Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2866—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against receptors for cytokines, lymphokines, interferons
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
  • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
  • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
  • A61K47/6801—Drug-antibody or immunoglobulin conjugates defined by the pharmacologically or therapeutically active agent
  • A61K47/6803—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates
  • A61K47/6811—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates the drug being a protein or peptide, e.g. transferrin or bleomycin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
  • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
  • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
  • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
  • A61K47/6849—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a receptor, a cell surface antigen or a cell surface determinant
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K16/2812—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD4
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
  • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/40—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by post-translational modification
  • C07K2317/41—Glycosylation, sialylation, or fucosylation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2740/00—Reverse transcribing RNA viruses
  • C12N2740/00011—Details
  • C12N2740/10011—Retroviridae
  • C12N2740/16011—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV
  • C12N2740/16033—Use of viral protein as therapeutic agent other than vaccine, e.g. apoptosis inducing or anti-inflammatory
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2740/00—Reverse transcribing RNA viruses
  • C12N2740/00011—Details
  • C12N2740/10011—Retroviridae
  • C12N2740/16011—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV
  • C12N2740/16111—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV concerning HIV env
  • C12N2740/16122—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a conjugate of an antibody against CCR5 and an antifusogenic peptide wherein one to eight antifusogenic peptides are each conjugated to one terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of an anti-CCR5 antibody.
• the antifusogenic peptides can be different, similar or identical on the amino acid level.
• the infection of cells by the human immunodeficiency virus is effected by a process in which the membrane of the cells to be infected and the viral membrane are fused.
• a general scheme for this process is proposed:
• the viral envelope glycoprotein complex (gpl20/gp41) interacts with a cell surface receptor located on the membrane of the cell to be infected.
• the binding of gpl20 to, e.g., the CD4 receptor in combination with a co-receptor such as CCR-5 or CXCR-4 causes a change in the conformation of the gpl20/gp41 complex.
• CCR-5 or CXCR-4 co-receptor
• the amino acid sequence of the gp41 protein varies in different HIV strains because of naturally occurring polymorphisms. But the same domain architecture can be recognized, more precisely, a fusion signal, two heptad repeat domains (HRl, HR2) and a transmembrane domain (in N- to C-terminal direction). It is suggested that the fusion (or fusogenic) domain is participating in the insertion into and the disintegration of the cell membrane.
• the HR regions are built up of multiple stretches comprising seven amino acids (“heptad”) (see e.g. Shu, W., et al., Biochemistry 38 (1999) 5378-5385). Beside the heptads one or more leucine zipper-like motifs are present.
• composition accounts for the formation of a coiled coil structure of gp41 proteins and just as well of peptides derived from these domains.
• Coiled coils are in general oligomers consisting of two or more interacting helices.
• Peptides with amino acid sequences deduced from the HRl or the HR2 domain of gp41 are effective in vitro and in vivo inhibitors of HIV uptake into cells (for example peptides see e.g. US 5,464,933, US 5,656,480, US 6,258,782,
• T20 also known as DP178, Fuzeon ® , a HR2 peptide
• T651 US 6,479,055
• T2635 WO 2004/029074
• HR2 derived peptides with, for example, amino acid substitutions or chemical crosslinking (Sia, S.K., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 14664-14669; Otaka, A., et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 2937-2940).
• conjugation of peptides to certain molecules can change their pharmacokinetic properties, e.g. the serum half-life of such peptide conjugates can be increased. Conjugations are reported, for example, for polyethylene glycol (PEG) and
• Interleukin-6 (EP 0 442 724), for PEG and Erythropoietin (WO 01/02017), for chimeric molecules comprising Endostatin and immunoglobulins (US 2005/008649), for secreted antibody based fusion proteins (US 2002/147311), for fusion polypeptides comprising albumin (US 2005/0100991; human serum albumin US 5,876,969), for PEGylated polypeptides (US 2005/0114037), and for interferon fusions.
• immunotoxins comprising Gelonin and an antibody
• WO 94/26910 modified transferrin - antibody fusion proteins
• US 2003/0226155 modified transferrin - antibody fusion proteins
• US 2003/00492257 modified transferrin - antibody fusion proteins
• fusion proteins consisting of a peptide with immuno- stimulatory, membrane transport, or homophilic activity and an antibody
• the co-receptor CCR5 is used by most HIV-I primary isolates and is critical for the establishment and maintenance of infection. In addition, CCR5 function is dispensable for human health.
• a mutant CCR5 allele, "CCR5 ⁇ 32" encodes a truncated, non-functional protein (Samson, M., et al., Nature 382 (1996) 722-725; Dean, M., et al., Science 273 (1996) 1856-1862).
• Individuals homozygous for the mutation lack CCR5 expression and are strongly protected from HIV-I infection. They demonstrate no overt phenotype consequence and are highly resistant to M- tropic HIV infection, whereas heterozygote individuals present delayed disease progression (Schwarz, M.K.
• CCR5 is part of a highly redundant chemokine network as receptor for the ⁇ -chemokines MIP-Ia, MIP-l ⁇ , and RANTES, which share many overlapping functions, and most of which have alternative receptors (Rossi, D. and Zlotnik, A., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18 (2000) 217-242).
• CCR5 as an HIV-I co-receptor was based on the ability of its ligands, MIP- l ⁇ , MIP- l ⁇ , and RANTES, to block infection by R5 but not R5X4 or X4 isolates (Cocchi, F., et al., Science 270 (1995) 1811-1815).
• CCR5 is also a receptor of the "cluster" chemokines, which are produced primarily during inflammatory responses and control the recruitment of neutrophils (CXC chemokines), macrophages and a subset of T cells (T helper ThI and Th2 cells).
• ThI responses are typically those involving cell-mediated immunity effective against viruses and tumors, proinflammatory responses responsible for killing intracellular parasites, and perpetuating autoimmune responses, for example, whereas Th2 responses are believed to be pivotal in allergies. Therefore, inhibitors of these chemokine receptors may be useful as immunomodulators.
• ThI responses overactive responses are dampened, for example, in autoimmunity including rheumatoid arthritis, or, for Th2 responses, asthma attacks or allergic responses including atopic dermatitis are lessened (see e.g. Schols, D., Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 4 (2004) 883-893; Mueller, A., and Strange, P.G., Int. J. Biochem. Cell
• Antibodies against human CCR5 are e.g. PRO 140 (Olson, W.C., et al., J. Virol. 73 (1999) 4145-4155), and/or 2D7 (Samson, M., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 24934-24941). Additional antibodies are mentioned in US 2004/0043033,
• EP 1 207 202 EP 1 161 456, EP 1 144 006, WO 2003/072766, WO 2003/066830, WO 2003/033666, WO 2002/083172, WO 02/22077, WO 01/58916, WO 01/58915, WO 01/43779, WO 01/42308, and EP 05007138.0.
• WO 01/43779 refers to conjugates of anti-CD4 antibodies and anti-CCR5 antibodies and to conjugates of anti-CD4 antibodies and an HIV-I fusion inhibiting peptide. Conjugates of CCR5 antibodies and toxins are mentioned in EP 1 346 731.
• the current invention reports a conjugate comprising one to eight antifusogenic peptides and an antibody against an HIV gpl20 binding cell surface receptor, characterized in that one to eight, preferably two or four, antifusogenic peptides each conjugate to one terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of said antibody against an HIV gpl20 binding cell surface receptor (a number of eight antifusogenic peptides per antibody is only possible if the antibody comprises eight termini, i.e. is composed e.g. of two heavy chains and two light chains; if the antibody comprises a smaller number of C- and N-termini, e.g. as a scFv, the corresponding number of antifusogenic peptides possible at maximum in the conjugate is also reduced, i.e. it is reduced to less than eight).
• the invention further comprises a conjugate comprising one or more antifusogenic peptides and an anti-CCR5 antibody (mAb CCR5) characterized in that at most one to eight antifusogenic peptides are each conjugated to one terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of said anti-CCR5 antibody (a number of eight antifusogenic peptides per mAb CCR5 is only possible if the mAb CCR5 comprises eight termini, i.e. is composed e.g. of two heavy chains and two light chains; if the mAb CCR5 comprises a smaller number of C- and N-termini, e.g. as a scFv, the corresponding number of antifusogenic peptides possible at maximum in the conjugate is also reduced, i.e. it is reduced to less than eight).
• mAb CCR5 antibody mAb CCR5 antibody
• the carboxy-terminal amino acid of an anti-CCR5 antibody chain is conjugated to the amino-terminal amino acid of the antifusogenic peptide or the carboxy-terminal amino acid of the antifusogenic peptide is conjugated to the amino-terminal amino acid of the antibody chain, preferably by a peptide bond with or without an intermediate linker.
• the conjugate is characterized by the general formula mAb CCR5 - [linker] m - [antifusogenic peptide] n
• n is an integer of from 1 to 8.
• a preferred conjugate of a heavy and/or light chain of mAb CCR5 and an antifusogenic peptide is selected from the group consisting of:
• linker can be the same or different in (within and between) said chain conjugates, wherein m is an integer of 1 or 0, and m can be independently the same or different in (within and between) said chain conjugates.
• the C-terminus of the antifusogenic peptide is linked by a peptide bond or a linker to the N-terminus of the heavy chain of mAb CCR5).
• the chain conjugates are assembled to conjugates according to the invention comprising a mAb CCR5 (e.g. consisting of two light chains and two heavy chains including the constant Fc domains, a scFv fragment, or a Fab fragment).
• a mAb CCR5 e.g. consisting of two light chains and two heavy chains including the constant Fc domains, a scFv fragment, or a Fab fragment.
• Especially preferred chain conjugates are (2), (3), (4), and (7).
• Especially preferred conjugates according to the invention comprise 2x [mAb CCR5 light chain] and 2x (2), 2 x [mAb CCR5 light chain] and 2 x (3), or 2 x [mAb CCR5 heavy chain] and 2 x (4), or 2 x [mAb CCR5 light chain] and 2 x (7).
• the heavy and/or light chain comprises preferably a constant region (Fc).
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising a variable heavy chain domain consisting of an immunoglobulin framework and a CDR3 region selected from the group consisting of the heavy chain CDR3 sequences SEQ ID NO: 16, 17.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising a variable heavy chain domain consisting of an immunoglobulin framework and a CDR3 region selected from the group consisting of CDR3 sequences SEQ ID NO: 16, 17, a CDR2 region selected from the group consisting of CDR2 sequences SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, and a CDRl region selected from the group consisting of CDRl sequences SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, 12.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising a heavy chain variable domain selected from the group of heavy chain variable domains comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, and 7.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising a variable light chain domain consisting of an immunoglobulin framework and a CDRl region selected from SEQ ID NO:18, 19, 20, a CDR2 region selected from SEQ ID NO:21, 22, 23, and a CDR3 region selected from SEQ ID NO:24, 25.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising a variable heavy and light chain domain independently selected from the group consisting of a) the heavy chain (V H ) variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 and the light chain (V L ) variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2; b) the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 3 and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 4; c) the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 5 and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising the heavy chain (V H ) variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and the light chain (V L ) variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:2; or the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:3 and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:4; or the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5 and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:6; or the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:7 and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:8; a linker selected from the group consisting of the amino acids glycine (G) and asparagine
• N the tripeptide GST, and SEQ ID NO:36-62 and SEQ ID NO:67-70; and an antifusogenic peptide selected from the group of peptides defined by SEQ ID NO:29 to 35 and SEQ ID NO: 73.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising an antifusogenic peptide selected from the group of peptides comprising C34, T20, T1249, T651, T2635, N36, DP107, and afp-l.
• an antifusogenic peptide selected from the group of peptides comprising C34, T20, T1249, T651, T2635, N36, DP107, and afp-l.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising an antifusogenic peptide at each C-terminus of the heavy chains or at each N-terminus of the light chains (two antifusogenic peptides).
• the conjugate is characterized in that it comprises an antifusogenic peptide at each C-terminus of the heavy chains and at each N-terminus of the light chains (four antifusogenic peptides).
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:2, two conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:1, a linker of SEQ ID NO:40 and an antifusogenic peptide of SEQ ID NO:33, in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:4, two conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:3, a linker of SEQ ID NO:40 and an antifusogenic peptide of SEQ ID NO:33, in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:6, two conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:5, a linker of SEQ ID NO:40 and an antifusogenic peptide of SEQ ID NO:33, or in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:8, two conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:7, a linker of SEQ ID NO:
• the conjugate is characterized in that said anti-CCR5 antibody is of IgGl subclass. It is also preferred, that said anti-CCR5 antibody is of IgG4 subclass, or of
• the conjugate is characterized in that said anti-CCR5 antibody of IgG4 subclass has a S228P mutation and said anti-CCR5 antibody of IgGl subclass has L234A and L235A mutations.
• the invention further comprises a conjugate comprising two or more antifusogenic peptides and an anti-CD4 antibody (mAb CD4) characterized in that two to eight antifusogenic peptides, preferably two or four, are each conjugated to one terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of said anti-CD4 antibody (a number of eight antifiisogenic peptides per mAb CD4 is only possible if the mAb CD4 comprises eight termini, i.e. is composed e.g. of two heavy chains and two light chains; if the mAb CD4 comprises a smaller number of C- and N-termini, e.g. as a scFv, the corresponding number of antifusogenic peptides possible at maximum in the conjugate is also reduced, i.e. it is reduced to less than eight).
• mAb CD4 anti-CD4 antibody
• the carboxy-terminal amino acid of an antibody chain is conjugated to the amino-terminal amino acid of the antifusogenic peptide or the carboxy- terminal amino acid of the antifusogenic peptide is conjugated to the amino- terminal amino acid of the antibody chain, preferably by a peptide bond with or without an intermediate linker.
• the conjugate is characterized by the general formula antibody - [linker] m - [antifusogenic peptide] n
• n is an integer of from 2 to 8, preferably an even integer of from 2 to 8, more preferably 2 or 4.
• said antibody is mAb CD4.
• a preferred conjugate of a heavy and/or light chain of an antibody and an antifusogenic peptide (“chain conjugate”) is selected from the group consisting of (in N-terminal to C-terminal direction):
• linker can be the same or different in (within and between) said chain conjugates, wherein m is an integer of 1 or 0, and m can be independently the same or different in (within and between) said chain conjugates.
• the chain conjugates are assembled to conjugates according to the invention comprising a mAb CD4 (e.g. consisting of two light chains and two heavy chains including the constant Fc domains, a scFv fragment, or a Fab fragment).
• a mAb CD4 e.g. consisting of two light chains and two heavy chains including the constant Fc domains, a scFv fragment, or a Fab fragment.
• Especially preferred chain conjugates are (2), (3), (4), and (7).
• Especially preferred conjugates according to the invention comprise 2x [mAb CD4 light chain] and 2x (2), 2 x [mAb CD4 light chain] and 2 x (3), or 2 x [mAb CD4 heavy chain] and 2 x (4), or 2 x [mAb CD4 light chain] and 2 x (7).
• the heavy and/or light chain comprises preferably a constant region.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising a variable heavy chain domain consisting of an immunoglobulin framework and a CDR3 region selected from the heavy chain CDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 103, 104, or 105.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising a variable heavy chain domain consisting of an immunoglobulin framework and a CDR3 region selected from the CDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO:103, 104, or 105, a CDR2 region selected from the CDR2 sequences of SEQ ID NO:100, 101, or 102, and a CDRl region selected from the CDRl sequences of SEQ ID NO:97, 98, or 99.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising a heavy chain variable domain wherein the heavy chain variable domain comprises SEQ ID NO:82, or 83.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising a variable light chain domain consisting of an immunoglobulin framework and a CDRl region selected from SEQ ID NO:87, 88, 89, or 90, a CDR2 region selected from SEQ ID NO:91, 92, or 93, and a CDR3 region selected from SEQ ID NO:94, 95, or 96.
• a variable light chain domain consisting of an immunoglobulin framework and a CDRl region selected from SEQ ID NO:87, 88, 89, or 90, a CDR2 region selected from SEQ ID NO:91, 92, or 93, and a CDR3 region selected from SEQ ID NO:94, 95, or 96.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising as heavy chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:81, and as light chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:75, as heavy chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:82, and as light chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:76, as heavy chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:84, and as light chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:78, as heavy chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:85, and as light chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:79, or as heavy chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:86, and as light chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:80.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising a variable heavy and light chain domain independently selected from: a) the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:81, and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:75; b) the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:81, and the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:75; b) the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:81, and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:75; b) the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:81, and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:75; or the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:82, and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:76; or the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:84, and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:78; the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:85, and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:79, or the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:86, and the light chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:80; a linker selected from the amino acids glycine (G) and asparagine (N), the tripeptide GST, and the SEQ ID NO:36 to 62 and SEQ ID NO:67 to 70; and an antifusogenic peptide selected from the antif
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising an antifusogenic peptide selected from the antifusogenic peptides C34, T20, T1249, T651, T2635, N36, DP107, or afp-l.
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising an antifusogenic peptide at each C-terminus of the heavy chains or at each N-terminus of the light chains (two antifusogenic peptides).
• the conjugate is characterized in that it comprises an antifusogenic peptide at each C-terminus of the heavy chains and at each N-terminus of the light chains (four antifusogenic peptides).
• the conjugate is characterized in that it comprises an antifusogenic peptide at the two C-termini of the heavy chains and at the two N-termini of the light chains (four antifusogenic peptides)
• the conjugate is characterized in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:75, two conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:81, a linker of SEQ ID NO:69, and an antifusogenic peptide of SEQ ID NO:73, in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:76, two conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:82, a linker of SEQ ID NO:69, and an antifusogenic peptide of SEQ ID NO:73, in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:78, two conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:84, a linker of SEQ ID NO:69, and an antifusogenic peptide of SEQ ID NO:73, in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:79, two conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:85
• the conjugate is characterized in that said antibody is of IgGl subclass or of IgG4 subclass. It is also preferred, that said antibody is of IgG4 or IgGl or IgG2 subclass, with a mutation in amino acid position S228, L234, L235, and/or D265, and/or contains the PVA236 mutation.
• the conjugate is characterized in that said antibody of IgG4 subclass has a S228P mutation and said antibody of IgGl subclass has L234A and L235A mutations.
• said antibody is an anti-CD4 antibody or an anti-CCR5 antibody.
• the invention comprises a method for the production of a conjugate according to the invention, characterized in that the method comprises a) cultivating a cell containing one or more plasmids containing one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a conjugate according to the invention under conditions suitable for the expression of the conjugate, b) recovering the conjugate from the cell or the supernatant.
• genes encoding the light and heavy chains of mAb CCR5 or mAb CD4 with or without linked antifusogenic peptide located on the same expression vector or on different expression vectors.
• the invention comprises a pharmaceutical composition, containing a conjugate according to the invention, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
• the invention comprises the use of a conjugate according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of viral infections.
• the use is characterized in that the viral infection is a HIV infection.
• the invention comprises the use of a conjugate according to the invention for the treatment of a patient in need of an antiviral treatment, preferably an anti HIV treatment.
• One aspect of the current invention is a conjugate comprising one or more antifusogenic peptides and an anti-CCR5 antibody (mAb CCR5) characterized in that one to eight antifusogenic peptides are each conjugated to one terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of said anti-CCR5 antibody.
• mAb CCR5 an anti-CCR5 antibody
• a number of eight antifusogenic peptides per mAb CCR5 is only possible if the mAb CCR5 comprises eight termini, i.e. is composed e.g. of two heavy chains and two light chains. If the mAb CCR5 comprises a smaller number of C- and N-termini, e.g.
• conjugate comprising two or more antifusogenic peptides and an anti-CD4 antibody (mAb CD4) characterized in that two to eight antifusogenic peptides are each conjugated to one terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of said anti-CD4 antibody.
• an "antifusogenic peptide” is a peptide which inhibits events associated with membrane fusion or the membrane fusion event itself, including, among other things, the inhibition of infection of uninfected cells by a virus due to membrane fusion.
• These antifusogenic peptides are preferably linear peptides.
• they can be derived from the gp41 ectodomain, e.g. such as DP107, DP178. Examples of such peptides can be found in US 5,464,933, US 5,656,480, US 6,013,263, US 6,017,536, US 6,020,459, US 6,093,794, US 6,060,065,
• amino acid sequences of such peptides comprise or can be selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 10 of US 5,464,933; SEQ ID NO: 1 to 15 of US 5,656,480; SEQ ID NO: 1 to 10 and 16 to 83 of US 6,013,263; SEQ ID NO: 1 to
• the antifusogenic peptide has an amino acid sequence comprising of from 5 to 100 amino acids, preferably of from 10 to 75 amino acids and more preferred of from 15 to 50 amino acids.
• Especially preferred antifusogenic peptides are C-34, T-20, T- 1249, T-651, T- 2635, N-36, (Root, M.J., et al, Curr. Pharm. Des. 10 (2004) 1805-1825) and DP-107 (Wild, C, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 12676-12680) and afp-1 (SEQ ID NO:29 to 35 and SEQ ID NO:73).
• the conjugate according to the invention one or more antifusogenic peptides and an antibody wherein i) said antifusogenic peptides are linear peptides with an amino acid sequence of from 5 to 100 amino acids, and ii) one to eight antifusogenic peptides are each conjugated to one terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of said antibody.
• said conjugate according to the invention one or more antifusogenic peptides and an antibody, e.g.
• an anti-CCR5 antibody (mAb CCR5), wherein i) said antifusogenic peptides are derived from the gp41 ectodomain, and ii) one to eight antifusogenic peptides are each conjugated to one terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of said antibody.
• gp41 ectodomain denotes the amino acid sequence starting with amino acid position 561 and ending with amino acid position 620 of HIV-I gpl60 or starting with amino acid position 50 and ending with amino acid position 109 of HIV-I gp41 (SEQ ID NO: 66) (see also e.g. Bar, S. and Alizon, M. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 811-820).
• antibody encompasses the various forms of antibody structures including whole antibodies and antibody fragments.
• the antibody according to the invention is preferably a human antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, a T cell antigen depleted antibody (WO 98/33523, WO 98/52976, and WO 00/34317).
• Genetic engineering of antibodies is e.g. described in Morrison, S.L., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 81 (1984) 6851-6855; US Patent Nos.
• Antibody fragments comprise a portion of a full length antibody, preferably the variable domains thereof or at least the antigen binding portion thereof.
• Examples of antibody fragments are e.g. single-chain antibody molecules (scFv), Fab, F(ab) 2 fragments, and the like as long as they retain the characteristics of an anti-CCR5 antibody.
• ScFv antibodies are, e.g., described in Huston, J.S., Methods in Enzymol. 203 (1991) 46-88. Huston also describes linkers and methods for linking of polypeptides useful for the present invention.
• CCR5 means human CCR5 as described, e.g., in Oppermann, M., Cell Signal. 16 (2004) 1201-1210 and SwissProt P51681.
• S/N signal/noise
• inhibiting HIV fusion with a target cell refers to inhibiting HIV fusion with a target cell measured in an assay comprising contacting said target cell (e.g. PBMC) with the virus in the presence of the antibody in a concentration effective to inhibit membrane fusion between the virus and said cell and measuring e.g. luciferase reporter gene activity or the HIV p24 antigen concentration.
• target cell e.g. PBMC
• membrane fusion refers to fusion between a first cell coexpressing CCR5 and CD4 polypeptides and a second cell or virus expressing an HIV env protein. Membrane fusion is determined by genetically engineered cells and/or viruses by a reporter gene assay (e.g. by luciferase reporter gene assay).
• Preferred anti-CCR5 antibodies are mentioned in US 2004/0043033, US 6,610,834,
• Especially preferred anti- CCR5 antibodies are described in WO 2006/103100.
• An especially preferred anti- CCR5 antibody is characterized in that the antibody comprises a variable heavy chain domain consisting of an immunoglobulin framework and a CDR3 region selected from the group consisting of the heavy chain CDR3 sequences SEQ ID NO: 16, 17.
• a further preferred antibody comprises a variable heavy chain region consisting of an immunoglobulin framework and a CDR3 region selected from the group consisting of CDR3 sequences SEQ ID NO: 16, 17, a CDR2 region selected from the group consisting of CDR2 sequences SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, and a CDRl region selected from the group consisting of CDRl sequences SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, 12.
• Preferred heavy chain variable domains are shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7.
• a preferred anti-CCR5 antibody comprises in addition a variable light chain domain consisting of an immunoglobulin framework and a CDRl region selected from the group consisting of CDRl sequences SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, 20, a CDR2 region selected from the group consisting of CDR2 sequences SEQ ID NO:21, 22, 23, and a CDR3 region selected from the group of CDR3 sequences SEQ ID NO:24, 25.
• the anti-CCR5 antibody is preferably characterized in containing as heavy chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 1 and as light chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 2, as heavy chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 3 and as light chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 4, as heavy chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 5 and as light chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 6, or as heavy chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 7 and as light chain CDRs the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 8.
• CDR sequences can be determined according to the standard definition of Kabat, E.A., et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th ed., Public Health
• the anti-CCR5 antibody comprises preferably a variable heavy and light chain domain independently selected from the group consisting of a) the heavy chain (V H ) variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ
• CD4 means human CD4 as described, e.g., in Brady, R.L. and Barclay, A.N., Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 205 (1996) 1-18 and SwissProt PO 1730.
• antibody binding to CD4 denotes an antibody specifically binding to CD4 and preferably inhibiting HIV fusion with a target cell. Binding can be tested in a cell based in vitro ELISA assay (CD4 expressing CHO cells). Binding is found if the antibody in question causes an S/N (signal/noise) ratio of 5 or more, preferably
• inhibiting HIV fusion with a target cell refers to inhibiting HIV fusion with a target cell measured in an assay comprising contacting said target cell (e.g. PBMC) with the virus in the presence of the antibody in question in a concentration effective to inhibit membrane fusion between the virus and said cell and measuring, e.g., luciferase reporter gene activity or the HIV p24 antigen concentration.
• target cell e.g. PBMC
• membrane fusion refers to fusion between a first cell expressing CD4 polypeptides and a second cell or virus expressing an HIV env protein. Membrane fusion is determined by genetically engineered cells and/or viruses by a reporter gene assay (e.g. by luciferase reporter gene assay).
• Exemplary anti-CD4 antibodies are mentioned in e.g. Reimann, K.A., et al, Aids Res. Human Retrovir. 13 (1997) 933-943, EP 0 512
• CXCR4 means human CXCR4 as described, e.g. in Feng, Y., et al., Science 272 (1996) 809-810, or Tamamura, H. and Fujii, N., Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 9 (2005) 1267-1282.
• CXCR4 antibody or "mAb CXCR4", which are used interchangeably within this application, denote an antibody specifically binding to CXCR4 and preferably inhibiting HIV fusion with a target cell. Binding can be tested in a cell based in vitro ELISA assay (CXCR4 expressing CHO cells). Binding is found if the antibody in question causes an S/N (signal/noise) ratio of 5 or more, preferably 10 or more at an antibody concentration of 100 ng/ml.
• S/N signal/noise
• inhibiting HIV fusion with a target cell refers to inhibiting HIV fusion with a target cell measured in an assay comprising contacting said target cell (e.g.
• membrane fusion refers to fusion between a first cell expressing CXCR4 polypeptides and a second cell or virus expressing an HIV env protein. Membrane fusion is determined by genetically engineered cells and/or viruses by a reporter gene assay (e.g. by luciferase reporter gene assay). Exemplary anti-CXCR4 antibodies are reported in Strizki, J.M., et al., J.
• an "antibody against an HIV gpl20 binding cell surface receptor” denotes within the current invention an antibody that is binding to a cell surface receptor, which is used by the HIV gpl20 subunit to mediate the binding of the virus to the cell surface of a cell, and thus prevents the binding of gpl20 to said receptor and also the binding of HIV to a cell surface.
• the HIV gpl20 is derived from the proteolytic cleavage of the precursor HIV gpl60 (see e.g. Brenneman, D.E., et al., Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 32 (1990) 305-353). The second fragment of this cleavage is the HIV gp41.
• cell surface receptors are the CD4 receptor, or the chemokine receptors, such as the CCR5 receptor, the CXCR4 receptor, or the CXCR5 receptor. Therefore in one embodiment is the antibody against an HIV gpl20 binding cell surface receptor an anti-CD4 antibody, or an anti-CCR5 antibody, or an anti-CXCR4 antibody, or an anti-CXCR5 antibody.
• the antibody used in the conjugate according to the invention is preferably characterized in that the constant domains are of human origin.
• Such constant domains are well known in the state of the art and, e.g., described by Kabat (see e.g. Johnson, G., and Wu, T.T., Nucleic Acids Res. 28 (2000) 214-218).
• a useful human IgGl heavy chain constant region (C H l-Hinge-C H 2-C H 3) comprises an amino acid sequence independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 26, 27.
• a useful human kappa (K) light chain constant domain comprises an amino acid sequence of a kappa light chain constant domain (K light chain constant domain, C L ) of SEQ ID NO: 28.
• the antibody's variable domains are of mouse origin and comprises the antibody variable domain sequence frame of a mouse antibody according to Kabat (see e.g. Johnson, G., and Wu, T.T., Nucleic Acids Res. 28 (2000) 214-218).
• a preferred anti-CCR5 antibody shows a binding to the same epitope(s) of CCR5 as does an antibody selected from the group consisting of the antibodies A to E or is inhibited in binding to CCR5 by antibodies A to E due to steric hindrance of binding or competitive binding.
• Epitope binding is investigated by using alanine scanning according to the method described by Olson, W.C., et al. (J. Virol. 73
• 2D7 in HIV assays binds to an epitope including amino acids on the ECL2 domain of CCR5 (Lee, B., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 9617-9626) which is different from the epitope recognized by antibody 2D7 (2D7 binds to amino acids K171 and E172 of ECL2A but not to ECL2B amino acids 184-189).
• Epitope binding for antibody C is found to be 20% for CCR5 mutant K171A or E172A (glu 172 is mutated to ala). 100% epitope binding is defined for wild-type CCR5.
• a further preferred anti-CCR5 antibody binds to the same epitope as antibody C binds.
• epitope means a protein determinant capable of specific binding to an antibody.
• Epitopes usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Conformational and non-conformational epitopes are distinguished in that the binding to the former but not the latter is lost in the presence of denaturing solvents.
• an antibody according to the invention binds specifically to native but not to denatured CCR5.
• Such an antibody comprises preferably heavy chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 17, and preferably in addition heavy chain CDRs selected from the group of CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 10, 11, 12, 14 and/or 15.
• an antibody is antibody B, C, D, or E, or comprises the variable domains of antibody B, C, D, or E.
• an antibody binding to denatured CCR5 is antibody A or comprises the variable domains of antibody A.
• variable domain (variable domain of a light chain (V L ), variable domain of a heavy chain (V H )) as used herein denotes each domain of the pair of light and heavy chain domains which is involved directly in the binding of the antibody to the antigen.
• the variable domains of the light and heavy chain have the same general structure, i.e. they possess an "immunoglobulin framework", and each domain comprises four "framework regions” (FR), whose sequences are widely conserved, connected by three “hypervariable regions” (or “complementarity determining regions", CDRs).
• the framework regions adopt a ⁇ -sheet conformation and the CDRs may form loops connecting the ⁇ -sheet structure.
• the CDRs in each chain are held in their three-dimensional structure by the framework regions and form together with the CDRs from the other chain the antigen binding site.
• the antibody heavy and light chain CDR3 regions play a particularly important role in the binding specificity/affinity of the antibodies according to the invention and therefore provide a further object of the invention.
• antigen-binding portion of an antibody or "antigen-binding site of an antibody” when used herein refer to the amino acid residues of an antibody which are responsible for antigen-binding.
• the antigen -binding site of an antibody comprises amino acid residues from the "complementarity determining regions" or "CDRs".
• CDRs complementarity determining regions
• FR Framework regions are those variable domain regions other than the hypervariable region residues as herein defined. Therefore, the light and heavy chain variable domains of an antibody comprise from N- to C-terminus the regions FRl, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4 (immunoglobulin framework).
• the CDR3 region of the heavy chain is the region which contributes most to antigen binding and defines the antibody.
• the anti- CCR5 antibody according to the invention is characterized by comprising in its heavy chain variable domain the CDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 or SEQ ID NO: 17.
• Complementarity determining (CDR) and framework (FR) regions are determined according to the standard definition of Kabat, E.A., et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th ed., Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991).
• antibodies or immunoglobulins are divided in the classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g. IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, IgAl and IgA2.
• immunoglobulins are called ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ x respectively.
• the antibodies according to the invention are preferably of IgG type.
• an "Fc part of an antibody” is a term well known to the skilled artisan and defined on basis of papain cleavage of antibodies.
• the antibodies according to the invention contain as Fc part a human Fc part or an Fc part derived from human origin.
• the Fc part is either an Fc part of a human antibody of the subclass IgG4 or an Fc part of a human antibody of the subclass IgGl, IgG2, or IgG3, which is modified in such a way that no Fc ⁇ receptor (e.g. Fc ⁇ RIIIa) binding and/or no CIq binding as defined below can be detected.
• Fc ⁇ receptor e.g. Fc ⁇ RIIIa
• the Fc part is a human Fc part and especially preferred either from human IgG4 subclass or a mutated Fc part from human IgGl subclass. Further preferred are Fc parts from human IgGl subclass with mutations L234A and L235A. Further preferred are Fc parts shown in SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 26 with mutations L234A and L235A, SEQ ID NO: 27 with mutation S228P. While IgG4 shows reduced Fc ⁇ receptor (Fc ⁇ RIIIa) binding, antibodies of other IgG subclasses show strong binding.
• Pro238, Asp265, Asp270, Asn297 (loss of Fc carbohydrate), Pro329, Leu234, Leu235, Gly236, Gly237, Ile253, Ser254, Lys288, Thr307, Gln311, Asn434, and His435 are residues which if altered provide also reduced Fc ⁇ receptor binding (Shields, R.L., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 6591- 6604; Lund, J., et al., FASEB J. 9 (1995) 115-119; Morgan, A., et al., Immunology
• an antibody according to the invention is in regard to Fc ⁇ receptor binding of IgG4 subclass or of IgGl or IgG2 subclass, with a mutation in L234, L235, and/or D265, and/or contains the PVA236 mutation.
• CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
• Fc part binding sites are known in the state of the art and described e.g. by Lukas, T.J., et al., J. Immunol. 127 (1981) 2555-2560; Brunhouse, R., and Cebra, J.J., MoI. Immunol. 16 (1979) 907-917; Burton, D.R., et al., Nature 288 (1980) 338-344; Tansen, J.E., et al., MoI. Immunol. 37 (2000) 995-1004;
• Fc part binding sites are, e.g., characterized by the amino acids L234, L235, D270, N297, E318, K320, K322, P331, and P329 (numbering according to EU index of Kabat).
• Antibodies of subclass IgGl, IgG2, and IgG3 usually show complement activation including CIq and C3 binding, whereas IgG4 does not activate the complement system and does not bind CIq and C3.
• An anti-CCR5 antibody which does not bind Fc ⁇ receptor and/or complement factor CIq does not elicit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
• ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
• this antibody is characterized in that it binds CCR5, contains an Fc part derived from human origin, and does not bind Fc ⁇ receptors and/or complement factor CIq. More preferably, this antibody is a human, or humanized, or a T-cell antigen depleted antibody.
• CIq binding can be measured according to Idusogie, E.E., et al., J. Immunol. 164 (2000) 4178-4184. No "CIq binding" is found if in such an assay the optical density (OD) at 492-405 nm is for the test antibody lower than 15% of the value for human CIq binding of the unmodified wild-type antibody Fc part at an antibody concentration of 8 ⁇ g/ml.
• ADCC can be measured as binding of the antibody to human Fc ⁇ RIIIa on human NK cells. Binding is determined at an antibody concentration of 20 ⁇ g/ml.
• No Fc ⁇ receptor binding or “no ADCC” means a binding of up to 30% to human Fc ⁇ RIIIa on human NK cells at an antibody concentration of 20 ⁇ g/ml compared to the binding of the same antibody as human IgGl (SEQ ID NO:26).
• an antibody used in a conjugate according to the invention include, in addition, such antibodies having "conservative sequence modifications" (variant antibodies), which are amino acid sequence modifications which do not affect or alter the above-mentioned characteristics of the antibody according to the invention. Modifications can be introduced by standard techniques known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Conservative amino acid substitutions include ones in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g. lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g.
• aspartic acid glutamic acid
• uncharged polar side chains e.g. glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan
• non-polar side chains e.g. alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine
• beta-branched side chains e.g. threonine, valine, isoleucine
• aromatic side chains e.g. tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine
• a predicted nonessential amino acid residue in a human anti-CCR5 antibody can be preferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family.
• a "variant" anti-CCR5 antibody refers therefore herein to a molecule which differs in amino acid sequence from a "parent" anti-CCR5 antibody's amino acid sequence by up to ten, preferably from about two to about five, additions, deletions, and/or substitutions in one or more of the variable domain regions of the parent antibody outside the heavy chain CDR3 region. Each other heavy chain CDR region comprises at maximum one single amino acid addition, deletion, and/or substitution.
• the invention comprises a method of modifying the CDR amino acid sequence of a parent antibody binding to CCR5, characterized in selecting a heavy chain variable domain from the group of heavy chain variable domains consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 82, 83 and/or a light chain variable domain from the group of light chain variable domains consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 76, 77 providing a nucleic acid encoding said initial variable domain amino acid sequence, modifying said nucleic acid in that one amino acid is modified in heavy chain CDRl, one amino acid is modified in heavy chain CDR2, 1-3 amino acid are modified in light chain CDRl, 1-3 amino acids are modified in light chain CDR2, and/or 1-3 amino acids are modified in light chain CDR3, expressing and incorporating said modified variable domain(s) amino acid sequence in an antibody structure, measuring whether said antibody binds to CCR5 and selecting said modified variable domain(s)/CDR(s) if the antibody binds to CCR5.
• linker or "peptidic linker” as used within this application denotes peptide linkers of natural and/or synthetic origin. They are building up of a linear amino acid chain wherein the 20 naturally occurring amino acids are the monomeric building blocks. The chain has a length of from 1 to 50 amino acids, preferred between 1 and 28 amino acids, especially preferred between 3 and 25 amino acids.
• the linker may contain repetitive amino acid sequences or sequences of naturally occurring polypeptides, such as polypeptides with a hinge-function.
• the linker has the function to ensure that a peptide conjugated to an anti-CCR5 antibody can perform its biological activity by allowing the peptide to fold correctly and to be presented properly.
• the linker is a "synthetic peptidic linker" that is designated to be rich in glycine, glutamine, and/or serine residues. These residues are arranged e.g. in small repetitive units of up to five amino acids, such as GGGGS, QQQQG, or SSSSG. This small repetitive unit may be repeated for two to five times to form a multimeric unit.
• linkers are composed of a single amino acid, that is repeated between 10 to 20 times, such as e.g. serine in the linker SSSSSSSSSSSSS.
• linkers are shown in Table 2. Especially preferred are linkers [GQ 4 ] 3 GNN (SEQ ID NO:
• All peptidic linkers can be encoded by a nucleic acid molecule and therefore can be recombinantly expressed. As the linkers are themselves peptides, the antifusogenic peptide is connected to the linker via a peptide bond that is formed between two amino acids. The peptidic linker is introduced between the antifusogenic peptide and the anti-CCR5 antibody chain to which the antifusogenic peptide is to be conjugated.
• the mAb CCR5-conjugate is characterized in comprising i) the heavy chain (V H ) variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and the light chain (V 1 ,) variable domain defined by SEQ ID NO:2; or the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:3 and the light chain variable domain defined by SEQ ID NO:4; or the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5 and the light chain variable domain defined by SEQ ID NO:6; or the heavy chain variable domain defined by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:7 and the light chain variable domain defined by SEQ ID NO:8; ii) a linker selected from the group consisting of the amino acids glycine (G) and asparagine (N), the tripeptide GST, and SEQ ID NO:36-62, and SEQ ID NO:67-70; and iii) an antifusogenic peptide selected from the group of peptides defined by SEQ ID NO:29 to
• a preferred conjugate of a heavy and/or light chain of mAb CCR5 and an antifusogenic peptide(s) (“chain conjugate") is selected from the group consisting of the conjugates (1) [antifusogenic peptide] - [linker] m - [heavy chain], (2) [heavy chain] - [linker] m - [antifusogenic peptide], (3) [antifusogenic peptide] - [linker] m - [heavy chain] - [antifusogenic peptide], (4) [antifusogenic peptide] - [linker] m - [light chain], (5) [light chain] - [linker] m - [antifusogenic peptide], (6)
• linker can be the same or different both within and between said chain conjugates, wherein m is an integer of 1 or 0, and m can be independently the same or different both within and between said conjugates.
• the two linkers in chain conjugate (7) can be the same, i.e. have the same amino acid sequence and length, or can be different, i.e. have different amino acid sequences and/or lengths, or one or both can be absent.
• the linker contained in chain conjugate (2) and the linker contained in chain conjugate (4) can be the same, i.e. have the same amino acid sequence and length, or can be different, i.e. have different amino acid sequences and/or lengths, or one or both can be absent.
• Preferred chain conjugates are the chain conjugates (2), (3), (4), and (7).
• One embodiment of the current invention is a conjugate comprising 2 x [mAb CCR5 light chain] and 2 x chain conjugate (2). This conjugate comprises two not conjugate anti-CCR5 antibody light chains and two anti-CCR5 antibody heavy chains conjugated via the C-terminus to the N- terminus of an antifusogenic peptide, optionally with an intermediate linker.
• Another embodiment of the current invention is a conjugate comprising two mAb CCR5 light chains and two chain conjugates (3). Still another embodiment is a conjugate comprising two mAb CCR5 heavy chains and two chain conjugates (4). A further embodiment of the current invention is a conjugate comprising two mAb CCR5 light chains and two chain conjugates (7).
• the heavy and/or light chain comprises preferably a constant region (Fc).
• the invention further provides a method for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a conjugate according to the invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the use of the conjugate according to the invention for such a method.
• the invention further provides the use of a conjugate according to the invention in an effective amount for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical agent, preferably together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for the treatment of a patient suffering from AIDS.
• amino acid denotes the group of naturally occurring carboxy ⁇ -amino acids comprising alanine (three letter code: ala, one letter code: A), arginine (arg, R), asparagine (asn, N), aspartic acid (asp, D), cysteine (cys, C), glutamine (gin, Q), glutamic acid (glu, E), glycine (gly, G), histidine (his, H), isoleucine (ile, I), leucine (leu, L), lysine (lys, K), methionine
• phenylalanine phe, F
• proline pro, P
• serine serine
• threonine thr, T
• tryptophan trp, W
• tyrosine tyr, Y
• valine val, V
• the carboxy- terminal amino acid of an antibody chain is conjugated via a peptide bond to the amino-terminal amino acid of the antifusogenic peptide or the carboxy-terminal amino acid of the antifusogenic peptide is conjugated via a peptide bond to the amino-terminal amino acid of an antibody chain.
• an intermediate linker is present between the antifusogenic peptide and the antibody chain.
• the conjugate according to the invention is characterized by the general formula antibody - [linker] m - [antifusogenic peptide] n wherein m is independently for each antifusogenic peptide either 0 (i.e.
• n is an integer of from 1 to 8.
• n is an integer of from 2 to 8.
• n is an integer of from 2 to 4.
• n is an integer of 2 or 4.
• One embodiment of the invention comprises a conjugate characterized in comprising an antifusogenic peptide at each C-terminus of the heavy chains or at each N-terminus of the light chains of the antibody. In this embodiment two antifusogenic peptides are conjugated to one antibody.
• conjugate characterized by comprising an antifusogenic peptide at each C-terminus of the heavy chains and at each N-terminus of the light chains.
• antifusogenic peptides are conjugated to one antibody.
• the antifusogenic peptide which is introduced at a terminus of a mAb CCR5 heavy and/or light chain(s) is small of size compared to the mAb CCR5.
• the smallest immunoglobulins, immunoglobulins of class G have a molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa; an antifusogenic peptide has preferably a size (molecular weight) of less than 12.5 kDa, which is equivalent to about 100 amino acids, in general less than 7.5 kDa, which is equivalent to about 60 amino acids.
• the antifusogenic peptide has an amino acid sequence of from 5 to 100 amino acid residues, preferably of from 10 to 75 amino acid residues, more preferably of from 15 to 50 amino acid residues.
• the conjugates of the current invention are useful for pharmaceutical, therapeutical, or diagnostical applications.
• the number of antifusogenic peptides, which can be conjugated to mAb CCR5 heavy and/or light chain(s), is from one to the combined number of amino- and carboxy-termini of the anti-CCR5 antibody polypeptide chains.
• the current invention encompasses different anti-CCR5 antibodies the number of antifusogenic peptides can vary. In case of an anti-CCR5 antibody comprising two heavy and two light chains the combined number of amino-termini (N-termini) and carboxy-termini (C-termini) is eight, which is at the same time the totaling maximum number of conjugated antifusogenic peptides; in case e.g.
• an anti-CCR5 antibody fragment such as a single chain antibody (scFv) the combined number of termini and therefore the maximum number of conjugatable antifusogenic peptides is two. If a single antifusogenic peptide is conjugated to mAb CCR5, the peptide can occupy any one of the termini of the anti-CCR5 antibody chains. Likewise, if the maximum possible number of peptides is conjugated to mAb CCR5, all termini are occupied by a single peptide. If the number of peptides, which are conjugated to mAb CCR5, is smaller than the maximum possible number, different distributions of the peptides at the termini of the anti-CCR5 antibody chains are possible.
• scFv single chain antibody
• Table 1 Possible combination for the conjugation of four peptides to the termini of an anti-CCR5 antibody composed of four polypeptide chains.
• the current invention preferably comprises conjugates in which at least two of the termini are conjugated to an antifusogenic peptide.
• the amino acid sequences of the antifusogenic peptides can be different, similar or identical. In one embodiment the amino acid sequence identity is in the range of from 90% to less than 100%; these amino acid sequences and the corresponding peptides are defined as similar. In a preferred embodiment the antifusogenic peptides are identical, i.e. have an amino acid identity of 100%.
• the present invention comprises a conjugate comprising one or more antifusogenic peptides and an anti-CCR5 antibody (mAb CCR5) wherein one to eight antifusogenic peptides are each conjugated to one terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of said anti-CCR5 antibody via a peptide bond.
• the conjugate according to the invention comprises at least two antifusogenic peptides and an anti-CCR5 antibody wherein two to eight antifusogenic peptides are each conjugated to one terminus of the heavy and/or light chains of said anti-CCR5 antibody.
• the conjugate according to the invention is characterized i) in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:2, two chain conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:1, a linker of SEQ ID NO:40 and an antifusogenic peptide of SEQ ID NO:33, ii) in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:4, two chain conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:3, a linker of SEQ ID NO:40 and an antifusogenic peptide of SEQ ID NO:33, iii) in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:6, two chain conjugates of type (2) each comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:5, a linker of SEQ ID NO:40 and an antifusogenic peptide of SEQ ID NO:33, or iv) in comprising two light chain variable domains of SEQ ID NO:8, two chain conjugates of type (2) each comprising
• the conjugation between the antifusogenic peptide and the anti-CCR5 antibody is performed on the nucleic acid level. Therefore a peptide bond is formed between the antifusogenic peptide and the anti-CCR5 antibody chain with or without an intermediate linker.
• the carboxy-terminal amino acid of the antifusogenic peptide is conjugated to the amino-terminal amino acid of an anti-
• CCR5 antibody chain with or without an intermediate linker or a carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anti-CCR5 antibody chain is conjugated to the amino-terminal amino acid of the antifusogenic peptide with or without an intermediate linker or both termini of the anti-CCR5 antibody chain are conjugated to an antifusogenic peptide each with or without an intermediate linker.
• one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding different polypeptides are required, preferably two to eight nucleic acid molecules are employed. These nucleic acid molecules encode the different anti-CCR5 antibody polypeptide chains of the conjugate and are in the following referred to as structural genes.
• the assembly of the conjugate takes preferably place before secretion of the conjugate and thus within the expressing cells. Therefore the nucleic acid molecules encoding the polypeptide chains of the conjugate are preferably expressed in the same host cell. If after recombinant expression a mixture of conjugates is obtained, the conjugates can be separated and purified by methods known to a person skilled in the art. These methods are well established and widespread used for immunoglobulin purification and are employed either alone or in combination. Such methods are, for example, affinity chromatography using microbial-derived proteins (e.g.
• ion exchange chromatography e.g. cation exchange (carboxymethyl resins), anion exchange (amino ethyl resins) and mixed-mode exchange chromatography
• thiophilic adsorption e.g. with beta- mercaptoethanol and other SH ligands
• hydrophobic interaction or aromatic adsorption chromatography e.g. with phenyl-sepharose, aza-arenophilic resins, or m-aminophenylboronic acid
• metal chelate affinity chromatography e.g. with
• Ni(II)- and Cu(II)-affinity material size exclusion chromatography, and preparative electrophoretic methods (such as gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis) (Vijayalakshmi, M.A., Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 75 (1998) 93-102).
• the conjugates can be tailor-made on the nucleic acid/gene level.
• the nucleic acid sequences encoding immunoglobulins are known and can be obtained for example from genomic databases. Likewise the nucleic acid sequences encoding antifusogenic peptides are known or can easily be deduced from their amino acid sequence.
• an expression cassette for the anti-CCR5 antibody light chain in its natural and/or modified and/or conjugated version an expression cassette for the anti-CCR5 antibody heavy chain in its natural and/or modified and/or conjugated version (alternatively the anti-CCR5 antibody light chain and the anti-CCR5 antibody heavy chain can be contained in the same expression cassette, e.g. as bicistronic expression element), a selection marker, and an E.coli replication as well as selection unit.
• These expression cassettes comprise a promoter, a DNA segment encoding a secretion signal sequence, the structural gene, and a terminator/polyadenylation signal.
• the elements are assembled in an operatively linked form either on one plasmid encoding all chains of the conjugate, or on two or more plasmids each encoding one or more chains of the conjugate.
• the plasmid(s) is (are) introduced into a suitable host cell.
• Proteins are preferably produced in mammalian cells such as CHO cells, NSO cells, Sp2/0 cells, COS cells, HEK cells, K562 cells, BHK cells, PER.C6 ® cells, and the like.
• the regulatory elements of the plasmid have to be selected in a way that they are functional in the selected host cell.
• the host cell containing the plasmid encoding one or more chains of the conjugate is cultivated under conditions suitable for the expression of the chains.
• the expressed conjugate chains are functionally assembled.
• the fully processed antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody-conjugate is secreted into the medium.
• an “expression plasmid” is a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide to be expressed in a host cell.
• an expression plasmid comprises a prokaryotic plasmid propagation unit, e.g. for E.coli, comprising an origin of replication, and a resistance gene, an eukaryotic selection marker, and one or more expression cassettes for the expression of the structural gene(s) of interest comprising a promoter, a structural gene, and a transcription terminator including a polyadenylation signal.
• Gene expression is usually placed under the control of a promoter, and such a structural gene is said to be “operably linked to" the promoter.
• a regulatory element and a core promoter are operably linked if the regulatory element modulates the activity of the core promoter.
• One aspect of the current invention is thus a method for the production of a conjugate according to the invention, comprising the following steps a) cultivating a cell containing one or more expression plasmids each comprising one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a conjugate according to the invention under conditions suitable for the expression of the conjugate, b) recovering the conjugate from the cell or the supernatant.
• under conditions suitable for the expression of the conjugate denotes conditions which are used for the cultivation of a cell expressing a polypeptide and which are known to or can easily be determined by a person skilled in the art. It is known to a person skilled in the art that these conditions may vary depending on the type of cell cultivated and type of polypeptide expressed. In general the cell is cultivated at a temperature, e.g. between 2O 0 C and 40 0 C, and for a period of time sufficient to allow effective production of the polypeptide conjugate, e.g. for 4 to 28 days.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption/resorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible.
• the carrier is suitable for injection or infusion.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art.
• the carrier can be, for example, an isotonic buffered saline solution.
• the compounds of the present invention which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skilled in the art.
• Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient, which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
• the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions of the present invention employed, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
• the invention preferably comprises the use of a conjugate according to the invention for the treatment of a patient suffering from immunodeficiency syndromes such as AIDS.
• Figure 1 Plasmid map of mAb CCR5 ⁇ -light chain expression vector 4900.
• Figure 2 Plasmid map of mAb CCR5 ⁇ l -heavy chain expression vector 4901.
• Figure 3 Plasmid map of mAb CCR5 ⁇ l-heavy chain conjugate expression vector 4995.
• Figure 4 Plasmid map of mAb CD4 ⁇ -light chain expression vector 6310.
• Figure 5 Plasmid map of mAb CD4 ⁇ l-heavy chain expression vector 6309.
• Figure 6 Plasmid map of mAb CD4 ⁇ l-heavy chain conjugate expression vector 6303.
• Preferred hybridoma cell lines expressing mAb CCR5 useful in the conjugates according to the invention were deposited with Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ), Germany.
• ⁇ CCR5>PzO4.1F6 Antibody E Variable domains 1 of mAb CD4 are reported in SEQ ID NO: 10, 15, 45, and 56 of
• Variable domain 3 of mAb CD4 are reported in Figures 3, 4, 12, and 13 of WO 91/009966.
• Desired gene segments were prepared from oligonucleotides made by chemical synthesis.
• the 100 - 600 bp long gene segments, which are flanked by singular restriction endonudease cleavage sites, were assembled by annealing and ligation of oligonucleotides including PCR amplification and subsequently cloned into the pCR2.1 -TOPO-TA cloning vector (Invitrogen Corp., USA) via A-overhangs.
• the DNA sequence of the subcloned gene fragments were confirmed by DNA sequencing.
• Protein determination The protein concentration of the conjugate was determined by determining the optical density (OD) at 280 nm, using the molar extinction coefficient calculated on the basis of the amino acid sequence.
• V L the human kappa-light chain constant domain
• C L the human kappa-light chain constant domain
• V H anti-CCR5 antibody heavy chain variable domain
• C H l-Hinge-C H 2-C H 3 the human ⁇ l-heavy chain constant domains
• mAb CCR5 of SEQ ID NO:63/64 the heavy and light chain variable domains are derived from a mouse antibody and the heavy and light chain constant domains are derived from a human antibody (C-kappa and IgGl).
• the gene segment encoding a complete anti-CCR5 antibody light chain was joined at the N- and/or C-terminus with a nucleic acid encoding an antifusogenic peptide including a connecting linker sequence and/or the gene segment encoding a complete anti-CCR5 antibody heavy chain was joined at the N- and/or C-terminus with a nucleic acid encoding an antifusogenic peptide including a connecting linker sequence.
• Vector 4900 is an expression plasmid for transient expression of a mAb CCR5 light chain (genomically organized expression cassette; exon-intron organization) in HEK293 cells.
• this vector contains: - a hygromycine resistance gene as a selectable marker, an origin of replication, oriP, of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an origin of replication from the vector pUC18 which allows replication of this plasmid in E. coli, and a ⁇ -lactamase gene which confers ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
• the transcription unit of the mAb CCR5 ⁇ -light chain gene is composed of the following elements: the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human cytomegalovirus, a synthetic 5'-untranslated region, - a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including a signal sequence intron (signal sequence 1, intron, signal sequence 2 [Ll-intron-L2]), the murine anti-CCR5 antibody mature variable ⁇ -light chain encoding segment arranged with a unique Bsml restriction site at the 5'-end (L2 signal sequence) and a splice donor site and a unique Notl restriction site at the 3'- end, a human/mouse ⁇ -light chain hybrid intron 2, the human ⁇ -light gene constant domain, the human immunoglobulin ⁇ -polyadenylation ("poly A”) signal sequence, and - the unique restriction sites Ascl and Fsel at the 5'- and 3'-end, respectively.
• Vector 4991 is an expression plasmid for transient expression of a mAb CCR5 ⁇ l- heavy chain (genomically organized expression cassette; exon-intron organization) in HEK293 cells.
• this vector contains: - a hygromycin resistance gene as a selectable marker, an origin of replication, oriP, of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an origin of replication from the vector pUC18 which allows replication of this plasmid in E. coli, and a beta-lactamase gene which confers ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
• the transcription unit of the mAb CCR5 ⁇ l -heavy chain is composed of the following elements: the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human cytomegalovirus, a synthetic 5'-untranslated region, - a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including a signal sequence intron (signal sequence 1, intron, signal sequence 2 [Ll-intron-L2]), the murine anti-CCR5 antibody mature variable heavy chain encoding segment arranged with a unique Bsml restriction site at the 5'-end (L2 signal sequence) and a splice donor site and a unique Notl restriction site at the 3'-end, - a human/mouse heavy chain hybrid intron 2 including the mouse heavy chain enhancer element (part JH 3 , JH 4 ) (Neuberger, M.S., EMBO J. 2 (1983) 1373-
• Vector 4995 is an expression plasmid for transient expression of a chimeric peptide- anti-CCR5 antibody ⁇ l -heavy chain conjugate (genomically organized expression cassette; exon-intron organization) in HEK293 cells.
• the vector 4995 is derived from plasmid 4991 in that way that the mAb CCR5 ⁇ l- heavy chain is joint at the C-terminus with a nucleic acid encoding the antifusogenic peptide T-2635 (SEQ ID NO:33) and the peptidic linker sequence [GQ 4 J 3 GNN (SEQ ID NO:40).
• this vector contains: a hygromycin resistance gene as a selectable marker, an origin of replication, oriP, of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an origin of replication from the vector pUC18 which allows replication of this plasmid in E. coli, and - a beta( ⁇ )-lactamase gene which confers ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
• a hygromycin resistance gene as a selectable marker
• oriP oriP
• EBV Epstein-Barr virus
• beta( ⁇ )-lactamase gene which confers ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
• the transcription unit of the chimeric peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody ⁇ l -heavy chain conjugate is composed of the following elements: the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human cytomegalovirus, - a synthetic 5'-untranslated region, a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including a signal sequence intron (signal sequence 1, intron, signal sequence 2 [Ll-intron-L2]), the murine anti-CCR5 antibody mature variable heavy chain encoding segment arranged with a unique Bsml restriction site at the 5'-end (L2 signal sequence) and a splice donor site and a unique Notl restriction site at the 3'-end, a human/mouse heavy chain hybrid intron 2 including the mouse heavy chain enhancer element (part JH 3 , JH 4 ) (Neuberger, M.S., EMBO J. 2 (1983) 1373-
• the genomic human ⁇ l -heavy gene constant domains - the antifusogenic peptide T-2635, the peptidic linker sequence [GQ 4 ] 3 GNN, the human ⁇ l -immunoglobulin polyadenylation ("poly A") signal sequence, and the unique restriction sites Ascl and SgrAI at the 5'- and 3'-end, respectively.
• the plasmid map of the mAb CCR5 ⁇ l -heavy chain conjugate expression vector 4995 is shown in Figure 3.
• the amino acid sequence of the mature (without signal sequence) conjugate heavy chain is shown in SEQ ID NO:65.
• the fusion genes (heavy and/or light chain antibody fusion genes) comprising a mAb CCR5 gene segment, an optional linker gene segment and an antifusogenic peptide gene segment have been assembled with known recombinant methods and techniques by connection of the according nucleic acid segments.
• the nucleic acid sequences encoding the peptidic linkers and antifusogenic polypeptides were each synthesized by chemical synthesis and then ligated into an E.coli plasmid for amplification. The subcloned nucleic acid sequences were verified by DNA sequencing.
• Recombinant anti-CCR5 antibodies and anti-CCR5 antibody-variants were generated by transient transfection of adherent growing HEK293-EBNA cells (human embryonic kidney cell line 293 expressing Epstein-Barr-Virus nuclear antigen; American type culture collection deposit number ATCC # CRL- 10852) cultivated in DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, Gibco) supplemented with 10% ultra-low IgG FCS (fetal calf serum, Gibco), 2 mM Glutamine (Gibco), 1% volume by volume (v/v) nonessential amino acids (Gibco) and 250 ⁇ g/ml G418 (Roche Molecular Biochemicals).
• DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, Gibco
• IgG FCS fetal calf serum, Gibco
• 2 mM Glutamine Gibco
• 1% volume by volume (v/v) nonessential amino acids Gibco
• Light and heavy chains including antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody conjugate light and heavy chains were expressed from two different plasmids using a molar ratio of light chain to heavy chain encoding plasmid ranging from 1:2 to 2:1, respectively.
• Antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody conjugates containing cell culture supernatants were harvested at day 4 to
• the expressed and secreted antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody conjugates were processed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
• the culture broth containing the secreted antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody conjugate was centrifuged to remove cells and cell debris. An aliquot of the clarified supernatant was admixed with 1/4 volumes (v/v) of 4xLDS sample buffer and 1/10 volume (v/v) of 0.5 M 1,4-dithiotreitol (DTT). Then the samples were incubated for 10 min. at 70 0 C and protein separated by SDS-PAGE.
• the NuPAGE® Pre-Cast gel system (Invitrogen) was used according to the manufacturer's instruction. In particular, 10% NuPAGE® Novex® Bis-TRIS Pre- Cast gels (pH 6.4) and a NuPAGE ® MOPS running buffer was used.
• Transfer buffer 39 mM glycine, 48 mM TRIS-hydrochloride, 0.04% by weight (w/w) SDS, and 20% by volume methanol (v/v).
• TBS-buffer 50 mM TRIS-hydrochloride, 150 mM NaCl, adjusted to pH 7.5
• Blocking solution 1% (w/v) Western Blocking Reagent (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) in TBS-buffer TBST-Buffer: Ix TBS-buffer with 0.05% by volume (v/v) Tween-20
• TBS-buffer TBST-Buffer Ix TBS-buffer with 0.05% by volume (v/v) Tween-20
• Heavy chain For detection of the heavy chain of the antifusogenic peptide-anti- CCR5 antibody conjugate a purified rabbit anti-human IgG antibody conjugated to a peroxidase was used (DAKO, Code No. P 0214).
• Light chain The light chain of the antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody conjugate was detected with a purified peroxidase conjugated rabbit anti-human kappa light chain antibody (DAKO, Code No. P 0129).
• Western blot membranes were first incubated in case of a heavy chain with a purified rabbit anti-human IgG antibody conjugated to a peroxidase or in case of a light chain with a purified peroxidase conjugated rabbit anti-human kappa light chain antibody in a 1:10,000 dilution in 10 ml blocking solution at 4°C with shaking over night. After washing the membranes three times with TBTS-buffer and once with TBS buffer for 10 min. at room temperature, the Western-blot membranes were developed with a Luminol/peroxid-solution generating chemiluminescence (Lumi-Light PLUS Western Blotting Substrate, Roche Molecular Biochemicals).
• the membranes were incubated in 10 ml Luminol/peroxid-solution for 10 seconds to 5 minutes and the emitted light was detected afterwards with a LUMI-Imager Fl Analysator (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) and/or was recorded with an x-ray-film.
• the intensity of the spots was quantified with the LumiAnalyst Software (Version 3.1).
• the secondary peroxidase-labeled antibody conjugate used for the detection can be removed from the stained blot by incubating the membrane for one hour at 70 0 C in 1 M TRIS-hydrochloride-buffer (pH 6.7) containing 100 mM beta- mercaptoethanol and 20% (w/v) SDS. After this treatment the blot can be stained with a different secondary antibody a second time. Prior to the second detection the blot is washed three times at room temperature with shaking in TBS-buffer for 10 minutes each.
• TRIS-hydrochloride-buffer pH 6.7
• the expressed and secreted antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody conjugates were purified by affinity chromatography using Protein A-SepharoseTM CL-4B (GE).
• the integrity of the conjugates was analyzed by SDS-PAGE in the presence and absence of a reducing agent and staining with Coomassie brilliant blue as described in example 4. Aggregation of antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody conjugates was analyzed by analytical size exclusion chromatography.
• N-linked carbohydrates of anti-CCR5 antibodies and antifusogenic peptide-anti- CCR5 antibody conjugates were cleaved off by enzymatic treatment with Peptide-
• N-Glycosidase F PNGaseF, Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Mannheim, Germany or Prozyme, San Leandro, CA. Therefore, the anti-CCR5 antibodies and antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody conjugates were incubated at 37°C for
• PNGaseF treated anti-CCR5-antibodies and antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody conjugates were applied on a SuperoseTM 12 10/300 GL column (GE).
• plasmid pNL4-3 ⁇ env HAV pNL4-3 genomic construct with a deletion within the env gene
• pCDNA3.1/NL-BAL env pcDNA3.1 plasmid containing NL-BaI env gene (obtained from NIBSC Centralized Facility for AIDS Reagents)] were co- transfected into the HEK 293FT cell line (Invitrogen), cultured in DulbeccoY modified minimum medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 100 U/mL Penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL Streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine and 0.5 mg/mL geniticin (all media from Invitrogen/Gibco).
• DMEM DulbeccoY modified minimum medium
• FCS fetal calf serum
• the supernatants containing pseudotyped viruses were harvested two days following transfection, and cellular debris was removed by filtration through a 0.
• test antifusogenic peptide-anti-CCR5 antibody conjugates reference antibodies and reference antifusogenic peptides (T-20, T-
• gpl60-expressing HeLa cells (2 x 10 4 cells / 50 ⁇ l / well) are seeded in a white 96 microtiter plate in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FCS and 2 ⁇ g/ml doxycycline.
• lOO ⁇ l of supernatant sample or antibody control per well is added in a clear 96 microtiter plate.
• lOO ⁇ l containing 8x10 4 CEM-NKr- Luc suspension cells in medium are added and incubated 30 min. at 37°C.
• HeLa cell culture medium is aspirated from the 96 well plate, lOO ⁇ l from the 200 ⁇ l antibody/CEM-NKr-Luc mixture is added and incubated over night at 37°C.
• lOO ⁇ l/well Bright-GloTM Luciferase assay substrate (1,4-dithiothreitol and sodium dithionite; Promega Corp., USA) is added and luminescence is measured after a minimum of 15 min. incubation at RT.
• HeLa-R5-16 cells (cell line to express HIV gpl60 upon doxycycline induction) are cultured in DMEM medium containing nutrients and 10% FCS with 400 ⁇ g/ml G418 and 200 ⁇ g/ml Hygromycin B.
• CEM.NKR-CCR5-LUC (Catalog Number: 5198, a T-cell line available from NIH AIDS Research & Reference Reagent Program
• CEM.NKR-CCR5 (Cat. #4376) is transfected (electroporation) to express the luciferase gene under the transcriptional control of the HIV-2 LTR and propagated in RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 4 mM glutamine, penicillin/streptomycin (100 U/mL Penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL Streptomycin), and
• geniticin sulfate 0.8 mg/ml geniticin sulfate (G418).
• Growth Characteristics Round lymphoid cells, morphology not very variable. Cells grow in suspension as single cells, which can form small clumps. Split 1:10 twice weekly.
• Special Characteristics Express luciferase activity after transactivation of the HIV-2 LTR. Suitable for infection with primary HIV isolates, for neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays (Spenlehauer, C, et al., Virology 280 (2001) 292-300; Trkola, A., et al., J. Virol. 73 (1999) 8966- 8974). The cell line was obtained through the NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, NIAID, NIH from Drs. John Moore and Catherine Spenlehauer.
• Bright-GloTM Luciferase assay buffer Promega Corp. USA, Part No E2264B
• Bright-GloTM Luciferase assay substrate
• PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• Human PBMC are isolated from buffy-coats (obtained from the Stanford Blood
• Ficoll-Paque Analog to Physical Component
• Blood is transferred from the buffy coats in 50 ml conical tubes and diluted with sterile Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (Invitrogen/Gibco) to a final volume of 50 ml. Twenty- five ml of the diluted blood are transferred to two 50 ml conical tubes, carefully underlayerd with 12.5 ml of Ficoll-Paque Plus (Amersham Biosciences) and centrifuged at room temperature for 20 min. at 450 x g without braking.
• Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline Invitrogen/Gibco
• the white cell layer is carefully transferred to a new 50 ml conical tube and washed twice with PBS. To remove remaining red blood cells, cells are incubated for 5 min. at room temperature with ACK lysis buffer (Biosource) and washed one more time with PBS. PBMC are counted and incubated at a concentration of 2- 4 x lO 6 cells/ml in RPMI1640 containing 10% FCS (Invitrogen/Gibco), 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium-pyruvate, and 2 ⁇ g/ml Phytohemagglutinin (Invitrogen) for 24h at 37°C.
• FCS Invitrogen/Gibco
• penicillin/streptomycin 2 mM L-glutamine
• 1 mM sodium-pyruvate 1 mM sodium-pyruvate
• 2 ⁇ g/ml Phytohemagglutinin Invit
• Virus production is measured at the end of infection by using p24 ELISA (HIV-I p24 ELISA #NEK050B, Perkin Elmer/NEN) using the sigmoid dose-response model with one binding site in Microsoft Excel Fit (version 3.0.5 Build 12; equation 205; Microsoft).
• p24 ELISA HBV-I p24 ELISA #NEK050B, Perkin Elmer/NEN
• sigmoid dose-response model with one binding site in Microsoft Excel Fit (version 3.0.5 Build 12; equation 205; Microsoft).
• V L anti-CD4 antibody light chain variable domain
• C L human kappa-light chain constant domain
• the heavy and light chain variable domains are derived from a mouse antibody which were humanized as described e.g. by Reimann, K.A., et al., Aids Res. Human Retrovir. 13 (1997) 933-943 or in US 5,871,732, and the heavy and light chain constant domains are derived from a human antibody (C-kappa and IgGl).
• the gene segment encoding a complete anti-CD4 antibody light chain was joined at the N- and/or C-terminus with a nucleic acid encoding an antifusogenic peptide including a connecting linker sequence and/or the gene segment encoding a complete anti-CD4 antibody heavy chain was joined at the N- and/or C-terminus with a nucleic acid encoding an antifusogenic peptide including a connecting linker sequence.
• Vector 6310 is an expression plasmid e.g. for transient expression of a mAb CD4 light chain (genomically organized expression cassette; exon-intron organization) in HEK293 cells.
• this vector contains: a neomycine resistance gene as a selectable marker, an origin of replication from the vector pUC18 which allows replication of this plasmid in E. coli, and a ⁇ -lactamase gene which confers ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
• the transcription unit of the mAb CD4 ⁇ -light chain gene is composed of the following elements: - the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human cytomegalovirus, a 5'-untranslated region of a human antibody germline gene, a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including a signal sequence intron (signal sequence 1, intron, signal sequence 2 [Ll-intron-L2]), the humanized anti-CD4 antibody mature variable ⁇ -light chain encoding segment arranged with a splice donor site and a unique BamHI restriction site at the 3 '-end, a truncated human ⁇ -light chain intron 2, the human ⁇ -light gene constant domain, - the bovine growth hormone (bGH) polyadenylation ("poly A”) signal sequence, and the unique restriction sites Ascl and SgrAI at the 3'-end.
• bGH bovine growth hormone
• the plasmid map of the mAb CD4 ⁇ -light chain expression vector 6310 is shown in Figure 4.
• CD4 ⁇ -light chain is shown in SEQ ID NO: 71.
• Vector 6309 is an expression plasmid e.g. for transient expression of a mAb CD4 ⁇ l -heavy chain (genomically organized expression cassette; exon-intron organization) in HEK293 cells.
• this vector contains: an origin of replication from the vector pUC18 which allows replication of this plasmid in E. coli, and a beta-lactamase gene which confers ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
• the transcription unit of the mAb CD4 ⁇ l-heavy chain is composed of the following elements: the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human cytomegalovirus, a 5' -untranslated region of a human antibody germline gene, - a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including a signal sequence intron (signal sequence 1, intron, signal sequence 2 [Ll-intron-L2]), the humanized anti-CD4 antibody mature variable heavy chain encoding segment arranged with a splice donor site and a unique Xhol restriction site at the 3'-end, - a mouse/human heavy chain hybrid intron 2 the genomic human ⁇ l-heavy gene constant domains containing the L234A and L235A mutation, the bovine growth hormone (bGH) polyadenylation ("poly A”) signal sequence, and - the unique restriction site SgrAI at the 3'-end.
• bGH bovine growth hormone
• the plasmid map of the mAb CD4 ⁇ l -heavy chain expression vector 6309 is shown in Figure 3
• the amino acid sequence of the mature (without signal sequence) mAb CD4 ⁇ l -heavy chain is shown in SEQ ID NO: 72.
• Vector 6303 is an expression plasmid e.g. for transient expression of a chimeric peptide-anti-CD4 antibody ⁇ l-heavy chain conjugate (genomically organized expression cassette; exon-intron organization) in HEK293 cells.
• the vector 6303 is derived from vector 6309 in that way that the mAb CD4 ⁇ l- heavy chain is joint at the last but one C-terminal amino acid, i.e. the C-terminal lysine residue of the heavy chain is removed, with a nucleic acid encoding the antifusogenic peptide afp-1 (SEQ ID NO:73) and the peptidic glycin-serine linker of SEQ ID NO:69.
• this vector contains: - an origin of replication from the vector pUC18 which allows replication of this plasmid in E. coli, and a beta( ⁇ ) -lactamase gene which confers ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
• the transcription unit of the chimeric peptide-anti-CD4 antibody ⁇ l-heavy chain conjugate is composed of the following elements: the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human cytomegalovirus, a 5'-untranslated region of a human antibody germline gene, a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including a signal sequence intron (signal sequence 1, intron, signal sequence 2 [Ll-intron-L2]), - the humanized anti-CD4 antibody mature variable heavy chain encoding segment arranged with a splice donor site and a unique Xhol restriction site at the 3 '-end, a mouse/human heavy chain hybrid intron containing the L234A and L235A mutations, - the peptidic serine-glycin linker sequence of SEQ ID NO:69, the antifusogenic peptide afp-1 of SEQ ID NO:73, the bovine growth hormone (bGH) polyadenylation ("poly A”) signal sequence, and the unique restriction site Sg
• the fusion genes (heavy and/or light chain antibody fusion genes) comprising a mAb CD4 gene segment, an optional linker gene segment and an antifusogenic peptide gene segment have been assembled with known recombinant methods and techniques by connection of the according nucleic acid segments.
• the nucleic acid sequences encoding the peptidic linkers and antifusogenic polypeptides were each synthesized by chemical synthesis and then ligated into an E.coli plasmid for amplification. The subcloned nucleic acid sequences were verified by DNA sequencing.
• Recombinant anti-CD4 antibodies and anti-CD4 antibody-variants were generated by transient transfection of adherent growing HEK293-EBNA cells (human embryonic kidney cell line 293 expressing Epstein-Barr- Virus nuclear antigen; American type culture collection deposit number ATCC # CRL- 10852) cultivated in DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, Gibco) supplemented with 10% ultra-low IgG FCS (fetal calf serum, Gibco), 2 mM Glutamine (Gibco), 1% volume by volume (v/v) nonessential amino acids (Gibco) and 250 ⁇ g/ml G418 (Roche Molecular Biochemicals).
• FuGENETM 6 Transfection Reagent (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) was used in a ratio of reagent ( ⁇ l) to DNA ( ⁇ g) ranging from 3:1 to 6:1.
• Light and heavy chains including antifusogenic peptide- anti-CD4 antibody conjugate light and heavy chains were expressed from two different plasmids using a molar ratio of light chain to heavy chain encoding plasmid ranging from 1:2 to 2:1, respectively.
• Antifusogenic peptide-anti-CD4 antibody conjugates containing cell culture supernatants were harvested at day 4 to
• the expressed and secreted antifusogenic peptide-anti-CD4 antibody conjugates were processed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
• the culture broth containing the secreted antifusogenic peptide-anti-CD4 antibody conjugate was centrifuged to remove cells and cell debris. An aliquot of the clarified supernatant was admixed with 1/4 volumes (v/v) of 4xLDS sample buffer and 1/10 volume (v/v) of 0.5 M 1,4-dithiotreitol (DTT). Then the samples were incubated for 10 min. at 70 0 C and protein separated by SDS-PAGE.
• the NuP AGE® Pre-Cast gel system (Invitrogen) was used according to the manufacturer's instruction. In particular, 10% NuPAGE® Novex® Bis-TRIS Pre-Cast gels (pH 6.4) and a NuPAGE® MOPS running buffer was used.
• Transfer buffer 39 mM glycine, 48 mM TRIS-hydrochloride, 0.04 % by weight (w/w) SDS, and 20 % by volume methanol (v/v).
• TBS-buffer 50 mM TRIS-hydrochloride, 150 mM NaCl, adjusted to pH 7.5
• Blocking solution 1 % (w/v) Western Blocking Reagent (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) in TBS-buffer TBST-Buffer: Ix TBS-buffer with 0.05 % by volume (v/v) Tween-20
• TBS-buffer 50 mM TRIS-hydrochloride, 150 mM NaCl, adjusted to pH 7.5
• Blocking solution 1 % (w/v) Western Blocking Reagent (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) in TBS-buffer TBST-Buffer: Ix TBS-buffer with 0.05 % by volume (v/v) Tween-20
• Tween-20 For immunological detection the western blotting membranes were incubated with shaking at room temperature two times for 5 minutes in TBS-buffer and once for 90 minutes in blocking solution.
• Heavy chain For detection of the heavy chain of the antifusogenic peptide-anti- CD4 antibody conjugate a purified rabbit anti-human IgG antibody conjugated to a peroxidase was used (DAKO, Code No. P 0214).
• Light chain The light chain of the antifusogenic peptide-anti-CD4 antibody conjugate was detected with a purified peroxidase conjugated rabbit anti-human kappa light chain antibody (DAKO, Code No. P 0129).
• Western blot membranes were first incubated in case of a heavy chain with a purified rabbit anti-human IgG antibody conjugated to a peroxidase or in case of a light chain with a purified peroxidase conjugated rabbit anti-human kappa light chain antibody in a 1:10,000 dilution in 10 ml blocking solution at 4°C with shaking over night. After washing the membranes three times with TBTS-buffer and once with TBS buffer for 10 min. at room temperature, the Western-blot membranes were developed with a Luminol/peroxid-solution generating chemiluminescence (Lumi-Light PLUS Western Blotting Substrate, Roche Molecular Biochemicals).
• the membranes were incubated in 10 ml Luminol/peroxid-solution for 10 seconds to 5 minutes and the emitted light was detected afterwards with a LUMI-Imager Fl Analysator (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) and/or was recorded with an x-ray- film.
• the intensity of the spots was quantified with the LumiAnalyst Software (Version 3.1).
• the secondary peroxidase-labeled antibody conjugate used for the detection can be removed from the stained blot by incubating the membrane for one hour at 70 0 C in 1 M TRIS-hydrochloride-buffer (pH 6.7) containing 100 mM beta- mercaptoethanol and 20 % (w/v) SDS. After this treatment the blot can be stained with a different secondary antibody a second time. Prior to the second detection the blot is washed three times at room temperature with shaking in TBS-buffer for 10 minutes each.
• TRIS-hydrochloride-buffer pH 6.7
• the expressed and secreted antifusogenic peptide-anti-CD4 antibody conjugates were purified by affinity chromatography using Protein A-SepharoseTM CL-4B (GE).
• the integrity of the conjugates was analyzed by SDS-PAGE in the presence and absence of a reducing agent and staining with Coomassie brilliant blue as described in Example 13. Aggregation of antifusogenic peptide-anti-CD4 antibody conjugates was analyzed by analytical size exclusion chromatography.
• N-linked carbohydrates of anti-CD4 antibodies and antifusogenic peptide-anti- CD4 antibody conjugates were cleaved off by enzymatic treatment with Peptide-N-
• Glycosidase F (PNGaseF, Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Mannheim, Germany or
• PNGaseF 50 mU PNGaseF per mg N-glycosylated protein in PBS buffer at a protein concentration of about 2 mg/ml. Thereafter the Peptide-N-Glycosidase F was separated by preparative gel filtration according to known methods. Briefly,
• PNGaseF treated anti-CD4-antibodies and antifusogenic peptide-anti-CD4 antibody conjugates were applied on a SuperoseTM 12 10/300 GL column (GE).
• plasmid pNL4-3 ⁇ env HAV pNL4-3 genomic construct with a deletion within the env gene
• pCDNA3.1 /NL-BAL env pcDNA3.1 plasmid containing NL-BaI env gene (obtained from NIBSC Centralized Facility for AIDS Reagents)] were co- transfected into the HEK 293FT cell line (Invitrogen Corp.), cultured in Dulbecco's' modified minimum medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 100 U/mL Penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL Streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine and 0.5 mg/mL geniticin (all media from Invitrogen/Gibco).
• DMEM Dulbecco's' modified minimum medium
• FCS fetal calf serum
• the supernatants containing pseudotyped viruses were harvested two days following transfection, and cellular debris was removed
• test antifusogenic peptide-anti-CD4 antibody conjugates parent anti-CD4 antibody, reference antibodies and reference antifusogenic peptide (T-651) were serially diluted in 96-well plates. The assay was carried out in quadruplicates. Each plate contained cell control and virus control wells.
• Table 5 Antiviral activity of antifusogenic polypeptides, antibodies and antifusogenic peptide-anti-CD4 antibody conjugates (by molarity).
• gpl60-expressing HeLa cells (2 x 10 4 cells / 50 ⁇ l / well) are seeded in a white 96 microtiter plate in DMEM medium supplemented with 10 % FCS and
• doxycycline 2 ⁇ g/ml doxycycline.
• 100 ⁇ l of supernatant sample or antibody control per well is added in a clear 96 microtiter plate.
• 100 ⁇ l containing 8xlO 4 CEM- NKr-Luc suspension cells in medium are added and incubated 30 min. at 37 0 C.
• the HeLa cell culture medium is aspirated from the 96 well plate, 100 ⁇ l from the 200 ⁇ l antibody/CEM-NKr-Luc mixture is added and incubated over night at 37 0 C.
• HeLa-R5-16 cells (cell line to express HIV gpl60 upon doxycycline induction) are cultured in DMEM medium containing nutrients and 10 % FCS with 400 ⁇ g/ml G418 and 200 ⁇ g/ml Hygromycin B.
• CEM.NKR-CD4-Luc (Catalog Number: 5198, a T-cell line available from NIH AIDS Research & Reference Reagent Program
• CEM.NKR-CD4 (Cat. #4376) is transfected (electroporation) to express the luciferase gene under the transcriptional control of the HIV-2 LTR and propagated in RPMI 1640 containing 10 % fetal bovine serum, 4 mM glutamine, penicillin/streptomycin (100 U/mL Penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL Streptomycin), and
• geniticin sulfate 0.8 mg/ml geniticin sulfate (G418).
• Growth Characteristics Round lymphoid cells, morphology not very variable. Cells grow in suspension as single cells, which can form small clumps. Split 1:10 twice weekly.
• Special Characteristics Express luciferase activity after transactivation of the HIV-2 LTR. Suitable for infection with primary HIV isolates, for neutralization and drug- sensitivity assays (Spenlehauer,
• the cell line was obtained through the NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, NIAID, NIH from Drs. John Moore and Catherine Spenlehauer. Bright-GloTM Luciferase assay buffer (Promega Corp. USA, Part No E2264B), Bright-GloTM, Luciferase assay substrate (Promega Corp. USA, part No EE26B).
• PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• Human PBMC are isolated from buffy-coats (obtained from the Stanford Blood Center) by a Ficoll-Paque (Amersham, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA) density gradient centrifugation according to manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, blood is transferred from the buffy coats in 50 ml conical tubes and diluted with sterile Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (Invitrogen/Gibco) to a final volume of 50 ml. Twenty-five ml of the diluted blood are transferred to two 50 ml conical tubes, carefully underlayerd with 12.5 ml of Ficoll-Paque Plus (Amersham Biosciences) and centrifuged at room temperature for 20 min.
• Ficoll-Paque Analogen/Gibco
• PBMC are counted and incubated at a concentration of 2- 4 x lO 6 cells/ml in RPMI 1640 containing 10 % FCS (Invitrogen/Gibco), 1 % penicillin/streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium-pyruvate, and 2 ⁇ g/ml Phytohemagglutinin (Invitrogen) for 24 h at 37 0 C. Cells are incubated with 5 Units/ml human IL-2 (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) for a minimum of 48 h prior to the assay.
• FCS Invitrogen/Gibco
• penicillin/streptomycin 1
• 2 mM L-glutamine 1 mM sodium-pyruvate
• 2 ⁇ g/ml Phytohemagglutinin Invitrogen
• Virus production is measured at the end of infection by using p24 ELISA (HIV-I p24 ELISA #NEK050B, Perkin Elmer/NEN) using the sigmoid dose- response model with one binding site in Microsoft Excel Fit (version 3.0.5 Build 12; equation 205; Microsoft).
• Table 6 Antiviral activity of antifusogenic polypeptides, antibodies and antifusogenic peptide-anti-CD4 antibody conjugates (by weight).

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