Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/52—Purines, e.g. adenine
  • A61K31/522—Purines, e.g. adenine having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. hypoxanthine, guanine, acyclovir
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00

Definitions

• the invention relates to purinone derivatives useful as immunosuppressants.
• Immunosuppression is an important clinical approach in treating autoimmune disease and in preventing organ and tissue rejection.
• the clinically available immunosuppressants including azathioprine, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, although effective, often cause undesirable side effects including nephrotoxicity, hypertension, gastrointestinal disturbances and gum inflammation.
• Inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase Jak3 are known to be useful as immunosuppressants (see US patent 6,313,129).
• Jak The members of the Janus kinase (Jak) family of non-receptor intracellular tyrosine kinases are components of cytokine signal transduction.
• Jakl The Jaks play a key role in the intracellular signaling mediated through cytokine receptors. Upon binding of cytokines to their receptors, Jaks are activated and phosphorylate the receptors, creating docking sites for other signaling molecules, in particular members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family. While expression of Jakl, Jak2 and Tyk2 is relatively ubiquitous, Jak3 expression is temporally and spatially regulated.
• Jak3 is predominantly expressed in cells of hematopoietic lineage; it is constitutively expressed in natural killer (NK) cells and thymocytes and is inducible in T cells, B cells and myeloid cells (reviewed in Ortmann, et al., 1999 and Yamaoka, et al. 3 2004). Jak3 is also is expressed in mast cells, and its enzymatic activity is enhanced by IgE receptor/FcsRI cross-linking (Malaviya and Uckun, 1999).
• a specific, orally active Jak3 inhibitor, CP-690,550 has been shown to act as an effective immunosuppressant and prolong animal survival in a murine model of heart transplantation and a primate model of kidney transplantation (Changelian, et al., 2003).
• Jak3 activity has been linked to a leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (Sezary's syndrome) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common form of childhood cancer.
• the identification of Jak3 inhibitors has provided the basis for new clinical approaches in treating leukemias and lymphomas (reviewed inUckun, et al, 2005).
• Two dimethoxyquinazoline derivatives, WHI-P131 (JANEX-I) and WHI-P154 (JANEX-2), have been reported to be selective inhibitors of Jak3 in leukemia cells (Sudbeck et al.. 1999).
• Jak3 has also been shown to play a role in mast-cell mediated allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases and serves as a target in indications such as asthma and anaphylaxis.
• Jak3 are useful for indications such as leukemias and lymphomas, organ and bone marrow transplant rejection, mast cell- mediated allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases and disorders.
• Qi and Q 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of CX 1 , CX 2 and nitrogen wherein Qi and Qj are not both nitrogen;
• Q 3 is N or CH
• Xi and X 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (Ci-Cg)alkyl, cyano, halo, halo(Ci-C 6 )alkyL, hydroxyl, (Ci-C ⁇ )alkoxy; halo(Ci-C ⁇ ;)aIkoxy, and nitro;
• Ri is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (Ci-C 6 )alkyl; y is zero or an integer selected from 1, 2 and 3;
• R 2 and R3 are selected independently for each occurrence of (CR 2 R 3 ) from the group consisting of hydrogen and (Ci-C$)alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from a group consisting of alkyl, heterocyclyl, aryL, heteroaryl, substituted alkyL, substituted heterocyclyl, substituted aryL, substituted heteroaryl;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl, and Ci-Cg alkyl wherein
• halogen hydroxy, cyano, loweralkylsulfonyl, loweralkylsulfonyloxy, amino, loweralkylamino, diloweralkylamino, alkoxyamino, sulfonylamino, acylamino, arylamino, loweralkoxy;
• the members of these genera are useful in inhibiting Jak3 activity and as such are useful in indications where clinical immunosuppression is desired and in the treatment of hematological cancers.
• the compounds are more selective for Jak3 than for Aurora A kinases than are the corresponding compounds in which R 5 is hydrogen.
• the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of general formula in, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention relates to a method for treating a disease by altering a response mediated by Jak3 tyrosine kinase.
• the method comprises bringing into contact with Jak3 at least one compound of general formula III.
• the present invention relates to a method of suppressing the immune system in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of general formula III.
• a disease or disorder selected from an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a mast cell mediated disease, hematological malignancy and organ transplant rejection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of general formula III.
• Suppression of immune system activity is desirable for preventing or treating tissue or organ rejection following transplant surgery and for preventing and treating diseases and disorders arising from aberrant activity of the immune system, in particular autoimmune disorders and diseases.
• Exemplary autoimmune disorders include graft versus host disease (GVHD), insulin-dependent diabetes (Type I), Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, pernicious anemia, Addison's disease, chronic active hepatitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, scleroderma and myasthenia gravis.
• GVHD graft versus host disease
• Type I insulin-dependent diabetes
• Graves' disease pernicious anemia
• Addison's disease chronic active hepatitis
• Crohn's disease ulcerative colitis
• rheumatoid arthritis multiple sclerosis
• systemic lupus erythematosus psoriasis
• scleroderma myasthenia gravis.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful in preventing and treating diseases and disorders related to mast cell-mediated allergic reactions and inflammation, such as keratoconjuctivitis sicca.
• Jak3 inhibitors are useful include leukemias and lymphomas.
• the invention relates to purinones and imidazopyridinones having general formula III:
• the members of the genus III may be conveniently divided into subgenera based on the values of Q.
• Q 1 nitrogen and Q 2 is carbon
• a subgenus of purinones and imidazo[4 s 5-b]pyridinones having an attached imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine arises.
• Q 1 is carbon and Qz is nitrogen
• a subgenus of purinones and imidazo[4,5-b] ⁇ yridinones having an attached imidazo[5.,4-c]pyridine arises.
• Q t and Q 2 are both carbon, a subgenus of purinones and imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinones having an attached benzimidazole arises.
• the genus could similarly be divided on the basis OfQ 3 .
• Q3 is nitrogen
• a subgenus of purinones having an attached im ⁇ dazo[4,5-c] ⁇ yridine, imidazo[5,4-c]pyridine or benzimidazole arises.
• Q 3 is carbon
• a subgenus of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinones having an attached imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine, imidazo[5,4-c]pyridine or benzimidazole arises.
• the structures of these subgenera are shown below:
• X 1 and X 2 are selected from hydrogen, cyano, chloro, fluoro, trifluoromethyL, trifluoromethoxy and methyl; in other embodiments R 1 is H. In one subdivision, y is zero; in another y is 1 or 2 and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen or methyl.
• Examples OfR 4 include: cyclopentyl, cyclone xyl, piperidine, oxepane, benzoxepane, dihydrocyclopentapyridine, phenyl, benzyl, tetralin, indane, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydroindole, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, quinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, chroman, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, dihydropyran, dihydrobenzofuran, tetrahydrobenzofuran, tetrahydrobenzothiophene, furan, dihydropyrano[2,3-b]pyridine (see example below), tetrahydroquinoxaline, tetrahydrothiopyran (thiane), thiochroman (dihydrobenzothiin) or any of the foregoing
• y is 1 or 2; R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen or methyl and R 4 is phenyl, quinoline, pyridine, pyrazine or substituted phenyl, quinoline, pyridine or pyrazine.
• y is zero and R 4 is cyclopentyL, cyclohexyl, phenyl, indane, piperidine, oxepane, benzoxepane, dihydrocyclopentapyridine, tetralin, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydroindole, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoqurnoline, quinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, chroman, pyridine, pyrimidine, dihydropyran, dihydrobenzofuran, tetrahydrobenzofuran, tetrahydrobenzothiophene, furan, dihydropyrano[2,3-b] ⁇ yridine, tetrahydroquinoxaline, tetrahydrothiopyran (thiane), thiochroman (dihydrobenzothiin) or a substituted
• (a) y is zero and R 4 is selected from cyclohexyL, oxepane, tetralin, indane, dihydrocyclopentapyridine, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydroquinoline, chroman, dihydrobenzofuran, tetrahydrobenzofuran, dihydropyrano[2,3-b]pyridine and tetrahydroquinoxaline, each optionally substituted with hydroxy, oxo, or halogen; or (b) y is 1 or 2, Ra and R3 are hydrogen or methyl and R 4 is selected from phenyl, pyridine and pyrazine, each optionally substituted with halogen.
• R 4 may be tetrahydropyran-4-yl, 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-oxocyclohexyl, oxepan-4-yl, chroman-4-yl; 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-l(2H)-on-4-yl; 2,3-dihydroinden-l-on-4-yl and their fluoro substituted counterparts. It appears that, although both enantiomers are active, compounds in which the carbon at 4 of the chroman is of the (R) configuration have higher potency. Certain of the foregoing subgenera in which y is zero may also be described by a representation in which R 4 is
• the wavy line denotes the point of attachment to the purinone.
• LTU ⁇ A. is of the (R) configuration appear to be more potent than their corresponding (S) enantiomers.
• Other embodiments include compounds in which y is 1 and R 4 is selected from difluorophenyl, fluorophenyl, chlorophenyl, chlorofluorophenyl, pyr ⁇ din-3-yl and pyrazin-3-yl.
• X 1 and X 2 are selected from hydrogen, cyano, chloro, fluoro, trifluoromethyL, trifluoromethoxy and methyl.
• X 1 is selected from hydrogen, cyano and fluoro;
• Qi and Q 2 are CX 1 ;
• Q 3 is N and R 1 is H.
• y is zero and R 4 is selected from cyclohexyl, tetralin, indane, oxepane.
• dihydrocyclopentapyridine tetrahydropyran, tetrahydroquinoline, chroman, dihydrobenzofuran, tetrahydrobenzofuran, dihydropyrano[2,3-b]pyridine and tetrahydroquinoxaline, each optionally substituted with hydroxy, oxo, or halogen.
• y is 1 or 2
• R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen or methyl and R 4 is selected from phenyl, pyridine and pyrazine, each optionally substituted with halogen.
• R5 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl wherein certain replacements and substitutions have been made.
• (a) one or two CHa may be replaced by NH or N(alkyl). These residues are also referred to as azaalkyl.
• An example of such an R 5 is -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N(CH3)CH 2 CN, which may be considered 5-cyanopentane in which one CH 2 has been replaced by N(CH 3 ).
• (b) one or two CH 2 may be replaced by O. These residues are also referred to as oxaalkyl.
• An example of such an R 5 is
• a further embodiment includes (e), any chemically stable combination of (a), (b) (c) and (d).
• C 1 -C 6 alkyl examples include but are not limited to:
• Q 1 is CX 1
• Q 2 is CX 2
• X 1 is hydrogen
• X 2 is a substituent at the 6 position of the benzimidazole
• X 2 is chosen from hydrogen, fluoro and cyano.
• Alkyl is intended to include linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon structures and combinations thereof.
• Lower alkyl refers to alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, s-and t- butyl and the like. Preferred alkyl groups are those of C 20 or below; more preferred are C 1 - Cg alkyl.
• Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl and includes cyclic hydrocarbon groups of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyL, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl and the like.
• C 1 to C 20 hydrocarbon includes alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and combinations thereof. Examples include phenethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, camphoryl and naphthylethyl.
• Alkoxy or alkoxyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like. Lower-alkoxy refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
• oxaalkyl is intended as it is understood in the art [see Naming and Indexing of Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, published by the American Chemical Society, 1J196, but without the restriction of ⁇ [127(a)], i.e. it refers to compounds in which the oxygen is bonded via a single bond to its adjacent atoms (forming ether bonds); it does not refer to doubly bonded oxygen, as would be found in carbonyl groups.
• Acyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration, saturated, unsaturated and aromatic and combinations thereof, attached to the parent structure through a carbonyl functionality.
• One or more carbons in the acyl residue may be replaced by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur as long as the point of attachment to the parent remains at the carbonyl. Examples include acetyl, benzoyl, propionyl, isobutyryL, t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl and the like.
• Lower-acyl refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
• Aryl and heteroaryl mean a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; a bicyclic 9- or 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; or a tricyclic 13- or 14-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0- 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S.
• the aromatic 6- to 14-membered carbocyclic rings include, e.g., benzene and naphthalene, and for the purposes of the present invention, fused moieties such as tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin), indane and fluorine, in which one or more rings are aromatic, but not all need be.
• the 5- to 10-membered aromatic heterocyclic rings include, e.g., imidazole, pyridine, indole, thiophene, benzopyranone, thiazole, furan, benzimidazole, quinoUne, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, tetrazole and pyrazole.
• Arylalkyl refers to a substituent in which an aryl residue is attached to the parent structure through alkyl. Examples are benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Heteroarylalkyl refers to a substituent in which a heteroaryl residue is attached to the parent structure through alkyl. Examples include, e.g., pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl and the like.
• Heterocycle means a cycloalkyl in which from one to three carbons is replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S.
• the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, hi some contexts (other than the present) the term heterocycle may be interpreted to include heteroaryl; for the purpose of this application, heterocycle is a saturated heterocycle and does not include heteroaryl. When heteroaryl is intended, it is expressly named.
• heterocycles include pyrrolidine, morpholine, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and the like.
• heterocyclyl residues additionally include piperazinyL, 2-oxopiperazinyL, 2-oxopi ⁇ eridinyL, 2-oxo- pyrrolidinyL, 4-piperidinyL, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyL, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyL, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinylsulfoxide, and thiamorpholinylsulfone.
• a nitrogenous heterocycle is a heterocycle containing at least one nitrogen in the ring; it may contain additional nitrogens, as well as other heteroatoms.
• Substituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl etc. refer to alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl. heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl wherein up to three H atoms in each residue are replaced with halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, hydro xyloweralkyl, carboxy, carboalkoxy (also referred to as alkoxycarbonyl), carboxamido (also referred to as alkylaminocarbonyl), heterocyclylcarbonyl, cyano, carbonyl, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, loweralkoxyamino, arylamino carbonyl, mercapto, alkylthio, sulfoxide, sulfoxide amino, sulfone, acylamino, amidino, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted
• the term when the parent is a heterocycle that allows such substitution, the term also includes oxides, for example pyridine-N-oxide, thiopyran sulfoxide and thiopyran- S,S-dioxide.
• oxides for example pyridine-N-oxide, thiopyran sulfoxide and thiopyran- S,S-dioxide.
• two hydrogens on a single carbon may be replaced by a carbonyl to form an oxo derivative.
• Noteworthy oxo-substhuted aryl residues include tetralone (3,4-dihydronaphthalen-.l(2H)-one) and indanone (2,3-dihydroinden-l-one).
• halogen and halo refer to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• Some of the compounds described herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-.
• the present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as, their racemic and optically pure forms.
• Optically active (R)- and (S)- isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques.
• the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers.
• the compounds of this invention can exist in radiolabeled form, i.e., the compounds may contain one or more atoms containing an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• Radioisotopes of hydrogen, carbon, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine and iodine include 3 H, 14 C, 35 S, 18 F. 36 Cl and 125 I, respectively.
• Compounds that contain those radioisotopes and/or other radioisotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Tritiated, Le. 3 H, and carbon- 14, i.e., 14 C, radioisotopes are particularly preferred for their ease in preparation and detectability.
• Radiolabeled compounds of this invention can generally be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Conveniently, such radiolabeled compounds can be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Examples by substituting a readily available radiolabeled reagent for a non-radiolabeled reagent. Because of the high affinity for the JAK3 enzyme active site, radiolabeled compounds of the invention are useful for JAK3 assays.
• R 4 is a heterocycle.
• Heterocycles that appear in the examples are monocyclic and bicyclic heterocycles or monocyclic and bicyclic heterocycles substituted with one or two substitutions.
• heteroaryl is a preferred subset of heterocyclyl for R 4 .
• Exemplary nitrogenous heterocycles include piperidine, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, and their variously substituted derivatives, such as
• An oxygenous heterocycle is a heterocycle containing at least one oxygen in the ring; it may contain additional oxygens, as well as other heteroatoms.
• Exemplary oxygenous heterocycles include tetrahydropyran, chroman and their variously substituted derivatives, such as:
• a protecting group refers to a group which is used to mask a functionality during a process step in which it would otherwise react, but in which reaction is undesirable.
• the protecting group prevents reaction at that step, but may be subsequently removed to expose the original functionality. The removal or "deprotection” occurs after the completion of the reaction or reactions in which the functionality would interfere.
• the compounds of the present invention may be prepared by the methods illustrated in the general reaction schemes as, for example, described below, or by modifications thereof, using readily available starting materials, reagents and conventional synthesis procedures. In these reactions, it is also possible to make use of variants that are in themselves known, but are not mentioned here.
• the starting materials for example in the case of suitably substituted benzimidazole ring compounds, are either commercially available, synthesized as described in the examples or may be obtained by the methods well known to persons of skill in the art [0046]
• the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising as active agents, the compounds described herein.
• a "pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation of one or more of the compounds described herein, or physiologically acceptable salts or solvents thereof, with other chemical components such as physiologically suitable carriers and excipients.
• compositions for use in accordance with the present invention thus may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which, can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
• Compounds that inhibit Jak-3 can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a mammalian subject, such as a human patient in a variety of forms adapted to the chosen route of administration, i.e., orally or parenterally, by intravenous, intramuscular, topical, transdermal or subcutaneous routes.
• the compounds can be formulated readily by combining the active compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art.
• Such carriers enable the compounds of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient.
• Pharmacological preparations for oral use can be made using a solid excipient, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
• Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitoL, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gumtragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carbomethylcellulose; and/or physiologically acceptable polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
• disintegrating agents may be added, such as cross- linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
• enteric coating may be useful as it is may be desirable to prevent exposure of the compounds of the invention to the gastric environment.
• compositions which can be used orally, include push-fit capsules made of gelatin as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
• the push-fit capsules may contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
• suitable liquids such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
• stabilizers may be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for the chosen route of administration.
• the compounds of the invention may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's or Ringer's solution or physiological saline buffer.
• physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's or Ringer's solution or physiological saline buffer.
• penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated may be used in the composition.
• penetrants including for example DMSO or polyethylene glycol, are known in the art.
• the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurized pack or a nebulizer with the use of a suitable propellant, e. g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichloro-tetrafluoroethane or carbon dioxide, hi the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
• a suitable propellant e. g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichloro-tetrafluoroethane or carbon dioxide
• compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active ingredients in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acids esters such as ethyl oleate. triglycerides or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances, which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents, which increase the solubility of the compounds, to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
• the compounds of the present invention may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, using, e.g., conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
• dosing can also be a single administration of a slow release composition, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several weeks or until cure is effected or diminution of the disease state is achieved.
• the amount of a composition to be administered will, of course, be dependent on many factors including the subject being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration, the judgment of the prescribing physician.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered orally or via injection at a dose from 0.001 to 2500 mg/kg per day.
• the dose range for adult humans is generally from 0.005 mg to 10 g/day.
• Tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete units may conveniently contain an amount of compound of the invention which is effective at such dosage or as a multiple of the same, for instance, units containing 5 mg to 500 mg, usually around 10 mg to 200 mg.
• the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician. However, the dose employed will depend on a number of factors, including the age and sex of the patient, the precise disorder being treated, and its severity. Also, the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity. [0059] As used herein, and as would be understood by the person of skill in the art, the recitation of "a compound” is intended to include salts, solvates and inclusion complexes of that compound.
• solvate refers to a compound of Formula I or II in the solid state, wherein molecules of a suitable solvent are incorporated in the crystal lattice.
• a suitable solvent for therapeutic administration is physiologically tolerable at the dosage administered.
• suitable solvents for therapeutic administration are ethanol and water. When water is the solvent, the solvate is referred to as a hydrate.
• solvates are formed by dissolving the compound in the appropriate solvent and isolating the solvate by cooling or using an antisolvent. The solvate is typically dried or azeotroped under ambient conditions.
• Inclusion complexes are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 19th Ed. (1995) volume 1, page 176-177, which is incorporated herein by reference. The most commonly employed inclusion complexes are those with cyclodextrins, and all cyclodextrin complexes, natural and synthetic, are specifically encompassed within the claims.
• salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases including inorganic acids and bases and organic acids and bases.
• salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids including inorganic and organic acids.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts for the compounds of the present invention include acetic, benzenesulfonic (besylate), benzoic, catnphorsulfonic, citric, ethenesulfonic, fumade, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric acid, p-toluenesulfonic, and the like.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts for the compounds of the present invention include metallic salts made from aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc or organic salts made from lysine, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamrne, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucam ⁇ ne) and procaine.
• preventing refers to administering a medicament beforehand to forestall or obtund an attack.
• the person of ordinary skill in the medical art to which the present method claims are directed) recognizes that the term “prevent” is not an absolute term. In the medical art it is understood to refer to the prophylactic administration of a drug to substantially diminish the likelihood or seriousness of a condition, and this is the sense intended herein.
• formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
• compositions may be presented in a packaging device or dispenser, which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
• a packaging device include metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack and a nebulizer for inhalation.
• the packaging device or dispenser may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
• Compositions comprising a compound of the present invention formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be placed in an appropriate container and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful in inhibiting the activity if Jak3 or in inhibiting Jak3 mediated activity and are useful as immunosuppressive agents for tissue and organ transplants, including bone marrow transplant and in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and of complications arising therefrom.
• Hyperacute, acute and chronic organ transplant rejection may be treated. Hyperacute rejection occurs within minutes of transplantation. Acute rejection generally occurs within six to twelve months of the transplant. Hyperacute and acute rejections are typically reversible where treated with immunosuppressant agents. Chronic rejection, characterized by gradual loss of organ function, is an ongoing concern tor transplant recipients because it can occur anytime after transplantation.
• autoimmune disorders There are about 75 different autoimmune disorders known that may be classified into two types, organ-specific (directed mainly at one organ) and non-organ-specific (affecting multiple organs).
• organ-specific autoimmune disorders are insulin-dependent diabetes (Type I) which affects the pancreas, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease which affect the thyroid gland, pernicious anemia which affects the stomach, Cushing's disease and Addison's disease which affect the adrenal glands, chronic active hepatitis which affects the liver; polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), celiac disease, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ankylosing spondylitis.
• Type I insulin-dependent diabetes
• PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome
• celiac disease celiac disease
• psoriasis inflammatory bowel disease
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• ankylosing spondylitis ankylosing spondylitis
• non-organ-specific autoimmune disorders are rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus and myasthenia gravis.
• Type I diabetes ensues from the selective aggression of autoreactive T-cells against insulin secreting ⁇ cells of the islets of Langerhans.
• Targeting Jak3 in this disease is based on the observation that multiple cytokines that signal through the Jak pathway are known to participate in the T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of ⁇ cells.
• a Jak3 inhibitor, JANEX-I was shown to prevent spontaneous autoimmune diabetes development in the NOD mouse model of type I diabetes.
• GVHD graft-versus-host disease
• BMT allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
• Jak3 plays a key role in the induction of GVHD and treatment with a Jak3 inhibitor, JANEX-I, was shown to attenuate the severity of GVHD (reviewed in Cetkovic-Cvrlje andUcken, 2004).
• Mast cells express Jak3 and Jak3 is a key regulator of the IgE mediated mast cell responses including the release of inflammatory mediators. Jak3 was shown to be a valid target in the treatment of mast cell mediated allergic reaction.
• Allergic disorders associated with mast cell activation include Type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever), allergic urticaria (hives), angioedema, allergic asthma and anaphylaxis, Le., "anaphylatic shock.” These disorders are treated or prevented by inhibition of Jak3 activity, for example, by administration of a Jak3 inhibitor according to the present invention.
• the Jak3 inhibitors may be administered prophylactically, i.e., prior to onset of acute allergic reaction, or they may be administered after onset of the reaction, or at both times.
• Inflammation of tissues and organs occurs in a wide range of disorders and diseases and in certain variations, results from activation of the cytokine family of receptors.
• Exemplary inflammatory disorders associated with activation of Jak3 include, in a non-limiting manner, skin inflammation due radiation exposure, asthma, allergic inflammation and chronic inflammation.
• the Jak3 inhibitors of the present invention are also useful in treating certain malignancies, including skin cancer and hematological malignancy such as lymphomas and leukemias.
• DIEA N,N-diisopropylethyl amine
• Pd(ClPPf) 2 Cl 2 dichloro [1,1 '-bis(di ⁇ henyl ⁇ hos ⁇ hinoferrocene]pal
• Ph phenyl
• 6-(trifluoromethoxy)-lH-benzo[d]imidazole (4) was prepared in two steps from 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline (5) using procedures identical to those used to make 3H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carbonitrile (3) from 4-amino-3-nitrobenzonitrile (1, examples 1, 2).
• a solution of 4,5-difluoro-2-nitroaniline (6)(1.0 g) in 30 mL of THF was treated with a solution comprised of 6 g OfNa 2 SaO 4 and 3 g NaHCC>3 in 30 mL of water.
• Methanol (10 mL) was added after the addition of the aqueous solution so that the mixture remained homogeneous.
• the mixture was stirred for two hours and then diluted with 100 mL of ethyl acetate and 100 mL of water.
• the organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted again with 100 mL of methylene chloride.
• Example 6 Synthesis of 6-Fluoro-lH-benzo[d]imidazole (11) and 6- (trifluoromethyl)-lH-benzo[d]imidazole (12).
• Example 7 Benzimidazole (13), 5-azabenzimidazole (14), 6-chloro-5- fluorobenzimidazole (15), and 5-methylbenzimidazole (16).
• Raney nickel catalyst was carefully washed with THF and methanol making sure that the catalyst remained moist. The weight of the moist catalyst was 2.5 g after washing. This material was added to a solution of pyrazinecarbonitrile (17) (3.0 g) in 7N methanolic ammonia (120 mL). The mixture was shaken under a 50 p.s.i. atmosphere of hydrogen for 1.5 hours. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to provide the crude title compound. Purification was accomplished by conversion of the crude amine to the tert-butyl carbamate with excess di-terf-butyl dicarbonate in methylene chloride.
• Example 10 Synthesis of 3-Aminomethyl-6-methoxypyridine (21), 3- Aniinomethyl-6-methylpyridine (22), and 3-Aminomethylquinoline (23).
• Example 15 Synthesis of S-fluoiOchroman-4-airane.
• Example 16 Synthesis of 2-(lH-Benzo[d] ⁇ nidazol-l-yl)-9-((i?)-8- fluorochroman-4-yl)-7H ' -puiin-8(9J ⁇ )-one.
• Example 17 Non-regiospetific synthesis of benzimidazok purinone derivatives: Synthesis of 5-NitiO-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyI)-2-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)-lH- benzo[d]imidazol-l-yl)pyiimidin-4-aniHie (42) AND 5-nitro-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)- 2-(5-(trifluoTOmethoxy)-lH-benzo[d]imidazol-l-yl)pyrunidm-4-amine (44).
• High R f isomer 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) ⁇ 9.2 (s, IH), 8.9 (s, IH), 8.8 (m, IH), 8.6 (s, IH), 8.5 (d, IH), 8.2 (d, IH, assign: H-7 of benzimidazole ring), 7.6 (d, IH), 7.6 (s, IH, assign: H-4 of benzimidazole ring), 7.2 (dd, IH), 4.9 (d, 2H).
• Example 18 Non-regiospecific synthesis of benzimidazole purinone derivatives: Synthesis of 9-(Pyridin-3-yhnethy ⁇ -2-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)-lH- benzo[d]imidazol-l-yl)-7H-purin-8(9H)-one (43) AND 9-(pyridin-3-yhnethy ⁇ -2-(5- (tiifluoiOmethoxy)-lH-bemo[d]iniidazol-l-yl)-7H-purin-8(9H)-one (45).
• Example 19 Non-r ⁇ giospecific synthesis of an oxoimidazopyiidine and an imidazopyridine derivative: Synthesis of 5-(lH-Benzo[d]imidazol-l-yl)-3-(pyridin-3- ylmethyl)-lH-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin ⁇ 2(3H)-one (50).
• Example 20 Regiospecific synthesis: Synthesis of 3-(9-(2,6-DifluorobenzyI)- 8-oxo-8,9-dihydro-7i ⁇ -purin-2-yl)-3iy-benzo[(i]iniidazole-5-carbonitrile. diamine (53). 2,6-Difluorobenzylamine (0.24 mL) was added dropwise over one min. to a solution of 2,4-dichloro-5-nitropyrim ⁇ dine(40) (0.388 g) and DIEA (0.77 mL) in THF in a cold bath set to -78°C.
• reaction mixture was stirred for a further 15 min at -78°C then removed from the cold bath and allowed to warm to RT. Additional DIEA (0.77 mL) was added to the reaction intermediate (iV-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidin-4- amine) (52) followed by the addition of 2,4-dimethoxybenzylamine (0.30 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight.
• reaction intermediate iV-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidin-4- amine
• Raney Ni was added to a solution of JV 2 -(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-iV 4 -(2,6- difluorobenzyl)-5-nitropyrimidine-2,4-diamine (0.80 g) in THF (50 mL) under argon flush. The suspension was evacuated, charged with hydrogen (balloon) and stirred for 16 hr.
• Example 21 Synthesis of 3-(8-Oxo-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-8,9- dihydix>-7H-piirin-2-yl)-3H-benzo[d]iniidazole-5-carbonitrile (62).
• Example 22 Regiospecific synthesis of an oxoimidazopyiidine derivative: Synthesis of 3-(2-oxo-3-((R)-l-(pyridin-3-y ⁇ ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-imidazo[4,5- b]pyridin-5-yl)-3H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carbonitrile.
• Example 24 Synthesis of 2-(lH-Benzo[d]imidazoI-l-yl)-9-(ciy-3-methyl- tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-7H-purin-8(9H)-one.
• Example 27 Synthesis of 2-(6-fluoro-lH-benzo[c?liinidazol-l-yl)-9-(( ⁇ )-8- fluoro-chroman-4-yl)-7fl r -purin-8(9H)-one:
• tert-Bntyl 2-amino-4-fluorophenylcarbamate To a solution of ⁇ ert-butyi 4- fluoro-2-nitrophenylcarbamate (0.34 g) in THF (30 mL) was added a premised solution of sodium hydrosulfite (2 g) and sodium bicarbonate (Ig) in water (50 mL). MeOH (10 mL) was also added to aid solution of the mixture, which was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, when sodium chloride was added to saturate the solution. The resultant mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2x). The combined organics were dried, filtered and evaporated to yield the titled compound (quant) that was used as such for the next step.
• Example 30 Chroman-4-amine, 5-fluorochroman-4-ainine, 6- fluorochroman-4-amine, ⁇ -chlorochroman-4-amine, 6-methylchroman-4-amine, 6- methoxychroman-4-amine, 7-fluorochroman-4-ainine, 5,8-difluorochroman-4-amine, and 6,8-difluorochroman-4-amine.
• Chroman-4-amihe, 5-fluorochroman-4-amihe. 6- fluorochroman-4-amine, 7-fluorochroman-4-amine, 5,8-difluorochroman-4-amine, and 6 ? 8-difluorochroman-4-amine were resolved via the procedure described in Example 29 for the resolution of 8-fluorochroman-4-amine.
• Example 31 l-Methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-lH-indol-4-amine.
• the aqueous layer was made basic to pH 10 with saturated NaOH and extracted with DCM (3 X 100 mL). The combined DCM layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo to provide 150 mg of the title compound.
• the reaction was quenched by pouring onto distilled water (100 mL). The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic extract was washed with distilled water to neutrality, dried over MgSO 4 , and concentrated in vacuo to afford 7.0 g of the title compound.
• Examples 36 and 37 (Dihydrobenzofurans): 2-(lH-benzo[d]imidazol-l-yl)-9- (2,3-d&ydrobenzofur ⁇ n-3-yl)-7H-purin-8(9H)-one and 2-(lH-bemo[d]iinidazol-l-yI)- 9-(4-fluoro-2 r J-dihydrobenzoftiran-3-yI)-7H-p ⁇ irin-8(9H)-one.
• Example 38 2-(6-fluoro-lH-benzo[ «qimidazol-l-yl)-9-(( J R)-8-fluorochroinan- 4-y ⁇ -7-methyl-7if-purin-8(9JH)-one.
• Example 39 3-[9-axromm-4-yl-7-(2-methoxy-ethyl)-S-oxo-S,9-d ⁇ hj ⁇ o-in- piirin-2-yl]-3H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonitrile.
• Example 40 2-(6-fluoro-lH-benzo[d]imidazol-l-yl)-9-((R)-6-fluorochroman-4- yl)-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-7H-purin-8(9H)-one.
• Example 41 3-[9-Chroman-4-yl-7-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-8-oxo-8,9- dihydro-7H-purin-2-yl]-3H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonitrile.
• Example 42 3-(9-C3iroman-4-yl-7-cya ⁇ omethyl-8-oxo-8,9-dihydro-7H- purin-2-yl)-3H-benzoimidazole-S-carbonitrile.
• Example 43 Methyl 2-(2-(6-cyano-lH-ben2o[d]imidazol-l-yl)-9-((R)-6,8- difluorochroman-4-yl)-8-oxo-8,9-dihydropurin-7-yl)acetate.
• Example 44 2-(2-(6-cyano-lff-benzo[rflimidazol-l-yl)-9-((i?)-6,8- difluorochroman-4-yl)-8-oxo-8,9-dihydropiirin-7-yl)acetic acid.
• Example 45 Synthesis of 2-(6-Fluoro-lH-benzo[rfjimidazol-l-yl)-7- (piperidin-4-y ⁇ -9-(teti ⁇ ydTO-2ff-pyran-4-yl)-7 ⁇ -purin-8(9H)-one.
• Human Jak3 cDNA was amplified by PCR. A fragment encoding the catalytic domain of Jak3 (508aa to 1124aa) was ligated with GST at 5' end. This fused GST- Jak3 DNA fragment was cloned into the EcoRI site of the donor plasmid pFastBac 1 (Life Technologies #10359-016). The transformation, transposition, and transfection of insect cells (Sf9) were performed according to the manufacture's instructions. The cell lysate containing recombinant GST- Jak3 was used in the kinase assay.
• Anti-GST antibody (10 ⁇ g/mL, Sigma #G1417) was coated onto a 384-well plate at 4 0 C overnight. Cell lysate containing GST-Jak3 (1:100 dilution) was added to the anti-GST coated plates, and GST- Jak3 was captured by immobilized anti-GST antibody. Testing compounds and substrate mix (50 mM HEPES, pH 7, 0.5 mM Na 3 VO 4 , 25 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM DTT, 0.005% BSA 5 1 ⁇ M ATP, and 4.5 ⁇ g/ml biotihyl pory-Glu,Ala,Tyr) were added to the plate to initiate the reaction.
• the mouse F7 pre-B lymphocyte cell line was used for the cellular Jak3 assay.
• Human IL-2R ⁇ c cDNA is stably expressed in F7 cells (Kawahara et al., 1995).
• F7 cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum plus IL-3.
• Cells (30,000 cells/well) in serum- free medium were seeded in 96-well plates for the cell proliferation assay. Testing compounds were added to cells, followed by the addition of IL- 2 (final 20 ng/ml). After a 24-h incubation, the number of viable cells was determined by the CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit (Promega, #G7573) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• IL- 2- induced IFN- ⁇ production in the mouse [00276]
• Administration of IL-2 leads to an increase in serum IFN- ⁇ in the mouse due to NK secretion of the cytokine (Thornton S, Kuhn KA, Finkelman FD and Hirsch R. NK cells secrete high levels of IFN- ⁇ in response to in vivo administration of IL-2. Eur J Immunol 2001 31 :3355-3360).
• the experiment was carried out essentially according to the protocol in Thornton et al. and the test compounds were administered in order to determine the level of inhibition attained.
• female BALB/c mice were fasted for 12-18 hours before a study but had free access to water at all times.
• Test compounds were administered by gavage one hour before intraperitoneal injection of IL-2 and capture antibody. At termination of the studies, the mice were sacrificed by carbon dioxide inhalation, terminal blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and serum was generated. Serum was stored frozen until it was assayed for IFN- ⁇ , as described by the kit manufacturer (BD PharmingenTM, San Diego, CA).
• the 7-substituted purinones exhibit increased selectivity for Jak3 compared to their 7-unsubstituted congeners.
• Aurora A kinase assay was performed using a fluorescence polarization format.
• the reaction was terminated by adding IMAP Progressive Binding Reagent mix according to the manufacturer's instructions (Molecular Devices).
• the polarization signal was detected using Aquest (Molecular Devices).

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