WO2008035565A1 - réactif de détection de biomolécule et procédé de détection de biomolécule utilisant ledit réactif - Google Patents
réactif de détection de biomolécule et procédé de détection de biomolécule utilisant ledit réactif Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008035565A1 WO2008035565A1 PCT/JP2007/067182 JP2007067182W WO2008035565A1 WO 2008035565 A1 WO2008035565 A1 WO 2008035565A1 JP 2007067182 W JP2007067182 W JP 2007067182W WO 2008035565 A1 WO2008035565 A1 WO 2008035565A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- biomolecule
- semiconductor
- detection
- semiconductor nanoparticle
- biomolecule detection
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/531—Production of immunochemical test materials
- G01N33/532—Production of labelled immunochemicals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y15/00—Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54313—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being characterised by its particulate form
- G01N33/54346—Nanoparticles
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
- G01N33/588—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with semiconductor nanocrystal label, e.g. quantum dots
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a biomolecule detection reagent using a semiconductor nanoparticle assembly and a biomolecule detection method using the same.
- nanoparticle complexes that interact with biological systems have recently gained widespread interest in the fields of biology and medicine. These complexes are considered promising as new intravascular probes for both sensing (eg imaging) and therapeutic purposes (eg drug delivery).
- a material that exhibits a quantum confinement effect in a nanometer-sized semiconductor material is called a “quantum dot”.
- a quantum dot has a force S, which is a small lump within a few tens of nanometers, where hundreds to thousands of semiconductor atoms gather, and when it reaches an energy excited state by absorbing light from the excitation source. The energy equivalent to the energy band gap is released. Therefore, by adjusting the size or material composition of the quantum dots, the energy band gap can be adjusted and various levels of energy in the wavelength band can be used.
- the marker substances such as organic fluorescent dyes conventionally used in this method are disadvantageous in that they are severely deteriorated when irradiated with ultraviolet rays and have a short life, and the luminous efficiency is low and the sensitivity is not sufficient. .
- Patent Document 3 For example, a technique for easily detecting biopolymers such as DNA and proteins using semiconductor nanoparticles having different excitation wavelengths and fluorescence depending on the particle size is disclosed (for example, Patent Document 3). reference).
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-329686
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-2005-172429
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-322654
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and a solution to the problem is that in the biomolecule detection reagent using semiconductor nanoparticles, the biodetection molecules are evenly distributed on the surface of the semiconductor nanoparticles.
- the present invention provides a reagent for detecting a biomolecule that is present in the present invention and has a small variation in fluorescence intensity with little variation in fluorescence intensity.
- the present invention provides a biomolecule detection reagent in which one detection molecule that specifically binds to a biomolecule exists per semiconductor nanoparticle.
- a reagent for detecting a biomolecule using an assembly of semiconductor nanoparticles the semiconductor nanoparticle
- Each semiconductor nanoparticle constituting the nanoparticle assembly has a detection molecule that specifically binds to a biomolecule on the surface, and the standard deviation of the number of detection molecules present on each semiconductor nanoparticle is 5
- a biomolecule detection method characterized by using the biomolecule detection reagent according to any one of 1 to 4 above.
- the biodetection molecules are evenly present on the surface of the semiconductor nanoparticles and the variation in fluorescence intensity is small. Reduction of fluorescence intensity ⁇ A reagent for detecting biomolecules with little fluctuation can be provided. In particular, it is possible to provide a reagent for detecting a biomolecule that has a molecular force for detection that specifically binds to a biomolecule per semiconductor nanoparticle.
- the biomolecule detection reagent of the present invention is a biomolecule detection reagent using a semiconductor nanoparticle aggregate, and each semiconductor nanoparticle constituting the semiconductor nanoparticle aggregate is specific to the biomolecule on the surface.
- Has a detection molecule that binds to the force on each semiconductor nanoparticle The standard deviation of the number of detection molecules present is 5% or less. This feature is common to the inventions according to claims 1 to 4.
- semiconductor nanoparticle aggregate refers to a solution containing semiconductor nanoparticles, a sheet in which semiconductor nanoparticles are dispersed, a powder composed of semiconductor nanoparticles, and the like.
- the biomolecule detection reagent of the present invention preferably uses a plurality of semiconductor nanoparticles that emit fluorescence having different wavelengths depending on the particle size. Also in this case, the standard deviation of the number of detection molecules present on each semiconductor nanoparticle needs to be 5% or less.
- the semiconductor nanoparticles constituting the biomolecule detection reagent of the present invention can be formed using various semiconductor materials.
- semiconductor compounds of Group IV, II VI, and III V of the periodic table of elements can be used.
- GaAs, GaN, GaPGaSb, InGaAs, InP, InN, InSb, InAs, AlAs, A1P, AlSb, and A1S are preferable.
- Group IV semiconductors Ge, Pb and Si are particularly suitable.
- the semiconductor nanoparticles may be particles having a core / shell structure.
- the so-called core / shell type semiconductor nanoparticles are semiconductor nanoparticles having a core / shell structure composed of core particles composed of semiconductor nanoparticles and a shell layer covering the core particles. It is preferable that the chemical composition of the particles and the shell layer are different.
- semiconductor materials can be used as the semiconductor material used for the core particles.
- Specific examples include, for example, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaS, CaSe, CaTe, SrS, Sr Se, SrTe, BaS, BaTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, InGaAs, InP, InN, InSb, InAs, AlAs, A1P, AlSb, A1S, PbS, PbSe,
- Ge, Si, or a mixture thereof can be used.
- a particularly preferable semiconductor material is Si.
- a very small amount of a doping material such as Ga may be included.
- the average particle diameter of the core in order to achieve the effect of the invention, it is preferably 1 to;
- the average particle size by setting the average particle size to !! to lOnm, it is possible to label and detect biomolecules with small particle size. Furthermore, if it is from! To 5 nm, sufficient labeling and dynamic imaging of one biological molecule is possible. It becomes. Therefore, particularly preferred is l-5 nm.
- the "average particle size" of the core particles according to the present invention refers to a cumulative 50% volume particle size measured by a laser scattering method.
- Various semiconductor materials can be used as the semiconductor material used for the shell layer.
- a preferable material for the shell layer includes a semiconductive material having a bandgap energy higher than that of the semiconductive nanocrystal core.
- suitable materials for shells are good conductivity and valence band offsets for the core semiconducting nanocrystals. Should have.
- the conduction band is desirably higher than the conduction band of the core semiconducting nanocrystal and the valence band is desirably lower than the valence band of the core semiconducting nanocrystal.
- Materials with band gap energy in the ultraviolet region for semiconducting nanocrystal cores that emit energy in the visible (eg Si, Ge, GaP) or in the near infrared (eg InP, InN, PbS, PbSe) Can be used.
- a material with a visible band gap energy can also be used for a semiconducting nanocrystal core emitting in the near infrared.
- the semiconductor material is SiO or ZnS.
- the shell layer according to the present invention has no adverse effects as long as the core particles are partially exposed.
- the entire surface of the core particle may not be completely covered.
- the production method of the liquid phase method includes a precipitation method such as a coprecipitation method, a sol-gel method, a uniform precipitation method, and a reduction method.
- a precipitation method such as a coprecipitation method, a sol-gel method, a uniform precipitation method, and a reduction method.
- the reverse micelle method, the supercritical hydrothermal synthesis method, and the like are also excellent methods for producing nanoparticles (for example, JP 2002-322468, JP 2005-239775, JP 10-10). (See 310770 and JP 2000-104058).
- a manufacturing method of the vapor phase method (1) a second high temperature generated by electrodeless discharge in a reduced-pressure atmosphere by evaporating opposing raw material semiconductors by a first high-temperature plasma generated between electrodes (2) A method for separating and removing nanoparticles from an anode made of a raw material semiconductor by electrochemical etching (for example, JP 2003-279015 A). —Refer to Japanese Patent No. 515459), laser abrasion method (for example, refer to Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-356163), and the like. Further, a method of synthesizing powder containing particles by reacting a raw material gas in a gas phase in a low pressure state is also preferably used.
- a production method by a liquid phase method is particularly preferable.
- the surface of the semiconductor nanoparticle aggregate according to the present invention is generally hydrophobic, If it remains, problems such as aggregation of particles having poor water dispersibility may occur. Therefore, it is preferable to hydrophilize the surface of the nanoparticles (in the case of core / shell type semiconductor nanoparticles, the surface of the shell layer).
- Examples of the hydrophilic treatment method include a method of chemically and / or physically binding a surface modifier to the particle surface after removing the lipophilic group on the surface with pyridine or the like.
- a surface modifier those having a carboxyl group or an amino group as a hydrophilic group are preferably used, and specific examples include mercaptopropionic acid, mercaptodecanoic acid, and aminoprononthiol.
- the detection molecule according to the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can be used for specific detection of biopolymers.
- biopolymers for example, avidin or streptavidin or biotin, antigen or antibody, Examples thereof include oligos or polynucleotides such as DNA or RNA.
- an alkylthiol compound having a carboxyl group as a substituted alkylthiol hereinafter sometimes referred to as thiolcarboxylic acid
- the carboxyl group is used.
- biotin When biotin is bound as a molecule for detection, for example, an alkylthiol compound having an amino group as a substituted alkylthiol (hereinafter sometimes referred to as aminothiol! /) Is used, and an amino group is used. Is prepared by reacting it with a derivatized biotin such as Biotin-Sulfo-Osu (Sulfosuccinimidyl D-biotin) (Dojindo Laboratories). Can be combined.
- a derivatized biotin such as Biotin-Sulfo-Osu (Sulfosuccinimidyl D-biotin) (Dojindo Laboratories).
- a person skilled in the art can appropriately select reaction conditions and reagents suitable for binding by a substitution reaction, depending on the functional group on the semiconductor nanoparticle and the type of target molecule for detection.
- the detection molecule is preferably avidin, streptavidin, or biotin.
- the biomolecule detection reagent of the present invention is characterized in that a detection molecule that specifically binds to a biomolecule is present on the surface of the semiconductor nanoparticle.
- the standard deviation of the number of molecules for detection present on each semiconductor nanoparticle is 5% or less.
- the standard deviation here represents the degree of variation in the number of detected molecules bonded to the semiconductor nanoparticles, and is the square root of the mean square of the difference (deviation) between the number of detected molecules for each semiconductor and their average value. expressed.
- it is particularly preferable that one semiconductor nanoparticle has a molecular force for detection that specifically binds to a biomolecule.
- one semiconductor nanoparticle can be formed.
- the surface of the semiconductor nanoparticle can be modified by reacting it with a molecule for detection.
- Detection of a biomolecule such as a biopolymer using the biomolecule detection reagent of the present invention is performed using a sample containing a biomolecule, for example, a polynucleotide protein labeled with a molecule that can react specifically with the detection molecule.
- a biomolecule for example, a polynucleotide protein labeled with a molecule that can react specifically with the detection molecule.
- the biomolecule detection reagent of the present invention can be added to the semiconductor nanoparticles that have produced specific binding, and the fluorescence can be detected.
- the binding reaction and detection can also be performed in solution. .
- the detection may be performed in a cell containing a biomolecule, or may be caused to react on a microarray such as a DNA chip or a protein chip.
- an oligonucleotide fixed on a DNA chip and an oligonucleotide labeled with biotin are hybridized, and then avidin or streptavidin is added thereto.
- the presence or absence of hybridization can be detected by adding the attached semiconductor nanoparticles.
- the ability to determine whether or not the target gene is present in the target sample can be determined by the presence or absence of the hybridisation.
- the “oligonucleotide” is not particularly limited, but is a DNA or RNA oligonucleotide having a length of 100 bases or less. You can use both natural and synthetic ingredients.
- oligonucleotide immobilized on a DNA chip and cDNA labeled with biotin semiconductor nanoparticles to which avidin or streptavidin is bound are added thereto. Can detect the presence or absence of hybridization. Whether or not the target gene is present in the target sample can be determined based on the presence or absence of hybridization.
- oligonucleotide immobilized on a DNA chip and a cDNA labeled with avidin or streptavidin semiconductor nanoparticles bound with biotin are added thereto.
- the ability to detect the presence or absence of hybridization. Whether or not the target gene is present in the target sample can be determined based on the presence or absence of hybridization.
- a tag immobilized on a protein chip is used. After binding the protein and the protein labeled with biotin, the presence or absence of binding between the proteins can be detected by adding semiconductor nanoparticles to which avidin or streptavidin is bound.
- a semiconductor nanoparticle having biotin bound thereto is added thereto to add a protein between the proteins. Can detect the presence or absence of binding
- the biomolecule detection method according to the present invention is preferably a method in which semiconductor nanoparticles are bound to avidin or streptavidin, and biomolecules labeled with biotin are detected by fluorescence of the semiconductor nanoparticles.
- a plurality of types of biopolymers can be detected using a plurality of types of semiconductor nanoparticles having different particle sizes or chemical compositions. If each peak of the fluorescence spectrum of the semiconductor nanoparticles used can be identified, multiple types of biopolymers can be detected at the same time. A force that depends on the sharpness of the peak, for example, two peaks separated by about lOOnm It is sufficiently identifiable. The detectable range is 400 nm to 700 nm.
- the semiconductor nanoparticles were surface modified using aminothiol.
- the amino group of the surface modifier is modified with biotin for labeling the amino group.
- S-2- (3-Ethylaminopropylamino) ethyl dihydrogen phosphorothioate was injected into a suspension of 20 nm indium gallium phosphide / zinc sulfide core / shell type semiconductor nanoparticles. After stirring for 24 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere, an equivalent amount of sulfosuccinimidyl D-biotin to the amino group of the thiol compound was added to the reaction solution. Thereafter, the mixture was stirred for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain semiconductor nanoparticles bonded with biotin.
- FITC fluorescein isocyanate 1 per biotin molecule bonded to the semiconductor 1
- FITC fluorescein isocyanate 1 per biotin molecule bonded to the semiconductor 1
- a calibration curve graph of the number of FITC molecules and the emission intensity was prepared in advance.
- the number of FITC was calculated from the obtained emission intensity using a calibration curve, and the number of biotin junctions for each semiconductor nanoparticle was determined. The result was obtained for 100 particles and the standard deviation of the biotin adsorption number was determined to be 6%.
- S—2— (3-ethylaminopropylamino) ethyl dihydrogen phosphorothioate was introduced into a suspension of 20 nm indium gallium phosphide / zinc sulfide core / shell semiconductor nanoparticles in a nitrogen atmosphere. After stirring for 24 hours, semiconductor nanoparticles were deposited on a porous silica film having a pore size controlled to 25 to 30 nm. After that, sulfosuccinimidyl D biotin equivalent to the amino group of the thiol compound is put into the porous silica film on which the semiconductor nanoparticles are deposited, and stirred for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then unreacted. Objects were removed and washed to obtain semiconductor nanoparticles bound with only one biotin. That is, the most preferable standard deviation of the present invention is 0%.
- the DNA (target) to be labeled using the avidin-biotin system is detected by performing a hybridization reaction (detection of DNA on the chip). Use DNA whose ends are modified with avidin.
- the semiconductor nanoparticles are modified with biotin and become a fluorescent label for DNA.
- solution D guanidine thiocyanate, n-lauryl sarcosine, 1M sodium citrate, ⁇ mercaptoethanol
- solution D guanidine thiocyanate, n-lauryl sarcosine, 1M sodium citrate, ⁇ mercaptoethanol
- Centrifugation was performed at 4 ° C for 15000 rpm for 5 minutes, suspended again in 4 ml of DEPC-treated water, 650 1 of 5M sodium chloride, and 8 ml of CTAB / urea solution were added, and centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature. Add 8ml of ethanol and cool at 20 ° C for 1 hour, 15000rpm 5 minutes 4 ° C And centrifuged. It was washed with 70% ethanol and resuspended in DEPC-treated water.
- RNA sample / primer mixture 10 X PCR buffer, 25 mM MgCl, 10 mM dNTP mix, 0.1 MD ⁇ , reverse transcriptase 1, 1 1 and incubate at 42 ° C for 50 min. After stopping, 1 ⁇ l of RNaseH was added and incubated at 37 ° C for 20 minutes, and PCR was performed to obtain avidinized cDNA.
- the hybridized cDNA was labeled by adding semiconductor nanoparticles with biotin to the DNA chip after the hybridization reaction and reacting them.
- the fluorescence intensity of each spot on the DNA chip was measured with a fluorescence scanner.
- the standard deviation of the fluorescence intensity (signal) when the above operation was performed 100 times was confirmed.
- the standard deviation of the comparative example was 8.6%, while the standard deviation of the example according to the present invention was 3.3%.
- the examples using the biomolecule detection reagent of the present invention have a smaller standard deviation of the fluorescence intensity of each spot on the DNA chip and higher detection accuracy than the comparative example. It can be seen that the reproducibility is high. This is because the semiconductor nanoparticles of the biomolecule detection reagent of the present invention are uniformly attached to the semiconductor nanoparticles of the biomolecule detection reagent according to the present invention, and the variation in fluorescence intensity is reduced. is there. Also, the magnitude of the fluorescence intensity (absolute Value), it was found that there is substantially one detection molecule that specifically binds to a biomolecule in one semiconductor nanoparticle.
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008535311A JPWO2008035565A1 (ja) | 2006-09-19 | 2007-09-04 | 生体分子検出用試薬及びそれを用いた生体分子検出方法 |
US12/441,520 US20090325814A1 (en) | 2006-09-19 | 2007-09-04 | Biomolecule detection reagent and method for detecting biomolecule using the same |
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JP2006-252454 | 2006-09-19 | ||
JP2006252454 | 2006-09-19 |
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WO2008035565A1 true WO2008035565A1 (fr) | 2008-03-27 |
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PCT/JP2007/067182 WO2008035565A1 (fr) | 2006-09-19 | 2007-09-04 | réactif de détection de biomolécule et procédé de détection de biomolécule utilisant ledit réactif |
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US (1) | US20090325814A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPWO2008035565A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2008035565A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009144983A1 (ja) * | 2008-05-28 | 2009-12-03 | コニカミノルタエムジー株式会社 | 無機ナノ粒子標識剤 |
JPWO2009072441A1 (ja) * | 2007-12-05 | 2011-04-21 | コニカミノルタエムジー株式会社 | 検出方法および検出キット |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09249663A (ja) * | 1996-03-15 | 1997-09-22 | Ss Pharmaceut Co Ltd | Sh基標識用試薬、その製法及びそれを用いた標識法 |
JP2003322654A (ja) * | 2002-02-27 | 2003-11-14 | Hitachi Software Eng Co Ltd | 生体高分子の検出方法 |
JP2004194669A (ja) * | 1996-07-29 | 2004-07-15 | Nanosphere Inc | オリゴヌクレオチドが付着したナノ粒子および該粒子の利用法 |
JP2006510389A (ja) * | 2002-08-26 | 2006-03-30 | ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティ オブ カリフォルニア | 集光性多発色団を用いてポリヌクレオチドを検出及び分析するための方法並びに組成物 |
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JP2002311027A (ja) * | 2001-04-09 | 2002-10-23 | Hitachi Software Eng Co Ltd | ビーズ、ビーズ製造方法、フローサイトメータ及びプログラム |
EP1430549A2 (en) * | 2001-09-04 | 2004-06-23 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Electroluminescent device comprising quantum dots |
GB0227738D0 (en) * | 2002-11-28 | 2003-01-08 | Univ Liverpool | Nanoparticle conjugates and method of production thereof |
-
2007
- 2007-09-04 WO PCT/JP2007/067182 patent/WO2008035565A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2007-09-04 JP JP2008535311A patent/JPWO2008035565A1/ja active Pending
- 2007-09-04 US US12/441,520 patent/US20090325814A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09249663A (ja) * | 1996-03-15 | 1997-09-22 | Ss Pharmaceut Co Ltd | Sh基標識用試薬、その製法及びそれを用いた標識法 |
JP2004194669A (ja) * | 1996-07-29 | 2004-07-15 | Nanosphere Inc | オリゴヌクレオチドが付着したナノ粒子および該粒子の利用法 |
JP2003322654A (ja) * | 2002-02-27 | 2003-11-14 | Hitachi Software Eng Co Ltd | 生体高分子の検出方法 |
JP2006510389A (ja) * | 2002-08-26 | 2006-03-30 | ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティ オブ カリフォルニア | 集光性多発色団を用いてポリヌクレオチドを検出及び分析するための方法並びに組成物 |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPWO2009072441A1 (ja) * | 2007-12-05 | 2011-04-21 | コニカミノルタエムジー株式会社 | 検出方法および検出キット |
WO2009144983A1 (ja) * | 2008-05-28 | 2009-12-03 | コニカミノルタエムジー株式会社 | 無機ナノ粒子標識剤 |
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US20090325814A1 (en) | 2009-12-31 |
JPWO2008035565A1 (ja) | 2010-01-28 |
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