparatus, configured to generate signals in response to photons generated by the scintillator.
- the present techniques provide a method for manufacturing a scintillation detector.
- the method comprises embedding nano-scale particles of a scintillation material in a plastic matrix, and attaching a photodetector system to the plastic matrix.
- the photodetector system comprises one or more elements configured to convert photons generated in the plastic matrix to electrical signals.
- the present techniques provide a method for making nano- scale particles of a halide based scintillation material.
- the method comprises combining a first solution comprising one or more metal salts and a second solution comprising one or more halide precursors to form nano-scale particles of a halide based scintillation material, and isolating the nano-scale particles from the combined first and second solutions.
- the solutions comprise ionic liquids.
- the present techniques provide another method for making nano-scale particles of a halide based scintillation material.
- the method comprises making a microemulsion, forming nano-scale particles of the halide based scintillation material in the microemulsion, and isolating the particles from the micro- emulsion.
- forming the nano-scale particles comprises bubbling a hydrogen halide gas through the microemulsion.
- the solutions comprise ionic liquids.
- the present techniques provide another method for making nano-scale particles of a halide based scintillation material.
- the method comprises making a first microemulsion, adding a solution comprising one or more metal organic salts to the first microemulsion to form a second microemulsion, and isolating the nano-scale particles of the halide based scintillation material from the second micro-emulsion.
- the first microemulsion comprises a anion source as a precursor.
- the solutions comprise ionic liquids.
- the present techniques provide yet another method for making nano-scale particles of a halide based scintillation material.
- the method comprises forming a first micro-emulsion, forming a second micro-emulsion, combining the first micro-emulsion with the second micro-emulsion to form a combined micro -emulsion, and isolating the nano-scale particles of the halide based scintillation materials from the combined micro-emulsion.
- the micro- emulsions are made using ionic liquids.
- the present techniques provide a crystalline scintillator comprising nano-scale particles of a metal halide, wherein the nano-scale particles are less than about 100 nm in size.
- the metal halide comprises a phosphor having a general formula of MX n :Y, where M comprises at least one metal ion selected from the group consisting of La, Na, K, Rb, Cs and combinations thereof; X comprises at least one of F, Cl, Br, I, and combinations thereof; Y comprises at least one metal ion selected from the group consisting of Tl, Tb, Na, Ce, Pr, Eu, and combinations thereof; and n is an integer from 1-4.
- the metal halide comprises a phosphor having the general formula [La ( i_ x) Ce x ][Cl ( i_ y _ z) Br (y _ z) I z ] 3 , where x, z, (1-y-z), and (y-z) all range between 0 and 1.
- the present techniques provide a crystalline scintillator comprising nano-scale particles of a metal halide, wherein the nano-scale particles are less than about 100 nm in size.
- the present techniques provide a method for making nano- scale particles of an oxide based scintillation material.
- the method comprises forming a first micro-emulsion, forming a second micro-emulsion, mixing the first and the second micro-emulsion to form a solution, isolating precursor particles from the solution, and forming nano-scale particles of the oxide based scintillation material from the precursor particles.
- the present techniques provide another method for making nano-scale particles of a oxide based scintillation material.
- the method comprises forming an organic metal solution, forming a first micro-emulsion, heating the organic metal solution, and slowly adding the organic metal solution to the first micro-emulsion to form a second micro-emulsion.
- the precursor particles are isolated from the second micro-emulsion solution, and the nano-scale particles of the oxide based scintillation material are formed from the precursor particles.
- the present techniques provide a method for making nano-scale particles of an oxyhalide or oxysulfide based scintillation material.
- the method comprises adding an aqueous base to an aqueous solution comprising one or more metal salts to precipitate a gel containing the one or more metal salts and removing free ions from the gel.
- the gel is heated and dried to form the nano-scale particles of the oxyhalide or oxysulfide type scintillation material.
- the present techniques provide another method for making nano-scale particles of an oxyhalide or oxysulfide based scintillation material.
- the method comprises forming a first micro-emulsion, heating a solution, while adding the solution to the first micro-emulsion to form a second micro-emulsion.
- Precursor particles are formed from the second emulsion and nano-scale particles of the oxyhalide or oxysulfide type scintillation material are formed from the precursor particles.
- the present techniques provide crystalline scintillator nano-scale particles of a metal oxide based phosphor, wherein the nano- scale particles are less than 100 nm in size.
- the present techniques provide crystalline scintillator nano-scale particles of an oxyhalide or oxysulfide, wherein the nano-scale particles are less than 100 nm in size.
- FIG. 1 is a drawing of a medical imaging unit, such as a computed tomography scanner or a positron emission scanner, in which embodiments of the current technique may be used.
- FIG. 2 is a drawing of a detector assembly used in digital imaging systems, such as CT or PET, in which embodiments of the current technique may be used.
- FIG. 3 is a cut away view of an imaging system in which embodiments of the current technique may be used.
- FIG. 4 is a close up view of a scintillation detector system, in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a scintillator particle, with adsorbed initiation sites for initiation of a polymerization reaction to form a polymer coating around the particle, in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a scintillator particle coated with a polymer in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a process to make oxide based nano-scale scintillator particles in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of another process to make oxide based nano- scale scintillator particles in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a process to make oxyhalide or oxysulfide based nano-scale scintillator particles in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram of another process to make oxyhalide or oxysulfide based nano-scale scintillator particles in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a process to make halide based nano-scale scintillator particles in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram of another process to make halide based nano- scale scintillator particles in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram of yet another process to make halide based nano-scale scintillator particles in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 14 is a block diagram of yet another process to make halide based nano-scale scintillator particles in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 15 is a drawing of a security arch used for detecting radioactive contraband in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- FIG. 16 is a drawing of a radiation detector for detecting subterranean radioactive materials in accordance with embodiments of the current technique.
- Embodiments of the present techniques include new scintillation detectors that may be used for the detection of radiation in imaging systems, security systems, and other devices.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a medical imaging system 10 in accordance with embodiments of the present technique.
- This system may be, for example, a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging device, a computer-aided tomography (CT) imaging device, a single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) system, a mammography system, a tomosynthesis system, or a general X- ray based radiography system, among others.
- PET positron emission tomography
- CT computer-aided tomography
- SPECT single positron emission computed tomography
- mammography system a mammography system
- tomosynthesis system a tomosynthesis system
- general X- ray based radiography system among others.
- the exemplary system has a frame 14, which contains at least a radiation detector, and may include other equipment, such as a pivoting gantry to move X-ray sources and detectors around the patient.
- the patient is placed on a sliding table 12, and moved through an aperture 16 in the frame 14.
- a cross-sectional image of the patient is generated by a data analysis and control system 13.
- the data analysis system 13 may include multiple units, including calculation, network, and display units.
- the image may be actively generated by pivoting an X-ray source and a detector, contained in the frame 14, around the patient.
- the image may be passively generated by the detection of emission from a radiation source previously ingested by the patient.
- the detector system typically includes a scintillator to absorb high-energy photons, in the form of X-rays or gamma rays, and reemit this energy in the form of visible photons.
- the scintillator 18 may be made from a transparent ceramic material containing a scintillation compound. Alternatively, the scintillator may be made from a large crystal of a radiation sensitive metal halide, such as cesium iodide or another radiation sensitive material.
- the scintillator assembly 20 typically includes a collection of individual pixels 22, which may be cut from a block of the transparent ceramic or crystalline scintillation material in an operation termed dicing. Once the material is cut into the individual blocks corresponding to pixels, each pixel may be optically isolated from other pixels by a reflector. Furthermore, each pixel may then be joined to an individual photodetector, such as a photodiode, a phototransistor, a photomultiplier tube, a charge-coupled device, or other photoactive device.
- an individual photodetector such as a photodiode, a phototransistor, a photomultiplier tube, a charge-coupled device, or other photoactive device.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a scintillation detector assembly 24 from an exemplary imaging system, in this case, a CT system.
- an X-ray source 26 projects a collimated beam of X-rays 30 through a patient 28.
- the detector assembly 18, 34 and source 26 are rotated 27 around the patient, the X-rays are attenuated or scattered by structures in the patient 28 prior to impinging on the scintillator 18.
- many of the high-energy photons of the X-ray beam 30 are absorbed and converted to lower energy visible photons.
- the visible photons are then detected by a photodetector array 34 attached to the opposite side of the scintillator 18 from the source 26.
- the photodetector array 34 converts the photons into electric signals, which are carried to the analysis electronics through conductive structures 36.
- the quality of the image may depend on a number of factors, including the light transmission through the scintillator 18, which controls the amount of light that may reach the photodetectors. Other important factors, specific to the scintillator material, are the amount of high- energy radiation that is absorbed by the scintillator 18, termed the stopping power, and the conversion efficiency, or quantum yield of the scintillator 18. Physical factors also control the image quality, including pixel size and cross-pixel isolation, among others.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a scintillator 18 that may be used in a scintillation detector assembly, in accordance with embodiments of the present technique.
- a plastic matrix 38 contains nano-scale particles 40 of a scintillation material.
- the plastic matrix 38 may also contain other materials, such as nano-scale particles of materials 42 for refractive index matching, as discussed further below.
- the nano-scale particles 40 of the scintillation material absorb high-energy photons 44, and reemit the absorbed energy as lower energy photons 46.
- the lower energy photons 46 may then be captured by the photodetector 34 and converted into electrical signals for transmission back to the analysis system 13 via the conductive structures 36. As discussed above, not all of the energy is captured, with some of the high- energy photons 48 passing through the scintillator 18 and photodetector assembly 34.
- the plastic matrix 38 may include a large number of materials which transmit light at the frequency of the lower energy photons 46, including both thermoplastic and thermoset materials.
- the matrix may be made from such materials as polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyacrylate, polyamide, polymethylpentene (PMP), cellulose based polymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), or combinations thereof.
- the plastic matrix 38 may include such materials as phenol formaldehyde resin, poly N- vinyl carbazole, liquid crystalline polymer (LCP), poly siloxane, polyphosphazene, polyimides, epoxides, phenolic resins, or combinations thereof.
- LCP liquid crystalline polymer
- poly siloxane poly siloxane
- polyphosphazene polyimides
- epoxides phenolic resins, or combinations thereof.
- these materials may be formed into the very small pixel sizes that may be needed for specific embodiments by any number of processing techniques. Such techniques may include injection molding, solvent casting, thermo forming, or reactive injection molding, among others. Those skilled in the art will recognize that any other plastic processing technique may be used while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure.
- the current dicing techniques may also be used to form small pixel assemblies, as the plastic matrix 38 may be more resistant to damage from cutting than currently used materials.
- the plastic matrix 38 may be an isotropic material, such as a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP).
- LCP liquid crystalline polymer
- light transmission may be favored or facilitated in certain directions, such as from the front of the scintillator toward the photodetecting components, while being disfavored or inhibited in other directions, such as laterally or side-to-side within the scintillator.
- the nano-scale particles 40 of the scintillation material may be kept as small as possible to avoid scattering light in the scintillator.
- the particles may be less than about 100 nm in size.
- the nano-scale particles 40 may be isotropic, or spherical, or they may be anisotropic. If the particles are anisotropic, the relevant size for determination of the scattering is the cross section of the particle perpendicular to the direction of the incoming light. If this cross-section remains low, an anisotropic particle aligned in the direction of the incoming light may be used to increase the conversion efficiency of the system, without significantly decreasing the light transmission.
- the second technique for maximizing light transmission is to match the refractive index of the plastic matrix with the refractive index of the scintillation material at the wavelengths of the scintillator emission.
- Table 1 lists the refractive indices for scintillation materials that may be used in exemplary embodiments of the present technique. These values range from 1.8-1.9. In certain embodiments, these refractive indices may be matched by appropriate selection of the matrix material 38. In other embodiments, the refractive indices may be matched by including nano-scale particles of titanium dioxide 42 in the plastic matrix. These particles may be too small to scatter light, and thus, may not interfere with the light transmission through the scintillator.
- the addition of the titanium dioxide particles 42 may increase the refractive index of the plastic matrix.
- the refractive index of the plastic matrix 38 may be adjusted to match the refractive index of the nano-scale particles of the scintillation material 40 by controlling the amount of titanium dioxide particles 42 added.
- nano-scale particles of tantalum oxide or hafnium oxide may be used for matching the refractive index of the matrix material with the scintillation material.
- the material used for the nano-scale particles 40 of the scintillation material may be of any compound that has appropriate scintillation properties and is capable of being made into nano-scale particles.
- the scintillation material may be a metal oxide having the general formulae: Y 2 Si0 5 :Ce; Y 2 Si 2 0 7 :Ce; LuA10 3 :Ce; Lu 2 Si0 5 :Ce; Gd 2 Si0 5 :Ce; YA10 3 :Ce; ZnO:Ga; CdWO 4 ; LuPO 4 :Ce; PbWO 4 ; Bi 4 Ge 3 Oi 2 ; CaWO 4 ; (Y 1 .
- the scintillation materials may also include one or more metal oxysulfides, in addition to, or in place of the oxides, such as Gd 2 O 2 SiTb, or Gd 2 O 2 SiPr.
- the scintillator material may be a metal oxyhalide having a general formula of LaOX:Tb, where X is Cl, Br, or I.
- the scintillator material may be a metal halide having a general formula of M(X) n :Y, wherein M is at least one of La, Na, K, Rb, Cs; each X is independently F, Cl, Br, or I; Y is at least one of Tl, Tb, Na, Ce, Pr, and Eu; and n is an integer between 1 and 4, inclusive.
- phosphors may include, for example, LaCl 3 :Ce and LaBr 3 ICe, among others.
- the scintillator material may comprise [La ( i_ x) Ce x ][Cl ( i_ y _ z) Br (y _ z) I z ] 3 , where x, z, (1-y-z), and (y-z) may range from 0 to 1, instead of, or in addition to the previous phosphors.
- Other metal halide species that may be used in embodiments of the present invention include LaCl 3 :Ce, RbGd 2 F 7 :Ce, CeF 3 , BaF 2 , CsI(Na), CaF 2 :Eu, LiLEu, CsI, CsF, CsLTl, NaLTl, and combinations thereof.
- Halide-like species, such as CdS :In, and ZnS may also be used in embodiments of the present inventions.
- a number of the scintillation materials are moderately to severely hydroscopic, tending to degrade as they absorb water from the atmosphere.
- nano-scale particles 40 of the scintillation materials may lack compatibility with the plastic matrix 38, leading to agglomeration during processing. Both effects may be lessened by coating the particles 40 prior to incorporation in the matrix.
- the coating may include either small molecule ligands or polymeric ligands. Exemplary small molecule ligands may include octyl amine, oleic acid, trioctylphosphine oxide, or trialkoxysilane.
- the particles 40 may also be coated with polymeric ligands, which may be either synthesized from the surface of the nano-scale particles 40 or added to the surface of the nano-scale particles 40.
- FIG. 5 illustrates an example of coating a particle 40 by growing polymer chains from the surface of the particle 40.
- the nano-scale particle 40 is functionalized by the addition of polymer initiation compounds to form polymer initiation sites 52 on the particle 40.
- polymer initiation compounds may include amines, carboxylic acids, or alkoxy silanes, among others.
- Those skilled in the art will recognize that other polymer initiation compounds may work in addition to, or in place of, those listed here.
- monomers may be added to the solution to grow polymeric or oligomeric chains 54 from the initiation sites 52.
- the final size of the shell 56 that is formed around the particle 40 will depend on the number of initiation sites 52 and the amount of monomer added to the solution. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these parameters may be adjusted for the results desired.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an example of coating a particle 40 with a polymer 58.
- the polymer chain may be chosen to interact with the particle, and may include random copolymers and block copolymers.
- one monomer chain may be chosen to interact with the particle 40, while the other may be chosen to interact with the polymer matrix.
- the polymer coating may include such groups as amines, carboxylic acids, and alkoxy silanes, among others. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other groups may also be effective.
- nano-scale particles 40 of the metal oxide species described herein may be prepared by the micro-emulsion sol-gel processes detailed with respect to FIGS. 7 and 8, below.
- Nano-scale particles 40 of metal oxyhalide or oxysulfide species used in other embodiments described herein may be prepared by the processes detailed with respect to FIGS. 9 and 10, below.
- the nano- scale particles of the metal halide species used in other embodiments described herein may be prepared using ionic liquids, as detailed with respect to FIGS. 11-14, below.
- micro-emulsions The majority of these processes take advantage of the properties of a micro- emulsion to control the size of the particles.
- finely dispersed droplets of a solvent are suspended in another immiscible solvent, such as water in oil.
- the droplets are stabilized by the addition of an amphiphilic molecule, such as a surfactant, which lowers the interfacial energy between the two incompatible solvents.
- the amount of the amphiphilic molecule may control the size of the droplets, and the resulting particles.
- the water droplets In a water-in-oil configuration, the water droplets are typically sized in the nanometer range, and may be used as reactors to form the final particles.
- micro-emulsions may be formed using an ionic liquid in place of the water.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a sol-gel based micro-emulsion process for the formation of nano-scale particles 40 of a metal oxide scintillation material.
- a first micro-emulsion 72 is formed by combining an aqueous sol solution 66 with an organic solution 70 containing a surfactant 68.
- the aqueous sol solution 66 is formed by first dissolving one or more silicate compounds, metal salts, and/or organometallics 60 in an alcohol, as shown in block 62. An aqueous acid solution 64 is then added to the alcohol solution to partially hydro lyze the silicate, leading to the formation of the sol solution 66.
- the alcohol used is 1-hexanol.
- other alcohols may be employed, such as, for example, straight or branched alkane-based alcohols containing one to ten carbons.
- the silicate compounds may be tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), or combinations thereof.
- TEOS tetraethylorthosilicate
- TMOS tetramethylorthosilicate
- TEOS tetraethylorthosilicate
- TMOS tetramethylorthosilicate
- TEOS tetraethylorthosilicate
- TMOS tetramethylorthosilicate
- aluminum containing compounds may be used, including, for example, triethylaluminum or metal (tertraethyl aluminum), wherein the metal comprises at least one metal anion selected from the group consisting of lanthanoids, group 1 metals, group 2 metals, group 3 metals, group 6 metals, group 12 metals, group 13 metals, group 14 metals, and group 15 metals.
- soluble salts of the metals may be used without any added silicate.
- an aqueous base may be substituted for the acid 64, to form a partially gelled solution.
- base 78 may be omitted from the procedure.
- the metal salts chosen depend on the final metal oxide desired.
- the metal salts are Y(NOs) 3 and Ce(NOs) 3 .
- Y(NOs) 3 and Ce(NOs) 3 Those skilled in the art will recognize that other metal oxide scintillation materials may be made using this process, which may require that different metal salts be chosen.
- such salts may include Pb(NO 3 ) 2 and WCl 4 or W(OC 2 H 5 ) 6 .
- each independent scintillation compound will require the choice of appropriate precursor salts.
- the second component of the first micro-emulsion 72 is formed by dissolving a surfactant 68 in an organic solvent as shown in block 70.
- the surfactant is polyoxyethylene (5) nonylphenylether, available as Igepal ® CO-520 from ICI Americas.
- any number of surfactants may be employed, including such surfactants as aromatic ethoxylates; polyethylene glycol dodecyl ethers, available as Brij ® from ICI Americas; sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactants, available as Tween ® from ICI Americas; polyoxyethylenesorbitan fatty acid ester surfactants, available as Span ® from ICI Americas; or alkylphenols, among others.
- the organic solvent is n-hexane.
- any number of other organic solvents including alkyl or aryl solvents, may be used.
- the second micro-emulsion 80 is formed by dissolving a surfactant 74 in an organic solvent, as shown in block 76, then adding a solution of an aqueous base 78.
- the surfactant may be polyoxyethylene (5) nonylphenylether, available as Igepal ® CO-520 from ICI Americas. As discussed above, however, any number of other surfactants may be employed while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure.
- n-hexane is used as the solvent.
- the aqueous base is ammonium hydroxide. Those skilled in the art will realize that other aqueous base solutions may be employed while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure.
- the first micro-emulsion 72 and the second micro-emulsion 80 are combined, as shown in block 82, to form another micro-emulsion containing nano- scale droplets of a sol-gel containing a metal oxide precursor for a scintillation material.
- the particles of the sol-gel material may be isolated from the combined micro-emulsion, as shown in block 84. In an exemplary implementation, this isolation may be performed by freeze-drying. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other techniques may also be employed to isolate the particles, including pressure filtration and centrifugation, among others. After isolation, the particles may be fired to form the final nano-scale particles of the metal oxide scintillator. This firing is typically performed under a controlled atmosphere at 900-1400 0 C, for a period of 1 minute to ten hours. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the precise conditions required for firing will depend on the particle size and materials chosen.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of another procedure for the formation of a metal oxide based scintillator, in accordance with certain embodiments.
- one or more silicate compounds and one or more organic metal salts 86 are dissolved in an organic solvent, as shown in block 88, to form a silicate/metal salt solution 90.
- the silicate compounds may be tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), or combinations thereof.
- TEOS tetraethylorthosilicate
- TMOS tetramethylorthosilicate
- the metal salts chosen depend on the final metal oxide desired.
- the organic metal salts are yttrium hexanoate or yttrium carboxylate.
- metal oxide scintillation materials such as those listed previously, may be made using this process, which may require that different metal salts be chosen.
- a surfactant 92 is then dissolved in an organic solvent, as shown in block 94.
- Water 96 is added to this solution to form a micro-emulsion 98.
- the surfactant is polyoxyethylene (5) nonylphenylether, available as Igepal ® CO-520 from ICI Americas.
- any number of surfactants may be employed, including such surfactants as aromatic ethoxylates; polyethylene glycol dodecyl ethers, available as Brij ® from ICI Americas; sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactants, available as Tween ® from ICI Americas; polyoxyethylenesorbitan fatty acid ester surfactant, available as Span ® from ICI Americas; or alkylphenols, among others.
- the organic solvent is n-hexane.
- any number of other organic solvents including alkyl or aryl solvents, may be used.
- the silicate and/or metal salt solution 90 may be heated and slowly added to the micro-emulsion 98, as indicated by reference numeral 100, to form sol-gel particles containing the metal oxide precursors. As shown in block 102, these particles may be isolated from the micro-emulsion, such as by freeze-drying. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other techniques may also be employed to isolate the particles, including pressure filtration and centrifugation, among others. After isolation, the particles may be fired to form the final nano-scale particles of the metal oxide scintillator. This firing is typically performed under a controlled atmosphere at 900-1400 0 C, for a period of 1 minute to ten hours. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the precise conditions required for firing will depend on the particle size and materials chosen. B. METAL OXYHALIDES AND OXYSULFIDES
- a process that may be used to form nano-scale particles of a metal oxyhalide or a metal oxysulf ⁇ de scintillation material is shown in the block diagram of FIG. 9.
- metal salts 104 are dissolved in water, as shown in block 106.
- the metal salts are La(NOs) 3 and Ce(NOs) 3 .
- Such metal salts may include metals, and combinations of metals, chosen from groups 2, 3, 13, 14, and 15 of the standard periodic chart.
- the water may either be distilled or otherwise purified to remove ion contamination.
- aqueous base 108 is then added to the water solution to precipitate a gel containing the metal ions.
- the aqueous base is ammonium hydroxide.
- the precipitate gel may be washed to remove excess free ions, as shown in block 110.
- the gel may be stirred and heated, as shown in block 112, and then oven dried to form a nano-scale crystalline precipitate, as shown in block 120.
- a hydrogen anion gas such as, for example, HCl, HBr, or H 2 S, is bubbled through water, as shown in block 114, to form a saturated solution 118 of the hydrogen anion gas in water.
- the final metal halide may then be formed by annealing the dried nano- scale crystalline precipitate in an oven under a flow of the water saturated hydrogen anion gas 118, as shown in block 122.
- HF or HI may be used with appropriate heating and/or elimination of water.
- the procedure detailed above may be used to form an oxysulfide material, such as, for example, Gd 2 O 2 SiTb or Gd 2 O 2 SiPr.
- the gel is formed as described above, and then annealed under a flow of water saturated with H 2 S to form the final oxysulfide phase.
- a metal oxysulfide may be formed by dissolving the metal salt 104, such as, for example, gadolinium nitrate, in propylene carbonate containing tertiary butylsulfide as an emulsifier.
- the metal salt solution is added to the water 106 to form micelles.
- the micelles are precipitated by addition of a base 108, and then isolated from the solution and oven dried, as shown in 120.
- the use of a water saturated hydrogen anion gas flow 122, during the annealing process, may be optional in this embodiment.
- organic metal salts 124 are dissolved in an organic solvent, as shown in block 126.
- the organic metal salts are La(OR) 3 and Ce(OR) 3 , where R is an alkyl group of one to twelve carbons.
- R is an alkyl group of one to twelve carbons.
- metal salts may include metals, and combinations of metals, chosen from the lanthanoids and groups 1, 2, 3, 13, 14, and 15 of the standard periodic chart.
- the organic solvent is n-hexane. Those skilled in the art will recognize that any number of other organic solvents, including alkyl or aryl solvents, may be employed.
- a micro-emulsion 136 is prepared by dissolving a surfactant 130, in an organic solvent, as shown in block 132, then adding an ammonium halide 134 to this solution.
- the surfactant is polyoxyethylene (5) nonylphenylether, available as Igepal ® CO-520 from ICI Americas.
- the organic solvent is n-hexane.
- the ammonium halide may be NH 4 Cl, NH 4 Br, NH 4 I, NH 4 F, or combinations thereof.
- the procedure detailed in FIG. 10 may be used to formed oxysulf ⁇ des, such as, for example, Gd 2 O 2 SiTb or Gd 2 O 2 SiPr.
- the starting metal organic salts may include sulfur compounds, wherein one or more of the -OR groups are substituted with -SR groups.
- An example of such a compound may be Gd(OR) 2 (SR).
- SR Gd(OR) 2
- a thioacetamide or other sulfur containing species may be used in place of the ammonium halide compound to form the oxysulf ⁇ de species.
- the solution containing the organic metal salts may be heated, as shown in block 128, and then slowly added, as indicated by 138, to the micro-emulsion 136 to form particles of the metal oxyhalide or oxysulf ⁇ de precursors. As shown in block 140, these particles may be isolated from the micro-emulsion by freeze-drying. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other techniques may be employed to isolate the particles, including pressure filtration and centrifugation, among others.
- the particles may be fired to form the final nano-scale particles of the metal oxide scintillator.
- This firing is typically performed under a controlled atmosphere at 900-1400 0 C, for a period of 1 minute to ten hours. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the precise conditions required for firing will depend on the particle size and materials chosen.
- the replacement of sodium in NaCl by a bulky imidazolium cation, l-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium induces an ionic, salt-like liquid, with a melting point of -75°C, which is capable of substituting for water.
- This characteristic confers significant advantages in the preparation of hygroscopic materials, allowing the use of common, water-soluble reactants.
- the ionic liquids may be used to form micro-emulsions, as described for water above, wherein a suspension of nano-scale droplets of an ionic liquid in an organic solvent is stabilized by the addition of a surfactant.
- the nano-scale droplets may be used as reactors to control the size of the metal halide particles formed.
- R , 1 - rR> 4 may be an alkyl group, such as -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , or
- R may be an alkyl group, such as -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , or -CH2CH2CH3, among others.
- ionic liquids that may be employed include imidazolium chloride, or imidazolium bromide, among others. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the choice of the particular anion and cation involved depends on the melting point, dissolution, and other properties desired for the solution.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a procedure that utilizes ionic liquids to form nano-scale particles of a metal halide, in accordance with embodiments of the present technique.
- a metal solution 142 is formed by dissolving one or more metal salts 144 in an ionic liquid 146.
- metal salts may include lanthanum, cerium, rubidium, gadolinium, barium, cesium, calcium, europium, indium, praseodymium, terbium, thallium, and combinations thereof.
- Those skilled in the art will recognize that this procedure may be used to make nano-scale particles of numerous other metal halide species, and the particular metals chosen will depend on the final product desired.
- Such metals may include, for example, metals, or combinations of metals, chosen from the lanthanoids, or groups 1, 2, 3, 13, 14, or 15 of the standard periodic chart.
- the ionic liquid employed may be chosen as discussed above.
- a halide solution 148 is prepared by dissolving a halide salt 150 in a second ionic liquid 152.
- This second ionic liquid may be identical to the first, or a different ionic liquid may be chosen as described above.
- the halide salt may be ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, or a combination thereof.
- NR 4 Y a general formula of NR 4 Y, where each R is independently chosen to be a hydride, alkyl, aryl, or halide, and Y may be a fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, or a combination thereof.
- other compounds may be used that provide anions that react in similar fashion to halides, such as, for example, sulfur.
- Such compounds may include, for example, ammonium sulfides, thioacetamides, thioureas, or similar compounds.
- the two solutions are combined as indicated by 154 to form the final nano- scale particles 156.
- the mixing may be done slowly to optimize the particle size formed.
- energy may be added during this process to accelerate the reaction, such as by heating, sonication, or other techniques.
- the particles may be isolated from the solution, as shown in block 158, by filtering, phase separation, freeze-drying, or any other technique that may be used to isolate the solid product from the micro-emulsion.
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram of another procedure for the formation of nano- scale particles of a metal halide, in accordance with embodiments of the present technique.
- an organic metal solution 160 is formed by dissolving one or more organic metal salts 162 in an organic solvent 164.
- the organic solvent is n-hexane.
- organic metal salts may include lanthanum, praseodymium, cerium, terbium, thallium, europium, and combinations thereof.
- metal halide species may include, for example, metals, or combinations of metals, chosen from the lanthanoids and groups 1, 2, 3, 13, 14, or 15 of the standard periodic chart.
- the organic anions used to make the metal cations soluble in an organic solution may include one or more independently selected alkoxy groups, -OR, where R represents a carbon chain containing one to ten carbons.
- a halide micro-emulsion 166 is then prepared by mixing a halide solution 168 with a surfactant solution 170.
- the halide solution 168 is prepared using the techniques described above with respect to block 148 in FIG. 11.
- the surfactant solution 170 is formed by dissolving a surfactant in an organic solvent.
- the surfactant may be polyoxyethylene (5) nonylphenylether, available as Igepal ® CO-520 from ICI Americas; aromatic ethoxylates; polyethylene glycol dodecyl ethers, available as Brij ® from ICI Americas; sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactants, available as Tween ® from ICI Americas; polyoxyethylenesorbitan fatty acid ester surfactant, available as Span ® from ICI Americas; or alkylphenols, among others.
- the organic solvent is n-hexane. Those skilled in the art will recognize that any number of other organic solvents, including alkyl or aryl solvents, may be used.
- the organic metal solution 160 is combined with the halide micro-emulsion 166, as indicated by 172, to form the nano-scale particles of the metal halide 174.
- the mixing may be done slowly to optimize the particle size formed.
- energy may be added to accelerate the reaction, such as by heating, sonication, or other techniques.
- the nano-scale particles may be isolated from the solution, as shown in block 176, by filtering, phase separation, freeze-drying, or any other technique that may be used to isolate a solid product from a micro-emulsion.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating another technique that may be used to form nano-scale particles of a metal halide, in accordance with embodiments of the present technique.
- a metal micro-emulsion 180 is prepared by mixing a metal solution 182 with a surfactant solution 184.
- the metal solution 182 is prepared by the techniques described above with respect to block 142 in FIG. 11.
- the surfactant solution 184 is prepared by the techniques described above with respect to 170 in FIG. 12.
- a halide gas 178 may then be bubbled through the metal micro- emulsion 180, as indicated by 186, to form the nano-scale particles of the metal-halide 188.
- the halide gas may be Cl 2 , Br 2 , F 2 , or, with the addition of heat, I 2 .
- energy may be added during this process to accelerate the reaction, such as by heating, sonication, or other techniques.
- the nano-scale particles may be isolated from the solution, as shown in block 190, by filtering, phase separation, freeze-drying, or any other technique that may be used to isolate a solid product from a micro-emulsion.
- FIG. 14 is a block diagram of another process for the formation of a metal halide species in which both the metal and halide precursors are contained in micro- emulsions, in accordance with embodiments of the present technique.
- the metal micro-emulsion 192 may be prepared by combining a metal solution 194 with a surfactant solution 196, as described above with respect to block 180 in FIG. 13.
- the halide micro -emulsion 198 may be prepared by the techniques by combining a halide solution 200 with a surfactant solution 202, as described above with respect to block 166 in FIG. 12.
- the micro-emulsions 192 and 198 are combined, as indicated by 204, to form the nano-scale particles of the metal halide 206.
- the nano-scale particles may be isolated from the solution, as shown in block 208, by filtering, phase separation, freeze-drying, or any other technique that may be used to isolate a solid product from a micro-emulsion.
- the scintillators of the present technique are not limited to applications in medical imaging devices. Indeed, these devices may by used in any number of structures in which scintillation is necessary for detection of radiation. Examples of such applications are illustrated by FIGS. 15 and 16.
- FIG. 15 is a drawing of a security scanner for the determination of the presence of radioactive contamination or contraband on persons or in items.
- the scanner includes a frame 210 that may contain one or more scintillation detection assemblies 212.
- These scintillation detection assemblies 212 may include a plastic matrix containing embedded nano-scale particles of a scintillation material in conjunction with a photodetector, in accordance with embodiments of the present technique. As shown in this illustration, multiple panels may be used to give some idea of the location of the radioactive material within the items passed through the frame 210.
- an alert device 214 may be configured to give a single alarm upon the detection of radioactive materials.
- an analysis and control system 216 may be used in addition to, or in place of, the alert device 214, to determine the location or type of contraband detected.
- FIG. 16 Another application for the scintillators of the present technique is in detectors for determination of subterranean radioactivity.
- This use is illustrated by the drawing in FIG. 16.
- a well bore 218 has a detector unit 220 that is being lowered through the bore hole.
- the detector unit 220 contains a scintillation detector assembly 222, which may be made from a plastic matrix containing embedded nano-scale particles of a scintillation material in conjunction with a photodetector or photodetector array, in accordance with embodiments of the present technique.
- the detector unit 220 is connected to the surface by a cable 224, which carries the signals from the detector assembly 222 to a signal analysis and control unit 226, located at the surface.
- the detector unit 220 may be used in oil drilling applications, as well as in other applications, such as prospecting for radioactive materials, among others.
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Abstract
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DE112008000738T DE112008000738T5 (de) | 2007-03-26 | 2008-01-24 | Szintillatoren und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
JP2010501027A JP2010522806A (ja) | 2007-03-26 | 2008-01-24 | シンチレータおよびその作製方法 |
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US11/728,445 | 2007-03-26 | ||
US11/728,399 US7625502B2 (en) | 2007-03-26 | 2007-03-26 | Nano-scale metal halide scintillation materials and methods for making same |
US11/728,400 | 2007-03-26 | ||
US11/728,400 US7608829B2 (en) | 2007-03-26 | 2007-03-26 | Polymeric composite scintillators and method for making same |
US11/728,445 US7708968B2 (en) | 2007-03-26 | 2007-03-26 | Nano-scale metal oxide, oxyhalide and oxysulfide scintillation materials and methods for making same |
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PCT/US2008/051917 WO2008118523A2 (fr) | 2007-03-26 | 2008-01-24 | Scintillateurs et leur procédé de fabrication |
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JP (1) | JP2010522806A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102838992A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE112008000738T5 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2008118523A2 (fr) |
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US9459356B2 (en) | 2011-08-02 | 2016-10-04 | Vieworks Co., Ltd. | Composition for radiation imaging detector and a radiation imaging detector comprising the same |
EP2739701A2 (fr) * | 2011-08-02 | 2014-06-11 | Vieworks Co. Ltd. | Nouvelle composition pour un détecteur d'imagerie par rayonnement et détecteur d'imagerie par rayonnement qui comprend cette dernière |
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EP2739210A4 (fr) * | 2011-08-02 | 2015-04-08 | Vieworks Co Ltd | Système d'imagerie par rayonnement |
EP2739701A4 (fr) * | 2011-08-02 | 2015-04-15 | Vieworks Co Ltd | Nouvelle composition pour un détecteur d'imagerie par rayonnement et détecteur d'imagerie par rayonnement qui comprend cette dernière |
EP2739701B1 (fr) | 2011-08-02 | 2016-02-10 | Vieworks Co. Ltd. | Nouvelle composition pour un détecteur d'imagerie par rayonnement et détecteur d'imagerie par rayonnement qui comprend cette dernière |
WO2015038900A1 (fr) | 2013-09-13 | 2015-03-19 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Matériel de détection de rayons gamma haute température composite pour des applications de diagraphie de forage |
EP3044412A4 (fr) * | 2013-09-13 | 2017-05-17 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Matériel de détection de rayons gamma haute température composite pour des applications de diagraphie de forage |
EP3246731A4 (fr) * | 2014-12-19 | 2018-08-22 | Riken | Gel de dosimétrie de rayonnement et dosimètre de rayonnement le comprenant comme matière pour mesurer une dose de rayonnement |
EP3399344B1 (fr) * | 2017-05-03 | 2021-06-30 | ams International AG | Dispositif à semi-conducteur permettant la détection indirecte de rayonnement électromagnétique et procédé de production |
US11255983B2 (en) | 2017-05-03 | 2022-02-22 | Ams International Ag | Semiconductor device for indirect detection of electromagnetic radiation and method of production |
CN112540395A (zh) * | 2020-12-04 | 2021-03-23 | 清远先导材料有限公司 | 闪烁晶体阵列及其组装方法和拆卸方法 |
CN112782746A (zh) * | 2021-02-22 | 2021-05-11 | 中国电子科技集团公司第二十六研究所 | 一种真空离心式闪烁晶体阵列制作方法 |
CN112782746B (zh) * | 2021-02-22 | 2022-09-20 | 中国电子科技集团公司第二十六研究所 | 一种真空离心式闪烁晶体阵列制作方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2010522806A (ja) | 2010-07-08 |
WO2008118523A9 (fr) | 2009-09-11 |
CN102838992A (zh) | 2012-12-26 |
DE112008000738T5 (de) | 2010-02-04 |
WO2008118523A3 (fr) | 2009-04-16 |
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