WO2008116657A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur messung des photoakustischen signals mit rechnergestützter auswertung - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur messung des photoakustischen signals mit rechnergestützter auswertung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008116657A1 WO2008116657A1 PCT/EP2008/002437 EP2008002437W WO2008116657A1 WO 2008116657 A1 WO2008116657 A1 WO 2008116657A1 EP 2008002437 W EP2008002437 W EP 2008002437W WO 2008116657 A1 WO2008116657 A1 WO 2008116657A1
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- frequency
- modulation
- signal
- light
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005236 sound signal Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004867 photoacoustic spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/1702—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated with opto-acoustic detection, e.g. for gases or analysing solids
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for measuring the photoacoustic signal with computer-aided evaluation
- Lock-in amplifiers that filter out with complex electronics from the received signal those components that match the modulation frequency.
- different light sources which emit light at different wavelengths and which are modulated with the modulation frequency, to examine several substances in succession. It is also possible to measure two substances simultaneously with two light sources which are modulated with the same modulation frequency but in antiphase.
- the disadvantage of this is that the required measurement technique is very expensive and therefore very expensive.
- US Pat. No. 6,608,683 B1 discloses a structure in which a modulation frequency is provided with which the optical radiation reaching the resonant photoacoustic measuring cell is modulated.
- the modulation frequency is also passed to a lock-in amplifier.
- the signal from a microphone is also passed to the lock-in amplifier. There are those signal components that match the modulation frequency, amplified. Depending on the detected photoacoustic signal, the modulation frequency is adjusted.
- US Pat. No. 5,129,255 discloses an elaborate electronic circuit which achieves the effect that the resulting signal is amplified by resonant excitation of a photoacoustic measuring cell.
- a photoacoustic measuring arrangement for the detection of gases and / or aerosols is known.
- a measuring cell and a reference cell is present.
- the difference signal of the microphone of the measuring cell and the microphone of the reference cell is transferred to a differential amplifier and passes from there into a phase-sensitive rectifier, ie a lock-in amplifier.
- a photoacoustic measuring arrangement is known in which the radiation coming from a radiation source is modulated with a known reference frequency.
- the modulated radiation excites sound waves in a measuring cell by absorption, which are detected by a microphone.
- the microphone signal is sent to a lock-in amplifier.
- the lock-in amplifier amplifies those signals that match the reference frequency.
- the present invention is therefore based on the object to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and to provide a low-cost method and associated apparatus with which several substances to be examined can be measured simultaneously.
- a sampling frequency with which the signal of the sound pressure transducer is to be digitized are. This is typically in the range of several hundred kilohertz.
- a modulation frequency for each light source is to be selected. In this case, the modulation frequency results by dividing the sampling frequency by a different integer division value for each light source. While at the Modulation frequency is to accept a certain degree of inaccuracy, should the
- Division value can be maintained very accurately. However, with a counter capable of providing modulation frequencies resulting from dividing the sampling frequency, this is easy to accomplish. This results in a simultaneous excitation with the light sources, which emit light at different wavelengths with the specified, but different modulation frequencies.
- the resulting sound pressure ie the photoacoustic signal, is measured with a sound pressure transducer, usually a microphone.
- the obtained measurement signal is digitized with the sampling frequency.
- the determination of the signal components to be assigned to the respective light source takes place by evaluation of a sequence of digitized measured values. The number of measurements in the sequence is given by the product of a chosen multiplication value - as set out later, this is the number of selected periods - with the above mentioned division value.
- the duration of a modulation period corresponds to the reciprocal of the modulation frequency.
- the number of measurements taken in a modulation period is the product of sampling frequency and the duration of a modulation period. Since the modulation frequency results from the division of the sampling frequency by the division value, the duration of a period, ie the reciprocal of the modulation frequency, is thus the ratio of the division value to the sampling frequency.
- the number of measured values in a modulation period is therefore the product of sampling frequency with the ratio of division value to sampling frequency.
- the Number of measured values in a modulation period is therefore equal to the division value.
- Duration Modulation period 1 / Modulation frequency
- Measured values per modulation period Duration Modulation period * Sampling frequency
- Modulation frequency sampling frequency / divisons value (3)
- Duration modulation period divisons value / sampling frequency (4)
- the different light sources can also be realized by spectrally decomposing light originating from a light source.
- a particularly simple calculation method for the evaluation requires that the multiplication value be even, in particular a power of two, ie equal to 2 m with an even positive m. Then a calculation method with the following steps can be used.
- the number of individual digitized measurements in the selected sequence is the multiplication value multiplied by the division value.
- the sequence of digitized measurements is divided into two equally long subsequences.
- the values of the subsequences are added such that the nth value of the first subsequence is added to the nth value of the second subsequence. This ensures that the appropriate values are added.
- the random, so non-periodic noise signal due to electronic or mechanical disturbances in the sound pressure transducer and the evaluation and the general background noise is not amplified in this way, rather even balanced.
- the signals that originate from the excitation with other modulation frequencies are not amplified.
- This is also related to the type of sound pressure, which can be positive or negative, since it is sound waves. If the sound pressure transducer has a diaphragm, then a high sound level does not show in that the diaphragm is deflected in one direction from the rest position and remains therein. Rather, the membrane is driven by the sound waves driven around the rest position.
- the described method steps, halving the sequences and adding the subsequences thus obtained, can be repeated until only a period remains which is a number of Contains measurement data corresponding to the division value. If the division value is 2 m , the process steps m-Ma! be performed until exactly a whole period remains. The more often the procedure is repeated, the more accurate the measurement data becomes.
- a suitable possibility for the further evaluation is then to square the values thus obtained, to add the squares and to draw the root from the sum of the squares, ie to calculate the effective value. This is mathematically guaranteed that the contributions by negative sound pressure appear as a positive signal. It is also achieved that higher amplitudes make a greater contribution to the signal. This further contributes to suppressing the noise signal.
- the mean of the sums may also be calculated. It depends on the individual case and ultimately by calibration to determine which of the methods for determining the concentration is best suited. It is also possible to calculate the components of the Fourier series.
- a higher multiplication value and thus the evaluation over a larger number of modulation periods generally offers the advantage that the distinction which excitation wavelength contributes to the signal and to what extent is more accurate. This becomes clear when one considers the practically completely unfit extreme case of a multiplication value of 2.
- the evaluation method described above is based on the fact that adding only the n-th value of a period with the corresponding n-th value of the next period only amplifies the periodically occurring values. If the duration of the modulation periods and the modulation frequencies are only slightly different, then the second is also the case Modulation period, the signal that comes from an excitation with a modulation frequency other than the evaluated, about the same course as in the first modulation period.
- a particularly high sensitivity is achieved when the modulation frequencies are so close to the resonance frequency of the measuring cell used that amplification of the photoacoustic signal takes place by resonance in the photoacoustic cell. It is clear that the modulation frequency can be at the resonance frequency at most for an excitation light source. The other modulation frequencies must be slightly different. However, the differences in the modulation frequency are so acceptably low, given a sufficiently high sampling frequency and a sufficiently high division value, that the amplification is sufficiently high for each modulation frequency.
- a suitable value for the division value is a value of about 50. Of course, only one division value can be exactly 50, and the remainder must each take other integer values.
- the maximum sampling frequency of the A / D converters available at a reasonable price is usually not more than 50OkHz.
- the quality factor (Q-factor) of the conventional resonators is about 20. The Q-factor is by definition the quotient of the resonance frequency and the half width. Since the resonance frequency is usually in the range of several 1000 Hz, a division value of about 50 is to be selected so that all modulation frequencies can be close to the resonance frequency.
- a simple modulation of the light source is achieved in that the output intensity of the light source is the sum of a constant and a Rectangular function or sine function is set. If, for example, a diode laser is selected as the light source, then it is sufficient to regulate the current accordingly.
- a quartz oscillator which provides the corresponding sampling frequency.
- a counter is required which is capable of providing modulation frequencies given by dividing the sampling frequency by an integer division value.
- multiple light sources that can provide excitation light at different wavelengths at respective modulation frequencies for excitation are required.
- a sound pressure transducer which can measure the sound pressure, is needed.
- an analog-to-digital converter is required which can digitize the measurement signal.
- a computer adapted to store the digitized measurements and to perform a calculation process which filters out the samples which are periodic with the period of the modulation frequency.
- the counter 2 divides the provided by the crystal oscillator 1 sampling cleanly into individual modulation frequencies.
- a division value of 50 is used.
- a division value of 49 is used.
- the resulting radiation from the diode lasers is focused and brought by optical waveguide in the photoacoustic cell 4, in which there are the substances to be examined.
- the sound pressure transducer 3 measures the sound pressure in the photoacoustic cell 4.
- the sound signal thus obtained is digitized in the analog-digital converter 9, which may be integrated in the computer 10, with the provided by the crystal oscillator 1 sampling frequency f s .
- the measured values are transferred to the computer 10. In this case, a 256 KB long sequence is stored in the computer 10.
- the number of measured values in a period is equal to the division value.
- 4096 * 50 204,800 measurements
- 4096 * 49 200,704 readings
- 4096 * 48 196,608 readings
- 4096 * 47 192,512 readings for the fourth division value of 47.
- the evaluation of the data is now done separately for each modulation frequency.
- the 204,800 measured values for the modulation frequency of 6400 Hz, ie a divisons value of 50, are evaluated.
- the 4096 periods are divided into two sub-sequences of 2048 periods each.
- the two subsequences are added. The addition takes place such that in each case the first value of the first subsequence is added to the first value of the second subsequence, the second value of the first subsequence to the second value of the second subsequence, and so on until finally the last value of the first subsequence Subsequence is added to the last value of the second subsequence.
- the new 2048 value subsequence thus obtained is then again subjected to the previous treatment.
- the measured values are then halved again, then the sequence of 2048 values is divided into two subsequences of 1024 values each and then the addition is carried out in the manner described. This procedure is carried out a total of 12 times. So you end up with a single period. This contains as many measuring points as the division value amounts to. Now the individual measured values are squared. The resulting squares are added. Then the root is drawn from the sum of the squares. Finally, a division takes place by the number of measured values, that is to say by the division value 50. The value now obtained is a measure of the sound pressure attributable to the signal of the modulation frequency of 6400 Hz.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP08734815A EP2132552A1 (de) | 2007-03-27 | 2008-03-27 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur messung des photoakustischen signals mit rechnergestützter auswertung |
US12/593,172 US8289517B2 (en) | 2007-03-27 | 2008-03-27 | Method and device for measuring a photoacoustic signal with computer-assisted evaluation |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102007014516.2 | 2007-03-27 | ||
DE102007014516A DE102007014516B4 (de) | 2007-03-27 | 2007-03-27 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Messung des photoakustischen Signals mit rechnergestützter Auswertung |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2008116657A1 true WO2008116657A1 (de) | 2008-10-02 |
Family
ID=39539452
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2008/002437 WO2008116657A1 (de) | 2007-03-27 | 2008-03-27 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur messung des photoakustischen signals mit rechnergestützter auswertung |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8289517B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2132552A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102007014516B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2008116657A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SG186951A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 | 2013-02-28 | Halliburton Energy Serv Inc | Method and system of determining constituent components of a fluid sample |
DE102010062015B4 (de) | 2010-11-26 | 2021-09-02 | Endress+Hauser Conducta Gmbh+Co. Kg | Messeinrichtung zur Messung von Absorption oder Streuung bei unterschiedlichen Wellenlängen |
US8848191B2 (en) | 2012-03-14 | 2014-09-30 | Honeywell International Inc. | Photoacoustic sensor with mirror |
US9380981B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-07-05 | Covidien Lp | Photoacoustic monitoring technique with noise reduction |
US10620165B2 (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2020-04-14 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Photoacoustic gas analyzer for determining species concentrations using intensity modulation |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0282234A1 (de) * | 1987-03-03 | 1988-09-14 | Elizabeth May Dowling | Optoakustische Spektroskopie |
EP0590813A1 (de) * | 1992-09-30 | 1994-04-06 | Gec-Marconi Limited | Gasanalysator |
US5933245A (en) * | 1996-12-31 | 1999-08-03 | Honeywell Inc. | Photoacoustic device and process for multi-gas sensing |
US20040179200A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2004-09-16 | Chang-No Yoon | Gas identification device |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4200399A (en) * | 1978-11-20 | 1980-04-29 | General Motors Corporation | Resonant optoacoustic spectroscopy apparatus |
US5129255A (en) * | 1989-10-06 | 1992-07-14 | The Aerospace Corporation | Photoacoustic detection and tracking apparatus |
DE19925196C2 (de) * | 1999-05-26 | 2001-12-13 | Inst Chemo Biosensorik | Gassensoranordnung |
US6608683B1 (en) * | 2000-02-10 | 2003-08-19 | Southwest Sciences Incorporated | Acoustic resonance phase locked photoacoustic spectrometer |
US7263871B2 (en) * | 2004-12-08 | 2007-09-04 | Finesse Solutions Llc. | System and method for gas analysis using doubly resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy |
EP1715324A1 (de) * | 2005-04-18 | 2006-10-25 | Siemens Schweiz AG | Optoakustische Messanordnung für den Nachweis von Gasen und/oder Aerosolen |
US7710566B2 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2010-05-04 | Board Of Regents Of The Nevada System Of Higher Education On Behalf Of The Desert Research Institute | Method and apparatus for photoacoustic measurements |
-
2007
- 2007-03-27 DE DE102007014516A patent/DE102007014516B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-03-27 US US12/593,172 patent/US8289517B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-03-27 WO PCT/EP2008/002437 patent/WO2008116657A1/de active Application Filing
- 2008-03-27 EP EP08734815A patent/EP2132552A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0282234A1 (de) * | 1987-03-03 | 1988-09-14 | Elizabeth May Dowling | Optoakustische Spektroskopie |
EP0590813A1 (de) * | 1992-09-30 | 1994-04-06 | Gec-Marconi Limited | Gasanalysator |
US5933245A (en) * | 1996-12-31 | 1999-08-03 | Honeywell Inc. | Photoacoustic device and process for multi-gas sensing |
US20040179200A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2004-09-16 | Chang-No Yoon | Gas identification device |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
BEENEN A ET AL: "DEVELOPMENT OF A PHOTOACOUSTIC TRACE GAS SENSOR BASED ON FIBER-OPTICALLY COUPLED NIR LASER DIODES", APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY, THE SOCIETY FOR APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY. BALTIMORE, US, vol. 53, no. 9, 1 September 1999 (1999-09-01), pages 1040 - 1044, XP000903098, ISSN: 0003-7028 * |
BELLAICHE-SHARPE P ET AL: "REAL-TIME PHOTOACOUSTIC SIGNAL ANALYSIS IN A GAS-PHASE SPECTROPHONE: A FEASIBILITY STUDY", APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY, THE SOCIETY FOR APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY. BALTIMORE, US, vol. 50, no. 11, 1 November 1996 (1996-11-01), pages 1366 - 1372, XP000642383, ISSN: 0003-7028 * |
C. BRAND ET AL.: "Pulsed-laser excitation of acoustic modes in open high-Q photoacoustic resonators for trace gas monitoring: results for C2H4", APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 34, no. 18, 20 June 1995 (1995-06-20), pages 3257 - 3266, XP002486473 * |
SLEZAK VERÓNICA: "Signal processing in pulsed photoacoustic detection of traces by means of a fast Fourier transform-based method", REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, AIP, MELVILLE, NY, US, vol. 74, no. 1, 1 January 2003 (2003-01-01), pages 642 - 644, XP012040332, ISSN: 0034-6748 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20100045991A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
EP2132552A1 (de) | 2009-12-16 |
DE102007014516B4 (de) | 2008-12-04 |
DE102007014516A1 (de) | 2008-10-02 |
US8289517B2 (en) | 2012-10-16 |
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