Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/351—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with another ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods for preventing and treating neurodegenerative disorders in patients in need thereof by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of general formula I
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound of general formula I according to this invention for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and treating neurodegenerative disorders.
• Glucopyranosyl-substituted benzene derivatives inhibit the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT), in particular SGLT2.
• SGLT sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters
• Reuptake of filtered glucose across epithelial cells of the kidney proceeds via sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) located in the brush-border membranes in the proximal tubuli along the sodium gradient (1) .
• SGLTs sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters located in the brush-border membranes in the proximal tubuli along the sodium gradient (1) .
• SGLT2 is exclusively expressed in the kidney (3) .
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• cognitive deficits including worsening of memory, judgement, and comprehen- sion and deterioration in global functioning.
• motor, sensory, and linguistic abilities are also affected until there is global impairment of multiple cognitive functions. These cognitive losses occur gradually, but typically lead to severe impairment and eventual death in the range of four to twelve years. Current treatments are not efficacious in every patient.
• An aim of the present invention is to find a new method for treating of neurodegenerative disorders, in particular of a dementia.
• Another aim of the present invention is to find a new method for preventing or slowing, delaying or reversing progression of neurodegenerative disorders, in particular of a dementia.
• a further aim of the present invention is to find a new therapeutic use of a glucopyrano- syl-substituted benzene derivative.
• a further aim of the present invention is to provide new pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, in particular dementia.
• Other aims of the present invention will become apparent to the skilled man directly from the foregoing and following remarks.
• the present invention relates to a method for treating of one or more neurodegenerative disorders in a patient in need thereof wherein said method comprises administering a glucopyranosyl-substituted benzene derivative of general formula (I)
• R 1 denotes hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano or nitro, or d- 4 -alkyl, a methyl group substituted by 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, an ethyl group substituted by 1 to 5 fluorine atoms, a Ci -4 -alkyl group substituted by a hydroxy or Ci -3 - alkoxy group, or
• d- 4 -alkylcarbonyl aminocarbonyl, d -4 -alkylaminocarbonyl, di-(d -3 - alkyl)aminocarbonyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl, piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl, morpholin-4- ylcarbonyl, piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl, 4-(d -4 -alkyl)piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl, Ci -4 - alkoxycarbonyl, or amino, d- 4 -alkylamino, di-(Ci.3-alkyl)amino, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-on-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-on-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, morpholin-3-on-4-yl, piperazin-1- yl, 4-(Ci -3 -alkyl)piperazin-1 -yl,
• one or two methylene groups may be replaced independently of one another by O, S, CO, SO, SO 2 or NR N , and
• alkynyl and alkenyl groups may be mono- or polysubsti- tuted by fluorine, and
• alkynyl and alkenyl groups may be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different groups L1 , and
• cycloalkyl- and cycloalkenyl-rings independently of one another may be mono- or disubstituted by substituents selected from fluorine and Ci -3 - alkyl, and
• C- ⁇ -6-alkyl a methyl or methoxy group substituted by 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, a C 2 - 4 - alkyl or C 2-4 -alkoxy group substituted by 1 to 5 fluorine atoms, a Ci -4 -alkyl group substituted by a cyano group, a Ci -4 -alkyl group substituted by a hydroxy or Ci -3 - alkyloxy group, tri-(C 1 - 4 -alkyl)silyl-C 1 - 6 -alkyl,
• Ci -3 -alkoxycarbonyl aminocarbonyl, (Ci -3 -alkylamino)carbonyl, di-(Ci -3 - alkyl)aminocarbonyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl, piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl, morpholin-4- ylcarbonyl, piperazin-1-yl-carbonyl, 4-(Ci -3 -alkyl)-piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl, or
• Ci -3 -alkylamino di-(Ci -3 -alkyl)amino, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-on-1-yl, pi- peridin-1-yl, piperidin-2-on-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, morpholin-3-on-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, 4-(Ci -3 -alkyl)piperazin-1-yl, (Ci -4 -alkyl)carbonylamino, Ci -4 -alkylsulphonylamino, or
• heteroaryl-group has 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S;
• heteroaryl-group may possess 1 or 2 carbonyl groups as part of the monocyclic aromatic ring-system
• an N-atom of a heteroaryl ring-system may be oxidized to form the corresponding N-oxide
• alkynyl and alkenyl groups may be mono- or polysubsti- tuted by fluorine, and
• alkynyl and alkenyl groups may be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different groups L1 ;
• cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl rings may be mono- or disubstituted independently of one another by substituents selected from fluorine and d-3-alkyl, and
• one or two methylene groups may be replaced independently of one another by O, S, CO, SO, SO 2 or
• NR N , R 4 , R 5 independently of each other denote hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, C- ⁇ -3-alkyl, d-3-alkoxy, methyl or methoxy substituted by 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, amino, Ci -3 -alkyl-amino or di(Ci -3 -alkyl)-amino; and
• R N denotes H, Ci -4 -alkyl, Ci -4 -alkylcarbonyl or Ci -4 -alkylsulphonyl,
• L1 independently of one another are selected from among hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C 3-7 - cycloalkyl, Ci -4 -alkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, Ci -4 -alkylaminocarbonyl, di-(Ci -3 - alkyl)aminocarbonyl, Ci -4 -alkoxycarbonyl and Ci -4 -alkyloxy; and
• L2 independently of one another are selected from among fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, Ci -3 -alkyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, Ci -3 -alkoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy and cyano;
• R 7b , R 7c independently of one another have a meaning selected from among hydrogen, (Ci-i 8 -alkyl)carbonyl, (Ci-i 8 -alkyl)oxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyl and aryl-(Ci -3 - alkyl)-carbonyl,
• aryl groups mentioned in the definition of the above groups are meant phenyl or naphthyl groups which may be mono- or disubstituted independently of one another by identical or different groups L2; and
• heteroaryl groups mentioned in the definition of the above groups are meant a pyr- rolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquino- linyl or tetrazolyl group,
• alkyl groups may be straight-chain or branched
• the present invention relates to a method for preventing or slowing, delaying or reversing progression of one or more neurodegenerative disorders in a patient in need thereof wherein said method comprises administering a glucopyranosyl- substituted benzene derivative of general formula (I), a tautomer, stereoisomer, mixture or salt thereof, as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter to the patient in need thereof.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a glucopyranosyl-substituted benzene derivative of general formula (I), a tautomer, stereoisomer, mixture or salt thereof, as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of one or more neurodegenerative disorders.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a glucopyranosyl-substituted benzene derivative of general formula (I), a tautomer, stereoisomer, mixture or salt thereof, as hereinbefore and hereinafter for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or slowing, delaying or reversing progression of one or more neurodegenerative disorders.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of one or more neurodegenerative disorders comprising a glucopyranosyl- substituted benzene derivative of general formula (I), a tautomer, stereoisomer, mixture or salt thereof, as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or slowing, delaying or reversing progression of one or more neurodegenerative disorders comprising a glucopyranosyl-substituted benzene derivative of general formula (I), a tautomer, stereoisomer, mixture or salt thereof, as defined hereinbefore and herein- after.
• the group R 1 preferably denotes hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, amino, ni- tro or cyano, hydroxy, Ci -4 -alkyl, methyl substituted by 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, ethyl substituted by 1 to 5 fluorine atoms, Ci -4 -alkyl substituted by a hydroxy or d -3 -alkoxy group, C 2- 6-alkenyl, C 2- 6-alkynyl, Ci -4 -alkoxy, methoxy substituted by 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, ethoxy substituted by 1 to 5 fluorine atoms, C 2-4 -alkoxy substituted by a hydroxy or d -3 -alkoxy group, C 2 - 4 -alkenyl-Ci -4 -alkoxy, C 2-4 -alkynyl-Ci -4 -alkoxy, C 3- 6-cycloalkyl, C 3 -6-cycl
• the group R 1 denotes hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, ethynyl, prop-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn- 1-yl, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopen- tyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy or tetrahydropyran-4-yl-oxy.
• R 1 is methyl, chlorine, cyano and cyclopropyl.
• the group R 2 preferably denotes hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, nitro, methyl, methyl substituted by 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoro- methoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy.
• the group R 1 denotes cyano and R 2 denotes hydrogen.
• R 1 denotes cyano and R 2 is de- fined as hereinbefore, but R 2 does not denote hydrogen.
• the group R 3 preferably denotes hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert. -butyl, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, trimethylsilylethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopro- pyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopentyloxy, difluorometh- oxy, trifluoromethoxy, pentafluorethoxy, tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy, tetrahydrofuran-2-on-3- yloxy, methylsulphanyl, ethylsulphanyl, isopropylsulphanyl, cyclopropylidenemethyl, phenyl, fluorophenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl,
• phenylethinyl pyridylethinyl, pyridazinylethinyl, pyrazinylethinyl, pyrimidinylethinyl, thienylethinyl, thiazolylethinyl, oxazolylethinyl, isoxazolylethinyl, [1 ,2,4]oxadiazolylethinyl, [1 H-[1 ,2,4]triazolyl]ethinyl, [2H-tetrazolyl]ethinyl, [1 ,2-dihydro-2-oxo-pyridinyl]ethinyl or [1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxo-pyrimidinyl]ethinyl, wherein one or more methine-groups in said phenyl or said heteroaryl-groups may be substituted independently of one another with a substituent L1 ; and
• pyridyloxy pyridazinyloxy, pyrazinyloxy, pyrimidinyloxy, pyrazolyloxy, imidazolyloxy, triaz- inyloxy, thienyloxy, thiazolyloxy, oxazolyloxy, isoxazolyloxy, [1 ,2,4]oxadiazolyloxy, [1 H- [1 ,2,4]triazolyl]oxy, or [2H-tetrazolyl]oxy,
• the group R 3 denotes hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, 3-methyl-but- 1-yl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylidenemethyl, difluoro- methyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 2-hydroxyl-ethyl, hydroxymethyl, 3-hydroxy- propyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-prop-1-yl, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-1-yl, 1-hydroxy-1 -methyl- ethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -hydroxy-1 -methyl-ethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -hydroxy-1 -trifluoromethyl- ethyl, 2-me
• the groups R 4 , R 5 preferably denote independently of each other hydrogen, fluorine, hy- droxy, methoxy, ethoxy or methyl, particularly hydrogen or methyl.
• R 4 and R 5 denote H.
• R 4 denotes H and R 5 denotes F.
• R 4 denotes F and R 5 denotes H.
• R 4 and R 5 denote F.
• the group L1 preferably denotes fluorine, hydroxy, hydroxy-Ci -4 -alkyl, Ci -4 -alkoxy, Ci -4 - alkoxy-Ci -4 -alkyl, Ci -4 -alkyl, trifluoromethyl, Ci -4 -alkyl-carbonylamino, hydroxycarbonyl or Ci -4 -alkoxycarbonyl; particularly fluorine, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, methoxy or methyl.
• the group L2 preferably denotes fluorine, hydroxy, hydroxy-Ci -4 -alkyl, Ci -4 -alkoxy, Ci -4 - alkoxy-Ci -4 -alkyl, Ci -4 -alkyl, trifluoromethyl, Ci -4 -alkyl-carbonylamino, hydroxycarbonyl or Ci -4 -alkoxycarbonyl; particularly hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, methoxy or methyl.
• the group R N preferably denotes Ci -3 -alkyl or acetyl, in particular methyl.
• the group R 6 preferably denotes according to the invention hydrogen, (Ci_8-alkyl)oxy- carbonyl, Ci -8 -alkylcarbonyl or benzoyl, particularly hydrogen or (Ci -6 -alkyl)oxycarbonyl or d- 6 -alkylcarbonyl, particularly preferably hydrogen, methylcarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl, most particularly preferably hydrogen.
• R 7a , R 7b , R 7c preferably represent independently of one another hydrogen, (Ci -8 -alkyl)oxycarbonyl, (Ci-i 8 -alkyl)carbonyl or benzoyl, particularly hydrogen, (Ci -6 - alkyl)oxycarbonyl or (Ci -8 -alkyl)carbonyl, particularly preferably hydrogen, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, methylcarbonyl or ethylcarbonyl. Most particularly preferably R 7a , R 7b and R 7c represent hydrogen.
• Preferred compounds according to this invention are selected from the following table:
• halogen denotes an atom selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I.
• Ci -n -alkyl wherein n may have a value of 2 to 18, denotes a saturated, branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group with 1 to n C atoms.
• examples of such groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n- pentyl, iso-pentyl, neo-pentyl, tert-pentyl, n-hexyl, iso-hexyl, etc.
• C 2-n -alkynyl wherein n has a value of 3 to 6, denotes a branched or un- branched hydrocarbon group with 2 to n C atoms and a C ⁇ C triple bond.
• groups include ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1- pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl etc.
• alkynyl groups are connected to the remainder of the molecule via the C atom in position 1. Therefore terms such as 1-propynyl, 2- propynyl, 1-butynyl, etc. are equivalent to the terms 1-propyn-1-yl, 2-propyn-1-yl, 1-butyn- 1-yl, etc.. This also applies analogously to C 2 - n -alkenyl groups.
• Ci -n -alkoxy denotes a Ci -n -alkyl-0 group, wherein Ci -n -alkyl is as hereinbefore defined.
• groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n- butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, iso-pentoxy, neo-pentoxy, tert- pentoxy, n-hexoxy, iso-hexoxy etc.
• groups include methylcarbonyl, ethylcarbonyl, n- propylcarbonyl, iso-propylcarbonyl, n-butylcarbonyl, iso-butylcarbonyl, sec-butylcarbonyl, tert-butylcarbonyl, n-pentylcarbonyl, iso-pentylcarbonyl, neo-pentylcarbonyl, tert- pentylcarbonyl, n-hexylcarbonyl, iso-hexylcarbonyl, etc.
• C 3 - n -cycloalkyl denotes a saturated mono-, bi-, tri- or spirocarbocyclic group with 3 to n C atoms.
• groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, decalinyl, bicyclo[3.2.1.]octyl, spiro[4.5]decyl, norpinyl, norbonyl, norcaryl, adamantyl, etc.
• C 3-n - cycloalkyl denotes saturated monocyclic groups.
• tri-(Ci- 4 -alkyl)silyl comprises silyl groups which have identical or two or three different alkyl groups.
• di-(Ci -3 -alkyl)amino comprises amino groups which have identical or two different d- 3 -alkyl groups.
• aryl preferably denotes naphthyl or phenyl, more preferably phenyl.
• heteroaryl denotes a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic aromatic ring possessing one to four identical or different heteroatoms selected from the group comprising N, O and S.
• Heteroaryl denotes preferably a pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl or tetrazolyl group, or
• the compounds according to the invention may be obtained using methods of synthesis known in principle.
• the compounds are obtained by methods as described for example in WO 05/092877, WO 06/064033, WO 2006/120208, WO 06/089872, WO 06/108842 and in the literature cited therein.
• the compounds of general formula I according to the invention and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof have valuable pharmacological properties, particularly an inhibitory effect on the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter SGLT, preferably SGLT2.
• the compounds according to the invention of general formula I and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof are potential therapeutic agents in the treatment and/or prevention of neurodegenerative disorders, in particular dementia.
• Dementia is characterized by the development of multiple cognitive deficits and memory impairment.
• Such cognitive deficits may include one or more of aphasia, apraxia, agnosia and disturbance in executive functioning (see for example "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders", 4 th edition, American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
• the compounds according to this invention are potentially valuable in the treatment of one or more neurodegenerative disorders and in preventing or slowing, delaying or reversing progression of one or more neurodegenerative disorders in a patient in need thereof.
• the patient whose illness or condition is to be treated or prevented according to the invention is a mammal, particularly a human being.
• the term patient comprises an individual diagnosed to have a neurodegenerative disorder, in particular a dementia, especially dementia of the Alzheimer type.
• patient also comprises an individual diagnosed to have an increased risk to develop a neurodegenerative disorder, in particular a dementia, especially dementia of the Alzheimer type.
• the term neurodegenerative disorder denotes in particular dementia.
• dementia comprises dementia of the Alzheimer type, vascular de- mentia, dementia in Parkinson and dementia due to other general medical conditions.
• Dementia due to other medical conditions comprises dementia in chorea Huntington, dystonias, degenerative ataxias, AIDS-related dementia, Creutzfeld-Jakob's syndrome, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, prion-related infections, diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction, Down's syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, olivoponto-cerebellar atrophy, post-operative cognitive deficit, mild cognitive impairment, hypoxia, ischaemia resulting from cardiac arrest, stroke, glioma and other tumours, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, convulsions, epilepsy, Korsakoff syndrome, depression and schizophrenia.
• the course of dementia of the Alzheimer Type is characterized by gradual onset and continuing cognitive decline.
• the compounds according to this invention may improve cognitive abilities and memory, in particular in a patient as defined hereinbefore. Therefore by the administration of a compound to a patient according to this invention a cognitive decline or memory impairment may be attenuated, slowed, delayed or even reversed.
• the Morris water maze is a device to investigate spatial learn- ing and memory in rodents. It consists of a large circular pool filled with opaque water in which a small escape platform is submerged underneath the water surface. During a number of training trials, animals learn to find the platform and escape from the pool, using the different extra-maze cues contained in the experimental room. Details are described by D'Hooge R. and De Deyn P.P. (2001 ) "Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory.”, Brain Research Reviews 36, 60-90.
• Another method to test cognitive abilities is based on contextual fear conditioning.
• Classical fear conditioning is a reference task to investigate fear memory. It is assessed in operant chambers where the animals receive a mild electric shock. The association between the experimental chamber and the shock is tested 24 hours later by returning the animals in the chambers in which training occurred (context) and measuring their freezing behaviour, i.e. the tendency of the animals to remain in motionless, defensive posture. Details are described by Kim JJ. and Jung M. W. (2006) "Neural circuits and mechanisms involved in Pavlovian fear conditioning: A critical review.”, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30, 188-202.
• a further test of cognitive abilities is related to the recognition of novel objects.
• the test is based on differential exploration of familiar and new objects.
• T1 first trial
• T2 second Trial
• Increased exploration of the novel object is a measure of recognition memory.
• Prickaerts J. et al. (2004) "Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition improves early memory consolidation of object information", Neurochemistry International 45, 915-928.
• the aforementioned tests of cognitive abilities can also be performed with Alzheimer disease animal models, for example with a transgenic mouse model, such as the Tg2576 mice.
• the dosage required to achieve the corresponding activity for treatment or prevention usually depends on the compound which is to be administered, the patient, the nature and gravity of the illness or condition and the method and frequency of administration and is for the patient's doctor to decide.
• the dosage may be from 0.1 to 100 mg, preferably 0.1 to 30 mg, by intravenous route, and 0.1 to 500 mg, preferably 0.5 to 100 mg, by oral route, in each case administered 1 to 4 times a day.
• the compounds of formula I prepared according to the invention may be formulated, optionally together with other active substances, together with one or more inert conventional carriers and/or diluents, e.g.
• active substance denotes a glucopyranosyl- substituted benzene derivative according to this invention.
• Example 1 Dry ampoule containing 75 mg of active substance per 10 ml Composition: Active substance 75.0 mg
• Example 2 Dry ampoule containing 35 mg of active substance per 2 ml Composition:
• Active substance and mannitol are dissolved in water. After packaging, the solution is freeze-dried. To produce the solution ready for use, the product is dissolved in water for injections.
• Example 3 Tablet containing 50 mg of active substance Composition:
• Example 4 Tablet containing 350 mg of active substance Preparation:
• Example 5 Capsules containing 50 mg of active substance Composition:
• Preparation (1 ) is triturated with (3). This trituration is added to the mixture of (2) and (4) with vigorous mixing. This powder mixture is packed into size 3 hard gelatin capsules in a capsule filling machine.
• Example 6 Capsules containing 350 mg of active substance Composition:
• Example 7 Suppositories containing 100 mg of active substance

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