WO2007143315A2

WO2007143315A2 - Compounds and methods for modulating expression of pcsk9

Info

Publication number: WO2007143315A2
Application number: PCT/US2007/068404
Authority: WO
Inventors: Sanjay Bhanot; Richard S. Geary; Robert Mckay; Brett P. Monia; Punit P. Seth; Andrew M. Siwkowski; Eric E. Swayze; Edward Wancewicz
Original assignee: Isis Pharmaceutical, Inc.
Priority date: 2006-05-05
Filing date: 2007-05-07
Publication date: 2007-12-13
Also published as: US20090306005A1; WO2007136989A2; HK1128418A1; EP2023939B1; WO2007131238A2; US20090292006A1; US20080015162A1; WO2007136988A3; EP2363481A1; EP2397551A1; WO2007134014A3; AU2007257094B2; PT2015758E; JP2009536664A; EP2023939A2; US20110065775A1; JP2014033674A; DK2015758T3; CA2651309A1; KR20090034310A

Abstract

The present disclosure describes short antisense compounds, including such compounds comprising chemically-modified high-affinity monomers 8-16 monomers in length. Certain such short antisense compound are useful for the reduction of target nucleic acids and/or proteins in cells, tissues, and animals with increased potency and improved therapeutic index. Thus, provided herein are short antisense compounds comprising high-affinity nucleotide modifications useful for reducing a target RNA in vivo. Such short antisense compounds are effective at lower doses than previously described antisense compounds, allowing for a reduction in toxicity and cost of treatment. In addition, the described short antisense compounds have greater potential for oral dosing.

Description

COMPOUNDS AND METHODS FOR MODULATING EXPRESSION OF PCSK9

SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled CORE0061WO10SEQ.TXT, created on May 7, 2007 which is 700 Kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Targeting disease-causing gene sequences was first suggested nearly 40 years ago (Belikova et al., Tet. Lett., 1967, 37, 3557-3562), and antisense activity was demonstrated in cell culture a decade later (Zamecnik et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1978, 75, 280-284). One advantage of antisense technology in the treatment of a disease or condition that stems from a disease-causing gene is that it is a direct genetic approach that has the ability to modulate expression of specific disease-causing genes.

Generally, the principle behind antisense technology is that an antisense compound hybridizes to a target nucleic acid and effects modulation of gene expression activity or function, such as transcription, translation or splicing. The modulation of gene expression can be achieved by, for example, target degradation or occupancy-based inhibition. An example of modulation of RNA target function by degradation is RNase H-based degradation of the target RNA upon hybridization with a DNA-like antisense compound. Another example of modulation of gene expression by target degradation is RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is a form of antisense-mediated gene silencing involving the introduction of dsRNA leading to the sequence-specific reduction of targeted endogenous mRNA levels. Sequence-specificity makes antisense compounds extremely attractive as tools for target validation and gene functionalization, as well as research tools for identifying and characterizing nucleases and as therapeutics to selectively modulate the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of any one of a variety of diseases.

Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing the expression of one or more specific gene products and can therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. Chemically modified nucleosides are routinely used for incorporation into antisense compounds to enhance one or more properties, such as nuclease resistance, pharmacokinetics or affinity for a target RNA.

Despite the expansion of knowledge since the discovery of antisense technology, there remains an unmet need for antisense compounds with greater efficacy, reduced toxicity and lower cost. Until the present disclosure, high-affinity modifications have not been employed in the design of short antisense compounds for reducing target RNA in vivo. This is because of concerns regarding the degree of target specificity that a sequence 15 nucleotides or shorter would have when employed to reduce target in a living system. Previous studies have described that greater specificity, and therefore greater potential for potency, is achieved by antisense compounds between 16 and 20 nucleobases in length.

The present disclosure describes incorporation of chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotides into antisense compounds allows for short antisense compounds about 8-16 nucleobases in length useful in the reduction of target RNAs in animals with increased potency and improved therapeutic index. Thus, provided herein are short antisense compounds comprising high-affmity nucleotide modifications useful for reducing a target RNA in vivo. Such short antisense compounds are effective at lower doses than previously described antisense compounds, allowing for a reduction in toxicity and cost of treatment. SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are short antisense compounds and methods of using said compounds to reduce target RNA expression in cells or tissues. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of reducing expression of a target in an animal, comprising administering to the animal a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid of such target. In certain embodiments, shorts antisense compounds are oligonucleotide compounds. In certain embodiments short antisense oligonucleotides are about 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length and comprises a gap region flanked on each side by a wing, wherein each wing independently consists of 1 to 3 nucleotides. Preferred motifs include but are not limited to wing - deoxy gap -wing motifs selected from 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1. In a preferred embodiment, the short antisense oligonucleotide comprise at least one high-affinity modification. In a further embodiment, the high-affinity modification includes chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment, each wing independently consists of 1 to 3 high-affinity modified nucleotides. In one embodiment the high affinity modified nucleotides are sugar-modified nucleotides.

In certain embodiments short antisense compounds exhibit greater uptake in the gut as compared to antisense compounds of greater length. Thus, also provided herein are methods of reducing a target in an animal, comprising orally administering the short antisense compounds of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a protein selected from ApoB, SGLT2, PCSK9, SODl, CRP, GCCR, GCGR, DGAT2, PTPlB and PTEN.

Further provided are methods of treating a metabolic disorder in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need of such therapy a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling.

Also provided are methods of increasing insulin sensitivity, decreasing blood glucose or decreasing HbA₁₀ in an animal, comprising administering to said animal a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a target involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling. Further provided are methods of decreasing total serum cholesterol, serum LDL, serum VLDL, serum HDL, serum triglycerides, serum apolipoprotein(a) or free fatty acids in an animal, comprising administering to said animal a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a target that is involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling, wherein said short antisense compound is 8 to 16 nucleotides in length and comprises a gap region flanked on each side by a wing, wherein each wing independently consists of 1 to 3 high-affinity modified nucleotides.

Certain targets involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling include, but are not limited to, GCGR and ApoB-100. Thus, provided are short antisense compounds targeting nucleic acids encoding GCGR and ApoB-100 and methods of reducing expression of said targets and/or target nucleic acids in animal. In addition, provided is the use of short antisense compounds targeting nucleic acids encoding GCGR, and ApoB-100 for the treatment of a metabolic or cardiovascular disease or condition.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds further comprise a conjugate group. Conjugate groups include, but are not limited to, Q₆ and cholesterol. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds comprise at least one modified nucleobase, internucleoside linkage or sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, such modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise at least one high affinity modification. In certain such embodiments, the high-affinity modification is a chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotide. In certain embodiments, chemically-modified high affinity nucleotides are sugar-modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, at least one of the sugar-modified nucleotides comprises a bridge between the 4' and the 2' position of the sugar. Each of the sugar-modified nucleotides is, independently, in the β-D or α-L sugar conformation. In certain embodiments, each of said high-affinity modified nucleotides confers a T_n, of at least 1 to 4 degrees per nucleotide. In certain embodiments, each of said sugar-modified nucleotides comprises a 2'-substituent group that is other than H or OH. Such sugar-modified nucleotides include those having a 4' to 2' bridged bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each of the T- substituent groups is, independently, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, or halogen. In certain embodiments, each of the 2'-substituent groups is OCH₂CH₂OCH₃ (2'-MOE). In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have one or more sugar-modified nucleotides comprising a bridge between the 4' and 2' position of the sugar, wherein each of said bridges independently comprises from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from -[C(Ri)(R₂)J_n-, -C(Ri)=C(R₂)-, -C(Ri)=N-, -C(=NR,K -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -O-, -Si(Ri)₂-, -S(=O)_X- and -N(R,)-; wherein x is O, 1, or 2; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; each Ri and R₂ is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, CpCi₂ alkyl, substituted Ci-Ci₂ alkyl, C₂-Ci₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-Ci₂ alkenyl, C₂ τ_he-Ci₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C]₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ,, NJiJ₂, SJ₁, N₃, COOJ₁, acyl (C(=O)-H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(=O)₂-J,), or sulfoxyl (S(=O)-J0; and each Ji and J₂ is, independently, H, Ci-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted CpCi₂ alkyl, C₂-Q₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-Ci₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-Cj₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, acyl (C(=0)-H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C₁-Ci₂ aminoalkyl, substituted CpCi₂ aminoalkyl or a protecting group. In one aspect, each of said bridges is, independently, -[C(Ri)(R₂)]_n-, -[C(R₁)(R₂)J_n-O-, -C(RiR₂)- N(RO-O- or -C(R₁R^-O-N(Ri)-. In another aspect, each of said bridges is, independently, 4'-(CH₂)₃-2', 4'- (CH₂)₂-2', 4'-CH₂-O-2', 4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2', 4'-CH₂-O-N(R₁)^¹ and 4'-CH₂-N(Ri)-O-2'- wherein each R₁ is, independently, H, a protecting group or C₁-Ci₂ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are short antisense compounds useful in the reduction of targets and/or target RNAs associated with disease states in animals, hi certain embodiments, provided are methods of using the short antisense compounds for reducing expression of a target RNA in an animal. In certain embodiments, provided herein is the use of a short antisense compound in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a metabolic disorder in an animal. In certain embodiments, provided herein is the use of a short antisense compound in the preparation of a medicament for increasing insulin sensitivity, decreasing blood glucose or decreasing HbAi₀ in an animal. Also provided is the use of a short antisense compound in the preparation of a medicament for decreasing total serum cholesterol, serum LDL, serum VLDL, serum HDL, serum triglycerides, serum apolipoprotein(a) or free fatty acids in an animal. hi certain embodiments, short antisense compounds provided herein exhibit equal or increased potency with regard to target RNA knockdown as compared to longer parent antisense oligonucleotide at least 20 nucleotides in length, hi certain embodiments, short antisense compounds exhibit a faster onset of action (target RNA reduction) as compared to the parent antisense oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, increased potency is in the kidney, hi certain embodiments, target RNA is predominately expressed in the kidney. In certain embodiments, increased potency is in the liver, hi certain embodiments, target RNA is predominately expressed in the liver.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. Herein, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the use of "or" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term "including" as well as other forms, such as "includes" and "included", is not limiting. Also, terms such as "element" or "component" encompass both elements and components comprising one unit and elements and components that comprise more than one subunit, unless specifically stated otherwise.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. All documents, or portions of documents, cited in this application, including, but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles, books, and treatises, are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose. US patent application serial nos 10/712,795 and 10/200,710 are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose. A. Definitions

Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclature utilized in connection with, and the procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques may be used for chemical synthesis, chemical analysis, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation and delivery, and treatment of subjects. Certain such techniques and procedures may be found for example in "Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research" Edited by Sangvi and Cook, American Chemical Society , Washington D.C., 1994; and "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences," Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 18th edition, 1990; and which is hereby incorporated by reference for any purpose. Where permitted, all patents, applications, published applications and other publications and sequences from

GenBank and other data bases referred to throughout in the disclosure herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Unless otherwise indicated, the following terms have the following meanings: As used herein, the term "nucleoside" means a glycosylamine comprising a nucleobase and a sugar. Nucleosides includes, but are not limited to, naturally occurring nucleosides, abasic nucleosides, modified nucleosides, and nucleosides having mimetic bases and/or sugar groups.

As used herein, the term "nucleotide" refers to a glycosomine comprising a nucleobase and a sugur having a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar. Nucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents. As used herein, the term "nucleobase" refers to the base portion of a nucleoside or nucleotide. A nucleobase may comprise any atom or group of atoms capable of hydrogen bonding to a base of another nucleic acid.

As used herein, the term "heterocyclic base moiety" refers to a nucleobase comprising a heterocycle. As used herein, the term "deoxyribonucleotide" means a nucleotide having a hydrogen at the 2' position of the sugar portion of the nucleotide. Deoxyribonucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents.

As used herein, the term "ribonucleotide" means a nucleotide having a hydroxy at the 2' position of the sugar portion of the nucleotide. Ribonucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents. As used herein, the term "oligomeric compound" refers to a polymeric structure comprising two or more sub-structures and capable of hybridizing to a region of a nucleic acid molecule. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are oligonucleosides. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are antisense oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are short antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are chimeric oligonucleotides.

As used herein, the term "monomer" refers to a single unit of an oligomer. Monomers include, but are not limited to, nucleosides and nucleotides, whether naturally occuring or modified.

As used herein "oligonucleoside" refers to an oligonucleotide in which the internucleoside linkages do not contain a phosphorus atom.

As used herein, the term "oligonucleotide" refers to an oligomeric compound comprising a plurality of linked nucleotides. In certain embodiment, one or more nucleotides of an oligonucleotide is modified. In certain embodiments, an oligonucleotide comprises ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are composed of naturally- and/or non-naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent interaucleotide linkages, and may further include non-nucleic acid conjugates.

As used herein "internucleotide linkage" refers to a covalent linkage between adjacent nucleotides. As used herein, the term "monomelic linkage" refers to a covalent linkage between two monmers. Monomelic linkages include, but are not limited to internucleotide linkages and internucleoside linkages. As used herein "naturally occuring internucleotide linkage" refers to a 3' to 5' phosphodiester linkage.

As used herein, the term "antisense compound" refers to an oligomeric compound that is at least partially complementary to a target nucleic acid molecule to which it hybridizes. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound modulates (increases or decreases) expression of a target nucleic acid. Antisense compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds that are oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, oligonucleotide analogs, oligonucleotide mimetics, and chimeric combinations of these. Consequently, while all antisense compounds are oligomeric compounds, not all oligomeric compounds are antisense compounds. As used herein, the term "antisense oligonucleotide" refers to an antisense compound that is an oligonucleotide.

As used herein, the term "parent antisense oligonucleotide" refers to an oligonucleotide 20 nucleotides in length having a deoxy gap region having ten 2 '-deoxyribonucleotides, flanked by a first and a second wing region each having five 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides (a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer) and comprising the sequence of the corresponding short antisense compound to which it is a parent.

As used herein, the term "short antisense compound" refers to an antisense compound about 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound has at least one high-affinity modification.

As used herein, the term "short antisense oligonucleotide" or refers to an antisense oligonucleotide about 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, a short antisense oligonucleotide has at least one high-affinity modification.

As used herein, the term "short gapmer" refers to a short antisense oligonucleotide having a first and a second wing region each independently 1 to 3 nucleotides in length and a gap region 2 to 14 nucleobase in length.

As used herein, the term "motif refers to the pattern of unmodified and modified nucleotides in a short antisense compound

As used herein, the term "chimeric antisense oligomer" refers to an antisense oligomeric compound, having at least one sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage that is differentially modified as compared to at least on other sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage within the same antisense oligomeric compound. The remainder of the sugars, nucleobases and internucleoside linkages can be independently modified or unmodified, the same or different.

As used herein, the term "chimeric antisense oligonucleotide" refers to an antisense oligonucleotide, having at least one sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage that is differentially modified as compared to at least on other sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage within the same antisense oligonucleotide. The remainder of the sugars, nucleobases and internucleoside linkages can be independently modified or unmodified, the same or different.

As used herein, the term "mixed-backbone antisense oligonucleotide" refers to an antisense oligonucleotide wherein at least one internucleoside linkage of the antisense oligonucleotide is different from at least one other internucleotide linkage of the antisense oligonucleotide.

As used herein, the term "target" refers to a protein, the modulation of which is desired. As used herein, the term "target gene" refers to a gene encoding a target.

As used herein, the terms "target nucleic acid" and "nucleic acid molecule encoding a target" refer to any nucleic acid molecule the expression or activity of which is capable of being modulated by an antisense compound. Target nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, RNA (including, but not limited to pre- mRNA and mRNA or portions thereof) transcribed from DNA encoding a target, and also cDNA derived from such RNA, and miRNA. For example, the target nucleic acid can be a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. As used herein, the term "targeting" or "targeted to" refers to the association of an antisense compound to a particular target nucleic acid molecule or a particular region of nucleotides within a target nucleic acid molecule.

As used herein, the term "5' target site" refers to the nucleotide of a target nucleic acid which is complementary to the 5 '-most nucleotide of a particular antisense compound.

As used herein, the term "3' target site" refers to the nucleotide of a target nucleic acid which is complementary to the 3 '-most nucleotide of a particular antisense compound.

As used herein, the term "target region," refers to a portion of a target nucleic acid to which one or more antisense compounds is complementary. As used herein, the term "target segment" refers to a smaller or sub-portions of a region within a target nucleic acid.

As used herein, the term "nucleobase complementarity" refers to a nucleobase that is capable of base pairing with another nucleobase. For example, in DNA, adenine (A) is complementary to thymine (T). For example, in RNA, adenine (A) is complementary to uracil (U). In certain embodiments, complementary nucleobase refers to a nucleobase of an antisense compound that is capable of base pairing with a nucleobase of its target nucleic acid. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an antisense compound is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be complementary at that nucleobase pair. As used herein, the term "non-complementary nucleobase" refers to a pair of nucleobases that do not form hydrogen bonds with one another or otherwise support hybridization.

As used herein, the term "complementary" refers to the capacity of an oligomeric compound to hybridize to another oligomeric compound or nucleic acid through nucleobase complementarity. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound and its target are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleobases that can bond with each other to allow stable association between the antisense compound and the target. One skilled in the art recognizes that the inclusion of mismatches is possible without eliminating the ability of the oligomeric compounds to remain in association. Therefore, described herein are antisense compounds that may comprise up to about 20% nucleotides that are mismatched (i.e., are not nucleobase complementary to the corresponding nucleotides of the target). Preferably the antisense compounds contain no more than about 15%, more preferably not more than about 10%, most preferably not more than 5% or no mismatches. The remaining nucleotides are nucleobase complementary or otherwise do not disrupt hybridization (e.g., universal bases). One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize the compounds provided herein are at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% complementary to a target nucleic acid. As used herein, the term "mismatch" refers to a non-complementary nucleobase within a complementary oligomeric compound.

As used herein, "hybridization" means the pairing of complementary oligomeric compounds (e.g., an antisense compound and its target nucleic acid). While not limited to a particular mechanism, the most common mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases

(nucleobases). For example, the natural base adenine is nucleobase complementary to the natural nucleobases thymidine and uracil which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. The natural base guanine is nucleobase complementary to the natural bases cytosine and 5-methyl cytosine. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances.

As used herein, the term "specifically hybridizes" refers to the ability of an oligomeric compound to hybridize to one nucleic acid site with greater affinity than it hybridizes to another nucleic acid site. In certain embodiments, an antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to more than one target site.

As used herein, "designing" or "designed to" refer to the process of designing an oligomeric compound that specifically hybridizes with a selected nucleic acid molecule.

As used herein, the term "modulation" refers to a perturbation of function or activity when compared to the level of the function or activity prior to modulation. For example, modulation includes the change, either an increase (stimulation or induction) or a decrease (inhibition or reduction) in gene expression. As further example, modulation of expression can include perturbing splice site selection of pre-mRNA processing.

As used herein, the term "expression" refers to all the functions and steps by which a gene's coded information is converted into structures present and operating in a cell. Such structures include, but are not limited to the products of transcription and translation.

As used herein, "variant" refers to an alternative RNA transcript that can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. Variants include, but are not limited to "pre-mRNA variants" which are transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in either their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequence. Variants also include, but are not limited to, those with alternate splice junctions, or alternate initiation and termination codons. As used herein, "high-affinity modified monomer" refers to a monomer having at least one modified nucleobase, internucleoside linkage or sugar moiety, when compared to naturally occurring monomers, such that the modification increases the affinity of an antisense compound comprising the high-affinity modified monomer to its target nucleic acid. High-affinity modifications include, but are not limited to, monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) comprising 2'-modifed sugars. As used herein, the term "2'-modifϊed" or "2'-substituted" means a sugar comprising substituent at the 2' position other than H or OH. 2'-modifϊed monomers, include, but are not limited to, BNA's and monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) with T- substituents, such as allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, 0-C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, 0-(CH₂VO-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), or O-CH₂-C(=O)- N(R_1n)(R_n), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise a 2'modified monomer that does not have the formula T- 0(CH₂)_nH, wherein n is one to six. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise a 2'modified monomer that does not have the formula 2'-OCH₃ In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise a 2'modified monomer that does not have the formula or, in the alternative, T- O(CH₂)₂OCH₃. As used herein, the term "bicyclic nucleic acid" or "BNA" or "bicyclic nucleoside" or "bicyclic nucleotide" refers to a nucleoside or nucleotide wherein the furanose portion of the nucleoside includes a bridge connecting two carbon atoms on the furanose ring, thereby forming a bicyclic ring system.

As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term "methyleneoxy BNA" alone refers to β-D- methyleneoxy BNA. As used herein, the term "MOE" refers to a 2'-methoxyethyl substituent.

As used herein, the term "gapmer" refers to a chimeric oligomeric compound comprising a central region (a "gap") and a region on either side of the central region (the "wings"), wherein the gap comprises at least one modification that is different from that of each wing. Such modifications include nucleobase, monomelic linkage, and sugar modifications as well as the absence of modification (unmodified). Thus, in certain embodiments, the nucleotide linkages in each of the wings are different than the nucleotide linkages in the gap. In certain embodiments, each wing comprises nucleotides with high affinity modifications and the gap comprises nucleotides that do not comprise that modification. In certain embodiments the nucleotides in the gap and the nucleotides in the wings all comprise high affinity modifications, but the high affinity modifications in the gap are different than the high affinity modifications in the wings. In certain embodiments, the modifications in the wings are the same as one another. In certain embodiments, the modifications in the wings are different from each other. In certain embodiments, nucleotides in the gap are unmodified and nucleotides in the wings are modified. In certain embodiments, the modifications) in each wing are the same. In certain embodiments, the modification(s) in one wing are different from the modification(s) in the other wing. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are gapmers having 2'-deoxynucleotides in the gap and nucleotides with high-affinity modifications in the wing.

As used herein, the term "prodrug" refers to a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions.

As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to salts of active compounds that retain the desired biological activity of the active compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.

As used herein, the term "cap structure" or "terminal cap moiety" refers to chemical modifications, which have been incorporated at either terminus of an antisense compound.

As used herein, the term "prevention" refers to delaying or forestalling the onset or development of a condition or disease for a period of time from hours to days, preferably weeks to months.

As used herein, the term "amelioration" refers to a lessening of at least one indicator of the severity of a condition or disease. The severity of indicators may be determined by subjective or objective measures which are known to those skilled in the art.

As used herein, the term "treatment" refers to administering a composition of the invention to effect an alteration or improvement of the disease or condition. Prevention, amelioration, and/or treatment may require administration of multiple doses at regular intervals, or prior to onset of the disease or condition to alter the course of the disease or condition. Moreover, a single agent may be used in a single individual for each prevention, amelioration, and treatment of a condition or disease sequentially, or concurrently.

As used herein, the term "pharmaceutical agent" refers to a substance provides a therapeutic benefit when administered to a subject.

As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent that provides a therapeutic benefit to an animal.

As used herein, "administering" means providing a pharmaceutical agent to an animal, and includes, but is not limited to administering by a medical professional and self-administering. As used herein, the term "co-administration" refers to administration of two or more pharmaceutical agents to an animal. The two or more pharmaceutical agents may be in a single pharmaceutical composition, or may be in separate pharmaceutical compositions. Each of the two or more pharmaceutical agents may be administered through the same or different routes of administration. Co-administration encompasses administration in parallel or sequentially. As used herein, the term "pharmaceutical composition" refers to a mixture of substances suitable for administering to an individual. For example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise an antisense oligonucleotide and a sterile aqueous solution.

As used herein, the term "individual" refers to a human or non-human animal selected for treatment or therapy. As used herein, the term "animal" refers to a human or non-human animal, including, but not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, pigs, and non-human primates, including, but not limited to, monkeys and chimpanzees.

As used herein, the term "subject" refers to an animal, including, but not limited to a human, to whom a pharmaceutical composition is administered. As used herein, the term "duration" refers to the period of time during which an activity or event continues. In certain embodiments, the duration of treatment is the period of time during which doses of a pharmaceutical agent are administered.

As used herein, the term "parenteral administration," refers to administration through injection or infusion. Parenteral administration includes, but is not limited to, subcutaneous administration, intravenous administration, or intramuscular administration.

As used herein, the term "subcutaneous administration" refers to administration just below the skin. "Intravenous administration" means administration into a vein.

As used herein, the term "dose" refers to a specified quantity of a pharmaceutical agent provided in a single administration. In certain embodiments, a dose may be administered in two or more boluses, tablets, or injections. For example, in certain embodiments, where subcutaneous administration is desired, the desired dose requires a volume not easily accommodated by a single injection. In such embodiments, two or more injections may be used to achieve the desired dose. In certain embodiments, a dose may be administered in two or more injections to minimize injection site reaction in an individual.

As used herein, the term "dosage unit" refers to a form in which a pharmaceutical agent is provided. In certain embodiments, a dosage unit is a vial comprising lyophilized antisense oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, a dosage unit is a vial comprising reconstituted antisense oligonucleotide.

As used herein, the term "pharmaceutical agent" refers to a substance provides a therapeutic benefit when administered to an individual. For example, in certain embodiments, an antisense oligonucleotide is a pharmaceutical agent. As used herein, the term "active pharmaceutical ingredient" refers to the substance in a pharmaceutical composition that provides a desired effect.

As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent that provides a therapeutic benefit to an individual. In certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of an antisense compound is the amount that needs to be administered to result in an observable benefit.

As used herein, the term "hypercholesterolemia" refers to a condition characterized by elevated serum cholesterol.

As used herein, the term "hyperlipidemia" refers to a condition characterized by elevated serum lipids. As used herein, the term "hypertriglyceridemia" refers to a condition characterized by elevated triglyceride levels.

As used herein, the term "non-familial hypercholesterolemia" refers to a condition characterized by elevated cholesterol that is not the result of a single inherited gene mutation.

As used herein, the term "polygenic hypercholesterolemia" refers to a condition characterized by elevated cholesterol that results from the influence of a variety of genetic factors. In certain embodiments, polygenic hypercholesterolemia may be exacerbated by dietary intake of lipids.

As used herein, the term "familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)" refers to an autosomal dominant metabolic disorder characterized by a mutation in the LDL-receptor (LDL-R) gene, markedly elevated LDL- C and premature onset of atherosclerosis. A diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia is made when a individual meets one or more of the following criteria: genetic testing confirming 2 mutated LDL-receptor genes; genetic testing confirming one mutated LDL-receptor gene; document history of untreated serum LDL-cholesterol greater than 500 mg/dL; tendinous and/or cutaneous xanthoma prior to age 10 years; or, both parents have documented elevated serum LDL-cholesterol prior to lipid-lowering therapy consistent with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. As used herein, the term "homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia" or "HoFH" refers to a condition characterized by a mutation in both maternal and paternal LDL-R genes.

As used herein, the term "heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia" or "HeFH" refers to a condition characterized by a mutation in either the maternal or paternal LDL-R gene.

As used herein, the term "mixed dyslipidemia" refers to a condition characterized by elevated serum cholesterol and elevated serum triglycerides.

As used herein, the term "diabetic dyslipidemia" or "Type II diabetes with dyslipidemia" refers to a condition characterized by Type II diabetes, reduced HDL-C, elevated serum triglycerides, and elevated small, dense LDL particles.

As used herein, the term "CHD risk equivalents," refers to indicators of clinical atherosclerotic disease that confer a high risk for coronary heart disease. For example, in certain embodiments, CHD risk equivalents include, without limitation, clinical coronary heart disease, symptomatic carotid artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and/or abdominal aortic aneurysm.

As used herein, the term "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)" refers to a condition characterized by fatty inflammation of the liver that is not due to excessive alcohol use (for example, alcohol consumption of over 20 g/day). In certain embodiments, NAFLD is related to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.

As used herein, the term "non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)" refers to a condition characterized by inflammation and the accumulation of fat and fibrous tissue in the liver, that is not due to excessive alcohol use. NASH is an extreme form of NAFLD. As used herein, the term "major risk factors" refers to factors that contribute to a high risk for a particular disease or condition. In certain embodiments, major risk factors for coronary heart disease include, without limitation, cigarette smoking, hypertension, low HDL-C, family history of coronary heart disease, and age.

As used herein, the term "CHD risk factors" refers to CHD risk equivalents and major risk factors. As used herein, the term "coronary heart disease (CHD)" refers to a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart, which is often a result of atherosclerosis.

As used herein, the term "reduced coronary heart disease risk" refers to a reduction in the likelihood that a individual will develop coronary heart disease. In certain embodiments, a reduction in coronary heart disease risk is measured by an improvement in one or more CHD risk factors, for example, a decrease in LDL-C levels.

As used herein, the term "atherosclerosis" refers to a hardening of the arteries affecting large and medium-sized arteries and is characterized by the presence of fatty deposits. The fatty deposits are called "atheromas" or "plaques," which consist mainly of cholesterol and other fats, calcium and scar tissue, and damage the lining of arteries. As used herein, the term "history of coronary heart disease" refers to the occurrence of clinically evident coronary heart disease in the medical history of a individual or a individual's family member.

As used herein, the term "Early onset coronary heart disease" refers to a diagnosis of coronary heart disease prior to age 50.

As used herein, the term "statin intolerant individual" refers to a individual who as a result of statin therapy experiences one or more of creatine kinase increases, liver function test abnormalities, muscle aches, or central nervous system side effects.

As used herein, the term "efficacy" refers to the ability to produce a desired effect. For example, efficacy of a lipid-lowering therapy may be reduction in the concentration of one or more of LDL-C, VLDL- C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, ApoB, lipoprotein(a), or triglycerides. As used herein, the term "acceptable safety profile" refers to a pattern of side effects that is within clinically acceptable limits.

As used herein, the term "side effects" refers to physiological responses attributable to a treatment other than desired effects. In certain embodiments, side effects include, without limitation, injection site reactions, liver function test abnormalities, renal function abnormalities, liver toxicity, renal toxicity, central nervous system abnormalities, and myopathies. For example, increased aminotransferase levels in serum may indicate liver toxicity or liver function abnormality. For example, increased bilirubin may indicate liver toxicity or liver function abnormality.

As used herein, the term "injection site reaction" refers to inflammation or abnormal redness of skin at a site of injection in an individual. As used herein, the term "individual compliance" refers to adherence to a recommended or prescribed therapy by an individual.

As used herein, the term "lipid-lowering therapy" refers to a therapeutic regimen provided to a individual to reduce one or more lipids in a individual. In certain embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is provide to reduce one or more of ApoB, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, triglycerides, small dense LDL particles, and Lp(a) in an individual. As used herein, the term "lipid-lowering agent" refers to a pharmaceutical agent provided to a individual to achieve a lowering of lipids in the individual. For example, in certain embodiments, a lipid- lowering agent is provided to an individual to reduce one or more of ApoB, LDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. As used herein, the term "LDL-C target" refers to an LDL-C level that is desired following lipid- lowering therapy.

As used herein, the term "comply" refers to the adherence with a recommended therapy by an individual.

As used herein, the term "recommended therapy" refers to a therapeutic regimen recommended by a medical professional for the treatment, amelioration, or prevention of a disease.

As used herein, the term "low LDL-receptor activity" refers to LDL-receptor activity that is not sufficiently high to maintain clinically acceptable levels of LDL-C in the bloodstream.

As used herein, the term "cardiovascular outcome" refers to the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events. As used herein, the term "improved cardiovascular outcome" refers to a reduction in the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events, or the risk thereof. Examples of major adverse cardiovascular events include, without limitation, death, reinfarction, stroke, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and atrial dysrhythmia.

As used herein, the term "surrogate markers of cardiovascular outcome" refers to indirect indicators of cardiovascular events, or the risk thereof. For example, surrogate markers of cardiovascular outcome include carotid intimal media thickness (CMT). Another example of a surrogate marker of cardiovascular outcome includes atheroma size. Atheroma size may be determined by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).

As used herein, the term "increased HDL-C" refers to an increase in serum HDL-C in an individual over time. As used herein, the term "lipid-lowering" refers to a reduction in one or more serum lipids in an individual over time.

As used herein, the term "metabolic disorder" refers to a condition characterized by an alteration or disturbance in metabolic function. "Metabolic" and "metabolism" are terms well know in the art and generally include the whole range of biochemical processes that occur within a living organism. Metabolic disorders include, but are not limited to, hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes (type I and type II), obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.

As used herein, the term "metabolic syndrome" refers to a clustering of lipid and non-lipid cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic origin. It has been closely linked to the generalized metabolic disorder known as insulin resistance. The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) established criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome when three or more of five risk determinants are present. The five risk determinants are abdominal obesity defined as waist circumference of greater than 102 cm for men or greater than 88cm for women, triglyceride levels greater than or equal to 150 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol levels of less than 40 mg/dL for men and less than 50 mg/dL for women, blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg and fasting glucose levels greater than or equal to 110 mg/dL. These determinants can be readily measured in clinical practice (JAMA, 2001 , 285: 2486-2497).

The term "alkyl," as used herein, refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, n-hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl and the like. Alkyl groups typically include from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms (C₁-Ci₂ alkyl) with from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. The term "lower alkyl" as used herein includes from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substituent groups.

The term "alkenyl," as used herein, refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, l-methyl-2-buten-l-yl, dienes such as 1 ,3-butadiene and the like. Alkenyl groups typically include from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. Alkenyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substituent groups.

The term "alkynyl," as used herein, refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, and the like. Alkynyl groups typically include from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. Alkynyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substitutent groups. The term "aminoalkyl" as used herein, refers to an amino substituted alkyl radical. This term is meant to include CpCn alkyl groups having an amino substituent at any position and wherein the alkyl group attaches the aminoalkyl group to the parent molecule. The alkyl and/or amino portions of the aminoalkyl group can be further substituted with substituent groups.

The term "aliphatic," as used herein, refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms wherein the saturation between any two carbon atoms is a single, double or triple bond. An aliphatic group preferably contains from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. The straight or branched chain of an aliphatic group may be interrupted with one or more heteroatoms that include nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus. Such aliphatic groups interrupted by heteroatoms include without limitation polyalkoxys, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines. Aliphatic groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The term "alicyclic" or "alicyclyl" refers to a cyclic ring system wherein the ring is aliphatic. The ring system can comprise one or more rings wherein at least one ring is aliphatic. Preferred alicyclics include rings having from about 5 to about 9 carbon atoms in the ring. Alicyclic as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The term "alkoxy," as used herein, refers to a radical formed between an alkyl group and an oxygen atom wherein the oxygen atom is used to attach the alkoxy group to a parent molecule. Examples of alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, «-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert- butoxy, n-pentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy and the like. Alkoxy groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The terms "halo" and "halogen," as used herein, refer to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The terms "aryl" and "aromatic," as used herein, refer to a mono- or polycyclic carbocyclic ring system radicals having one or more aromatic rings. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, idenyl and the like. Preferred aryl ring systems have from about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms in one or more rings. Aryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The terms "aralkyl" and "arylalkyl," as used herein, refer to a radical formed between an alkyl group and an aryl group wherein the alkyl group is used to attach the aralkyl group to a parent molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Aralkyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups attached to the alkyl, the aryl or both groups that form the radical group.

The term "heterocyclic radical" as used herein, refers to a radical mono-, or poly-cyclic ring system that includes at least one heteroatom and is unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated, thereby including heteroaryl groups. Heterocyclic is also meant to include fused ring systems wherein one or more of the fused rings contain at least one heteroatom and the other rings can contain one or more heteroatoms or optionally contain no heteroatoms. A heterocyclic group typically includes at least one atom selected from sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen. Examples of heterocyclic groups include, [l,3]dioxolane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridazinonyl, tetrahydrofuryl and the like. Heterocyclic groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The terms "heteroaryl," and "heteroaromatic," as used herein, refer to a radical comprising a mono- or poly-cyclic aromatic ring, ring system or fused ring system wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic and includes one or more heteroatom. Heteroaryl is also meant to include fused ring systems including systems where one or more of the fused rings contain no heteroatoms. Heteroaryl groups typically include one ring atom selected from sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and the like. Heteroaryl radicals can be attached to a parent molecule directly or through a linking moiety such as an aliphatic group or hetero atom. Heteroaryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The term "heteroarylalkyl," as used herein, refers to a heteroaryl group as previously defined having an alky radical that can attach the heteroarylalkyl group to a parent molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to, pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl, napthyridinylpropyl and the like. Heteroarylalkyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups on one or both of the heteroaryl or alkyl portions.

The term "mono or poly cyclic structure" as used in the present invention-includes all ring systems that are single or polycyclic having rings that are fused or linked and is meant to be inclusive of single and mixed ring systems individually selected from aliphatic, alicyclic, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, heteroarylalkyl. Such mono and poly cyclic structures can contain rings that are uniform or have varying degrees of saturation including fully saturated, partially saturated or fully unsaturated. Each ring can comprise ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S to give rise to heterocyclic rings as well as rings comprising only C ring atoms which can be present in a mixed motif such as for example benzimidazole wherein one ring has only carbon ring atoms and the fused ring has two nitrogen atoms. The mono or poly cyclic structures can be further substituted with substituent groups such as for example phthalimide which has two =0 groups attached to one of the rings. In another aspect, mono or poly cyclic structures can be attached to a parent molecule directly through a ring atom, through a substituent group or a bifunctional linking moiety.

The term "acyl," as used herein, refers to a radical formed by removal of a hydroxyl group from an organic acid an d has the general formula -C(O)-X where X is typically aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic. Examples include aliphatic carbonyls, aromatic carbonyls, aliphatic sulfonyls, aromatic sulfinyls, aliphatic sulfinyls, aromatic phosphates, aliphatic phosphates and the like. Acyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.

The term "hydrocarbyl includes groups comprising C, O and H. Included are straight, branched and cyclic groups having any degree of saturation. Such hydrocarbyl groups can include one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and can be further mono or poly substituted with one or more substituent groups.

The terms "substituent" and "substituent group," as used herein, include groups that are typically added to other groups or parent compounds to enhance desired properties or give desired effects. Substituent groups can be protected or unprotected and can be added to one available site or to many available sites in a parent compound. Substituent groups may also be further substituted with other substituent groups and may be attached directly or via a linking group such as an alkyl or hydrocarbyl group to a parent compound. Such groups include without limitation, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl (-C(O)R_aa), carboxyl (- C(O)O-R_aa), aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups, alkoxy, substituted oxo (-O-R_aa), aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, amino (-NR_bbR_cC), imino(=NR_bb), amido (-C(O)NR_bbR_ccor -N(R_bb)C(O)R_aa), azido (-N₃), nitro (-NO₂), cyano (-CN), carbamido (-OC(O)NR₁JbR_cC or -N(R_bb)C(0)0R_aa), ureido (-N(R_bb)C(0)NR_bbR=c), thioureido (-N(R_bb)C(S)NR_bbRc_C), guanidinyl (-N(R_bb)C(=NR_bb)NR_bbR_cc), amidinyl (- C(=NR_bb)NR_bbRcc or -N(R_bb)C(NRb_b)R_aa), thiol (-SR_bb), sulfmyl (-S(O)Rbb), sulfonyl (-S(0)₂Rb_b), sulfonamidyl (-S(O)₂NR_11I5R_cC or -N(R_bb)S(O)₂R_bb) and conjugate groups. Wherein each R_aa, R_bb and R₀₀ is, independently, H, an optionally linked chemical functional group or a further substituent group with a preferred list including without limitation H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aliphatic, alkoxy, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, alicyclic, heterocyclic and heteroarylalkyl.

B. Certain Oligomeric Compounds

In certain embodiments, it is desirable to chemically modify oligomeric compounds, compared to naturally occuring oligomers, such as DNA or RNA. Certain such modifications alter the activity of the oligomeric compound. Certain such chemical modifications can alter activity by, for example: increasing affinity of an antisense compound for its target nucleic acid, increasing its resistance to one or more nucleases, and/or altering the pharmacokinetics or tissue distribution of the oligomeric compound. In certain instances, the use of chemistries that increase the affinity of an oligomeric compound for its target can allow for the use of shorter oligomeric compounds. 1. Certain monomers

In certain embodiment, oligomeric compounds comprise one or more modified monomer. In certain such embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise one or more high affinity monomer. In certain embodiments, such high-affinity monomer is selected from monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) comprising 2'-modifed sugars, including, but not limited to: BNA's and monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) with T- substituents such as allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, 0-C]-Ci₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂- 0-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), or O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C_rCi₀ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomers provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a nucleotide comprising a 2'-O(CH₂)_nH, wherein n is one to six.

In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a nucleotide comprising a 2'-OCH₃ or a 2'-O(CH₂)₂OCH₃. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA.

In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA.

In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA or a β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA.

a. Certain Nucleobases

The naturally occurring base portion of a nucleoside is typically a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, a phosphate group can be linked to the 2', 3' or 5' hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, those phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. Within oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleotide backbone of the oligonucleotide. The naturally occurring linkage or backbone of RNA and of DNA is a 3' to 5' phosphodiester linkage.

In addition to "unmodified" or "natural" nucleobases such as the purine nucleobases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine nucleobases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U), many modified nucleobases or nucleobase mimetics known to those skilled in the art are amenable with the compounds described herein. In certain embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a nucleobase that is fairly similar in structure to the parent nucleobase, such as for example a 7-deaza purine, a 5-methyl cytosine, or a G-clamp.

In certain embodiments, nucleobase mimetic include more complicated structures, such as for example a tricyclic phenoxazine nucleobase mimetic. Methods for preparation of the above noted modified nucleobases are well known to those skilled in the art. b. Certain sugars

Oligomeric compounds provided herein may comprise one or more monomer, including a nucleoside or nucleotide, having a modified sugar moiety. For example, the furanosyl sugar ring of a nucleoside can be modified in a number of ways including, but not limited to, addition of a substituent group, bridging of two non-geminal ring atoms to form a bicyclic nucleic acid (BNA).

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise one or more monomers that is a BNA. In certain such embodiments, BNA s include, but are not limited to, (A) α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , (B) β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , (C) Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , (D) Aminooxy (4'- CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and (E) Oxyamino (4'-CH₂-N(R)-O-2') BNA, as depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Certain BNA Structures

In certain embodimnents, BNA compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds having at least one bridge between the 4' and the 2' position of the sugar wherein each of the bridges independently comprises 1 or from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from -[C(Ri )(R₂)]_n-, -C(Ri)=C(R₂)-, -C(RO=N-, -C(=NR,)-, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -O-, -Si(Rj)₂-, -S(O)_x- and -N(R₁)-; wherein: x is 0, 1, or 2; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; each Ri and R₂ is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C_rCi₂ alkyl, substituted Ci-Cj₂ alkyl, C₂-Ci₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-Ci₂ alkenyl, C₂-Ci₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-Q₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C_2O aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ₁, NJiJ₂, SJj, N₃, COOJi, acyl (C(=0)-

H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(=O)₂-J0, or sulfoxyl (S(=O)-Ji); and each Ji and J₂ is, independently, H, Q-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C]-Ci₂ alkyl, C₂-Ci₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-Ci₂ alkenyl, C₂-Cj₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-Cj₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂O aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, acyl (C(=0)- H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted Ci-Ci₂ aminoalkyl or a protecting group.

In one embodiment, each of the bridges of the BNA compounds is, independently, -[C(Rj)(R₂)J_n-, -[C(Rj)(R₂)]_n-O-, -C(R₁R₂VN(Rj)-O- or -C(R]R₂)-O-N(Rj)-. In another embodiment, each of said bridges is, independently, 4'-CH₂-2', 4'-(CH₂)₂-2', 4'-(CH₂)₃-2', 4'-CH₂-O-2', 4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2', 4'-CH₂-O-N(R0-2^T and 4'- CH₂-N(Rj)-O-2'- wherein each R₁ is, independently, H, a protecting group or Cj-Ci₂ alkyl. Certain BNA's have been prepared and disclosed in the patent literature as well as in scientific literature (Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456; Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607- 3630; Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2000, 97, 5633-5638; Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222; WO 94/14226; WO 2005/021570; Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039; Examples of issued US patents and published applications that disclose BNA s include, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 7,053,207; 6,268,490; 6,770,748; 6,794,499; 7,034,133; and 6,525,191; and U.S. Pre-Grant Publication Nos. 2004-0171570; 2004-0219565; 2004-0014959; 2003-0207841; 2004-0143114; and 20030082807.

Also provided herein are BNAs in which the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribosyl sugar ring is linked to the 4' carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') linkage to form the bicyclic sugar moiety (reviewed in Elayadi et al, Curr. Opinion Invens. Drugs, 2001, 2, 558-561; Braasch et al. Chem. Biol, 2001, 8 1-7; and Orum et al, Curr. Opinion MoI Then, 2001, 3, 239-243; see also U.S. Patents: 6,268,490 and 6,670,461). The linkage can be a methylene (-CH₂-) group bridging the 2' oxygen atom and the 4' carbon atom, for which the term methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA is used for the bicyclic moiety; in the case of an ethylene group in this position, the term ethyleneoxy (4'-CH₂CH₂-O-2') BNA is used (Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456: Morita et al, Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, 2003, 11, 2211-2226). Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA and other bicyclic sugar analogs display very high duplex thermal stabilities with complementary DNA and RNA (Tm = +3 to +10° C), stability towards 3'~ exonucleolytic degradation and good solubility properties. Potent and nontoxic antisense oligonucleotides compriseing BNAs have been described (Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. U. S. A., 2000, 97, 5633-5638). An isomer of methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA that has also been discussed is alpha-L- methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA which has been shown to have superior stability against a 3'-exonuclease. The alpha-L- methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA's were incorporated into antisense gapmers and chimeras that showed potent antisense activity (Frieden et al, Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 21, 6365-6372).

The synthesis and preparation of the methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA monomers adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5-methyl-cytosine, thymine and uracil, along with their oligomerization, and nucleic acid recognition properties have been described (Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630). BNAs and preparation thereof are also described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.

Analogs of methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA, phosphorothioate- methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA and 2'-thio-BNAs, have also been prepared (Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219- 2222). Preparation of locked nucleoside analogs compriseing oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplexes as substrates for nucleic acid polymerases has also been described (Wengel et al., WO 99/14226 ). Furthermore, synthesis of 2'-amino-BNA, a novel comformationally restricted high-affinity oligonucleotide analog has been described in the art (Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039). In addition, 2'-Amino- and 2'-methylamino-BNA's have been prepared and the thermal stability of their duplexes with complementary RNA and DNA strands has been previously reported.

Modified sugar moieties are well known and can be used to alter, typically increase, the affinity of the antisense compound for its target and/or increase nuclease resistance. A representative list of preferred modified sugars includes but is not limited to bicyclic modified sugars (BNA's), including methyleneoxy (4'- CH₂-O-2') BNA and ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2' bridge) BNA ; substituted sugars, especially 2'-substituted sugars having a 2'-F, 2'-OCH₃ or a 2'-O(CH₂)₂-OCH₃ substituent group; and 4'-thio modified sugars. Sugars can also be replaced with sugar mimetic groups among others. Methods for the preparations of modified sugars are well known to those skilled in the art. Some representative patents and publications that teach the preparation of such modified sugars include, but are not limited to, U.S. Patents: 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; 5,792,747; 5,700,920; 6,531,584; and 6,600,032; and WO 2005/121371.

In certain embodiments, BNA's include bicyclic nucleoside having the formula:

wherein: Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

Ti is H or a hydroxyl protecting group;

T₂ is H, a hydroxyl protecting group or a reactive phosphorus group;

Z is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, acyl, substituted acyl, or substituted amide. In one embodiment, each of the substituted groups, is, independently, mono or poly substituted with optionally protected substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJi, NJjJ₂, SJ₁, N₃, OC(=X)Ji, OC(=X)NJiJ₂, NJ₃CC=X)NJ₁J₂ and CN, wherein each J₁, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or C₁- C₆ alkyl, and X is O, S or NJi.

In certain such embodiments, each of the substituted groups, is, independently, mono or poly substituted with substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJi, NJ]J₂, SJi, N₃,

wherein each J], J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H, CpC₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁- C₆ alkyl and X is O or NJ₁.

In certain embodiments, the Z group is Ci-C₆ alkyl substituted with one or more X^x, wherein each X^x is independently OJ,, NJiJ₂, SJ₁, N₃, OC(=X)Ji, OC(=X)NJiJ₂, NJ₃C(=X)NJiJ₂ or CN; wherein each J₁, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or CpC₆ alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ₁. In another embodiment, the Z group is CpC₆ alkyl substituted with one or more X^x, wherein each X^x is independently halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy

(e.g., CH₃O-), substituted alkoxy or azido.

In certain embodiments, the Z group is -CH₂X", wherein X^x is OJ₁, NJ₁J₂, SJ_b N₃, OC(=X)J_1; OC(=X)NJ,J₂, NJ₃C(=X)NJ]J₂ or CN; wherein each J₁, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or CpC₆ alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ₁. In another embodiment, the Z group is -CH₂X", wherein X^x is halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH₃O-) or azido.

In certain such embodiments, the Z group is in the (R)-configuration:

In certain such embodiments, the Z group is in the (^-configuration:

In certain embodiments, each T₁ and T₂ is a hydroxyl protecting group. A preferred list of hydroxyl protecting groups includes benzyl, benzoyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, mesylate, tosylate, dimethoxytrityl (DMT), 9-phenylxanthine-9-yl (Pixyl) and 9-(p-methoxyphenyl)xanthine- 9-yl (MOX). In certain embodiments, Ti is a hydroxyl protecting group selected from acetyl, benzyl, t- butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl and dimethoxytrityl wherein a more preferred hydroxyl protecting group is Ti is 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl.

In certain embodiments, T₂ is a reactive phosphorus group wherein preferred reactive phosphorus groups include diisopropylcyanoethoxy phosphoramidite and H-phosphonate. In certain embodiments Ti is 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl and T₂ is diisopropylcyanoethoxy phosphoramidite.

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds have at least one monomer of the formula:

or of the formula:

Bx

or of the formula:

wherein

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T₃ is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group or an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleoside, an oligonucleotide, a monomelic subunit or an oligomeric compound;

T₄ is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group or an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleoside, an oligonucleotide, a monomelic subunit or an oligomeric compound; wherein at least one of T₃ and T₄ is an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleoside, an oligonucleotide, a monomelic subunit or an oligomeric compound; and

Z is C_rC₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, substituted Q-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, acyl, substituted acyl, or substituted amide.

In one embodiment, each of the substituted groups, is, independently, mono or poly substituted with optionally protected substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJi, NJiJ₂, SJi, N₃, OC(=X)Ji, OC(=X)NJi J₂, NJ₃C(=X)NJiJ₂ and CN, wherein each J,, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or C₁- C₆ alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ,.

In one embodiment, each of the substituted groups, is, independently, mono or poly substituted with substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJi, NJ₁J₂, SJi, N₃, OC(=X)J], and NJ₃C^X)NJ₁J₂, wherein each Ji, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or CpC₆ alkyl, and X is O or NJi. In certain such embodiments, at least one Z is CpC₆ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is, independently, Ci-C₆ alkyl or substituted Ci-C₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is Ci-C₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is, independently, Q-C₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is methyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is ethyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is substituted CpC₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is, independently, substituted CpC₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is substituted ethyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is substituted ethyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one substituent group is CpC₆ alkoxy (e.g., at least one Z is C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted with one or more CpC₆ alkoxy). In another embodiment, each substituent group is, independently, CpC₆ alkoxy (e.g., each Z is, independently, C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkoxy).

In certain embodiments, at least one C₁-C₆ alkoxy substituent group is CH₃O- (e.g., at least one Z is CH₃OCH₂-). In another embodiment, each C₁-C₆ alkoxy substituent group is CH₃O- (e.g., each Z is CH₃OCH₂-). In certain embodiments, at least one substituent group is halogen (e.g., at least one Z is C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halogen). In certain embodiments, each substituent group is, independently, halogen (e.g., each Z is, independently, CpC₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halogen). In certain embodiments, at least one halogen substituent group is fluoro (e.g., at least one Z is CH₂FCH₂-, CHF₂CH₂- or CFsCH₂-). In certain embodiments, each halo substituent group is fluoro (e.g., each Z is, independently, CH₂FCH₂-, CHF₂CH₂- or CF₃CH₂-).

In certain embodiments, at least one substituent group is hydroxyl (e.g., at least one Z is Ci-C₆ alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxyl). In certain embodiments, each substituent group is, independently, hydroxyl (e.g., each Z is, independently, CpC₆ alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxyl). In certain embodiments, at least one Z is HOCH₂-. In another embodiment, each Z is HOCH₂-. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is CH₃-, CH₃CH₂-, CH₂OCH₃-, CH₂F- or HOCH₂-. In certain embodiments, each Z is, independently, CH₃-, CH₃CH₂-, CH₂OCH₃-, CH₂F- Or HOCH₂-.

In certain embodiments, at least one Z group is Ci-C₆ alkyl substituted with one or more X^x, wherein each X^x is, independently, OJ₁, NJ,J₂, SJ₁, N₃, OC(=X)J,, OC(=X)NJ,J₂, NJ₃C(=X)NJ,J₂ or CN; wherein each

Ji, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or CpC₆ alkyl, and X is O, S or NJi. In another embodiment, at least one Z group is CpC₆ alkyl substituted with one or more X^x, wherein each X^x is, independently, halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH₃O-) or azido.

In certain embodiments, each Z group is, independently, C] -C₆ alkyl substituted with one or more X^x, wherein each X^x is independently OJ₁, NJ₁J₂, SJ,, N₃, OQ=X)J₁, OQ=X)NJ₁J₂, NJ₃Q=X)NJ₁J₂ or CN; wherein each J₁, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or C_rC₆ alkyl, and X is O, S or NJi. In another embodiment, each Z group is, independently, Ci-C₆ alkyl substituted with one or more X^x, wherein each X^x is independently halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH₃O-) or azido.

In certain embodiments, at least one Z group is -CH₂X", wherein X^x is OJ₁, NJiJ₂, SJi, N₃, OC(=X)J], OQ=X)NJ₁J₂, NJ₃Q=X)NJ₁J₂ or CN; wherein each J_b J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or CpC₆ alkyl, and X is O, S or NJi In certain embodiments, at least one Z group is -CH₂X^X, wherein X^x is halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH₃O-) or azido.

In certain embodiments, each Z group is, independently, -CH₂X", wherein each X^x is, independently,

OJi, NJ₁J₂, SJ₁, N₃, OQ=X)J,, OQ=X)NJ₁J₂, NJ₃Q=X)NJ₁J₂ or CN; wherein each J₁, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or CpC₆ alkyl, and X is O, S or NJi. In another embodiment, each Z group is, independently, -CH₂X", wherein each X^x is, independently, halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH₃O- ) or azido.

In certain embodiments, at least one Z is CH₃-. In another embodiment, each Z is, CH₃-.

In certain embodiments, the Z group of at least one monomer is in the (R)- configuration represented by the formula:

or the formula:

Bx

In certain embodiments, the Z group of each monomer of the formula is in the (R)- configuration.

In certain embodiments, the Z group of at least one monomer is in the (S)- configuration represented by the formula:

or the formula:

or the formula:

In certain embodiments, the Z group of each monomer of the formula is in the (S)- configuration.

In certain embodiments, T₃ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, T₄ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group. In a further embodiment T₃ is an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide or a monomelic subunit. In certain embodiments, T₄ is an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide or a monomelic subunit. In certain embodiments,T₃ is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligonucleoside or an oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments,

T₄ is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligonucleoside or an oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, T₃ is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, T₄ is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligomeric compound. In In certain embodiments, at least one of T₃ and T₄ comprises an internucleoside linking group selected from phosphodiester or phosphorothioate.

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds have at least one region of at least two contiguous monomers of the formula:

or of the formula:

or of the formula:

In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises at least two regions of at least two contiguous monomers of the above formula. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises a gapped oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the oligmeric compound comprises at least one region of from about 8 to about 14 contiguous β-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises at least one region of from about 9 to about 12 contiguous β-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl nucleosides. In certain embodiments, monmers include sugar mimetics. In certain such embodiments, a mimetic is used in place of the sugar or sugar-internucleoside linkage combination, and the nucleobase is maintained for hybridization to a selected target. Representative examples of a sugar mimetics include, but are not limited to, cyclohexenyl or morpholino. Representative examples of a mimetic for a sugar-internucleoside linkage combination include, but are not limited to, peptide nucleic acids (PNA) and morpholino groups linked by uncharged achiral linkages. In some instances a mimetic is used in place of the nucleobase. Representative nucleobase mimetics are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, tricyclic phenoxazine analogs and universal bases (Berger et al., Nuc Acid Res. 2000, 28:2911-14, incorporated herein by reference). Methods of synthesis of sugar, nucleoside and nucleobase mimetics are well known to those skilled in the art.

3. Monomelic Linkages

Described herein are linking groups that link monomers (including, but not limited to, modified and unmodified nucleosides and nucleotides) together, thereby forming an oligomeric compound. The two main classes of linking groups are defined by the presence or absence of a phosphorus atom. Representative phosphorus containing linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphodiesters (P=O), phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidate, and phosphorothioates (P=S). Representative non-phosphorus containing linking groups include, but are not limited to, methylenemethylimino (-CH₂-N(CH₃)-O-CH₂-), thiodiester (-O-C(O)-S-), thionocarbamate (-0-C(O)(NH)-S-); siloxane (-O-Si(H)2-O-); and N,N'- dimethylhydrazine (-CH₂-N(CH₃)-N(CH₃)-). Oligomeric compounds having non-phosphorus linking groups are referred to as oligonucleosides. Modified linkages, compared to natural phosphodiester linkages, can be used to alter, typically increase, nuclease resistance of the oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, linkages having a chiral atom can be prepared a racemic mixtures, as separate enantomers. Representative chiral linkages include, but are not limited to, alkylphosphonates and phosphorothioates. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous-containing linkages are well known to those skilled in the art. The oligomeric compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric configurations that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R) or (S), α or β such as for sugar anomers, or as (D) or (L) such as for amino acids et al. Included in the antisense compounds provided herein are all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. 4. Oligomeric Compounds

In certain embodiments, provided herein are oligomeric compounds having reactive phosphorus groups useful for forming linkages including for example phosphodiester and phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. Methods of preparation and/or purification of precursors or oligomeric compounds are not a limitation of the compositions or methods provided herein. Methods for synthesis and purification of oligomeric compounds including DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, and antisense compounds are well known to those skilled in the art.

Generally, oligomeric compounds comprise a plurality of monomelic subunits linked together by linking groups. Nonlimiting examples of oligomeric compounds include primers, probes, antisense compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, and siRNAs. As such, these compounds can be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, circular, branched or hairpins and can contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges or loops. Oligomeric double-stranded compounds can be two strands hybridized to form double-stranded compounds or a single strand with sufficient self complementarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully or partially double-stranded compound. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides chimeric oligomeric compounds. In certain such embodiments, chimeric oligomeric compounds are chimeric oligonucleotides. In certain such embodiments, the chimeric oligonucleotides comprise differently modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, chimeric oligonucleotides are mixed-backbone antisense oligonucleotides.

In general a chimeric oligomeric compound will have modified nucleosides that can be in isolated positions or grouped together in regions that will define a particular motif. Any combination of modifications and/or mimetic groups can comprise a chimeric oligomeric compound as described herein.

In certain embodiments, chimeric oligomeric compounds typically comprise at least one region modified so as to confer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an additional region of the oligomeric compound may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of inhibition of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligomeric compounds when chimeras are used, compared to for example phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.

In certain embodiments, chimeric oligomeric compounds are gapmers. In certain embodiments, chimeric compounds are short antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are gapmers. In certain such embodiments, a mixed-backbone antisense oligomer has one type of internucleotide linkages in one or both wings and a different type of internucleotide linkages in the gap. In certain such embodiments, the mixed-backbone antisense oligonucleotide has phosphodiester linkages in the wings and phosphorothioate linkages in the gap. In certain embodiments in which the internucleotide linkages in a wing is different from the internucleotide linkages in the gap, the internucleotide linkage bridging that wing and the gap is the same as the internucleotide linkage in the wing. In certain embodiments in which the intemucleotide linkages in a wing is different from the internucleotide linkages in the gap, the internucleotide linkage bridging that wing and the gap is the same as the internucleotide linkage in the gap.

C. Certain Short Antisense Compounds

Disclosed herein are short antisense compounds 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise one or more chemical modifications. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise at least one modified nucleotide. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds comprise at least two or more modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise at least one modified internucleotide linkage. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are mixed-backbone oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are chimeric oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense oligonucleotides are uniformly modified. In certain embodiments, short antisense oligonucleotides comprise modifications independently selected at each nucleobase and at each linkage.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain embodiments, high affinity modifications of the short antisense compounds allow for a target affinity similar to, or even greater than, the target affinity of longer antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, the high-affinity modified nucleotides are sugar modified nucleotides. Such sugar modified nucleotides include those comprising a bridge between the 4' and 2' position of the sugar. Exemplary high affinity sugar modifications include, but are not limited to, BNA s and other 2'-modifications such as T- MOE. In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the high affinity modification is not a 2'-O-(CH₂)_nH (n=l-6) sugar-modified nucleotide. In an additional alternate embodiment, the high affinity modified nucleotide is not a 2'-OCH₃ or a 2'-OCH₂CH₂OCH₃ nucleotide. In certain embodiments, the high-affinity modified nucleotides confer a T_m of at least 1, at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3.0, at least 3.5 or at least 4.0 degrees per nucleotide. Some high-affinity nucleotide modifications are known in the art to increase toxicity. As shown herein, short antisense compounds having a limited number (generally 2 to 6) of high affinity modifications exhibit little to no increase in toxicity but retain or increase affinity for the target RNA, while also significantly reducing expression of the RNA target. Short antisense compounds of the invention may optionally comprise a conjugate group, such as, for example, cholesterol or Ci₆.

L Certain Wings In certain embodiments, the short antisense compounds comprise a 5' wing and/or a 3' wing. In such embodiments, the features of the 3' wing and the features of the 5' wing are selected independently. Thus, in such embodiments, the number of monomers in the 5' wing and the number of monomers (length) in the 3' wing may be the same or may be different; the modifications, if any, in the 5' wing may be the same as the modifications, if any, in the 3' wing or such modifications, if any, may be different; and the monomelic linkages in the 5' wing and the monomelic linkages in the 3' wing may be the same or they may be different.

In certain embodiments a wing comprises one, two or three monomers (i.e. has a length of 1, 2, or 3).

In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are modified. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are modified to increase affinity of the antisense compound for its target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are nucleosides or nucleotides. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2' modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers (nucleosides or nucleotides) of the wing are BNA' s. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , Aminooxy (4'-CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and Oxyamino (4'-CH₂- N(R)-O-2') BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2' position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O-C, -C₁₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O- (CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), and O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_n, and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted CpCio alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2'MOE nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, the monomelic linkages in a wing are naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain embodiments, the monomelic linkages in a wing are non-naturally occurring internucleotide or internucleoside linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomelic linkages in the wing are more resistant to one or more nucleases than naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomelic linkages in the wing are phosphorothioate linkages (P=S). In certain embodiments where a wing has more than one monomelic linkage, the monomelic linkages are the same as one another. In certain embodiments where a wing has more than one monomers linkage, the monomers linkages are different from each other.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the features and modifications discussed above may be used in any combination to prepare a wing. The table below provides non-limiting examples showing how one might prepare a wing by selecting a certain number of monomers, monomelic modifications (if any), and monomelic linkages both within the wing.

In certain embodiments in which a wing comprises two, three or four monomers, those two, three or four monomers all comprise the same modifications, if any. In certain embodiments in which a wing comprises two, three or four monomers, one or more of those two, three or four nucleobases comprises one or more modifications that is different from one or more of the modifications of one or more of the remaining monomers.

2. Certain Gaps

In certain embodiments, the short antisense compounds comprise a gap between the 5' wing and the 3' wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.

In certain embodiments, the monomelic linkages in the gap are naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain embodiments, the monomelic linkages in the gap are non-naturally occurring linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomelic linkages in the gap are more resistant to one or more nuclease than naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomelic linkages in the gap are phosphorothioate linkages (P=S). In certain embodiments, the monomelic linkages in the gap are all the same as one another. In certain embodiments, the monomelic linkages within the gap are not all the same.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the features and modifications discussed above may be used in any combination to prepare a gap. The table below provides non-limiting examples showing how one might prepare a gap by selecting a certain number of monomers, monomelic modifications (if any), and monomelic linkages within the gap region.

3_^ Certain Gapped Antisense Oligomeric Compounds

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the wings and the gaps discussed above may be selected and then combined in a variety of combinations to generate gapped oligomeric compounds, including, but not limited to, gapped antisense oligomeric compounds, and gapped antisense oligonucleotides. The features (length, modifications, linkages) of the 5' wing and the 3' wing may be selected independently of one another. The features of the gap include at least one difference in modification compared to the features of the 5' wing and at least one difference compared to the features of the 3' wing

(i.e., there must be at least one difference in modification between neighboring regions to distinguish those neighboring regions from one another). The features of the gap may otherwise be selected independently.

In certain embodiments, the monomelic linkages within a wing and the monomelic linkages within the gap are the same. In certain embodiments, the monomelic linkages within a wing and the monomelic linkages within the gap are different. In certain such embodiments, the monomelic linkage bridging the wing and the gap are the same as the monomelic linkages in the wing. In certain embodiments, the monomelic linkage bridging the wing and the gap are the same as the monomelic linkages in the gap. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have uniform linkages throughout the compound. In certain such embodiments, all of the linkages are phosphorothioate (P=S) linkages.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the 3' wings, 5' wings, gaps, and linkages discussed above may be used in any combination to prepare a gapmer. The table below provides non-limiting examples showing how one might prepare a gapmer by selecting a certain 5' wing, a gap, a 3' wing and certain linkages bridging the gap and each wing.

In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds disclosed herein may comprise from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends antisense compounds of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 nucleobases. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are antisense compounds.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 8 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 9 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 10 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 11 nucleobases in length.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 12 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 13 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 14 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 15 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 16 nucleobases in length.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

One having skill in the art and informed by the short antisense compounds illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further short antisense compounds.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise a gap flanked by more than one wing on either or both sides. Thus, in certain embodiments, a short antisense compound comprises two or more 5' wings and two or more 3' wings. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound comprises one 5' wing and two or more 3' wings. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound comprises one 3' wing and two or more 5' wings. Certain such embodiments comprise, for example, the following regions: a first 5' wing - a bridge - a second 5' wing - a bridge - a gap - a bridge - a second 3' wing - a bridge - a first 3 'wing. In such embodiments, each region has at least one difference in modification when compared to its neighboring region. Thus, in such embodiments, the second 5' wing and the second 3' wing each independently comprises one or more differences in modification compared to the gap and compared to the first 5' wing and the first 3' wing. In such embodiments, the modifications of the first 3' wing and first 5' wing may either or both be the same or different from the modifications of the gap, if any. 4. Certain Conjugate Groups

In one aspect, oligomeric compounds are modified by covalent attachment of one or more conjugate groups. In general, conjugate groups modify one or more properties of the attached oligomeric compound including but not limited to pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, binding, absorption, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance. Conjugate groups are routinely used in the chemical arts and are linked directly or via an optional linking moiety or linking group to a parent compound such as an oligomeric compound. A preferred list of conjugate groups includes without limitation, intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins and dyes. Preferred conjugate groups amenable to the present invention include lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553); cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1994, 4, 1053); a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765); a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533); an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 111; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49); a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethyl- ammonium-l,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777); a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969); adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651); a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229); or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923).

Linking groups or bifunctional linking moieties such as those known in the art are amenable to the compounds provided herein. Linking groups are useful for attachment of chemical functional groups, conjugate groups, reporter groups and other groups to selective sites in a parent compound such as for example an oligomeric compound. In general a bifunctional linking moiety comprises a hydrocarbyl moiety having two functional groups. One of the functional groups is selected to bind to a parent molecule or compound of interest and the other is selected to bind essentially any selected group such as chemical functional group or a conjugate group. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a chain structure or an oligomer of repeating units such as ethylene glycol or amino acid units. Examples of functional groups that are routinely used in a bifunctional linking moiety include, but are not limited to, electrophiles for reacting with nucleophilic groups and nucleophiles for reacting with electrophilic groups. In some embodiments, bifunctional linking moieties include amino, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, thiol, unsaturations (e.g., double or triple bonds), and the like. Some nonlimiting examples of bifunctional linking moieties include 8-amino- 3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (ADO), succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) and 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHEX or AHA). Other linking groups include, but are not limited to, substituted Ci-Cio alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, wherein a nonlimiting list of preferred substituent groups includes hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl. 5. Synthesis, Purification and Analysis

Oligomerization of modified and unmodified nucleosides and nucleotides can be routinely performed according to literature procedures for DNA (Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs, Ed. Agrawal (1993), Humana Press) and/or RNA (Scaringe, Methods (2001), 23, 206-217. Gait et al., Applications of Chemically synthesized RNA in RNA: Protein Interactions, Ed. Smith (1998), 1-36. Gallo et al., Tetrahedron (2001), 57, 5707-5713).

Oligomeric compounds provided herein can be conveniently and routinely made through the well- known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives. The invention is not limited by the method of antisense compound synthesis.

Methods of purification and analysis of oligomeric compounds are known to those skilled in the art. Analysis methods include capillary electrophoresis (CE) and electrospray-mass spectroscopy. Such synthesis and analysis methods can be performed in multi-well plates. The method of the invention is not limited by the method of oligomer purification. D. Antisense

Antisense mechanisms are all those involving the hybridization of a compound with target nucleic acid, wherein the outcome or effect of the hybridization is either target degradation or target occupancy with concomitant stalling of the cellular machinery involving, for example, transcription or splicing. One type of antisense mechanism involving target degradation includes an RNase H. RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. It is known in the art that single-stranded antisense compounds which are "DNA-like" elicit RNAse H activity in mammalian cells. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of DNA-like oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression. In certain embodiments, chemically-modified antisense compounds have a higher affinity for target

RNAs than does non-modified DNA. In certain such embodiments, that higher affinity in turn provides increased potency allowing for the administration of lower doses of such compounds, reduced potential for toxicity and improvement in therapeutic index and decreased overall cost of therapy.

The present disclosure demonstrates that the incorporation of chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotides and nucleosides into antisense compounds allows for the design of short antisense compounds 8- 16 nucleobases in length useful for the reduction of target RNAs and/or target proteins in cells, tissues, and animals, including, but not limited to, humans with increased potency and improved therapeutic index. Thus, in certain embodiments, provided herein are short antisense compounds comprising high-affinity nucleotide modifications useful for reducing a target RNA in vivo. Certain such short antisense compounds are effective at lower doses than previously described antisense compounds, allowing for a reduction in toxicity and cost of treatment. In addition, certain short antisense compounds have greater potential for oral dosing.

To address the need for more potent antisense compounds, provided herein are short antisense compounds (8-16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length) with increased activity in vivo relative to longer compounds. Certain short antisense compounds are gapmer compounds comprising high-affinity chemically-modified nucleotides on the 3' and 5' ends (wings) of the compound. In certain embodiments, the addition of high-affinity modified nucleotides allows antisense compounds to be active against, and specific for, their intended target RNA in vivo despite being shorter in length. Contemplated herein are short antisense compounds wherein each of the wings independently comprises 1 to 3 high-affinity modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the high-affinity modifications are sugar modifications. High-affinity modified nucleotides include, but are not limited to, BNA s or other 2'-modified nucleotides, such as 2'-MOE nucleotides. Also contemplated are short antisense compounds having at least one modified internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage. In certain embodiments, the short antisense compounds of the present invention can have all phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. The short antisense compounds optionally comprise a conjugate group. As shown herein, short antisense compounds have greater affinity for target RNA than they have for DNA and are significantly more potent in vivo as shown by reduction of target mRNA as well as by amelioration of a variety of disease indications.

As used herein, an RNA which is involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism or insulin metabolism is any RNA involved in the biochemical pathways that regulate these processes. Such RNAs are well known in the art. Examples of target genes include, but are not limited to, ApoB-100 (also known as APOB; Ag(x) antigen; apoB-48; apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein B-IOO; apolipoprotein B-48) and GCGR (also known as glucagon receptor; GR), CRP, DGAT2, GCCR, PCSK9, PTEN, PTPlB, SGLT2, and SODl.

L Modulation of Target Expression In certain embodiments, a target is identified and antisense oligonucleotides are designed to modulate that target or its expression. In certain embodiments, designing an oligomeric compound to a target nucleic acid molecule can be a multistep process. Typically the process begins with the identification of a target protein, the activity of which is to be modulated, and then identifying the nucleic acid the expression of which yields the target protein. In certain embodiments, designing of an antisense compound results in an antisense compound that is hybridizable to the targeted nucleic acid molecule. In certain embodiments, the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide or antisense oligonucleoside. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound and a target nucleic acid are complementary to one another. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound is perfectly complementary to a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound includes one mismatch. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound includes two mismatches, hi certain embodiments, an antisense compound includes three or more mismatches.

Modulation of expression of a target nucleic acid can be achieved through alteration of any number of nucleic acid functions. In certain embodiments, the functions of RNA to be modulated include, but are not limited to, translocation functions, which include, but are not limited to, translocation of the RNA to a site of protein translation, translocation of the RNA to sites within the cell which are distant from the site of RNA synthesis, and translation of protein from the RNA. RNA processing functions that can be modulated include, but are not limited to, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more RNA species, capping of the RNA, 3' maturation of the RNA and catalytic activity or complex formation involving the RNA which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. Modulation of expression can result in the increased level of one or more nucleic acid species or the decreased level of one or more nucleic acid species, either temporally or by net steady state level. Thus, in one embodiment modulation of expression can mean increase or decrease in target RNA or protein levels. In another embodiment modulation of expression can mean an increase or decrease of one or more RNA splice products, or a change in the ratio of two or more splice products.

In certain embodiments, expression of a target gene is modulated using an oligomeric compound comprising from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of a target gene using one or more antisense compounds of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 nucleobases. m certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 8 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 9 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 8 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 10 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 10 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 11 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 12 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 13 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 14 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 15 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 16 nucleobases in length.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

2. Hybridization

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds specifically hybridize when there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.

As used herein, "stringent hybridization conditions" or "stringent conditions" refers to conditions under which an antisense compound will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances, and

"stringent conditions" under which antisense compounds hybridize to a target sequence are determined by the nature and composition of the antisense compounds and the assays in which they are being investigated.

3, Complementarity

It is understood in the art that incorporation of nucleotide affinity modifications may allow for a greater number of mismatches compared to an unmodified compound. Similarly, certain oligonucleotide sequences may be more tolerant to mismatches than other oligonucleotide sequences. One of ordinary skill in the art is capable of determining an appropriate number of mismatches between oligonucleotides, or between an oligonucleotide and a target nucleic acid, such as by determining melting temperature (T_m). T_n, or T_n, can be calculated by techniques that are familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, techniques described in Freier et al. {Nucleic Acids Research, 1997, 25, 22: 4429-4443) allow one of ordinary skill in the art to evaluate nucleotide modifications for their ability to increase the melting temperature of an RNA:DNA duplex.

4. Identity

Antisense compounds, or a portion thereof, may have a defined percent identity to a SEQ ED NO, or a compound having a specific Isis number. As used herein, a sequence is identical to the sequence disclosed herein if it has the same nucleobase pairing ability. For example, an RNA which contains uracil in place of thymidine in the disclosed sequences of the compounds described herein would be considered identical as they both pair with adenine. This identity may be over the entire length of the oligomeric compound, or in a portion of the antisense compound (e.g., nucleobases 1-20 of a 27-mer may be compared to a 20-mer to determine percent identity of the oligomeric compound to the SEQ ID NO. It is understood by those skilled in the art that an antisense compound need not have an identical sequence to those described herein to function similarly to the antisense compound described herein. Shortened versions of antisense compounds taught herein, or non-identical versions of the antisense compounds taught herein, are also provided herein. Non- identical versions are those wherein each base does not have the same pairing activity as the antisense compounds disclosed herein. Bases do not have the same pairing activity by being shorter or having at least one abasic site. Alternatively, a non-identical version can include at least one base replaced with a different base with different pairing activity (e.g., G can be replaced by C, A, or T). Percent identity is calculated according to the number of bases that have identical base pairing corresponding to the SEQ ID NO or antisense compound to which it is being compared. The non-identical bases may be adjacent to each other, dispersed through out the oligonucleotide, or both.

For example, a 16-mer having the same sequence as nucleobases 2-17 of a 20-mer is 80% identical to the 20-mer. Alternatively, a 20-mer containing four nucleobases not identical to the 20-mer is also 80% identical to the 20-mer. A 14-mer having the same sequence as nucleobases 1-14 of an 18-mer is 78% identical to the 18-mer. Such calculations are well within the ability of those skilled in the art.

The percent identity is based on the percent of nucleobases in the original sequence present in a portion of the modified sequence. Therefore, a 30 nucleobase antisense compound comprising the full sequence of the complement of a 20 nucleobase active target segment would have a portion of 100% identity with the complement of the 20 nucleobase active target segment, while further comprising an additional 10 nucleobase portion. In the context of the instant description, the complement of an active target segment may constitute a single portion. In preferred embodiments, the oligonucleotides provided herein are at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identical to at least a portion of the complement of the active target segments presented herein. E. Target Nucleic Acids, Regions and Segments

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds may be designed to target any target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid encodes a target that is clinically relevant. In such embodiments, modulation of the target nucleic acid results in clinical benefit. Certain target nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, the target nucleic acids illustrated in Table 1.

In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding ApoB. Nucleic acid molecules that encode ApoB include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2.

In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2. Nucleic acid molecules that encode SGLT2 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 3.

In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding PCSK9. Nucleic acid molecules that encode PCSK9 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 4.

In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding SODl . Nucleic acid molecules that encode SODl include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding CRP. Nucleic acid molecules that encode CRP include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 6.

In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding GCCR. Nucleic acid molecules that encode GCCR include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8.

In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding GCGR. Nucleic acid molecules that encode GCGR include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 9.

In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding DGAT2. Nucleic acid molecules that encode DGAT2 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 10.

In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTPlB. Nucleic acid molecules that encode PTPlB include, without limitation, SEQ ED NO: 11 and SEQ DD NO: 12. In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTEN. Nucleic acid molecules that encode PTEN include, without limitation, SEQ ED NO: 14 or SEQ ED NO: 15.

Table 1: Certain Target Nucleic Acids

The targeting process usually includes determination of at least one target region, segment, or site within the target nucleic acid for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect will result.

In certain embodiments, the 5 '-most nucleotide of a target region is the 5' target site of a short antisense compound and the 3 '-most nucleotide of a target region is the 3' target site of the same short antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the 5 '-most nucleotide of a target region is the 5' target site of a short antisense compound and the 3 '-most nucleotide of a target region is the 3' target site of a different short antisense compound. In certain embodiments, a target region comprises a nucleotide sequence within 10, 15, or 20 nucleotides of a 5' target site or a 3' target site. In certain embodiments, a target region is a structurally defined region of the nucleic acid. For example, in certain such embodiments, a target region may encompass a 3' UTR, a 5' UTR, an exon, an intron, a coding region, a translation initiation region, translation termination region, or other defined nucleic acid region.

The locations on the target nucleic acid defined by having one or more active short antisense compounds targeted thereto are referred to as "active target segments." In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid having one or more active short antisense compounds targeted thereto is a target RNA. When an active target segment is defined by multiple short antisense compounds, the compounds are preferably separated by no more than about 10 nucleotides on the target sequence, more preferably no more than about 5 nucleotides on the target sequence, even more preferably the short antisense compounds are contiguous, most preferably the short antisense compounds are overlapping. There may be substantial variation in activity (e.g., as defined by percent inhibition) of the short antisense compounds within an active target segment. Active short antisense compounds are those that modulate the expression of their target nucleic acid, including but not limited to a target RNA. Active short antisense compounds inhibit expression of their target RNA at least 10%, preferably 20%. In a preferred embodiment, at least about 50%, preferably about 70% of the short antisense compounds targeted to the active target segment modulate expression of their target RNA at least 40%. In a more preferred embodiment, the level of inhibition required to define an active short antisense compound is defined based on the results from the screen used to define the active target segments.

A suitable target segment is at least about an 8-nucleobase portion of a target region to which an active short antisense compound is targeted. Target segments can include DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 5'-terminus of one of the illustrative target segments (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately upstream of the 5'-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA comprises about 8 to about 16 nucleobases). Target segments are also represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 3 '-terminus of one of the illustrative target segments (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately downstream of the 3 '-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA comprises about 8 to about 16 nucleobases). It is also understood that antisense target segments may be represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least 8 consecutive nucleobases from an internal portion of the sequence of an illustrative target segment, and may extend in either or both directions until the short antisense compound comprises about 8 to about 16 nucleobases. One having skill in the art armed with the target segments illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further target segments.

Once one or more target regions, segments or sites have been identified, short antisense compounds are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.

The short antisense compounds may also be targeted to regions of the target nucleobase sequence comprising any consecutive nucleobases 8 to 16 nucleobases in length along the target nucleic acid molecule.

Target segments 8-16 nucleobases in length comprising a stretch of at least eight (8) consecutive nucleobases selected from within the illustrative target segments are considered to be suitable for targeting as well. Thus, the short antisense compounds may also encompass 8-16 nucleobases within those segments identified herein as beginning at a particular 5' target site. Any segment of 8, 9, 10, 11, or more preferably 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous nucleobases in a 50, preferably 25, more preferably 16 nucleobase perimeter around these regions are also considered to be suitable for targeting.

In a further embodiment, the "suitable target segments" identified herein may be employed in a screen for additional short antisense compounds that modulate the expression of a target nucleic acid. "Modulators" are those compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a target nucleic acid and which comprise at least an 8-nucleobase portion which is complementary to a target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a target segment of a nucleic acid with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a target nucleic acid. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a target nucleic acid, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of the target, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention.

For all short antisense compounds discussed herein, sequence, monomer, monomelic modification, and monomelic linkage may each be selected independently. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are described by a motif. In such embodiments, any motif may be used with any sequence, whether or not the sequence and/or the motif is specifically disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise modifications that are not amenable to description by motif (for example, short antisense compounds comprising several different modifications and/or linkages at various positions throughout the compound). Such combinations may be incorporated for any sequence, whether or not it is disclosed herein. The sequence listing accompanying this filing provides certain nucleic acid sequences independent of chemical modification. Though that listing identifies each sequence as either "RNA" or "DNA" as required, in reality, those sequences may be modified with any combination of chemical modifications and/or motifs.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise at least one high-affinity modified monomer. In certain embodiments, provided are short antisense compounds targeted to nucleic acid molecules encoding targets including, but not limited to, ApoB-100 (also known as APOB; Ag(x) antigen; apoB-48; apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein B-IOO; apolipoprotein B-48), GCGR (also known as glucagon receptor; GR), CRP, DGAT2, GCCR, PCSK9, PTEN, PTPlB, SGLT2, and SODl. In certain such embodiments, such short antisense compounds are targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding any of those targets. F. Certain Targets

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds may be designed to modulate any target. In certain embodiments, the target is clinically relevant. In such embodiments, modulation of the target results in clinical benefit. Certain targets are preferentially expressed in the kidney. Certain targets are preferentially expressed in the liver. Certain targets are associated with a metabolic disorder. Certain targets are associated to a cardiovascular disorder. In certain embodiments, a target is selected from: ApoB, SGLT2, PCSK9, SODl, CRP, GCCR, GCGR, DGAT2, PTPlB, and PTEN. In certain embodiments, a target is selected from: ApoB, SGLT2, PCSK9, SODl, CRP, GCCR, GCGR, DGAT2, and PTPlB. In certain embodiments, a target is any protein other than SGLT2.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds exhibit liver and kidney-specific target RNA reduction in vivo. Such property renders those short antisense compounds particularly useful for inhibition of many target RNAs involved in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, provided herein are methods of treating cardiovascular or metabolic disorders by contacting said kidney or liver tissues with short antisense compounds targeted to RNAs associated with said disorders. Thus, also provided are methods for ameliorating any of a variety of metabolic or cardiovascular disease indications with the short antisense compounds of the present invention. 1. ApoB

ApoB (also known as apolipoprotein B-IOO; ApoB-100, apolipoprotein B-48; ApoB-48 and Ag(x) antigen), is a large glycoprotein that serves an indispensable role in the assembly and secretion of lipids and in the transport and receptor-mediated uptake and delivery of distinct classes of lipoproteins. ApoB performs a variety of activities, from the absorption and processing of dietary lipids to the regulation of circulating lipoprotein levels (Davidson and Shelness, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 2000, 20, 169-193). This latter property underlies its relevance in terms of atherosclerosis susceptibility, which is highly correlated with the ambient concentration of ApoB-containing lipoproteins (Davidson and Shelness, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 2000, 20, 169- 193). ApoB-100 is the major protein component of LDL-C and contains the domain required for interaction of this lipoprotein species with the LDL receptor. Elevated levels -of LDL-C are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis.

Definitions "ApoB" is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.

"ApoB nucleic acid" means any nucleic acid encoding ApoB. For example, in certain embodiments, a

ApoB nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding ApoB, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding ApoB, and an mRNA sequence encoding ApoB. "ApoB mRNA" means an mRNA encoding ApoB.

ApoB Therapeutic Indications

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating the expression of ApoB in an individual comprising administering a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the individual has hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy were established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel HI (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). The guidelines include obtaining a complete lipoprotein profile, typically after a 9 to 12 hour fast, for determination of LDL-C, total cholesterol, and HDL-C levels. According to the most recently established guidelines, LDL-C levels of 130-159 mg/dL, 160-189 mg/dL, and greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL are considered borderline high, high, and very high, respectively. Total cholesterol levels of 200-239 and greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL are considered borderline high and high, respectively. HDL-C levels of less than 40 mg/dL are considered low.

In certain embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy according to the guidelines established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel m (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). In certain such embodiments, the. individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 190 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual should maintain LDL-C below 70 mg/dL. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB-containing lipoprotein in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing VLDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing DDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing non-HDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Lp(a) in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing serum triglyceride in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing liver triglyceride in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Ox-LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small LDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small VLDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing oxidized phospholipids in an individual.

In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Ox-LDL-C concentration in a subject. In certain such embodiments, the reduction in ApoB, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), triglyerides, or Ox-LDL-C is, independently, selected from at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, and at least 100%. In certain such embodiments, the reduction in ApoB, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), triglyerides, or Ox-LDL-C is, independently, selected from at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, and at least 70%. In certain such embodiments, the reduction in ApoB, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), triglyerides, or Ox-LDL- C is, independently, selected from at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, and at least 70%.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides method for raising HDL-C concentration in a subject. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not lower HDL-C. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not result in accumulation of lipids in the liver. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not cause hepatic steatosis.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering ApoB concentration in a subject while reducing side effects associated with treatment. In certain such embodiments, a side effect is liver toxicity. In certain such embodiments, a side effect is abnormal liver function. In certain such embodiments, a side effect is elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In certain such embodiments, a side effect is elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST).

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering ApoB concentration in a subject who is not reaching target LDL-C levels as a result of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is the only lipid-lowering agent administered to the subject. In certain such embodiments, the subject has not complied with recommended lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is coadministered with an additional different lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is LDL-apheresis. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is a statin. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is ezetimibe.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering ApoB concentration in a statin- intolerant subject. In certain such embodiments, the subject has creatine kinase concentration increases as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments, the subject has liver function abnormalities as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments the subject has muscle aches as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments the subject has central nervous system side effects as a result of statin administration. In certain embodiments, the subject has not complied with recommended statin administration.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering liver triglycerides in a subject. In certain such embodiments, the subject has elevated liver triglycerides. In certain such embodiments, the subject has steatohepatitis. In certain such embodiments, the subject has steatosis. In certain such embodiments, liver triglyceride levels are measured by magnetic resonance imaging.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for reducing coronary heart disease risk in a subject. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in a subject. In certain such embodiments the invention provides methods for stopping the progression of atherosclerosis in a subject. In certain such embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing the size and/or prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques in a subject. In certain embodiments the methods provided reduce a subject's risk of developing atherosclerosis.

In certain embodiments the methods provided improve the cardiovascular outcome in a subject. In certain such embodiments improved cardiovascular outcome is the reduction of the risk of developing coronary heart disease. In certain such embodiments, improved cardiovascular outcome is a reduction in the occurrence of one or more major cardiovascular events, which include, but are not limited to, death, myocardial infarction, reinfarction, stroke, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and atrial dysrhythmia. In certain such embodiments, the improved cardiovascular outcome is evidenced by improved carotid intimal media thickness. In certain such embodiments, improved carotid intimal media thickness is a decrease in thickness. In certain such embodiments, improved carotid intimal media thickness is a prevention an increase of intimal media thickness.

In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is for use in therapy. Li certain embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a) , serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In additional embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of CHD risk. In certain the therapy is prevention of atherosclerosis. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the prevention of coronary heart disease.

In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, EDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a) , serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing coronary heart disease risk. In certain embodiments a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

ApoB Combination Therapies

In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the one or more pharmaceutical agents are lipid-lowering agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid include lipid-lowering agents. In certain such embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the lipid-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the dose of a coadministered lipid-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin. In certain such embodiments the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor.

In certain such embodiments, cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the co-formulated lipid- lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor (MTP inhibitor).

In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant. In certain such embodiments, the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid. In certain such embodiments, the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid. In certain such embodiments, a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.

Further examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-I inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and thyroid hormones); immunomodulators; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; osteoporosis agents (e.g., biphosphonates, calcitonin, and estrogens); prostaglandins, antineoplastic agents; psychotherapeutic agents; sedatives; poison oak or poison sumac products; antibodies; and vaccines. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid may be administered in conjunction with a lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is LDL apheresis.

In one embodiment, the antisense compounds provided herein can be used to lower the level of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in a human subject. As used herein, "apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein" refers to any lipoprotein that has apolipoprotein B as its protein component, and is understood to include LDL, VLDL, IDL, and lipoprotein(a). LDL, VLDL, IDL and lipoprotein(a) each contain one molecule of apolipoprotein B, thus a serum apolipoprotein B measurement reflects the total number of these lipoproteins. As is known in the art, each of the aforementioned lipoproteins is atherogenic. Thus, lowering one or more apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in serum may provide a therapeutic benefit to a human subject. Small LDL particles are considered to be particularly atherogenic relative to large LDL particles, thus lowering small LDL particles can provide a therapeutic benefit to a human subject. Additional lipid parameters can also be determined in a subject. Reduction of total cholesterol:HDL ratio or LDL:HDL ratio is a clinically desirable improvement in cholesterol ratio. Similarly, it is clinically desirable to reduce serum triglycerides in humans who exhibit elevated lipid levels.

Other indications of cardiovascular disease that can be measured in a subject include serum LDL particle size; serum LDL cholesteryl ester concentration; serum LDL cholesteryl ester composition; the extent of polyunsaturation of serum LDL cholesteryl esters; and serum HDL cholesterol levels. As used herein, "serum LDL particle size" refers to the classification of serum LDL particle size, which may be very small, small, medium, or large, and is typically expressed in g/μmol. In the context of the present invention, "serum LDL cholesteryl ester concentration" means the amount of cholesteryl ester present in LDL particles, and is typically measured as mg/dL. In the context of the present invention, "serum LDL cholesteryl ester composition" is a measurement of the percentage of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester fatty acids present in serum LDL particles. "Polyunsaturation of serum LDL cholesteryl esters" means the percentage of polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester fatty acids in serum LDL particles.

Methods of obtaining serum or plasma samples for analysis and methods of preparation of the serum samples to allow for analysis are well known to those skilled in the art. With regard to measurements of lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglyceride and cholesteryl esters, the terms "serum" and "plasma" are herein used interchangeably. In another embodiment, the antisense compounds provided herein can be used to treat metabolic disorders. A variety of biomarkers can be used for evaluating metabolic disease. For example, blood glucose levels can be determined by a physician or even by the patient using a commonly available test kit or glucometer (for example, the Ascensia ELITE™ kit, Ascensia (Bayer), Tarrytown NY, or Accucheck, Roche Diagnostics). Glycated hemoglobin (HbAi _c) can also be measured. HbAi _c is a stable minor hemoglobin variant formed in vivo via posttranslational modification by glucose, and it contains predominantly glycated NH₂-terminal β-chains. There is a strong correlation between levels of HbAi_c and the average blood glucose levels over the previous 3 months. Thus HbAi_c is often viewed as the "gold standard" for measuring sustained blood glucose control (Bunn, H.F. et al., 1978, Science. 200, 21-7). HbAi₀ can be measured by ion-exchange HPLC or immunoassay; home blood collection and mailing kits for HbAi₀ measurement are now widely available. Serum fructosamine is another measure of stable glucose control and can be measured by a colorimetric method (Cobas Integra, Roche Diagnostics).

Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to an ApoB Nucleic Acid

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM 000384.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 2 and Table 3.

The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 2 and 3 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, a monomelic linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.

Tables 2 and 3 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1. Table 2 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. Table 3 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 1. The column labeled 'gapmer motif indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2'-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2 '-modified sugar. The particular 2 '-modified sugar is also indicated in the 'gapmer motif column. For example, '2-10-2 MOE' means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2'-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless "unmodified cytosine" is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, "5-mC in gap only" indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines. Table 2: Short Antisense Compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1

Table 3: Short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 and having 1 or 2 mismatches

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 263-278 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 263-278 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 16 or 17. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 263-278 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372816 or 372894.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 428-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372817, 372895, 372818, 372896, 372819, 372897, 372820, 372898, 372821, or 372899.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 428-458 of SEQ ED NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-458 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-458 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO.

372817, 372895, 372818, 372896, 372819, 372897, 372820, or 372898.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 468-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 468-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 26 or 27. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 468-483 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372821 or 372899.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 587-607 of SEQ ED NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-607 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ BD NO 28, 29, 30, or 31. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-607 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372822, 372900, 372823, or 372901.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 715-736 of SEQ ED NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 715-736 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 715-736 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 346583, 346584, 346585, 346586, 346587, 346588, 346589, 346590, or 346591.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 929-944 of SEQ ED NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 929-944 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 41 or 42. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 929-944 of SEQ BD NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372824 or 372902. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1256-1319 of SEQ ED NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1319 of SEQ BD NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 43, 44, 45, or 46. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1319 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372825, 372903, 372826, or 372904. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1256-1271 of SEQ ED NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1271 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ BD NO 43 or 44. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1271 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372825 or 372903.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1304-1319 of SEQ ED NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1304-1319 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 45 or 46. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1304-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372826 or 372904.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2135-2150 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2135-2150 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 47 or 48. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2135-2150 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372829 or 372907. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2774-2794 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2774-2794 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 49, 50, 51, or 52. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2774-2794 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372832, 372910, 372833, or 372911.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2961-2976 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2961-2976 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 53 or 54. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2961-2976 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372835 or 372913. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 3248-3269 of SEQ DD NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3248-3269 of SEQ DD NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, or 63. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3248-3269 of SEQ DD NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346592, 346593, 346594, 346595, 346596, 346597, 346598, 346599, or 346600.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 3350-3375 of SEQ DD NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3350-3375 of SEQ DD NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, or 69. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3350-3375 of SEQ DD NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372836, 372914, 372837, 372915, 372838, or 372916.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 3409-3424 of SEQ DD NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3409-3424 of SEQ DD NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 70 or 73. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3409-3424 of SEQ DD NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372839, 387461, 380147, or 372917.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 3573-3588 of SEQ DD NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3573-3588 of SEQ DD NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 74 or 75. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3573-3588 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372840 or 372918. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 3701-3716 of SEQ DD NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3701-3716 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 76 or 77. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3701-3716 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372841 or 372919.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 4219-4234 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4219-4234 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 78 or 79. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4219-4234 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372843 or 372921.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 4301-4323 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4301-4323 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 80, 81, 82, or 83. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4301-4323 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372844, 372922,

372845, or 372923.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 5588-5609 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5588-5609 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, or 92. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5588-5609 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346601, 346602, 346603, 346604, 346605, 346606, 346607, 346608, or 346609.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 5924-5939 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5924-5939 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ EO NO 93 or 94. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5924-5939 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372851 or 372929.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6664-6679 of SEQ ED NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6664-6679 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 95 or 96. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6664-6679 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372854 or 372932.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6908-6923 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6908-6923 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 97 or 98. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6908-6923 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372855 or 372933. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 7190-7205 of SEQ ED NO: 1. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7190-7205 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 99 or 100. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7190-7205 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372856 or 372934.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 7817-7839 of SEQ ED NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7817-7839 of SEQ ED NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, or 111. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7817-7839 of SEQ ED NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372858, 372936, 346610, 346611, 346612, 346613, 346614, 346615, 346616, 346617, or 346618. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 7995-8010 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7995-8010 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 112 or 113. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7995-8010 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372859 or 372937.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 8336-8356 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8336-8356 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 114, 115, 116, or 117. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8336-8356 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372861, 372939, 372862, or 372940.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 8539-8554 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8539-8554 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 118 or 119. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8539-8554 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372863 or 372941.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 9344-9359 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9344-9359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 120 or 121. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9344-9359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372871 or 372949.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 9515-9530 of SEQ ED NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9515-9530 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 122 or 123. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9515-9530 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372872 or 372950. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 9794-9809 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9794-9809 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 124 or 125. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9794-9809 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372875 or 372953. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 10157-10187 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10157-10187 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, or 133. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10157-10187 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372877, 372955, 372878, 372956, 372879, 372957, 372880, or 372958. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 10838-10859 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10838-10859 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, or 142. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10838-10859 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346619, 346620, 346621, 346622, 346623, 346624, 346625, 346626, or 346627. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 13689-13714 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13689-13714 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, or 148. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13689-13714 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372890, 372968, 372891, 372969, 372892, or 372970. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 13907-13928 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13907-13928 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, or 157. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13907-13928 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346628, 346629, 346630, 346631, 346632, 346633, 346634, 346635, or 346636. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 13963-13984 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13963-13984 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, or 166. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13963-13984 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346637, 346638, 346639, 346640, 346641, 346642, 346643, 346644, or 346645.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 14051-14072 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 14051-14072 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, or 175. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 14051-14072 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346646, 346647, 346648, 346649, 346650, 346651, 346652, 346653, or 346654.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2' modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , Aminooxy (4'-CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and Oxyamino (4'-CH₂-N(R)- O-2') BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2' position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O-Ci-C,₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O- (CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), and O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C_rCio alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2'MOE nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5' wing and the 3' wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine,

-ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid have uniform monomelic linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid have mixed backbones. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of ApoB. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of ApoB using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a ApoB nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a ApoB nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap — wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2. 2. SGLT-2

Sodium dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) is expressed in the kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells, and functions to reabsorb glucose preventing glucose loss in the urine. For the human genome SGLT-2 is a member of an 11-membered family of sodium substrate co-transporters. Many of these family members share sequence homology, for example SGLT-I shares about 59% sequence identity with SGLT-2 and about 70% sequence identity with SGLT-3. SGLT-I is a glucose transporter found in the heart and the CNS. SGLT-3 is a glucose sensing sodium channel in the small intestine. The separate localization patterns for these SGLTs is one point of distinction between the homologous family members. (Handlon, A.L., Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2005) 15(l l):1532-1540; Kanai et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 93, 397-404; Wells et al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 1992, 263, F459-465).

Studies of human SGLT2 injected into Xenopus oocytes demonstrated that this protein mediates sodium-dependent transport of D-glucose and .alpha.-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (.alpha.-MeGlc; a glucose analog) with a Km value of 1.6 mM for .alpha. -MeGIc and a sodium to glucose coupling ratio of 1 : 1 (Kanai et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 93, 397-404; You et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 29365-29371). This transport activity was suppressed by phlorizin, a plant glycoside that binds to the glucose site of the SGLTs but is not transported and thus inhibits SGLT action (You et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 29365-29371).

Diabetes is a disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to deficient insulin action. Chronic hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for diabetes-associated complications, including heart disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. As the kidneys play a major role in the regulation of plasma glucose levels, renal glucose transporters are becoming attractive drug targets (Wright, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2001, 280, F10-18). Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease that develops in many patients with diabetes. Glucotoxicity, which results from long-term hyperglycemia, induces tissue-dependent insulin resistance in diabetic patients (Nawano et al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2000, 278, E535-543).

Definitions

"Sodium dependent glucose transporter 2" is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Sodium dependent glucose transporter 2 is generally referred to as SGLT2 but may also be referred to as SLC5A2; sodium-glucose transporter 2; sodium-glucose cotransporter, kidney low affinity; sodium-glucose cotransporter, renal; solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 2; SL52.

"SGLT2 nucleic acid" means any nucleic acid encoding SGLT2. For example, in certain embodiments, a SGLT2 nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding SGLT2, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding SGLT2, and an mRNA sequence encoding SGLT2. "SGLT2 mRNA" means an mRNA encoding a SGLT2 protein. Therapeutic indications

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are used to modulate expression of SGLT-2 and related proteins. In certain embodiments, such modulation is accomplished by providing short antisense compounds that hybridize with one or more target nucleic acid molecules encoding SGLT-2, including, but is not limited to, SGLT2, SL52, SLC5A2, Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter, Kidney Low Affinity Sodium- Glucose Co-Transporter, Renal Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 and Solute Carrier Family 5 Sodium/Glucose Co-Transporter Member 2. Also provided are methods of treating metabolic and/or cardiovascular disease and disorders as described herein. In particular embodiments, short antisense compounds that inhibit the expression of SGLT2 are used in methods of lowering blood glucose levels in an animal and methods of delaying or preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes. Such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of the invention to the animal, which may be in need of treatment. The one or more compounds can be a short antisense compound targeting a nucleic acid encoding SGLT2. Provided herein are methods of enhancing inhibition of expression of SGLT2 in kidney cells or kidney tissues, comprising contacting the cells or tissues with one or more of the compounds of the invention, such as short antisense compounds targeting a nucleic acid encoding SGLT2.

While certain compounds, compositions and methods have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds of the invention and are not intended to limit the same. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are chimeric oligomeric compounds having mixed phosphorothioate and phosphodiester backbones,. Certain mixed backbone short antisense compounds have a central gap comprising at least 5 contiguous 2'-deoxy nucleosides flanked by two wings each of which comprises at least one 2'-O-methoxyethyl nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the internucleoside linkages of the mixed backbone compounds are phosphorothioate linkages in the gap and phosphodiester linkages in the two wings. In certain embodiments, mixed backbone compounds have phosphorothioate linkages in the wings, except for one phosphodiester linkage at one or both of the extreme 5' and 3' ends of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds targeted to SGLT2 have a motif (wing - deoxy gap -wing) selected from 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 2-8-2, 1-9-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds targeted to SGLT2 have a motif (wing — deoxy gap - wing) selected from 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 2-8-2, 1-9-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a mixed backbone are efficiently delivered to the kidney, hi certain embodiments, administration of short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a mixed backbone results in modulation of target gene expression in the kidney. In certain such embodiments, there is little or no liver or kidney toxicity. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a mixed backbone are more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA and have a faster onset compared with a short antisense compound that does not have a mixed back-bone, but is otherwise identical. In certain such embodiments, such increase potency and/or reduced toxicity is in mouse and/or rat. In certain such embodiments, such increase potency and/or reduced toxicity is in a human.

By way of example, and only for illustrative purposes, ISIS 145733, which comprises uniform phosphorothioate linkages and ISIS 257016 which comprises phosphodiester linkage in the wings and phosphorothioate linkages in the gap, are otherwise identical. Both comprise the sequence GAAGTAGCCACCAACTGTGC (SEQ ID NO. 1572). Both of the oligonucleotides further comprise a gap consisting of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides, flanked on each side by five-nucleotide "2'-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) nucleotides. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The mixed back-bone compound, ISIS 257016, was about 50 times more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA compared to the non-mixed parent compound, ISIS 145733 (see EXAMPLE 9).

Pharmacokinetic studies of certain mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 indicate that in certain embodiments, the compound acts as a prodrug that is metabolized to a 12 nucleobase pharmacophore. Studies with ISIS 370717, a 12 nucleobase short antisense compound corresponding to ISIS 257016, show that the compound has a similar pharmacological profile to ISIS 257016 but with a faster onset of action. ISIS 370717 is a 12 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotide targeted to SGLT-2 comprising the sequence TAGCCACCAACT (SEQ ID NO. 1554), further comprising a gap consisting of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides, flanked on both sides by one-nucleotide wings. The wings are composed of 2'-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) nucleotides. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate (P=S) throughout the oligonucleotide. The similarity in pharmacological activity of ISIS 257016 and ISIS 370717 supports the pharmacokinetic studies indicating ISIS 257016 was a prodrug having a 12 nucleotide pharmacophore (see EXAMPLE 10). Further, studies with stabilized (end-capped) versions of ISIS 257016 show dramatic loss of activity.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprising 2' MOE monomers in the wings are efficiently delivered to the kidney and treatment with such compounds results in efficient modulation of target gene expression in the kidney without liver or kidney toxicity. It is further shown herein that in certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA and have a faster onset compared with parent oligonucleotides targeted to SGLT-2 mRNA in mouse and rat. 2' MOE gap shortmers are shown herein to improve potency and bioavailability over parent compounds.

By way of example, and only for illustrative purposes studies with ISIS 370717 reveal significantly higher accumulation of the short antisense compound in the kidney tissue (approximately 500 micro grams per gram of tissue) compared to the longer parent. Moreover, SGLT-2 mRNA was reduced by more than 80% over the controls (see EXAMPLE 11). ISIS 370717 1-10-1 gapmer was used as a template to make sequence related oligos with varying motifs. Studies evaluating wing, gap and total length variations around the ISIS 370717 12 mer oligonucleotide can be seen in EXAMPLE 12. Certain motifs evaluated included 1- 10-1, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3, and 1-6-1 (see Table 60 in EXAMPLE 12). The compounds were analyzed for their effect on SGLT2 mRNA levels. All the motifs inhibited the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose- dependent manner. The 1-10-1, 2-8-2 and 1-8-1 gapmers were found to be particularly potent. SGLT-2 mRNA was reduced by more than 80% over the controls using these motifs.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a motif selected from: 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmer. (see Table 62 in EXAMPLE 13). Certain such compounds were analyzed for their effect on rat SGLT2 mRNA. Results in Table 63 illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmers inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner and over 80% reduction of SGLT-2 mRNA could be achieved.

Certain additional 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmers were evaluated in both mouse and rat in vivo models (see, e.g., EXAMPLE 14 and 15). Greater than 80% reduction in SGLT-2 mRNA was achieved with many of the 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmers at relatively low concentrations of oligo and in the absence of any toxicity effects.

In another non-limiting example, the effect of ISIS 388625 on dog SGLT2 mRNA levels was also analyzed. Dog studies illustrate that greater than 80% inhibition of the expression of SGLT2 can be achieved at a 1 mg/kg/wk dose. Even greater inhibition can be achieved at slightly higher doses. Administration of ISIS 388625 in dog was also shown to improved glucose tolerance. Peak plasma glucose levels were decreased by over 50% on average and the subsequent drop in glucose was lessened compared to saline controls in a standard glucose tolerance test (See EXAMPLE 17). Also, in a rat model of diabetes, short antisense compounds were shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and HbAlC over time compared to PBS and control treated animals (See Example 16).

The animals in all studies were further evaluated for toxicity. For example, total body weight, liver, spleen and kidney weight were evaluated. Significant changes in spleen, liver or body weight can indicate that a particular compound causes toxic effects. All changes were found to be within the margin of error. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed.

Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM_003041.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 4 and 5.

The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO set forth in Tables 4 and 5 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, a monomelic linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Tables 4 and 5 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3. Table 4 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 3. Table 5 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 3. The column labeled 'gapmer motif indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2'-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2'-modified sugar. The particular 2'-modified sugar is also indicated in the 'gapmer motif column. For example, '2-10-2 MOE' means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2'-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless "unmodified cytosine" is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, "5-mC in gap only" indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.

Table 5: Short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 and having 1 or 2 mismatches

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 85-184 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 85-184 of SEQ ED NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 85-184 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, or 227. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 85-184 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 379684, 405193, 405194, 405195, 405196, 405197, 379685, 405198, 405199, 405200, 405201, 379686, 37971 l or 388628.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 113-132 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 113-132 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 113-132 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, or 224. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 113-132 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 405193, 405194, 405195, 405196, 405197, 379685, 405198, 405199, 405200, or 405201. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 207-329 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 207-329 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-329 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, or 241. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-329 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 405202, 405203, 405204, 379687, 405205, 405206, 405207, 405208, 405209, 405210, 405211, 405212, 379688, or 379689.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 207-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 207-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-273 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, or 239. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 405202, 405203, 405204, 379687, 405205, 405206, 405207, 405208, 405209, 405210, 405211, or 405212. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 207-219 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 207-219 of SEQ ID NO: 3. Li certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-219 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 228 or 229. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-219 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO.. 405202 or 405203. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 236-252 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 236-252 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 236-252 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, or 236. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 236-252 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405204, 379687, 405205, 405206, 405207, 405208, or 405209.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 260-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 260-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 260-273 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 237, 238, or 239. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 260-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405210, 405211, or 405212.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 435-640 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 435-640 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 435-640 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 242, 243, 245, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, or 264. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 435-640 of SEQ DD NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379690, 405248, 379691, 389780, 379692, 382676, 388625, 392170, 392173, 405213, 405214, 405215, 405216, 379693, 405217, 405218, 405219, 405220, 405221, 405222, 405223, 405224, or 379694. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 527-540 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 527-540 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 527-540 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 245, 246, or 251. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 527-540 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 389780, 379692, 382676, 388626, 392170, 392173, or 405213. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 564-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 564-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-603 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, or 263. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405214, 405215, 405216, 379693, 405217, 405218, 405219, 405220, 405221, 405222, 405223, or 405224.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 564-579 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 564-579 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-579 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 252, 253, 254, 256, or 257. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-579 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405214, 405215, 405216, 379693, 405217, or 405218.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 587-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 587-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-603 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, or 263. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405219, 405220, 405221, 405222, 405223, or 405224. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 974-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 974-1014 of SEQ DD NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 974-1014 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, or 274. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 974-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379696, 405226, 405227, 405228, 405229, 405230, 379697, or 405231.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 998-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 998-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 998-1014 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, or 274. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 998-1014 of SEQ DD NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405226, 405227, 405228, 405229, 405230, 379697, or 405231.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1091-1170 of SEQ DD NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1091-1170 of SEQ DD NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1170 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, or 287. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1170 of SEQ ED NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379698, 405232, 405233, 405234, 405235, 388626, 379699, 382677, 405236, 405237, 405238, 379700, or 405239.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1091-1104 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1091-1104 of SEQ ED NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1104 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 275, 276, or 277. In certain such embodiments, an short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1104 of SEQ ED NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379698, 405232, or 405233. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1130-1144 of SEQ ED NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1130-1144 of SEQ ED NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1130-1144 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 278, 279, 280, 281, or 283. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1130-1144 of SEQ ED NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405234, 405235, 388626, 379699, 382677, or 405236.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1157-1170 of SEQ ED NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1157-1170 of SEQ ED NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1157-1170 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 284, 285, or 287. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1157-1170 of SEQ ED NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405237, 405238, 379700, or 405239.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1542-1556 of SEQ ED NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1542-1556 of SEQ ED NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1542-1556 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 289, 290, 291, 292, or 293. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1542-1556 of SEQ ED NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405240, 405241, 405242, 388629, 379702, or 382678.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1976-1991 of SEQ ED NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1976-1991 of SEQ ED NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1991 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 296, 297, 298, 299, or 300. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1991 of SEQ ED NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405243, 405244, 405245, 405246, or 405247.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2' modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA' s. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'- CH₂-O-2') BNA , Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , Aminooxy (4'-CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and Oxyamino (4'-CH₂-N(R)-O-2') BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2' position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, 0-C_rCio alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, T- O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), and O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2'MOE nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5' wing and the 3' wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid have uniform monomelic linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid have mixed backbones.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of SGLT2. hi certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to an.SGLT2 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.

Li certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length, hi certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. Li certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. La certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. Li certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

3. PCSK9

In individuals with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH), elevated LDL-C levels have been linked to mutations in the genes encoding LDL-receptor (LDL-R), apolipoprotein B (apoB), or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) (Abifadel et al., Nat. Genet., 2003, 34:154-156). PCSK9 was identified as a third locus associated with ADH when gain-of-function mutations in PCSK9 were found to be linked to elevated LDL-C levels. ApoB participates in the intracellular assembly and secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and is a ligand for the LDL-R. PCSK9 is proposed to reduce LDL-R expression- levels in the liver. Reduced LDL-R expression results in reduced hepatic uptake of circulating ApoB- containing lipoproteins, which in turn leads to elevated cholesterol.

Definitions

"PCSK9" is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.

"PCSK9 nucleic acid" means any nucleic acid encoding PCSK9. For example, in certain embodiments, a PCSK9nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding PCSK9, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding PCSK9, and an mRNA sequence encoding PCSK9. "PCSK9 mRNA" means an mRNA encoding PCSK9.

PCSK9 Therapeutic Indications

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating the expression of PCSK9 in an individual comprising administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the individual has hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy were established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). The guidelines include obtaining a complete lipoprotein profile, typically after a 9 to 12 hour fast, for determination of LDL-C, total cholesterol, and HDL-C levels. According to the most recently established guidelines, LDL-C levels of 130-159 mg/dL, 160-189 mg/dL, and greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL are considered borderline high, high, and very high, respectively. Total cholesterol levels of 200-239 and greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL are considered borderline high and high, respectively. HDL-C levels of less than 40 mg/dL are considered low.

In certain embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy according to the guidelines established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 190 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual should maintain LDL-C below 70 mg/dL.

In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB-containing lipoprotein in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing VLDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing IDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing non-HDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Lp(a) in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing serum triglyceride in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing liver triglyceride in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Ox-LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small LDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small VLDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing oxidized phospholipids in an individual.

In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not lower HDL-C. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not result in accumulation of lipids in the liver. In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is for use in therapy. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a) , serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In additional embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of CHD risk. In certain the therapy is prevention of atherosclerosis. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the prevention of coronary heart disease. ._*.

In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a) , serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to PCKS9 is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing coronary heart disease risk. In certain embodiments a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

PCSK9 Combination Therapies

In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are coadministered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include lipid-lowering agents. In certain such embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the lipid-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin. In certain such embodiments the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments, cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the co-formulated lipid- lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor (MTP inhibitor).

In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is an oligonucleotide targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant. In certain such embodiments, the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam. In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid. In certain such embodiments, the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid. In certain such embodiments, a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate. Further examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (FVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-I inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and thyroid hormones); immunomodulators; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; osteoporosis agents (e.g., biphosphonates, calcitonin, and estrogens); prostaglandins, antineoplastic agents; psychotherapeutic agents; sedatives; poison oak or poison sumac products; antibodies; and vaccines.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in conjuction with a lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is LDL apheresis.

Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a PCSK9 Nucleic Acid

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM_174936.2, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 6 or Table 7. The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 6 and 7 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Tables 6 and 7 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ DD NO: 4. Table 6 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4. Table 7 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 4. The column labeled 'gapmer motif indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2'-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2 '-modified sugar. The particular 2'-modified sugar is also indicated in the 'gapmer motif column. For example, '2-10-2 MOE' means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2'-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless "unmodified cytosine" is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, "5-mC in gap only" indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.

Table 6: Short Antisense Compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4

Table 7: Short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 and having 1 or 2 mismatches

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 695-710 of SEQ DD NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 695-710 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 329, 330, or 331. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 695-710 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400297,

400298, or 400299. hi certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 742-770 of SEQ ID NO: 4. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 742-770 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 332 or 333. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 742-770 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400300 or 400301. hi certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 828-843 of SEQ ID NO: 4. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 828-843 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 334, 335, or 336. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 828-843 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS No. 400302,

400303, or 400304. hi certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, or 345. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400305, 400306, 400307, 400308, 400309, 400310, 400311, 400312, 400313, or 403739.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 937-965 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-965 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 337 or 338. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-965 of SEQ ED NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400305 or 400306.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 988-1007 of SEQ ED NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 988-1007 of SEQ ED NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, or 345. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ED NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400307, 400308, 400309, 400310, 400311, 400312, 4003313, or 403739.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1057-1160 of SEQ ED NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1160 of SEQ ED NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, or 355. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1160 of SEQ ED NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400314, 400315, 400316, 400317, 400318, 400319, 400320, 400321, 400322, or 400323.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ED NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ED NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, or 354. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ED NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400314, 400315, 400316, 400317, 400318, 400319, 400320, 400321, or 400322.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1057-1091 of SEQ ED NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1091 of SEQ ED NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 346, 347, 348, 349, or 350. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1091 of SEQ ED NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO.

400314, 400315, 400316, 400317, or 400318.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1093-1109 of SEQ ED NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1093-1109 of SEQ ED NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 351, 352, 353, or 354. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ED NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400319,

400320, 400321, or 400322.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1334-1349 of SEQ ED NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1334-1349 of SEQ ED NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 357, 358, or 359. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1334-1349 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400325, 400326, or 400327. hi certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1453-1469 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1453-1469 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 360, 361, 362, or 363. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1453-1469 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400328,

400329, 400330, 400331, or 403470.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1569-1591 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1569-1591 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, or 373. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1569-1591 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400332, 400333, 400334, 400335, 400336, 400337, 400338, 400339, 400340, or 400341. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1621-1637 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1621-1637 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 374, 375, 376, or 377. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1621-1637 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400342, 400343, 400344, or 400345. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1738-1754 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1738-1754 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 378, 379, 380, or 381. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1738-1754 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400346, 400347, 400348, or 400349. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1834-1853 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1834-1853 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, or 388. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1834-1853 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400350, 400351, 400352, 400353, 400354, 400355, or 400356. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2083-2099 of SEQ ED NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2083-2099 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 389, 390, 391, or 392. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2083-2099 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400357, 400358, 400359, or 400360. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2316-2338 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2316-2338 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, or 402. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2316-2338 of SEQ ED NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400361, 400362, 400363, 400364, 400365, 400366, 400367, 400368, 400369, or 400370.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2' modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , Aminooxy (4'-CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and Oxyamino (4'-CH₂-N(R)- O-2') BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2' position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, 0-C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O- (CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), and O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted CpC_1O alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2'MOE nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5' wing and the 3' wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a PCSK9 nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a PCSK9 nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap -wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1- 8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid have uniform monomelic linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid have mixed backbones. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of PCSK9. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

4. Superoxide Dismutase 1 Enzyme (SODl)

The enzymes known as the superoxide dismutases (SODs) provide defense against oxidative damage of biomolecules by catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (Fridovich, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1995, 64, 97-112). Two major classes of superoxide dismutases exist. One consists of a group of enzymes with active sites containing copper and zinc while the other class has either manganese or iron at the active site (Fridovich, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1995, 64, 97-112).

Mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene are associated with a dominantly-inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease) a disorder characterized by a selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (Cleveland and Liu, Nat. Med., 2000, 6, 1320- 1321). The deleterious effects of various mutations on superoxide dismutase 1 are most likely mediated through a gain of toxic function rather than a loss of superoxide dismutase 1 activity, as the complete absence of superoxide dismutase 1 in mice neither diminishes life nor provokes overt disease (Al-Chalabi and Leigh, Curr. Opin. Neurol, 2000, 13, 397-405; Alisky and Davidson, Hum. Gene Ther., 2000, 11, 2315-2329).

Over 100 mutations of the human SODl gene have been identified, and altogether account for approximately 20% of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases. Some mutations, such as the A4V mutation most commonly found in the United States, are highly lethal and result in survival only nine months from the onset of disease symptoms. Other mutations of SODl manifest in a slower disease course.

Definitions "SODl" means the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.

"SODl nucleic acid" means any nucleic acid encoding SODl . For example, in certain embodiments, a SODl nucleic acid includes, without limitations, a DNA sequence encoding SODl, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding SODl , and an mRNA sequence encoding SODl . "SOD 1 mRNA" means an mRNA encoding SOD 1.

SODl Therapeutic Indications

It has been discovered that antisense inhibition of superoxide dismutase 1 (SODl) in an animal model of familial ALS reduces both SODl mRNA and protein, and further results in a slowing of disease progression and, importantly, increased survival time. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for the slowing of disease progression in an individual suffering from familial ALS by administering to such an individual a short antisense compound targeted to an SODl nucleic acid. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SODl are delivered directly to the cerebrospinal fluid of the individual. In certain such embodiments, methods further comprise increasing survival time of an individual suffering from familial ALS. Slowing of disease progression is indicated by an improvement in one or more indicators of ALS disease progression, including, without limitation, the revised ALS functional rating scale, pulmonary function tests, and muscle strength measurements.

SODl Combination Therapies In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an SODl nucleic acid is co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately. In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid. In certain such embodiments, the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid. In certain such embodiments, a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofϊbrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.

Further examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to SODl include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-I inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and thyroid hormones); imrnunomodulators; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; osteoporosis agents (e.g., biphosphonates, calcitonin, and estrogens); prostaglandins, antineoplastic agents; psychotherapeutic agents; sedatives; poison oak or poison sumac products; antibodies; and vaccines.

Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a SODl Nucleic Acid

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a SODl nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM_X02317.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 8 or Table 9.

The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ DD NO in Tables 8 and 9 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ED NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.

Table 8 illustrates examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5. Table 8 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ED NO: 5. The column labeled 'gapmer motif indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2'-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2'-modified sugar. The particular 2'-modified sugar is also indicated in the 'gapmer motif column. For example, '2-10-2 MOE' means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2'-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless "unmodified cytosine" is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, "5-mC in gap only" indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a SODl nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a SODl nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap - wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.

Table 8: Short Antisense Compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 85-100 of SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 85-100 of SEQ ID NO: 5 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 406, 407, or 408. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 85-100 of SEQ ID NO: 5 is selected from Isis No. 387541, 387540, or 387539.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2' modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , Aminooxy (4'-CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and Oxyamino (4'-CH₂-N(R)- O-2') BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2' position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, 0-C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, 0- (CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), and O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2'MOE nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5' wing and the 3' wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid have uniform monomelic linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid have mixed backbones.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of SODl. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of SODl using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a SODl nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SODl comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SODl nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

5. CRP

CRP (also known as C-reactive protein and PTXl) is an essential human acute-phase reactant produced in the liver in response to a variety of inflammatory cytokines. The protein, first identified in 1930, is highly conserved and considered to be an early indicator of infectious or inflammatory conditions. Plasma CRP levels increase 1, 000-fold in response to infection, ischemia, trauma, burns, and inflammatory conditions. In clinical trials where patients receive lipid-lowering therapy, such as statin therapy, it has been demonstrated that patients having reductions in both LDL-C and CRP have a reduced risk of future coronary events relative to patients experiencing only reductions in LDL-C.

Definitions "CRP" means the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by a short antisense compound.

"CRP nucleic acid" means any nucleic acid encoding CRP. For example, in certain embodiments, a CRP nucleic acid includes, without limitations, a DNA sequence encoding CRP, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding CRP, and an mRNA sequence encoding CRP. "CRP mRNA" means an mRNA encoding CRP.

CRP Therapeutic Indications

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating CRP expression in an individual comprising administering to the individual a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the individual has hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease. In certain embodiments, the individual has acute coronary syndrome, vascular injury, arterial occlusion, unstable angina, post peripheral vascular disease, post myocardial infarction (MI), thrombosis, deep vein thrombus, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), chronic renal failure, complement activation, congestive heart failure, or systemic vasculitis. In certain embodiments, the individual has had a stroke.

In certain embodiments, the individual has undergone a procedure selected from elective stent placement, angioplasty, post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA), cardiac transplantation, renal dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass.

In certain embodiments, the individual has an inflammatory disease. In certain such embodiments, the inflammatory disease is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis.

Guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy were established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). The guidelines include obtaining a complete lipoprotein profile, typically after a 9 to 12 hour fast, for determination of LDL-C, total cholesterol, and HDL-C levels. According to the most recently established guidelines, LDL-C levels of 130-159 mg/dL, 160-189 mg/dL, and greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL are considered borderline high, high, and very high, respectively. Total cholesterol levels of 200-239 and greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL are considered borderline high and high, respectively. HDL-C levels of less than 40 mg/dL are considered low. In certain embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy according to the guidelines established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel HI (ATP HI) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 190 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual should maintain LDL-C below 70 mg/dL.

In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing CRP in an individual. In certain such embodiments, the reduction in CRP is at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, and at least 100%.

In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not lower HDL-C. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not result in accumulation of lipids in the liver. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not cause hepatic steatosis. hi certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering CRP concentration in a subject while reducing side effects associated with treatment. In certain such embodiments, a side effect is liver toxicity, hi certain such embodiments, a side effect is abnormal liver function, hi certain such embodiments, a side effect is elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In certain such embodiments, a side effect is elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST).

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering CRP concentration in a subject who is not reaching target LDL-C levels as a result of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is the only pharmaceutical agent administered to the subject, hi certain such embodiments, the subject has not complied with recommended lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is co-administered with an additional different lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is LDL-apheresis. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is a statin. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is ezetimibe.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering CRP concentration in a statin- intolerant subject. In certain such embodiments, the subject has creatine kinase concentration increases as a result of statin administration, hi certain such embodiments, the subject has liver function abnormalities as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments the subject has muscle aches as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments the subject has central nervous system side effects as a result of statin administration. In certain embodiments, the subject has not complied with recommended statin administration.

In certain embodiments the methods provided improve the cardiovascular outcome in a subject. In certain such embodiments improved cardiovascular outcome is the reduction of the risk of developing coronary heart disease. In certain such embodiments, improved cardiovascular outcome is a reduction in the occurance of one or more major cardiovascular events, which include, but are not limited to, death, myocardial infarction, reinfarction, stroke, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and atrial dysrhythmia. In certain such embodiments, the improved cardiovascular outcome is evidenced by improved carotid intimal media thickness. In certain such embodiments, improved carotid intimal media thickness is a decrease in thickness. In certain such embodiments, improved carotid intimal media thickness is a prevention an increase of intimal media thickness.

In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is for use in therapy. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of CRP in an individual. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non- familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, or early onset coronary heart disease. In additional embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of CHD risk. In certain the therapy is prevention of atherosclerosis. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the prevention of coronary heart disease. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, chronic renal failure, vascular injury, arterial occlusion, atherothrombosis, unstable angina, post peripheral vascular disease, post myocardial infarction (MI), thrombosis, deep vein thrombus, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), complement activation, congestive heart failure, or systemic vasculitis. In certain embodiments the therapy is the treatment of an individual who has undergone a procedure selected from elective stent placement, angioplasty, post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA), cardiac transplantation, renal dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the treatment of an inflammatory disorder.

In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing CRP in an individual. In certain embodiments pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing coronary heart disease risk. In certain embodiments a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, or one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease.

In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, chronic renal failure, vascular injury, arterial occlusion, atherothrombosis, unstable angina, post peripheral vascular disease, post myocardial infarction (MI), thrombosis, deep vein thrombus, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), complement activation, congestive heart failure, or systemic vasculitis. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an individual who has had a stroke.

In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment in an individual who has undergone a procedure selected from elective stent placement, angioplasty, post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA), cardiac transplantation, renal dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass.

In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disease. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis.

CRP Combination Therapies

In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, the one or more other pharmaceutical agents is a lipid-lowering agent. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid include lipid-lowering agents. In certain such embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the lipid-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the dose of a coadministered lipid-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin. In certain such embodiments the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is ISIS 301012. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments, cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the co-formulated lipid- lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor (MTP inhibitor). In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant. In certain such embodiments, the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam. In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid. In certain such embodiments, the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid. In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid. In certain such embodiments, a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofϊbrate, clofibrate, bezafϊbrate, and ciprofϊbrate. Further examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-I inhibitors, and

COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and thyroid hormones); immunomodulators; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; osteoporosis agents (e.g., biphosphonates, calcitonin, and estrogens); prostaglandins, antineoplastic agents; psychotherapeutic agents; sedatives; poison oak or poison sumac products; antibodies; and vaccines.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid may be administered in conjuction with a lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is LDL apheresis.

Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a CRP nucleic acid

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a CRP nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM_000567.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 9.

The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Table 9 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.

Table 9 illustrates examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6. Table 9 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ DD NO: 6. The column labeled 'gapmer motif indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2'-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2 '-modified sugar. The particular 2'-modified sugar is also indicated in the 'gapmer motif column. For example, '2-10-2 MOE' means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2'-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless "unmodified cytosine" is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, "5-mC in gap only" indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a CRP nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a CRP nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap - wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1305-1320 of NM_000567.1. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 1305-1320 of NM_000567.1 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1305 or 1306. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 263-278 of NM_000567.1 is selected from Isis NO. 353484 or 353485.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1257-1272 of NM_000567.1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1257-1272 of NM 000567.1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 1257 or 1258. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-483 of NM_000567.1 is selected from Isis NO. 353506 or 353507.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2' modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA' s. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , Aminooxy (4'-CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and Oxyamino (4'-CH₂-N(R)-O- 2') BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2' position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, 0-C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, 0-(CH₂)₂- O-N(R_m)(R_n), and O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2'MOE nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5' wing and the 3' wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid have uniform monomelic linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid have mixed backbones.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of CRP. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of CRP using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

6. Glucocorticoid Receptor (GCCR)

Glucocorticoids were among the first steroid hormones to be identified and are responsible for a multitude of physiological functions, including the stimulation of gluconeogenesis, decreased glucose uptake and utilization in peripheral tissues, increased glycogen deposition, suppression of immune and inflammatory responses, inhibition of cytokine synthesis and acceleration of various developmental events. Glucocorticoids are also especially important for combating stress. Stress-induced elevation of glucocorticoid synthesis and release leads to, among other responses, increased ventricular workload, inhibition of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of cytokine synthesis and increased glucose production (Karin, Cell, 1998, 93, 487-490).

Both natural glucocorticoids and their synthetic derivatives exert their action through the glucocorticoid receptor, a ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic member of the nuclear hormone superfamily of receptors. Human glucocorticoid receptor is also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1; NR3C1; GCCR; GCR; GRL; Glucocorticoid receptor, lymphocyte. The gene is located on human chromosome 5ql l-ql3 and consists of 9 exons (Encio and Detera-Wadleigh, J Biol Chem, 1991, 266, 7182- 7188; Gehring et al., Proc Natl Acad Sd U S A, 1985, 82, 3751-3755). Multiple forms of human glucocorticoid receptor mRNA exist: a 5.5 kb human glucocorticoid receptor α cDNA containing exons 1-8 and exon 9α; a 4.3 kb human glucocorticoid receptor β cDNA containing exons 1-8 and exon 9β; and a 7.0 kb human glucocorticoid receptor α cDNA containing exons 1-8 and the entire exon 9, which includes exon 9α, exon 9β and the 'J region', which is flanked by exons 9α and 9β (Hollenberg et al., Nature, 1985, 318, 635- 641; Oakley et al., J Biol Chem, 1996, 271, 9550-9559). Human glucocorticoid receptor α is the predominant isoform of the receptor and the one that exhibits steroid binding activity (Hollenberg et al., Nature, 1985, 318, 635-641). Additionally, through usage of three different promoters three different exon 1 variants can be transcribed, and alternative splicing of one exon 1 variant can result in three different versions of this exon. Thus, human glucocorticoid receptor mRNA may contain 5 different versions of exon 1 (Breslin et al., MoI Endocrinol, 2001, 15, 1381-1395).

Examination of the expression patterns of the α and β isoforms of human glucocorticoid receptor mRNA reveals that the α isoform is more abundantly expressed. Both isoforms are expressed in similar tissues and cell types, including lung, kidney, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, macrophages, neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Only human glucocorticoid receptor α is expressed in colon. At the level of protein, while the α isoform is detected in all tissues examined, the β isoform is undetectable, suggesting that under physiological conditions, the default splicing pathway is the one that produces the α isoform (Pujols et al., Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2002, 283, C1324-1331). The β isoform of glucocorticoid receptor binds neither a glucocorticoid agonist nor an antagonist. Furthermore, the β isoform is localized primarily in the nucleus in transfected cells, independent of hormone stimulation. When both isoforms are expressed in the same cell, the glucocorticoid receptor β inhibits the hormone-induced, glucocorticoid receptor α-mediated stimulation of gene expression, suggesting that the β isoform functions as an inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptor α activity (Oakley et al., J Biol Chem, 1996, 271, 9550-9559). Unless otherwise noted, the human glucocorticoid receptor described herein is defined as the ubiquitous product(s) of the gene located on chromosome 5ql 1-ql 3.

Cell lines transfected with a complementary glucocorticoid receptor antisense RNA strand exhibited a reduction in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels and a decreased response to the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone (Pepin and Barden, MoI Cell Biol, 1991, 11, 1647-1653). Transgenic mice bearing an antisense glucocorticoid receptor gene construct were used to study the glucocorticoid feedback effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (Pepin et al., Nature, 1992, 355, 725-728). In another study of similarly genetically engineered mice, energy intake and expenditure, heart and vastus lateralis muscle lipoprotein lipase activity, and heart and brown adipose tissue norepinephrine were lower than in control animals. Conversely, fat content and total body energy were significantly higher than in control animals. These results suggest that a defective glucocorticoid receptor system may affect energy balance through increasing energetic efficiency, and they emphasize the modulatory effects of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes on muscle lipoprotein lipase activity (Richard et al., Am J Physiol, 1993, 265, R146-150).

Behavorial effects of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists have been measured in animal models designed to assess anxiety, learning and memory. Reduced expression of glucocorticoid receptor in rats long- term intracerebroventricularly infused with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting glucocorticoid receptor mRNA did not interfere with spatial navigation in the Morris water maze test (Engelmann et al., Eur J Pharmacol, 1998, 361, 17-26). Bilateral infusion of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting the glucocorticoid receptor mRNA into the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampus reduced the immobility of rats in the Porsolt forced swim test (Korte et al., Eur J Pharmacol, 1996, 301, 19-25).

Glucocorticoids are frequently used for their immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of diseases such as allergies, athsma, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, systemic lupus erythematosus and degenerative osteoarthritis. Negative regulation of gene expression, such as that caused by the interaction of glucocorticoid receptor with NF-kB, is proposed to be at least partly responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids in vivo. Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 are the three cytokines that account for most of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stimulation during the stress of inflammation. The HPA axis and the systemic sympathetic and adrenomedullary system are the peripheral components of the stress system, responsible for maintaining basal and stress-related homeostasis. Glucocorticoids, the end products of the HPA axis, inhibit the production of all three inflammatory cytokines and also inhibit their effects on target tissues, with the exception of interleukin-6, which acts synergistically with glucocorticoids to stimulate the production of acute-phase reactants. Glucocorticoid treatment decreases the activity of the HPA axis (Chrousos, N Engl J Med, 1995, 332, 1351 -1362).

In some cases, patients are refractory to glucocorticoid treatment. One reason for this resistance to steroids lies with mutations or polymorphisms present in the glucocorticoid receptor gene. A total of 15 missense, three nonsense, three frameshift, one splice site, and two alternative spliced mutations, as well as 16 polymorphisms, have been reported in the NR3C1 gene in association with glucocorticoid resistance (Bray and Cotton, Hum Mutat, 2003, 21, 557-568). Additional studies in humans have suggested a positive association between metabolic syndrome incidence and progression, with alleles at the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene (Rosmond, Obes Res, 2002, 10, 1078-1086).

Other cases of glucocorticoid insensitivity are associated with altered expression of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms. A study of human glucocorticoid receptor β isoform mRNA expression in glucocorticoid- resistant ulcerative colitis patients revealed the presence of this mRNA was significantly higher than in the glucocorticoid-sensitive patients, suggesting that the expression of human glucocorticoid receptor β mRNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells may serve as a predictor of glucocorticoid response in ulcerative colitis (Honda et al., Gastroenterology, 2000, 118, 859-866). Increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor β is also observed in a significantly high number of glucocorticoid-insensitive asthmatics. Additionally, cytokine-induced abnormalities in the DNA binding capacity of the glucocorticoid receptor were found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from glucocorticoid-insensitive patients transfection, and HepG2 cells with the glucocorticoid receptor β gene resulted in a significant reduction of glucocorticoid receptor α DNA- binding capacity (Leung et al., J Exp Med, 1997, 186, 1567-1574). Dexamethasone binding studies demonstrate that human glucocorticoid receptor β does not alter the affinity of glucocorticoid receptor α for hormonal ligands, but rather its ability to bind to the GRE (Bamberger et al., J Clin Invest, 1995, 95, 2435- 2441). Taken together, these results illustrate that glucocorticoid receptor β, through competition with glucocorticoid receptor α for GRE target sites, may function as a physiologically and pathophysiologically relevant endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action.

In the liver, glucocorticoid agonists increase hepatic glucose production by activating the glucocorticoid receptor, which subsequently leads to increased expression of the gluconeogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase. Through gluconeogenesis, glucose is formed through non-hexose precursors, such as lactate, pyruvate and alanine (Link, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2003, 4, 421-429). Steroidal glucocorticoid receptor antagonists such as RU 486 have been tested in rodent models of diabetes. Mice deficient in the leptin receptor gene, termed db/db mice, are genetically obese, diabetic and hyperinsulinemic. Treatment of hyperglycemic db/db mice with RU 486 decreased blood glucose levels by approximately 49%, without affecting plasma insulin levels. Additionally, RU 486 treatment reduced the expression of glucocorticoid receptor responsive genes PEPCK, glucose-6- phosphatase, glucose transporter type 2 and tyrosine aminotransferase in db/db mice as compared to untreated animals (Friedman et al., J Biol Chem, 1997, 272, 31475-31481). RU 486 also ameliorates diabetes in the ob/ob mouse model of diabetes, obesity and hyperinsulinemia, through a reduction in serum insulin and blood glucose levels (Gettys et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 1997, 21, 865-873).

As increased gluconeogenesis is considered to be the major source of increased glucose production in diabetes, a number of therapeutic targets for the inhibition of hepatic glucose production have been investigated. Due to the ability of antagonists of the glucocorticoid receptor to ameliorate diabetes in animal models, such compounds are among the potential therapies being explored. However, there are detrimental systemic effects of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, including activation of the HPA axis (Link, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2003, 4, 421-429). Increased HPA axis activity is associated with suppression of immune- related inflammatory action, which can increase susceptibility to infectious agents and neoplasms. Conditions associated with suppression of immune-mediated inflammation through defects in the HPA axis, or its target tissues, include Cushing's syndrome, chronic stress, chronic alcoholism and melancholic depression (Chrousos, N Engl J Med, 1995, 332, 1351-1362). Thus, it is of great value to develop liver- specific glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Steroidal glucocorticoid receptor antagonists have been conjugated to bile acids for the purpose of targeting them to the liver (Apelqvist et al., 2000). Currently, there are no known therapeutic agents that target the glucocorticoid receptor without undesired peripheral effects (Link, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2003, 4, 421-429). Consequently, there remains a long felt need for agents capable of effectively inhibiting hepatic glucocorticoid receptor.

Definitions

"Glucocorticoid receptor" is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Glucocorticoid receptor is generally referred to as GCCR.

"GCCR nucleic acid" means any nucleic acid encoding GCCR. For example, in certain embodiments, a GCCR nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding GCCR, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding GCCR, and an mRNA sequence encoding GCCR. "GCCR mRNA" means an mRNA encoding GCCR.

Therapeutic indications

Antisense technology is an effective means of reducing the expression of specific gene products and therefore is useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic and research applications for the modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, liver is one of the tissues in which the highest concentrations of antisense oligonucleotides are found following administration (Geary et al., Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2001, 2, 562-573). Therefore, in such embodiments, antisense technology represents an attractive method for the liver-specific inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding glucocorticoid receptor are preferentially distributed to the liver. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have increased potency in the liver when compared to a longer parent compound. In certain embodiments, target RNA is predominantly expressed in the liver.

For therapeutics, a subject, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of GCCR is treated by administering one or more short antisense compound. In a non-limiting example, the methods comprise the step of administering to an animal a therapeutically effective amount of a short antisense compound. Certain short antisense compounds inhibit the activity of GCCR and/ or inhibit expression of GCCR. In certain embodiments, the activity or expression of GCCR in a subject is inhibited by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%. In certain embodiments, the activity or expression of GCCR in a subject is inhibited by at least 30%. In certain embodiments, the activity or expression of GCCR in a subject is inhibited by at least 50% or more.

The reduction of the expression of GCCR may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. In certain embodiments, cells contained within such fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed comprise nucleic acids encoding GCCR and/or they contain the GCCR protein itself.

Certain pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising short antisense compounds are also provided. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding to them an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap - wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, . In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap -wing) selected from 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2. . In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap -wing) selected from 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 2-10-2 and 2-8-2.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an individual by administering one or more short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such compound. Further provided are methods of treating a subject having a disease or conditions associated with GCCR activity by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid. In addition to diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, diseases and conditions associated with GCCR include but are not limited to, obesity, Metabolic syndrome X, Cushing's Syndrome, Addison's disease, inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rhinitis and arthritis, allergy, autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency, anorexia, cachexia, bone loss or bone frailty, and wound healing. Metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome X or simply Syndrome X refers to a cluster of risk factors that include obesity, dyslipidemia, particularly high blood triglycerides, glucose intolerance, high blood sugar and high blood pressure. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to GCCR are used for amelioration of hyperglycemia induced by systemic steroid therapy. Moreover, antisense technology provides a means of inhibiting the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor β isoform, demonstrated to be overexpressed in patients refractory to glucocorticoid treatment.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding GCGR, and which modulate the expression of glucocorticoid receptor. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of screening for modulators of glucocorticoid receptor and methods of modulating the expression of glucocorticoid receptor in cells, tissues or animals comprising contacting said cells, tissues or animals with one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention. Methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of glucocorticoid receptor are also set forth herein. Such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention to the person in need of treatment.

Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid having the sequence of nucleotides 1 to 106000 of GENBANK® Accession No. ACO 12634, incorporated herein as SEQ ED NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ED NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ED NO: 8 is 100% complementary to SEQ ED NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ED NO: 8 includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 10 and 11.

The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ED NO in Tables 10 and 11 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ED NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 2-10-2 gapmer motif.

Tables 10 and 11 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8. Table 10 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8. Table 11 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 8. The column labeled 'gapmer motif indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2'-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2'-modified sugar. The particular 2 '-modified sugar is also indicated in the 'gapmer motif column. For example, '2-10-2 MOE' means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2'-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless "unmodified cytosine" is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, "5-mC in gap only" indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.

Table 10: Short Antisense Compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8

Table 11: Short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 and having 1 or 2 mismatches

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 88142-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 88142-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88269 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, or 418. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371644, 371645, 371649, 371651, 371652, or 371653.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 88142-88169 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 88142-88169 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88169 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 413 or 414. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88169 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371644 or 371645.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 88242-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 88242-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88242-88269 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 416, 417, or 418. hi certain such embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88242-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371651, 371652, or 371653. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 92037-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 92037-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92037-92155 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 419, 420, 421, or 422. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92037-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371665, 371669, 371671, or 171673.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 92114-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 92114-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92114-92155 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 421 or 422. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92114-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371671 or 171673. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more, preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2' modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , Aminooxy (4'-CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and Oxyamino (4'-CH₂-N(R)- O-2') BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2' position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O-C_rC₁₀alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, 0- (CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), and O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2'MOE nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5' wing and the 3' wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid have mixed backbones.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of GCCR. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of GCCR using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

7. Glucagon Receptor (GCGR) The maintenance of normal glycemia is a carefully regulated metabolic event. Glucagon, the 29- amino acid peptide responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels in the postabsorbative state, increases glucose release from the liver by activating hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, stimulating lipolysis in adipose tissue, and stimulating insulin secretion. During high blood glucose levels, insulin reverses the glucagon-mediated enhancement of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. In patients with diabetes, insulin is either not available or not fully effective. While treatment for diabetes has traditionally focused on increasing insulin levels, antagonism of glucagon function has been considered as an alternative therapy. As glucagon exerts its physiological effects by signaling through the glucagon receptor, the glucagon receptor has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes (Madsen et al., Curr. Pharm. Des., 1999, 5, 683-691).

Glucagon receptor is belongs to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors having seven transmembrane domains. It is also a member of the smaller sub-family of homologous receptors which bind peptides that are structurally similar to glucagon. The gene encoding human glucagon receptor was cloned in 1994 and analysis of the genomic sequence revealed multiple introns and an 82% identity to the rat glucagon receptor gene (Lok et al., Gene, 1994, 140, 203-209.; MacNeil et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1994, 198, 328-334). Cloning of the rat glucagon receptor gene also led to the description of multiple alternative splice variants (Maget et al., FEBS Lett., 1994, 351, 271-275). The human glucagon receptor gene is localized to chromosome 17q25 (Menzel et al., Genomics, 1994, 20, 327-328). A missense mutation of GIy to Ser at codon 40 in the glucagon receptor gene leads to a 3-fold lower affinity for glucagon (Fujisawa et al., Diabetologia, 1995, 38, 983-985) and this mutation has been linked to several disease states, including non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Fujisawa et al., Diabetologia, 1995, 38, 983-985), hypertension (Chambers and Morris, Nat. Genet., 1996, 12, 122), and central adiposity (Siani et al., Obes. Res., 2001, 9, 722-726).

Definitions

"Glucagon receptor" is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Glucagon receptor is generally referred to as GCGR but may also be referred to as GR, GGR, MGC 138246, MGC93090.

"GCGR nucleic acid" means any nucleic acid encoding GCGR. For example, in certain embodiments, a GCGR nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a GCGR sequence encoding GCGR, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding GCGR, and an mRNA sequence encoding GCGR. "GCGR mRNA" means an mRNA encoding a GCGR protein.

Therapeutic Indications

Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing glucagon receptor (GCGR) expression and has proven to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. As such, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding glucagon receptor, and which modulate the expression of glucagon receptor. Further provided herein are short antisense compounds capable of inhibiting GCGR expression. Also provided herein are methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, because short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid inhibit GCGR expression, provided herein are methods of treating a subject having a disease or condition associated with GCGR activity by administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid. For example, provided herein are methods of treating a subject having high blood glucose, hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and/or insulin resistance. Also contemplated herein are pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more short antisense compounds targeted to GCGR and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, enhancer or excipient. Certain compounds of the invention can also be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases and disorders related to glucagon effects mediated by GCGR.

Certain embodiments of the present invention include methods of reducing the expression of GCGR in tissues or cells comprising contacting said cells or tissues with a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid encoding GCGR or pharmaceutical composition comprising such a short antisense compound. In certain such embodiments, the invention provides methods of decreasing blood glucose levels, blood triglyceride levels, or blood cholesterol levels in a subject comprising administering to the subject a short antisense compound or a pharmaceutical composition. Blood levels may be plasma levels or serum levels. Also contemplated are methods of improving insulin sensitivity, methods of increasing GLP-I levels and methods of inhibiting hepatic glucose output in an animal comprising administering to said animal an antisense oligonucleotide or a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. An improvement in insulin sensitivity may be indicated by a reduction in circulating insulin levels.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating a subject having a disease or condition associated with glucagon activity via GCGR comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a short antisense compound or a pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, such disease or condition may be a metabolic disease or condition. In certain embodiments, the metabolic disease or condition is diabetes, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome X, obesity, primary hyperglucagonemia, insulin deficiency, or insulin resistance. In some embodiments, the diabetes is Type 2 diabetes. In some embodiments the obesity is diet-induced. In some embodiments, hyperlipidemia is associated with elevated blood lipid levels. Lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides. In one embodiment, the condition is liver steatosis. In some embodiments, the steatosis is steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of preventing or delaying the onset of elevated blood glucose levels in an animal as well as methods of preserving beta-cell function in an animal using the oligomeric compounds delineated herein.

Certain short antisense compounds targeted to GCGR can be used to modulate the expression of GCGR in a subject in need thereof, such as an animal, including, but not limited to, a human In certain embodiments, such methods comprise the step of administering to said animal an effective amount of a short antisense compound that reduces expression of GCGR RNA. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds effectively reduce the levels or function of GCGR RNA. Because reduction in GCGR mRNA levels can lead to alteration in GCGR protein products of expression as well, such resultant alterations can also be measured. Certain antisense compounds that effectively reduce the levels or function of GCGR RNA or protein products of expression is considered an active antisense compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds reduce the expression of GCGR causing a reduction of RNA by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%.

Further provided are methods of screening for modulators of glucagon receptor and methods of modulating the expression of glucagon receptor in cells, tissues or animals comprising contacting said cells, tissues or animals with one or more short antisense compounds targeted to GCGR or with compositions comprising such compounds. Methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of glucagon receptor are also set forth herein. Certain such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention to the person in need of treatment. The reduction of the expression of glucagon receptor may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding glucagon receptor protein and/or the glucagon receptor protein itself. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising short antisense compounds are also provided. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding GCGR are utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

The short antisense compounds targeting a GCGR nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCGR nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap -wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCGR nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap -wing) selected from 1-12-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, 3-8-3, 1-1-10-2.

Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid having the sequence GENBANK® Accession No. NM OOO 160.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ DD NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 12 and 13. The nucleotide sequences set forth in each SEQ DD NO in Tables 12 and 13 are independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ DD NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 3-10-3 gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 3-8-3 gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 2-10-2 gapmer motif.

Tables 12 and 13 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9. Table 12 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9. Table 13 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 9. The column labeled 'gapmer motif indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2'-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2 '-modified sugar. The particular 2'-modified sugar is also indicated in the 'gapmer motif column. For example, '2-10-2 MOE' means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2'-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless "unmodified cytosine" is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, "5-mC in gap only" indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.

Table 12: Short Antisense Compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9

Table 13: Short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 and having 1 or 2 mismatches

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 378-391 of SEQ ED NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 378-391 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 378-391 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 486 or 487. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 378-391 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338463 or 338534.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 499-521 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 499-521 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 499-521 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, or 497. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 499-521 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327130, 327131, 327132, 327133, 327134, 327135, 327136, 327137, 327138, or 327139.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 531-553 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 531-553 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-553 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, or 507. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-553 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327140, 327141, 327142, 327143, 327144, 327145, 327146, 327147, 327148, or 327149.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 545-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 545-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 545-567 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ K) .NO 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, or 517. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 545-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327150, 327151, 327152, 327153, 327154, 327155, 327156, 327157, 327158, or 327159.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 531-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 531-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-567 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, or 517. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327140, 327141, 327142, 327143, 327144, 327145, 327146, 327147, 327148, 327149, 327150, 327151, 327152, 327153, 327154, 327155, 327156, 327157, 327158, or 327159.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 684-714 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 684-714 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 684-714 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 518, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, or 536. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 684- 714 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 345897, 327160, 327161, 327162, 327163, 327164, 327165, 327166, 327167, 327168, 327169, 327170, 327171, 327172, 327173, 327174, 327175, 327176, or 327177.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 869-891 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 869-891 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 869-891 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, or 546. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 869-891 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327178, 327179, 327180, 327181, 327182, 327183, 327184, 327185, 327186, or 327187. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 955-977 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 955-977 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 955-977 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, or 556. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 955-977 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327188, 327189, 327190, 327191, 327192, 327193, 327194, 327195, 327196, or 327197.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1019-1041 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1019-1041 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1019-1041 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, or 566. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1019-1041 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327198, 327199, 327200, 327201, 327202, 327203, 327204, 327205, 327206, or 327207.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1160-1175 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1160-1175 of SEQ ED NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1160-1175 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 567 or 568. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1160-1175 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338491 or 338562.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1307-1377 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1307-1377 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1377 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 569, 570, 571, 572, or 573. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1377 of SEQ ED NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338498, 338569, 338499, 338570, or 385067.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1307-1414 of SEQ ED NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1307-1414 of SEQ ED NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1414 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, or 574. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1414 of SEQ ED NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338498, 338569, 338499, 338570, 385067, or 338573.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2' modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , Aminooxy (4'-CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and Oxyamino (4'-CH₂-N(R)- O-2') BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2' position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, 0-C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O- (CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), and O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_π), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C_1O alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2'MOE nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5' wing and the 3' wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid have uniform monomelic linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid have mixed backbones.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of GCGR. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of GCGR using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

8. DGAT2 Diacylglycerol transferase 2 (also known as DGAT2, diacylglycerol O-transferase 2, acyl- CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2), Diacylglycerol transferase 2 has been shown to be implicated in the absorption process of triglycerides (also called triacylglycerols) from food.

The absorption of triglycerides from food is a very efficient process which occurs by a series of steps wherein the dietary triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen and then resynthesized within enterocytes. The resynthesis of triacylglycerols can occur via the monoacylglycerol pathwaywhich commences with monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) catalyzing the synthesis of diacylglycerol from monoacylglycerol and fatty acyl-CoA. An alternative synthesis of diacylglycerols is provided by the glycerol-phosphate pathway which describes the coupling of two molecules of fatty acyl-CoA to glycerol-3- phosphate. In either case, diacylglycerol is then acylated with another molecule of fatty acyl-CoA in a reaction catalyzed by one of two diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzymes to form the triglyceride (Farese et al., Curr. Opin. Lipidol, 2000, 11, 229-234).

The reaction catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase is the final and only committed step in triglyceride synthesis. As such, diacylglycerol acyltransferase is involved in intestinal fat absorption, lipoprotein assembly, regulating plasma triglyceride concentrations, and fat storage in adipocytes. The first diacylglycerol acyltransferase, diacylglycerol transferase 1, was identified in 1960 and the human and mouse genes encoding this protein were isolated in 1998 (Cases et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. U. S. A., 1998, 95, 13018-13023; Oelkers et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 26765-26771). Mice lacking diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 are viable and can still synthesize triglycerides through other biological routes, suggesting the existence of multiple mechanisms for triglyceride synthesis (Smith et al., Nat. Genet, 2000, 25, 87-90). A second diacylglycerol transferase, diacylglycerol transferase 2 (also known as DGAT2, diacylglycerol O-transferase 2, acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2), was subsequently identified in the fungus Mortierella, humans and mice (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876; Lardizabal et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38862-38869). Enzymatic assays indicate that this recently identified protein does possess diacylglycerol transferase activity that utilizes a broad range of long chain fatty acyl-CoA substrates (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876).

Diacylglycerol transferase 2 is a member of a family of genes whose sequences are unrelated to diacylglycerol transferase 1. In addition to differing in sequence compared to diacylglycerol transferase 1, in vitro assays illustrate that diacylglycerol transferase 2 has higher activity at lower concentrations of magnesium chloride and oleoyl-CoA (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876). The predicted protein sequence of diacylglycerol transferase 2 contains at least one putative transmembrane domain, three potential N-linked glycosylation sites, six potential protein kinase C phosphorylation consensus sites, as well as sequences in common with a putative glycerol phosphorylation site found in acyltransferase enzymes (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876). The International Radiation Hybrid Mapping Consortium has mapped human diacylglycerol transferase 2 to chromosome 1 IqI 3.3. In human tissues, the highest levels of diacylglycerol transferase 2 are detected in liver and white adipose tissues, with lower levels found in mammary gland, testis and peripheral blood leukocytes (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876). Two mRNA species of 2.4 and 1.8 kilobases are detected in human tissues, whereas the major diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA species in mouse tissues is 2.4 kilobases. In addition to liver and white adipose tissues, diacylglycerol transferase 2 is expressed in all segments of the small intestine in mice, with higher expression in the proximal intestine and lower expression in the distal intestine (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876).

Diacylglycerol transferase activity exhibits distinct patterns during postnatal development of the rat liver. As there is no correlation between the mRNA expression and activity patterns, post-translational modifications may participate in the regulation of diacylglycerol transferase 2 activity during rat development (Waterman et al., J. Lipid. Res., 2002, 43, 1555- 1562).

Diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA is preferentially upregulated by insulin treatment, as shown by in vitro assays measuring the diacylglycerol activity from the membrane fraction of cultured mouse adipocytes (Meegalla et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 298, 317-323). In fasting mice, diacylglycerol transferase 2 expression is greatly reduced, and dramatically increases upon refeeding. The expression patterns of two enzymes that participate in fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, respond to fasting and refeeding in a similar fashion. These results, combined with the observation that diacylglycerol transferase 2 is abundantly expressed in liver, suggest that diacylglycerol transferase 2 is tightly linked to the endogenous fatty acid synthesis pathway (Meegalla et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 298, 317-323). Studies of mice harboring a disruption in the diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 gene provide evidence that diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 contributes to triglyceride synthesis. Levels of diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA expression are similar in intestinal segments from both wild type and diacylglycerol transferase 1- deficient mice (Buhman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 25474-25479). Using magnesium chloride to distinguish between diacylglycerol transferase 1 and 2 activity, Buhman, et al. observed that, in diacylglycerol transferase 1 -deficient mice, diacylglycerol transferase activity is reduced to 50% in the proximal intestine and to 10-15% in the distal intestine (Buhman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 25474- 25479).

Additionally, diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA levels are not up-regulated the liver or adipose tissues of diacylglycerol transferase 1 -deficient mice, even after weeks of high-fat diet (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876; Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest, 2002, 109, 1049-1055). However, in ob/ob mice, which have a mutation in the leptin gene that results in obesity, diacylglycerol transferase 2 is more highly expressed than in wild type mice, suggesting that diacylglycerol transferase 2 may be partly responsible for the highly accumulated fat mass seen in these mice. Furthermore, the combined mutations of leptin and diacylglycerol transferase 1 leads to a three-fold elevation in diacylglycerol transferase 2 expression in white adipose tissue, compared to the levels in the same tissue from diacylglycerol transferase 1-deficient mice (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 1049-1055). Diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA is also upregulated in the skin of these mice (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 175-181). These data suggest leptin normally downregulates diacylglycerol transferase 2 expression, and that the upregulation of diacylglycerol transferase 2 in white adipose tissue in these mice may provide an alternate pathway for the triglyceride synthesis that still occurs in leptin deficient/ diacylglycerol transferase 1 -deficient mice (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest, 2002, 109, 1049-1055).

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 knockout mice exhibit interesting phenotypes in that they are lean, resistant to diet-induce obesity, have decreased levels of tissue triglycerides and increased sensitivity to insulin and leptin (Chen et al., J. CHn. Invest., 2002, 109, 1049-1055; Smith et al., Nat. Genet, 2000, 25, 87- 90). As diacylglycerol transferase 2 also participates in triglyceride synthesis, interfering with diacylglycerol transferase 2 may similarly lead to reduced body fat content.

Definitions

"DGAT2" means the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.

"DGAT2 nucleic acid" means any nucleic acid encoding DGAT2. For example, in certain embodiments, a DGAT2 nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding DGAT2, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding DGAT2, and an mRNA sequence encoding DGAT2.

"DGAT2 mRNA" means an mRNA encoding DGAT2.

Therapeutic indications

Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing DGAT2 expression and has proven to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. As such, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides compounds targeted to nucleic acid encoding DGAT2, which modulate the expression of DGAT2. Further provided herein are short antisense compounds capable of effectively inhibiting DGAT2 expression.

In certain embodiments, a subject, suspected of having a disease or associated with DGAT2 is treated by administering one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding DGAT2. For example, in a non-limiting embodiment, such methods comprise the step of administering to an animal a therapeutically effective amount of a short antisense compound. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds effectively inhibit the activity of DGAT2 or inhibit the expression of DGAT2. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of DGAT2 in a subject is inhibited by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least

75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%. In certain embodiments, the activity or expression of DGAT2 in a subject is inhibited by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of DGAT2 in a subject is inhibited by 50% or more.

The reduction of the expression of DGAT2 may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding DGAT2 and/or the DGAT2 protein itself.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. For example, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Certain short antisense compounds targeting DGAT2 may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a DGAT2 nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap -wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a DGAT2 nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap -wing) selected from 1-10-1, 2-10-2 and 3-10-3.

Provided herein are methods of treating an individual by administering one or more short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such compound. Further provided are methods of treating a subject having a disease or conditions associated with DGAT2 activity by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid. Diseases and conditions associated with DGAT2 include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular disorders, obesity, diabetes, cholesterolemia, and liver steatosis.

Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a DGAT2 Nucleic Acid

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM_032564.2, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 14 and 15.

Each nucleotide sequence set forth in each Tables 14 and 15 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Tables 14 and 15 may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.

Tables 14 and 15 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10. Table 14 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10. Table 15 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 10. The column labeled 'gapmer motif indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2'-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a T- modified sugar. The particular 2 '-modified sugar is also indicated in the 'gapmer motif column. For example, '2-10-2 MOE' means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2'-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5- methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless "unmodified cytosine" is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, "5-mC in gap only" indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.

Table 14: Short Antisense Compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10

Table 15: Short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 and having 1 or 2 mismatches

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 231-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 231-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 231-267 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, or 687. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 231-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372556, 372557, 382601, 372480, 372481, 372558, or 372559.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 249-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 249-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 249-267 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 683, 684, 685, 686, or 687. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 249-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382601, 372480, 372481, 372558, or 372559.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 331-493 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 331-493 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-493 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, or 694. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-493 of SEQ ED NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382603, 382604, 372485, 372563, 382605, 372565, or 382606.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 331-427 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 331-427 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-427 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, or 693. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-427 of SEQ ED NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382603, 382604, 372485, 372563, 382605, or 372565.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 392-408 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 392-408 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 392-408 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 690, 691, or 692. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 392-408 of SEQ ED NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372485, 372563, or 382605.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 651-707 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 651-707 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-707 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, or 728. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651 -707 of SEQ ED NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372497, 372498, 372575, 372576, 382607, 372499, 372577, 372500, 372578, 372501, 372579, 372502, 372580, 372503, 372581, 372504, 372582, 372505, 372506, 372583, 372584, 372507, 372585, 382608, 372508, 372586, 372509, 372587, 372510, 372588, 372511, 372512, 372589, or 372590.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 724-745 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 724-745 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 724-745 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 729, 730, 731, 732, or 733. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 724-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382609, 372514, 372592, 372515, or 372593.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 651-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 651-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-745 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, or 733. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372497, 372498, 372575, 372576, 382607, 372499, 372577, 372500, 372578, 372501, 372579, 372502, 372580, 372503, 372581, 372504, 372582, 372505, 372506, 372583, 372584, 372507, 372585, 382608, 372508, 372586, 372509, 372587, 372510, 372588, 372511, 372512, 372589, 372590, 382609, 372514, 372592, 372515, or 372593.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 851-922 of SEQ ID NO: 10. Li certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 851-922 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-922 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 734, 735, 736, or 737. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-922 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382610, 382611, 382602, or 382612. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 851-879 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 851-879 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-879 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 734, 735, or 736. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-879 of SEQ ED NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382610, 382611, or 382602.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 965-1007 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 965-1007 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-1007 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, or 745. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-1007 of SEQ ED NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372524, 372602, 382613, 382614, 372525, 372603, 372526, or 372604.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 965-979 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 965-979 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-979 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 738, 739, or 740. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-979 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372524, 372602, or 382613.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 987-1007 of SEQ ED NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 987-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 987-1007 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 741, 742, 743, 744, or 745. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 987-1007 of SEQ DD NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382614, 372525, 372603, 372526, or 372604.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1106-1132 of SEQ DD NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1106-1132 of SEQ DD NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1106-1132 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, or 754. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1106-1132 of SEQ DD NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372530, 372608, 372531, 372609, 372532, 372610, 372533, 382615, or 372611. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1199-1233 of SEQ DD NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1199-1233 of SEQ DD NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1199-1233 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, or 763. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1199-1233 of SEQ DD NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372536, 372614, 372537, 372615, 372538, 372616, 382616, 372539, or 372617.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1293-1394 of SEQ DD NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1293-1394 of SEQ DD NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1394 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, or 777. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1394 of SEQ DD NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372540, 372618, 382617, 372541, 372619, 372542, 372620, 372543, 372621, 372544, 372622, 382618, 382619, or 382620.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1293-1336 of SEQ DD NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1293-1336 of SEQ DD NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1336 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, or 776. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1336 of SEQ DD NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372540, 372618, 382617, 372541, 372619, 372542, 372620, 372543, 372621, 372544, 372622, 382618, or 382619. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1293-1324 of SEQ DD NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1293-1324 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1324 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, or 775. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1324 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372540, 372618, 382617, 372541, 372619, 372542, 372620, 372543, 372621, 372544, 372622, or 382618.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2' modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'- CH₂-O-2') BNA , Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , Aminooxy (4'-CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and Oxyamino (4'-CH₂-N(R)-O-2') BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2' position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O-C_rCi₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, T- O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), and O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2'MOE nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5' wing and the 3' wing. Pn certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in a short antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid have uniform monomelic linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid have mixed backbones.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of DGAT2. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

9. PTPlB

PTPlB (also known as protein phosphatase IB and PTPNl) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- associated enzyme originally isolated as the major protein tyrosine phosphatase of the human placenta (Tonks et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263, 6731-6737; Tonks et al, J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263, 6722-6730).

An essential regulatory role in signaling mediated by the insulin receptor has been established for PTPlB. In certain instances, PTPlB interacts with and dephosphorylates the activated insulin receptor both in vitro and in intact cells resulting in the downregulation of the signaling pathway (Goldstein et al., MoI. Cell. Biochem., 1998, 182, 91-99; Seely et al, Diabetes, 1996, 45, 1379-1385). In addition, PTPlB modulates the mitogenic actions of insulin (Goldstein et al, MoI Cell. Biochem., 1998, 182, 91-99). In rat adipose cells overexpressing PTPlB, the translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter was inhibited, implicating PTPlB as a negative regulator of glucose transport as well (Chen et al, J. Biol Chem., 1997, 272, 8026-8031).

Mouse knockout models lacking the PTPlB gene also point toward the negative regulation of insulin signaling by PTPlB. Mice harboring a disrupted PTPlB gene showed increased insulin sensitivity and increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. When placed on a high-fat diet, PTPlB -/- mice were resistant to weight gain and remained insulin sensitive (Elchebly et al, Science, 1999, 283, 1544-1548). These studies clearly establish PTPlB as a therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes and obesity.

Diabetes and obesity (sometimes now collectively referred to as "diabesity") are interrelated. Most human obesity is associated with insulin resistance and leptin resistance. In fact obesity may have an even greater impact on insulin action than does diabetes itself (Sindelka et al., Physiol Res., 2002, 51, 85-91). Syndrome X or metabolic syndrome is a new term for a cluster of conditions, that, when occurring together, may indicate a predisposition to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These symptoms, including high blood pressure, high triglycerides, decreased HDL and obesity, tend to appear together in some individuals. Because of its role in both diabetes and obesity, PTPlB is believed to be a therapeutic target for a range of metabolic conditions, including diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. By improving blood glucose control, inhibitors of PTPlB may also be useful in slowing, preventing, delaying or ameliorating the sequelae of diabetes, which include retinopathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular complications and nephropathy.

PTPlB, which is differentially regulated during the cell cycle (Schievella et al, Cell. Growth Differ., 1993, 4, 239-246), is expressed in insulin sensitive tissues as two different isoforms that arise from alternate splicing of the pre-mRNA (Shifrin and Neel, /. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268, 25376-25384). The ratio of the alternatively spliced products is affected by growth factors, such as insulin, and differs in various tissues examined (Sell and Reese, MoI. Genet. Metab., 1999, 66, 189-192). In these studies the levels of the variants correlated with the plasma insulin concentration and percentage body fat. These variants may therefore be used as a biomarker for patients with chronic hyperinsulinemia or type 2 diabetes.

Definitions

"Protein tyrosine phosphatase IB" is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Protein tyrosine phosphatase IB is generally referred to as PTPlB but may also be referred to as protein tyrosine phosphatase; PTPNl; RKPTP; protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1.

"PTPlB nucleic acid" means any nucleic acid encoding PTPlB. For example, in certain embodiments, a PTPlB nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding PTPlB, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding PTPlB, and an mRNA sequence encoding PTPlB. "PTPlB mRNA" means an mRNA encoding a PTPlB protein.

Therapeutic indications

Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing PTPlB expression and has proven to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. As such, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding PTPlB, which modulate the expression of PTPlB. Further provided herein are short antisense compounds capable of effectively inhibiting PTPlB expression.

In certain therapeutics, a subject, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of PTPlB is treated by administering one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding PTPlB. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to an animal a therapeutically effective amount of a short antisense compound. The short antisense compounds of the present invention effectively inhibit the activity of PTPlB or inhibit the expression of PTPlB. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of PTPlB in a subject is inhibited by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%. In certain embodiments, activity or expression of PTPlB in a subject is inhibited by about 30%. In certain embodiments, the activity or expression of PTPlB in a subject is inhibited by 50% or more.

The reduction of the expression of PTPlB may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTPlB and/or the PTPlB protein itself.

Certain pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

The short antisense compounds targeting PTPlB may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a PTPlB nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap -wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.

In certain embodiments provided herein are methods of treating an individual by administering one or more short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such compound. Further provided are methods of treating a subject having a disease or conditions associated with PTPlB activity by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid. Diseases and conditions associated with PTPlB include but are not limited to high blood glucose or hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, provided herein are methods of treating to high blood glucose or hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides compositions and methods for decreasing blood glucose levels in a subject or for preventing or delaying the onset of a rise in blood glucose levels in a subject, by administering to the subject a short antisense inhibitor of PTPlB expression.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides compositions and methods for improving insulin sensitivity in a subject or for preventing or delaying the onset of insulin resistance in a subject, by administering to the subject a short antisense inhibitor of PTPlB expression.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides compositions and methods for treating a metabolic condition in a subject or for preventing or delaying the onset of a metabolic condition in a subject, by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid. Such metabolic condition may be any metabolic condition associated with PTPlB expression, including but not limited to diabetes and obesity. Also provided are methods of reducing adiposity. Also provided is a method of treating obesity wherein metabolic rate is increased.

In certain embodiments, the subject has Type 2 diabetes. In certain embodiments the subject exhibits elevated HbAIc levels In certain embodiments, HbAIc levels are at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10% or at least about 11%. In preferred embodiments, HbAi_c levels are reduced to about 7% or below about 7%. In certain embodiments, the subject exhibits an elevated body mass index In certain embodiments, the elevated body mass index is greater than 25 kg/m2. In certain embodiments, the subject exhibits hyperglycemia or elevated blood glucose levels. In a particular embodiment, the blood glucose levels are fasting blood glucose levels. In certain embodiments, the elevated fasting blood glucose levels are at least 130 mg/dL. In certain embodiments, the subject exhibits hyperglycemia prior to the start of treatment or exhibits fasting blood glucose levels above about 130 mg/dL, baseline HbAi_c levels of at least about 7%, or body mass index of greater than 25 kg/m² or any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments a method of reducing one or more such levels by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid is provided. For example, provided is a method of reducing fasting glucose levels, HbAi_c levels or, body mass index levels or any combination thereof in a subject by administering to a subject a short antisense compound targeting PTPlB. Fasting glucose may be fasting blood glucose, fasting serum glucose, or fasting plasma glucose. In some embodiments, fasting plasma glucose levels are reduced by at least about 25 mg/dL or by at least about 10 mg/dL. In a certain embodiments, said subject does not achieve normal glucose levels on a therapeutic regimen of a glucose- lowering agent such as insulin, sulfonylurea, or metformin.

In certain embodiments the invention provides methods of altering lipid levels. Certain such methods reduce cholesterol, LDL and/or VLDL levels or any combination thereof in a subject by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid. In certain embodiments HDL levels in a subject are increased by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, LDL:HDL ratio and/or total cholesteroLHDL ratio in a subject is reduced by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid. In certain embodiments HDL:LDL ratio and/or HDL:total cholesterol ratio in a subject's increased by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid. In certain embodiments lipid profile in a subject is improved by increasing HDL, lowering LDL, lowering VLDL, lowering triglycerides, lowering apolipoprotein B levels, or lowering total cholesterol levels, or a combination thereof, by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid . In such embodiments, the subject is an animal, including a human.

Combination Therapy In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid include glucose-lowering agents and therapies. In some embodiments, the glucose-lowering agent is a PPAR agonist (gamma, dual, or pan), a dipeptidyl peptidase (IV) inhibitor, a GLP-I analog, insulin or an insulin analog, an insulin secretagogue, a SGLT2 inhibitor, a human amylin analog, a biguanide, an alpha- glucosidase inhibitor, a meglitinide, a thiazolidinedione, or a sulfonylurea.

In some embodiments, the glucose-lowering therapeutic is a GLP-I analog. In some embodiments, the GLP-I analog is exendin-4 or liraglutide. In other embodiments, the glucose-lowering therapeutic is a sulfonylurea. In some embodiments, the sulfonylurea is acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, glimepiride, a glipizide, a glyburide, or a gliclazide.

In some embodiments, the glucose lowering drug is a biguanide. In some embodiments, the biguanide is metformin, and in some embodiments, blood glucose levels are decreased without increased lactic acidosis as compared to the lactic acidosis observed after treatment with metformin alone.

In some embodiments, the glucose lowering drug is a meglitinide. In some embodiments, the meglitinide is nateglinide or repaglinide.

In some embodiments, the glucose-lowering drug is a thiazolidinedione. In some embodiments, the thiazolidinedione is pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, or troglitazone. In some embodiments, blood glucose levels are decreased without greater weight gain than observed with rosiglitazone treatment alone. In some embodiments, the glucose-lowering drug is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is acarbose or miglitol.

In a certain embodiment, a co-administered glucose-lowering agent is ISIS 113715. In a certain embodiment, glucose-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change. In certain such embodiments, the glucose-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the glucose -lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the glucose -lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered glucose - lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the glucose -lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered glucose -lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the glucose -lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered glucose -lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the glucose -lowering agent was administered alone. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid include lipid-lowering agents. Such lipid lowering agents are discussed elsewhere in the application and are included here with respect to PTPlB. Such lipid lowering agents may be administered as described above for glucose lowering agents. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid include anti-obesity agents therapeutics. Such anti-obesity agents therapeutics may be administered as described above for glucose lowering agents.

Further provided is a method of administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid via injection and further including administering a topical steroid at the injection site.

Medicaments

Also provided herein are uses of a short antisense compound which is targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid for the preparation of a medicament for reducing blood glucose levels including fasting glucose levels, and HbA₁₀ levels, body mass index levels or any combination thereof. The medicament can be administered during a loading period and a maintenance period. In some embodiments, the medicament is administered subcutaneously or intravenously. In other embodiments, the administration of said medicament occurs at least once daily, at least once weekly, or at least once monthly. In a particular embodiment the short antisense compound present in the medicament is administered in a dose lower than a short antisense compound with a longer sequence and particularly a sequence 20 or more nucleobases. The medicament may be administered to a subject that exhibits high blood glucose or hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance.

Other aspects and advantages of short antisense compounds are provided herein. All aspect and advantages disclosed herein and specifically with regard to other targets is applicable with regard to compositions including short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid and methods of their use.

Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a PTPlB Nucleic Acid

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM_002827.2, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 11 or the nucleotides 14178000 to 1425600 of the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NT_011362.9, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ DD NO: 11 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 16 and 17. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 18 and 19.

Each nucleotide sequence set forth in each Tables 16, 17, 18, and 19 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Tables 16, 17, 18, and 19 may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Tables 16 and 17 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11. Table

16 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 11. Table 17 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 11. Table 18 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. Table 19 illustrates short antisense compounds that have 1 or 2 mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 12. The column labeled 'gapmer motif indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2'-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2'- modified sugar. The particular 2'-modified sugar is also indicated in the 'gapmer motif column. For example, '2-10-2 MOE' means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2'-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5- methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless "unmodified cytosine" is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, "5-mC in gap only" indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.

Table 17: Short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11 and having 1 or 2 mismatches

Table 19: Short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 and having 1 or 2 mismatches

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 177-190 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 177-190 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 177-190 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 886, 859, or 853. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 177-190 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147022, 147023, or 147024.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 195-228 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 195-228 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 195-228 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 877, 868, 882, 886, 859, 853, 865, 835, 843, 846, 842, 848, 874, 849, 863, 855, 850, 864, or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 195-228 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147019, 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147024, 147025, 147026, 147027, 147028, 147073, 147029, 147030, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147039, 147040, or 147041.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 323-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 323-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 323-353 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 866, 881, 869, 883, 858, 833, 875, 837, 829, 871, 884, 887, 839, 830, 840, 861, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 323-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042, 147043, 147044, 147045, 147046, 147047, 147051, 147052, 147053, 147054, 147055, 147056, 147057, 147058, 147059, 147060, or 147061.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 322-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 322-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 322-353 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 842, 866, 881, 869, 883, 858, 833, 875, 837, 829, 871, 884, 887, 839, 830, 840, 861, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 322- 353 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147073, 147042, 147043, 147044, 147045, 147046, 147047, 147051, 147052, 147053, 147054, 147055, 147056, 147057, 147058, 147059, 147060, or 147061.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 679-799 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 679-799 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-799 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 883, 858, 883, or 858. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-799 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147045, 147046, 147045, or 147046.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 679-827 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 679-827 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-827 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 883, 858, 883, 858, or 851. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-827 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147045, 147046, 147045, 147046, or 147066.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1024-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1024-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1024-1046 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 841, 862, 880, 857, 851, 876, 838, 860, 878, 856, 832, or 842. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1024-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147062, 147063, 147064, 147065, 147066, 147067, 147068, 147069, 147070, 147071, 147072, or 147073.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 992-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 992-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 992-1046 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 831, 841, 862, 880, 857, 851, 876, 838, 860, 878, 856, 832, or 842. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 992-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 404131, 147062, 147063, 147064, 147065, 147066, 147067, 147068, 147069, 147070, 147071 , 147072, or 147073.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1868-1881 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1868-1881 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1868-1881 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 886, 859, or 853. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1868-1881 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147022, 147023, or 147024.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1886-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1886-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1886-1919 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 877, 868, 882, 886, 859, 865, 843, 846, 874, 863, 855, 864, or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1886-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147019, 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147025, 147027, 147028, 147030, 147037, 147038, 147040, or 147041.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1869-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1869-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1869-1919 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 859, 853, 877, 868, 882, 886, 859, 865, 843, 846, 874, 863, 855, 864, or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1869-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147023, 147024, 147019, 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147025, 147027, 147028, 147030, 147037, 147038, 147040, or 147041.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1976-1989 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1976-1989 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1989 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 886, 859, or 853. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1989 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147022, 147023, or 147024.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1995-2027 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1995-2027 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1995-2027 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 868, 882, 886, 859, 853, 865, 835, 843, 846, 848, 874, 849, 863, 855, 850, 864, or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1995- 2027 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147024, 147025, 147026, 147027, 147028, 147029, 147030, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147039, 147040, or 147041.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2366-2382 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 2366-2382 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2366-2382 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 867 or 873. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2366-2382 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 404199 or 404134.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6220-6233 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 6220-6233 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6220-6233 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 870, 836, or 844. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6220-6233 of SEQ DD NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147032, 147033, or 147034.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6288-6300 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 6288-6300 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6288-6300 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 869 or 883. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6288-6300 of SEQ DD NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147044 or 147045.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6329-6342 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 6329-6342 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6329-6342 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 870, 836, or 844. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6329-6342 of SEQ DD NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147032, 147033, or 147034. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6397-6409 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 6397-6409 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6397-6409 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 869 or 883. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6397-6409 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147044 or 147045.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 7057-7178 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 7057-7178 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 7057-7178 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 830, 840, 861, 830, or 840. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7057-7178 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147058, 147059, 147060, 147058, or 147059. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 8630-8750 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 8630-8750 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 8630-8750 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 843, 846, 843, or 846. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8630-8750 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147027, 147028, 147027, or 147028.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 10957-11077 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 10957-11077 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 10957-11077 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 881, 869, 881, or 869. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10957-11077 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147044, 147043, or 147044.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 11605-11623 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 11605-11623 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 11605-11623 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 856, 878, or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 11605-11623 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147071, 147070, or 147071.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 12805-12817 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 12805-12817 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 12805-12817 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 874 or 885. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 12805-12817 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147030 or 147031.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 12986-12998 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 12986-12998 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 12986-12998 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 874 or 885. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 12986-12998 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147030 or 147031.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 15560-15572 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 15560-15572 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 15560-15572 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 876 or 838. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 15560-15572 of SEQ DD NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147067 or 147068.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 17787-17941 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 17787-17941 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 17787-17941 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 874 or 880. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 17787-17941 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147030 or 147064.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 21190-21202 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 21190-21202 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 21190-21202 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 843 or 846. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 21190-21202 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147027 or 147028.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 21358-21370 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 21358-21370 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 21358-21370 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 843 or 846. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 21358-21370 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 017027 or 147028.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 24318-24332 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 24318-24332 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 24318-24332 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 881, 869, 883, or 858. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 24318-24332 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147044,

147045, or 147046.

Ln certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 24486-24501 of SEQ LD NO: 11. Ln certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 24486-24501 of SEQ LD NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 24486-24501 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ LD NO 881, 869, 858, or 833. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 24486-24501 of SEQ LD NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147044,

147046, or 147047.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 25065-25077 of SEQ LD NO: 11. Ln certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 25065-25077 of SEQ LD NO: 11. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 25065-25077 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 864 or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 25065-25077 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147040 or 147041.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 25232-25245 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 25232-25245 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 25232-25245 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 850, 864, or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 25232-25245 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147039, 147040, or 147041.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 25508-25523 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 25508-25523 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 25508-25523 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 839 or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 25508-25523 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147057 or 147061.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 25676-28890 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 25676-28890 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 25676-28890 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 839, 860, or 878. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 25676-28890 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147057, 147069, or 147070. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33056-33069 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33056-33069 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 33056-33069 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 860, 878, or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33056-33069 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147069, 147070, or 147071.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33205-33217 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33205-33217 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 33205-33217 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 878 or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33205-33217 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 14707 or 147071.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33318-33334 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33318-33334 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 33318-33334 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 858, 854, or 875. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33318-33334 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147046, 147049, or 147051. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33466-33482 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33466-33482 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 33466-33482 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 858, 833, or 875. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33466-33482 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147046, 147047, or 147051.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33640-33656 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33640-33656 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 33640-33656 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 858 or 875. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33640-33656 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147046 or 147051.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33788-33804 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33788-33804 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 33788-33804 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 858 or 875. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33788-33804 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147046 or 147051.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 35437-35449 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 35437-35449 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 35437-35449 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 840 or 861. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 35437-35449 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147059 or 147060.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 40353-40373 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 40353-40373 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 40353-40373 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 879 or 881. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 40353-40373 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147061 or 147043.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 42527-42541 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 42527-42541 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 42527-42541 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 885, 870, or 844. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 42527-42541 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147031, 147032, or 147034.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 42675-42689 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 42675-42689 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 42675-42689 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 885, 870, 836, or 844. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 42675-42689 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147031, 147032, 147033, or 147034.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 46313-46328 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 46313-46328 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 46313-46328 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 839, 830, 840, or 879. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 46313-46328 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147057, 147058, 147059, or 147061.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 46461-46476 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 46461-46476 of SEQ ID NO: 11. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 46461-46476 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 839, 840, or 879. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 46461-46476 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147057, 147059, or 147061. hi certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 48369-48381 of SEQ ID NO: 11. hi certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 48369-48381 of SEQ ID NO: 11. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 48369-48381 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 842 or 845. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 48369-48381 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147073 or 147074. hi certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 48714-48726 of SEQ ID NO: 11. hi certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 48714-48726 of SEQ ID NO: 11. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 48714-48726 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 843 or 846. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 48714-48726 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147027 or 147028. hi certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 49050-49062 of SEQ ID NO: 11. hi certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 49050-49062 of SEQ ID NO: 11. ha certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 49050-49062 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 876 or 838. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 49050-49062 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147067 or 147068. hi certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 49672-49684 of SEQ ID NO: 11. hi certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 49672-49684 of SEQ ID NO: 11. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 49672-49684 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 842 or 845. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 49672-49684 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147073 or 147074. hi certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 52292-52304 of SEQ ID NO: 11. hi certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 52292-52304 of SEQ ID NO: 11. hi certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 52292-52304 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 849 or 863. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 52292-52304 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147036 or 147037.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 52438-52450 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 52438-52450 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 52438-52450 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 849 or 863. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 52438-52450 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147036 or 147037.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 53445-53458 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 53445-53458 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 53445-53458 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 866, 881, or 869. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 53445-53458 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042, 147043, or 147044. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 53591-53604 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 53591-53604 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 53591-53604 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 866, 874, 881, 885, or 869. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 53591-53604 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042, 147030, 147043, 147031, or 147044.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 53738-53750 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 53738-53750 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 53738-53750 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 874 or 885. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 53738-53750 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147030 or 147031.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 53783-53795 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 53783-53795 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 53783-53795 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 864 or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 53783-53795 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147040 or 147041.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 55008-55020 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 55008-55020 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 55008-55020 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 866 or 881. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 55008-55020 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042 or 147043.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 55154-55166 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 55154-55166 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 55154-55166 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 866 or 881. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 55154-55166 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042 or 147043. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 55682-55695 of SEQ ED NO: 11. hi certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 55682-55695 of SEQ ED NO: 11. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 55682-55695 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 877 or 882. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 55682-55695 of SEQ LD NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147019 or 147021. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 56275-56293 of SEQ LD NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 56275-56293 of SEQ LD NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 56275-56293 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 871, 884, 887, 830, 840, 861, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 56275-56293 of SEQ LD NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147054, 147055, 147056, 147058, 147059, 147060, or 147061.

Ln certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 56418-56439 of SEQ LD NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 56418-56439 of SEQ ED NO: 11. La certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 56418-56439 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 875, 829, 871, 884, 887, 839, 830, or 879. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 56418-56439 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147051, 147053, 147054, 147055, 147056, 147057, 147058, or 147061. hi certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 57264-57276 of SEQ ED NO: 11. Ln certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 57264-57276 of SEQ LD NO: 11. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 57264-57276 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 883 or 858. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 57264-57276 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147045 or 147046.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 61276-61293 of SEQ LD NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 61276-61293 of SEQ LD NO: 11. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 61276-61293 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 856, 847, 849, 863, 855, 850, or 864. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 61276-61293 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147071, 147035, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147039, or 147040.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 61257-61320 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 61257-61320 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 61257-61320 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 881, 856, 847, 849, 863, 855, 850, 864, or 886. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 61257-61320 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from lsis No 147043, 147071, 147035, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147039, 147040, or 147071.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 61422-61439 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 61422-61439 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 61422-61439 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 844, 847, 849, 863, 855, or 864. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 61422-61439 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147034, 147035, 147036, 147037, 147038, or 147040.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 61422-61466 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 61422-61466 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 61422-61466 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 844, 847, 849, 863, 855, 864, or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 61422-61466 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147034, 147035, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147040, or 147071. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 63065-63078 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 63065-63078 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 63065-63078 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 851 or 838. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 63065-63078 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147066 or 147068. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 63207-63222 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 63207-63222 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 63207-63222 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 841 or 851. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 63207-63222 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147062 or 147066. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 64538-64550 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 64538-64550 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 64538-64550 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 849 or 863. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 64538-64550 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147036 or 147037. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 64864-64876 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 64864-64876 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 64864-64876 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ DD NO 851 or 876. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 64864-64876 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147066 or 147067. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 65010-65028 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 65010-65028 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 65010-65028 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 851, 876, or 883. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 65010-65028 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147066, 147067, or 147045. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 65163-65175 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 65163-65175 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 65163-65175 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 883 or 858. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 65163-65175 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147045 or 147046. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 65408-65422 of SEQ DD NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 65408-65422 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 65408-65422 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 883 or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 65408-65422 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147068 or 147071. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 65549-65568 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 65549-65568 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 65549-65568 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 860, 838, or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 65549-65568 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147069, 147068, or 147071.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 67741-67754 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 67741-67754 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 67741-67754 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 848, 874, or 885. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 67741-67754 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147029, 147030, or 147031.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 67886-67900 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 67886-67900 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 67886-67900 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 846, 848, 874, or 885. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 67886-67900 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147028, 147029, 147030, or 147031.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 68867-68880 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 68867-68880 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 68867-68880 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 881, 869, or 883. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 68867-68880 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147044, or 147045.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 69013-69532 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 69013-69532 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 69013-69532 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 881, 869, 883, 858, 856, 832, or 842. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 69013-69532 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147044, 147045, 147046, 147071, 147072, or 147073.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 69665-69880 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 69665-69880 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 69665-69880 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 856, 832, 842, 845, or 851. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 69665-69880 of SEQ DD NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147071, 147072, 147073, 147074, or 147066. In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 70611-70630 of SEQ ED NO: 11. Ln certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 70611-70630 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 70611-70630 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 859, 841, 862, 880, 857, or 851. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 70611-70630 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147023, 147062, 147063, 147064, 147065, or 147066.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 70762-70776 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 70762-70776 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 70762-70776 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 862, 880, 857, or 851. Ln certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 70762-70776 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147063, 147064, 147065, or 147066.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 70998-71010 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 70998-71010 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 70998-71010 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 832 or 842. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 70998-71010 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147072 or 147073.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 71144-714364 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 71144-714364 of SEQ ED NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 71144-714364 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ED NO 832, 842, 845, 863, 855, or 850. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 71144-714364 of SEQ ED NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147072, 147073, 147074, 147037, 147038, or 147039.

In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 71497-71652 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 71497-71652 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 71497-71652 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 863, 855, 850, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 71497-71652 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147037, 147038, 147039, or 147061.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length, hi certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length, hi certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are short gapmers. hi certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound, hi certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2' modification, hi certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. hi certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , β-D-Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA , Ethyleneoxy (4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2') BNA , Aminooxy (4'-CH₂-O-N(R)-2') BNA and Oxyamino (4'-CH₂-N(R)- O-2') BNA. hi certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2' position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, 0-C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O- (CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n), and O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_n, and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. hi certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2'MOE nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5' wing and the 3' wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers, hi certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. hi certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H. hi certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid have mixed backbones.

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of PTPlB. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of PTPlB using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PTPlB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.

10. PTEN

In certain embodiments, the invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding PTEN. In certain embodiments, such compounds are used to modulate PTEN expression if cells. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid are administered to an animal. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid are useful for studying PTEN, for studying certain nucleases and/or for assessing antisense activity. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to PTEN nucleic acids are useful for assessing certain motifs and/or chemical modifications. In certain embodiments, administration of a short antisense compound targeted to PTEN nucleic acid to an animal results in a measurable phenotypic change.

The short antisense compounds targeting PTEN may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a PTPlB nucleic acid have a motif (wing - deoxy gap -wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1,1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.

Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a PTEN Nucleic Acid

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM 000314.4, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 14. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid having the sequence of nucleotides 8063255 to 8167140 of the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NT_033890.3, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 15. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 14 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 14. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 14 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 14. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 15 is 100% complementary to SEQ ED NO: 15. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 15 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ED NO: 15. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ED NO: 15 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ED NO: 15. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ED NO: 15 is 100% complementary to SEQ ED NO: 15.

In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ED NO: 14 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 20 and 21. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ED NO: 15 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 22 and 23.

Each nucleotide sequence set forth in Tables 20, 21, 22, and 23 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Tables 20, 21, 22, and 23 may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.

Table 20 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ED NO: 14. Table 22 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ED NO: 15. The column labeled 'gapmer motif indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2'-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2'-modified sugar. The particular 2'-modified sugar is also indicated in the 'gapmer motif column. For example, '2-10-2 MOE' means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2'-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless "unmodified cytosine" is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, "5-mC in gap only" indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.

The 2'-modified nucleotides and abbreviations include: 2'-O-methoxyethyl (MOE); 2'-O-methyl (OMe); 2'-O-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) (PentaF); 2'-O-[(2-methoxy)ethyl]-4'-thio (2'-MOE-4'-thio);. (R)- CMOE-BNA. As illustrated in Tables 20 and 22, a wing may comprise monomers comprising more than type of 2' substituent. For example, 1-2-10-2 MOE/PentaF/MOE indicates one MOE-modified nucleotide, followed by two PentaF-modified nucleotides, followed by a gap often deoxynucleotides, followed by two PentaF-modified nucleotides. For example, 1-1-10-2 2'-(butylacetomido)-palmitamide Methyleneoxy BNA/Methyleneoxy BNA indicates that the 5 ' -most nucleotide is 2 ' -(butylacetomide)-palmitamide, the second nucleotide is a methyleneoxy BNA nucleotide, and the 3' wing is methyleneoxy BNA. Unless otherwise indicated, cytosines are 5-methylcytosines and internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.

Table 22: Short Antisense Compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 15

Salts, prodrugs and bioequivalents

The antisense compounds provided herein comprise any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other functional chemical equivalent which, upon administration to an animal including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the antisense compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.

The term "prodrug" indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive or less active form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes, chemicals, and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides are prepared- as SATE ((S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate) derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 or WO 94/26764. Prodrugs can also include antisense compounds wherein one or both ends comprise nucleobases that are cleaved (e.g., by incorporating phosphodiester backbone linkages at the ends) to produce the active compound. In certain embodiments, one or more non-drug moieties is cleaved from a prodrug to yield the active form. In certain such embodiments, such non-drug moieties is not a nucleotide or oligonucleotide.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. Sodium salts of antisense oligonucleotides are useful and are well accepted for therapeutic administration to humans.

In certain embodiments, salts, including, but not limited to sodium salts, of double stranded nucleic acids (including but not limited to dsRNA compounds) are also provided.

G. Certain Pharmaceutical Compositions

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise one or more short antisense compound and one or more excipients. In certain such embodiments, excipients are selected from water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylase, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared using known techniques, including, but not limited to mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or tabletting processes.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a liquid (e.g., a suspension, elixir and/or solution). In certain of such embodiments, a liquid pharmaceutical composition is prepared using ingredients known in the art, including, but not limited to, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, and coloring agents.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a solid (e.g., a powder, tablet, and/or capsule). In certain of such embodiments, a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more oligonucleotides is prepared using ingredients known in the art, including, but not limited to, starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is formulated as a depot preparation. Certain such depot preparations are typically longer acting than non-depot preparations. In certain embodiments, such preparations are administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. In certain embodiments, depot preparations are prepared using suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a delivery system. Examples of delivery systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes and emulsions. Certain delivery systems are useful for preparing certain pharmaceutical compositions including those comprising hydrophobic compounds. In certain embodiments, certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide are used.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises one or more tissue-specific delivery molecules designed to deliver the one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention to specific tissues or cell types. For example, in certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions include liposomes coated with a tissue-specific antibody.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a co- solvent system. Certain of such co-solvent systems comprise, for example, benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase. In certain embodiments, such co-solvent systems are used for hydrophobic compounds. A non-limiting example of such a co-solvent system is the VPD co-solvent system, which is a solution of absolute ethanol comprising 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of the nonpolar surfactant Polysorbate 80.TM., and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300. The proportions of such co-solvent systems may be varied considerably without significantly altering their solubility and toxicity characteristics. Furthermore, the identity of co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other surfactants may be used instead of Polysorbate 80.TM.; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a sustained-release system. A non-limiting example of such a sustained-release system is a semi-permeable matrix of solid hydrophobic polymers. In certain embodiments, sustained-release systems may, depending on their chemical nature, release pharmaceutical agents over a period of hours, days, weeks or months. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared for oral administration. In certain of such embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is formulated by combining one or more oligonucleotides with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Certain of such carriers enable pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a subject. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions for oral use are obtained by mixing oligonucleotide and one or more solid excipient. Suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, fillers, such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). In certain embodiments, such a mixture is optionally ground and auxiliaries are optionally added. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are formed to obtain tablets or dragee cores. In certain embodiments, disintegrating agents (e.g., cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate) are added.

In certain embodiments, dragee cores are provided with coatings. In certain such embodiments, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally comprise gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to tablets or dragee coatings.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration are push-fit capsules made of gelatin. Certain of such push-fit capsules comprise one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention in admixture with one or more filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration are soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. In certain soft capsules, one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention are be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers may be added.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are prepared for buccal administration. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions are tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for administration by injection (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, etc.). In certain of such embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a carrier and is formulated in aqueous solution, such as water or physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer, m certain embodiments, other ingredients are included (e.g., ingredients that aid in solubility or serve as preservatives). In certain embodiments, injectable suspensions are prepared using appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like. Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers. Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may comprise formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Certain solvents suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions for injection include, but are not limited to, lipophilic solvents and fatty oils, such as sesame oil, synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, and liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may comprise substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, such suspensions may also comprise suitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of the pharmaceutical agents to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for transmucosal administration. In certain of such embodiments penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for administration by inhalation. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions for inhalation are prepared in the form of an aerosol spray in a pressurized pack or a nebulizer. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions comprise a propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In certain embodiments using a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined with a valve that delivers a metered amount. In certain embodiments, capsules and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated. Certain of such formulations comprise a powder mixture of a pharmaceutical agent of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for rectal administration, such as a suppositories or retention enema. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions comprise known ingredients, such as cocoa butter and/or other glycerides.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for topical administration. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions comprise bland moisturizing bases, such as ointments or creams. Exemplary suitable ointment bases include, but are not limited to, petrolatum, petrolatum plus volatile silicones, lanolin and water in oil emulsions such as Eucerin.TM., available from Beiersdorf (Cincinnati, Ohio). Exemplary suitable cream bases include, but are not limited to, Nivea.TM. Cream, available from Beiersdorf (Cincinnati, Ohio), cold cream (USP), Purpose Cream.TM., available from Johnson & Johnson (New Brunswick, N.J.), hydrophilic ointment (USP) and Lubriderm.TM., available from Pfizer (Morris Plains, N.J.). In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises an oligonucleotide in a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is sufficient to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of a disease or to prolong the survival of the subject being treated. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art. In certain embodiments, one or more short antisense compound of the present invention is formulated as a prodrug. In certain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically more active form of the short antisense compound. In certain embodiments, prodrugs are useful because they are easier to administer than the corresponding active form. For example, in certain instances, a prodrug may be more bioavailable (e.g., through oral administration) than is the corresponding active form. In certain instances, a prodrug may have improved solubility compared to the corresponding active form. In certain embodiments, prodrugs are less water soluble than the corresponding active form. In certain instances, such prodrugs possess superior transmittal across cell membranes, where water solubility is detrimental to mobility. In certain embodiments, a prodrug is an ester. In certain such embodiments, the ester is metabolically hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid upon administration. In certain instances the carboxylic acid containing compound is the corresponding active form. In certain embodiments, a prodrug comprises a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bound to an acid group. In certain of such embodiments, the peptide is cleaved upon administration to form the corresponding active form.

In certain embodiments, a prodrug is produced by modifying a pharmaceutically active compound such that the active compound will be regenerated upon in vivo administration. The prodrug can be designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug. By virtue of knowledge of pharmacodynamic processes and drug metabolism in vivo, those of skill in this art, once a pharmaceutically active compound is known, can design prodrugs of the compound (see, e.g., Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392).

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention is useful for treating a conditions or disorders in a mammalian, and particularly in a human, subject. Suitable administration routes include, but are not limited to, oral, rectal, transmucosal, intestinal, enteral, topical, suppository, through inhalation, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intraocular and parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intramedullary, and subcutaneous). In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical intrathecals are administered to achieve local rather than systemic exposures. For example, pharmaceutical compositions may be injected directly in the area of desired effect (e.g., in the renal or cardiac area).

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds, compared to their parent oligonucleotides, make them particularly suited to oral administration. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are better suited for oral administration than their parent oligonucleotides because they have increased potency compared to those parent oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are better suited for oral administration than their parent oligonucleotides because they have better stability, availability or solubility properties compared to those parent oligonucleotides. In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical agent is sterile lyophilized oligonucleotide that is reconstituted with a suitable diluent, e.g., sterile water for injection. The reconstituted product is administered as a subcutaneous injection or as an intravenous infusion after dilution into saline. The lyophilized drug product consists of the oligonucleotide which has been prepared in water for injection, adjusted to pH 7.0-9.0 with acid or base during preparation, and then lyophilized. The lyophilized oligonucleotide may be 25-800 mg of the oligonucleotide. It is understood that this encompasses 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675, 700, 725, 750, 775, and 800 mg of lyophilized oligonucleotide. The lyophilized drug product may be packaged in a 2 mL Type I, clear glass vial (ammonium sulfate-treated), stoppered with a bromobutyl rubber closure and sealed with an aluminum FLIP-OFF® overseal. The compositions of the present invention may additionally comprise other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may comprise additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may comprise additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the oligonucleotide(s) of the formulation.

The antisense compounds provided herein may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds.

Also described herein are pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds provided herein. The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. In a preferred embodiment, administration is topical to the surface of the respiratory tract, particularly pulmonary, e.g., by nebulization, inhalation, or insufflation of powders or aerosols, by mouth and/or nose.

The pharmaceutical formulations described herein, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product (e.g., into a specific particle size for delivery). In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulations are prepared for pulmonary administration in an appropriate solvent, e.g., water or normal saline, possibly in a sterile formulation, with carriers or other agents to allow for the formation of droplets of the desired diameter for delivery using inhalers, nasal delivery devices, nebulizers, and other devices for pulmonary delivery. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical formulations may be formulated as dry powders for use in dry powder inhalers.

A "pharmaceutical carrier" or "excipient" can be a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an individual and are known in the art. The excipient may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. H. Certain Therapeutic Uses In certain embodiments, antisense compounds are used to modulate the expression of a target gene in an animal, -such as a human. Li certain embodiments, such compounds can be used to treat metabolic disorders or modulate one or more disease indications. For example, the methods comprise the step of administering to said animal in need of therapy for a disease or condition associated with a target gene an effective amount of an antisense compound that modulates expression of the target gene. Antisense compounds provided herein which effectively modulate expression of a target RNA or protein products of expression are considered active antisense compounds. Active antisense compounds also include compounds which effectively modulate one or more of a number of disease indications, including metabolic and cardiovascular disease indications, examples of which are described below.

Modulation of expression of a target gene can be measured in a bodily fluid, which may or may not contain cells; tissue; or organ of the animal. Methods of obtaining samples for analysis, such as body fluids (e.g., sputum, serum, urine), tissues (e.g., biopsy), or organs, and methods of preparation of the samples to allow for analysis are well known to those skilled in the art. Methods for analysis of RNA and protein levels are discussed above and are well known to those skilled in the art. The effects of treatment can be assessed by measuring biomarkers, or disease indications, associated with the target gene expression in the aforementioned fluids, tissues or organs, collected from an animal contacted with one or more compounds described herein, by routine clinical methods known in the art. These biomarkers include but are not limited to: liver transaminases, bilirubin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatine and other markers of kidney and liver function; interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, intracellular adhesion molecules, C-reactive protein, chemokines, cytokines, and other markers of inflammation. The antisense compounds provided herein can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Acceptable carriers and diluents are well known to those skilled in the art. Selection of a diluent or carrier is based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the solubility of the compound and the route of administration. Such considerations are well understood by those skilled in the art. In one aspect, the antisense compounds described herein inhibit expression of a target gene. The compounds can also be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases and disorders related to a target gene.

Methods whereby bodily fluids, organs or tissues are contacted with an effective amount of one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions provided herein are also contemplated. Bodily fluids, organs or tissues can be contacted with one or more of the compounds resulting in modulation of target gene expression in the cells of bodily fluids, organs or tissues. An effective amount can be determined by monitoring the modulatory effect of the antisense compound or compounds or compositions on target nucleic acids or their products by methods routine to the skilled artisan.

Co-administration In certain embodiments, two or more antisense compounds are co-administered. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions include one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. One or more of those antisense compounds may be a short antisense compound. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions include two or more antisense compounds targeted to different regions of the same nucleic acid target. One or more of such antisense compounds may be a short antisense compound. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, hi certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, hi certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin. In certain such embodiments the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments, cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid- lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the co-formulated lipid-lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor. In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant. In certain such embodiments, the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam.

In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fϊbric acid. In certain such embodiments, a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofϊbrate.

Further examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (FVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-I inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and thyroid hormones); immunomodulators; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; osteoporosis agents (e.g., biphosphonates, calcitonin, and estrogens); prostaglandins, antineoplastic agents; psychotherapeutic agents; sedatives; poison oak or poison sumac products; antibodies; and vaccines.

I. Kits, Research Reagents and Diagnostics

The antisense compounds provided herein can be utilized for diagnostics, and as research reagents and kits. Furthermore, antisense compounds, which are able to inhibit gene expression or modulate gene expression with specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway.

For use in kits and diagnostics, the antisense compounds described herein, either alone or in combination with other compounds or therapeutics, can be used as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues. Methods of gene expression analysis are well known to those skilled in the art. J. Certain Advantages of Short Antisense Compounds

In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have advantages when compared to their parent oligonucleotides. For example, in certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have greater affinity for a target nucleic acid than their parent oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have greater potency in vitro than their parent oligonucleotide. In certain such embodiments, that increased in vitro potency is not entirely explained by increased affinity. In certain embodiments, such increased in vitro potency may be attributable to increased ability of short antisense compounds to penetrate cells and/or increased ability to access target nucleic acids in a cell. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have greater potency in vivo than their parent oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, such greater in vivo potency is not attributable to increased in vitro potency or increased affinity. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have even greater in vivo potency compared to their parent oligonucleotides than would be predicted based on in vitro potencies or on affinities. In certain embodiments, such increased in vivo potency may be attributable to increased bioavailability, better penetration into the cell, better access to target nucleic acid once in the cell, or other factors. In certain embodiments, one would expect short antisense compounds to be less specific for their target nucleic acid compared to their parent oligonucleotides. In certain such embodiments, one would expect increased side-effects, including potential for toxic effects, from short antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, such additional side-effects are not observed. In certain embodiments, non-target nucleic acids to which a particular short antisense compound may bind are not available to the short antisense compound. In such embodiments, side-effects, including toxicity, are less problematic than would be predicted.

In certain embodiments, because they are smaller, short antisense compounds are less likely to bind proteins. In certain such embodiments, such less binding of proteins results in lower toxicity, since protein binding may have undesired consequences. In certain embodiments, such less binding of proteins results in greater potency, since it leaves more antisense compound available for therapeutic effect. In certain embodiments, less binding of proteins results in decreased drug-drug interaction toxicity.

Nonlimiting disclosure and incorporation by reference

While certain compounds, compositions and methods described herein have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds described herein and are not intended to limit the same. Each of the references, GenBank accession numbers, and the like recited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Example 1

Cell culture and treatment with short antisense compounds

The effect of short antisense compounds on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any one of a number of cultured or primary cell lines. Cells lines can be obtained from publicly available sources, such as the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). Cells are cultured according to methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

When cells reached appropriate confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide using LIPOFECTIN® as described. When cells reached 65-75% confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotide was mixed with LIPOFECTIN® Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) in Opti-MEM®-1 reduced serum medium (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) to achieve the desired concentration of oligonucleotide and a LIPOFECTIN® concentration of 2.5 or 3 μg/mL per 100 nM oligonucleotide. This transfection mixture was incubated at room temperature for approximately 0.5 hours. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 100 μL OPTI-MEM®-1 and then treated with 130 μL of the transfection mixture. Cells grown in 24-well plates or other standard tissue culture plates were treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide. Cells were treated and data were obtained in duplicate or triplicate. After approximately 4-7 hours of treatment at 37°C, the medium containing the transfection mixture was replaced with fresh culture medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment.

Control oligonucleotides are used to determine the optimal oligomeric compound concentration for a particular cell line. Furthermore, when oligomeric compounds are tested in oligomeric compound screening experiments or phenotypic assays, control oligonucleotides are tested in parallel.

The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of concentrations. The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of the target mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of the target mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection experiments. The concentrations of antisense oligonucleotides used herein are from 50 nM to 300 nM when the antisense oligonucleotide is transfected using a liposome reagent and 1 nM to 40 nM when the antisense oligonucleotide is transfected by electroporation.

Example 2: Real-time Quantitative PCR Analysis of Target mRNA Levels Quantitation of target mRNA levels was accomplished by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM® 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) according to manufacturer's instructions.

Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured were evaluated for their ability to be "multiplexed" with a GAPDH amplification reaction. After isolation the RNA is subjected to sequential reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction and real-time PCR, both of which are performed in the same well. RT and PCR reagents were obtained from Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). RT, real-time PCR was carried out in the same by adding 20 μL PCR cocktail (2.5x PCR buffer minus MgCl₂, 6.6 mM MgCl₂, 375 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dCTP and dGTP, 375 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer, 125 nM of probe, 4 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units PLATINUM® Taq, 5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase, and 2.5x ROX dye) to 96-well plates containing 30 μL total RNA solution (20-200 ng). The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48⁰C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95°C to activate the PLATINUM® Taq, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95°C for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60⁰C for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).

Gene target quantities obtained by RT, real-time PCR were normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH, a gene whose expression is constant, or by quantifying total RNA using RiboGreen®

(Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, OR). GAPDH expression was quantified by RT, real-time PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA was quantified using

RiboGreen® RNA quantification reagent (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, OR).

170 μL of RiboGreen® working reagent (RiboGreen® reagent diluted 1:350 in 1OmM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) was pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 30 μL purified cellular RNA. The plate was read in a CytoFluor® 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 485nm and emission at 530nm.

The GAPDH PCR probes have JOE covalently linked to the 5' end and TAMRA or MGB covalently linked to the 3' end, where JOE is the fluorescent reporter dye and TAMRA or MGB is the quencher dye. In some cell types, primers and probe designed to a GAPDH sequence from a different species are used to measure GAPDH expression. For example, a human GAPDH primer and probe set is used to measure

GAPDH expression in monkey-derived cells and cell lines.

Probes and primers for use in real-time PCR were designed to hybridize to target nucleic acids using routine methods. For example, PrimerExpress® (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) software is routinely used to design probes and primers for use in real-time PCR. Examples of primer and probe sequences and the target nucleic acids to which they hybridize are presented in Table 24. The target-specific PCR probes have FAM covalently linked to the 5' end and TAMRA or MGB covalently linked to the 3' end, where FAM is the fluorescent dye and TAMRA or MGB is the quencher dye.

Table 24 Target-specific primers and probes for use in real-time PCR

Example 3: Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid and having 2'-MOE or methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA modifications

Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with antisense compounds targeted to ApoB, at a frequency of twice per week for three weeks. Antisense compound doses included 2.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.3 and 0.15 μmol/kg. For antisense compounds 14 nucleotides in length, these doses equate to approximately 12, 6, 3, 1.5 or 0.75 mg/kg, respectively. Shown in Table 25 are the sequences and motifs of the antisense compounds used in this study. The antisense compounds are either 20 or 14 nucleotides in length and have a central "gap" region consisting of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides flanked by wings having 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) or BNA modified "wings." For example, the 2-10-2 MOE gapmer motif indicates an antisense compound with a gap of ten nucleotides flanked by 2 nucleotide wings with 2'-MOE modifications. Bolded residues indicate 2'-O- methoxyethyl moieties and italicized residues indicate methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNAs. The internucleoside linkages of each compound are phosphorothioate throughout. All cytosine residues of ISIS 147764 and ISIS 372938 are replaced by 5-methyl cytosines. For ISIS 387462, only the cytosine residue in the wing of the compound is replaced by 5-methyl cytosine. ApoB antisense compounds are targeted to publicly available ApoB-100 sequences, including Genbank Accession No. XM_137955.5 (SEQ ID NO: 2). Table 25: Antisense Compounds Targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid

Forty-eight hours following the final injection, mice were sacrificed to evaluate transaminases (Table 26); liver and kidney weight (Table 27); triglyceride, LDL, HDL and free fatty acid levels (Table 28); target mRNA level in liver (Table 29); target protein level in plasma; and oligonucleotide tissue concentration (Table 30). These endpoints were determined using methods described herein and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Table 27: Liver and Kidney Weight (% of saline control)

Total body weight and food consumption did not differ significantly between saline-treated or oligonucleotide-treated animals. Glucose levels also were similar among all treatment groups.

Table 28: Triglyceride (TRIG), Total Cholesterol (CHOL), HDL, LDL and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Levels

Table 29: % ApoB mRNA Level (relative to saline control)

Treatment with ISIS 387462 resulted in a significant and dose-dependent decrease in triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and free fatty acids. In accordance with these phenotypic findings, treatment with ISIS 387462 also led to a dose-dependent reduction in ApoB mRNA (Table 29) and protein (not shown) levels in mouse plasma. To determine whether the observed increase in efficiency with the methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA gapmer is due to an increase in oligonucleotide accumulation, full-length and total oligonucleotide concentration in the liver and kidney were determined.

Table 30: Full-length and Total Antisense Compound Tissue Concentration (μM) Relative to ApoB mRNA level (% of saline control)

Levels of the 2-10-2 methyleneoxy (4'-CH2-O-2') BNA gapmer were similar to the 5-10-5 and 2-10- 2 MOE gapmers in the kidney, but significantly reduced in the liver. The EC₅₀ for ISIS 387462 in the liver was determined by comparing oligonucleotide concentration in the liver to inhibition of ApoB mRNA. The approximate EC₅₀ for ISIS 387462 is 1 μM. In contrast, an effective 5-10-5 MOE gapmer compound typically has an EC₅₀ of approximately 15 μM in the liver.

Taken together, these results demonstrate that the ApoB short gapmer having methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂- O-2') in the wings is a potent inhibitor of target mRNA expression and can effectively lower triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids. The potency of the short antisense compound does not appear to be a result of increased tissue accumulation since similar levels of the compound were observed in kidney and reduced levels were found in the liver, relative to the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer. In addition, the methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O- 2') BNA gapmer exhibited little to no adverse side effects.

Example 4: Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid and having 2'-MOE Modifications

Eight-week old male C57/BL6 mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered a single dose of GCGR oligonucleotide by intraperitoneal injection at a concentration of 6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 31 are the sequences, motifs and conjugates of the GCGR antisense compounds used in this study. Bolded residues indicate 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'- MOE) moieties. All compounds comprise phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages throughout and each cytosine is replaced with 5-methylcytosine. ISIS 386626, ISIS 386627 and ISIS 386628 further comprise a C] ₆ conjugate group attached to the 2'-0 position of the sugar via a diamide linkage (2'- OCH₂C(=O)N(H)(CH₂)₄N(H)C(=O)-(CH₂)i₅CH₃). GCGR antisense compounds target published GCGR sequences, including Genbank® Accession No. BC031885.1 (SEQ ID NO: 7).

Table 31: Short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid

Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following injection to determine serum transaminase levels (Table 32); liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), spleen and kidney weight (Table 33); cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels (Table 34); GCGR mRNA levels (Tables 35-41); and full-length and total oligonucleotide concentration in liver and kidney (Table 42). Endpoints were assessed using methods described herein and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Data is included from a pre-treatment bleed (Pre-Bleed) and post-treatment bleed (Post-Bleed).

Table 32: ALT & AST Levels (IU/L)

Overall, the GCGR antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse side effects.

GCGR 2-10-2 MOE gapmers exhibited a trend toward lower post-bleed triglyceride levels, relative to the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer, with ISIS 386628 and ISIS 386594 having the greatest dose-dependent effect. Glucose levels also were decreased in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with ISIS 386626 and ISIS 386627. Treatment with ISIS 386628, ISIS 386593 and ISIS 386594 also generally led to a decrease in post-bleed glucose levels. Cholesterol levels did not appear to significantly differ among treatment groups.

To determine whether the phenotypic changes shown above correlated with a decrease in GCGR mRNA, treated animals were evaluated for levels of target mRNA in liver by real time PCR according to methods described herein. Tables 35 to 41 show results from direct comparisons of the antisense compounds targeting GCGR nucleic acid for their effect on target expression. Results are expressed as percent of saline control.

Table 35: GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 148364 & ISIS 386626

ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg

148364 36 79 87 62

386626 0 8 3 7

Table 36: GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 148364 & ISIS 386627

ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg

148364 63 87 105 86

386627 3 30 57 74

Table 37: GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 148364 & ISIS 386593

ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg

148364 56 74 105 86

386593 9 38 74 90

Table 38: GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 148364 & ISIS 386628 ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg

148364 42 77 98 101

386628 2 18 53 77

Table 39: GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 148364 & ISIS 386594

ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg

148364 59 98 102 96

386594 25 47 50 96

Table 40: GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 386627 & ISIS 386593

ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg

386627 5 40 58 42

386593 10 29 34 71

Table 41: GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 386628 & ISIS 386594

ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg

386628 4 13 38 97

386594 19 50 56 99

Treatment with the 2-10-2 MOE gapmers led to a significant dose-dependent decrease in GCGR mRNA expression. ISIS 386626 exhibited the greatest decrease in target mRNA. To determine whether the observed increase in efficiency with the short antisense compounds is due to an increase in antisense compound accumulation, full-length and total antisense compound concentration in the liver and kidney were determined.

Table 42: Total and Full-length Antisense Compound Concentrations in Liver and Kidney (μg/g)

The results shown in Table 42 demonstrate that short antisense compounds comprising a Ci₆ conjugate exhibit a significant increase in antisense compound accumulation in both liver and kidney. However, ISIS 386593, which was effective at reducing target mRNA, triglycerides and glucose levels, accumulates to a level similar to the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer in liver and to a lower level in kidney. These results suggest that while conjugation with Ci₆ can increase liver and kidney antisense compound concentration, it does not entirely account for the effectiveness of the short antisense compounds.

Taken together, these results demonstrate that GCGR short antisense compounds are capable of significantly inhibiting target mRNA expression while also lowering triglyceride and glucose levels. In addition, with the exception of ISIS 386627, the short MOE gapmers exhibited little to no toxic effects.

Example 5: Short antisense compounds targeting to a GCGR nucleic acid and having 2'-MOE and Methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA modifications

Eight-week old male C57/BL6 mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered a single dose of GCGR antisense compound by intraperitonel (i.p.) injection at a concentration of 10, 3.2, 1, and 0.32 μmol.kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 43 are the sequences, motifs and conjugates of the GCGR antisense compounds used in this study. Bolded residues indicate 2'-O- methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) modifications and the italicized residues indicate methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA modifications. All antisense compounds comprise phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages throughout and each cytosine is replaced with 5-methylcytosine. GCGR antisense compounds target published GCGR nucleic acids, including Genbank Accession No. BC031885.1 (SEQ ID NO: 7).

Table 43: Antisense Compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid

To determine whether the phenotypic changes shown above correlated with a decrease in GCGR mRNA, treated animals were evaluated for levels of target mRNA in liver by RT, real time PCR according to methods described herein. Table 44 show results from direct comparisons of the antisense compounds targeting GCGR nucleic acid for their effect on target expression. Results are expressed as percent of saline control.

TABLE 44: GCGR mRNA levels

As shown in Table 44, each short antisense compound having methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA modifications demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in GCGR mRNA levels. Furthermore, the short antisense compounds were more effective at target reduction than the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer. Each short antisense compound comprising methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA in the wings resulted in a significant reduction in GCGR protein relative to both saline control and ISIS 148364 treatment. Next, estimated ED₅₀ concentrations for each antisense were calculated using Graphpad Prism; ED₅₀ is the dose at which 50% mRNA reduction is observed. The results are shown below in Table 45.

Table 45: Estimated ED₅₀ Concentration

Example 6: Short Antisense Compounds Targeting a PTEN nucleic acid and having methyleneoxy (4'- CH₂-O-2') BNA Modifications

Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered a single i.p. injection of PTEN antisense compound at a dose of 8 μmol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 46 are the sequences and motifs of the PTEN antisense compounds used in this study. Bolded residues indicate 2'-O-methoxyethyl moieties (2'-MOE) and italicized residues indicate Methyleneoxy BNA nucleotides. Each antisense compound comprises phosphorothioate linkages throughout. In addition, the cytosine residues in the gap of ISIS 384073 and in the wings of ISIS 392056, ISIS 392057, ISIS 392061 and ISIS 392063 are replaced with 5-methylcytosines. Antisense compounds target published PTEN nucleic acids, including Genbank Accession No. U92437.1 (SEQ ID NO: 13). Table 46: Antisense Compounds targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid

Mice were sacrificed 72 hours following injection to determine serum transaminase levels (Table 47); liver and spleen weights (Table 47); and PTEN mRNA levels in liver, kidney and fat (Table 48), according to procedures described herein and well know to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Table 47: Transaminase Levels and Organ Weights

Overall, the short antisense compounds with methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA modifications exhibited little to no adverse effects. In addition, total body weight did not significantly differ between treatment groups.

Table 48: %PTEN mRNA levels in Liver, Kidney and Fat

As shown in Table 48, each antisense compound targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid led to a significant reduction in target mRNA levels in liver as compared with saline treated and control treated animals. The antisense compounds had various effects on target mRNA levels in kidney and fat.

Example 7: Short Antisense Compounds Targeting a PTEN nucleic acid and having BNA Modifications

Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antisense compound targeted a PTEN nucleic acid at a dose of 8, 4, 2 or 1 μmol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 49 are the sequence, wing chemistry and motif of each antisense compound used in this study. Bold residues indicate 2'-MOE modified nucleotides, italicized letters indicate methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA modifications. All antisense compounds comprise phosphorothioate linkages at each position. Each cytosine of ISIS 116847 and the cytosine residues in the methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA wings of ISIS 392063 are replaced with 5- methylcytosines, while the thymidine residues in the methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA wings of ISIS 392745 are replaced with 5-methyl thymidines. Antisense compounds target published PTEN nucleic acids, including Genbank Accession No. U92437.1 (SEQ ID NO: 13).

Table 49: Antisense Compounds Targeted to a PTEN Nucleic Acid

Mice were sacrificed 72 hours following injection to determine serum transaminase levels (Table 50); liver, kidney and spleen weights (Table 50); PTEN mRNA levels in liver (Table 51); and estimated ED₅₀ oligonucleotide concentration (Table 52). These endpoints were measured using methods described herein and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Table 50: AST, ALT and Bilirubin Levels and Organ Weights

Overall, the PTEN antisense compounds did not show significant signs of toxicity. Kidney, liver and spleen weights were all within normal ranges. Total body weight did not significantly differ between treatment groups.

Table 51: % PTEN mRNA levels in Liver (relative to saline control)

As shown in Table 51, each short antisense compound having methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA modifications demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in PTEN mRNA levels. Furthermore, the short antisense compounds were more effective at target reduction than the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer. Levels of PTEN protein in liver were also determined following administration of each antisense compound at a dose of 8 μmol/kg. Each short antisense compound comprising methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA in the wings resulted in a significant reduction in PTEN protein relative to both saline control and ISIS 116847 treatment. Next, estimated ED₅₀ concentrations for each oligonucleotide were calculated using Graphpad Prism. The results are shown below in Table 52.

Table 52: Estimated ED_SO Concentration

To further investigate different types of bicyclic nucleic acid compounds, an additional set of short antisense compounds targeting a PTEN nucleic acid was designed and tested. Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antisense compound at a dose of 8, 4, 2 or 1 μmol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 53 are the sequence, wing chemistry and motif of each antisense compound used in this study. All antisense compounds comprise phosphorothioate linkages at each position. The cytosine residues in the methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA wings of ISIS 392063 are replaced with 5-methylcytosines. The antisense compound target published PTEN nucleic acids, including Genbank Accession No. U92437.1 (SEQ ID NO: 13).

Table 53: Antisense Compounds Targeting a PTEN Nucleic Acid

Mice were sacrificed 72 hours following injection to determine serum transaminase levels (Table 54); liver and spleen weights (Table 54); and PTEN mRNA levels in liver (Table 55), according to methods described herein and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Table 54: AST and ALT Levels and Organ Weights

Table 55: % PTEN mRNA levels in Liver (relative to saline control)

As shown above, short antisense compounds having α-L-methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA modifications led to a dose-dependent reduction in target mRNA levels. Treatment with the short antisense compound having oxyamino BNA modifications led to a modest reduction in target expression.

Example 8. Single Dose Administration Dose Response Study with Short Antisense Compounds Targeting ApoB and PTEN nucleic acids

Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antisense compound at a dose of 8, 4, 2 or 1 μmol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 56 are the sequence, wing chemistry and motif of each antisense compound used in this study. Italicized residues indicate methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA modifications, underlined residues indicate N-methyl-oxyamino (4'-CH₂-Ν(CH₃)-O-2') BNA modifications, and boxed residues indicate α-L-methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA modifications. All antisense compounds comprise phosphorothioate linkages at each position. Each cytosine of ISIS 116847 and the cytosine residues in the methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA wings of ISIS 392063 are replaced with 5-methylcytosines, while the thymidine residues in the methyleneoxy (4'-CH₂-O-2') BNA wings of ISIS 392745 are replaced with 5- methyl thymidines. PTEN antisense compounds target published PTEN nucleic acid, including Genbank Accession No. U92437.1 (SEQ ID NO: 13). ApoB antisense compounds target published ApoB nucleic acid, including Genbank Accession No. XM_137955.5 (SEQ ID NO: 2).

Table 56: Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to ApoB and PTEN Nucleic Acids

Table 57: %ApoB and PTEN mRNA Reduction (relative to saline control)

As shown in Table 57, each short antisense compound having Methyleneoxy BNA modifications demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in target mRNA levels. Notably, the short antisense compound with N-methyl-oxyamino BNA wings (ISIS 396565) also demonstrated dose-dependent reduction in PTEN expression similar to both the β-D-methyleneoxy BNA and α-L-methyleneoxy BNA short antisense compounds. Next, estimated ED₅₀ concentrations for each antisense were calculated using Graphpad Prism. The results are shown below in Table 58.

Table 58: Estimated ED₅₀ Concentrations

EXAMPLE 9: Administration of a Parent and Parent Mixed Backbone Antisense Compound Targeting SGLT-2 mRNA.

ISIS 257016 was administered to db/db mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) intraperitoneally at a dose of 1, 7.5, 14 or 17 mg/kg twice a week. Control groups included a group receiving saline on the same dosing schedule and a group receiving ISIS 145733. ISIS 257016 and ISIS 145733 both comprise the sequence GAAGTAGCCACCAACTGTGC (SEQ ID NO: 1572) further comprising a central "gap" region consisting of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5' and 3' directions) by five-nucleotide "wings". The wings are composed of 2'-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) nucleotides. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P=S) throughout the oligonucleotide for ISIS 145733; however ISIS 257016 has a mixed backbone. The internucleoside linkages for ISIS 257016 are phosphodiester (P=O) in the wings and phosphorothioate in the gap. Forty-eight hours following administration of the last dose the mice were sacrificed and kidney tissue was analyzed for SGLT-2 mRNA levels. The results are shown below in Table 59.

Table 59: Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo by 5-10-5 MOE gapmers

Both ISIS 257016 and ISIS 145733 markedly reduced SGLT-2 levels compared to saline control. (mRNA levels determined using RT, real-time PCR as described above) However, ISIS 257016 has been shown to be about 20-50 times more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA compared to ISIS 145733. An associated reduction in plasma glucose levels was seen for the treatment groups (661 ±14 for the saline group compared to 470 ±23 for the group receiving ISIS 257016). Accumulation of ISIS 257016 and ISIS 145733 in the kidney was similar over the dose range, however little of the full length 257016 antisense was detected in the kidney which supports the theory that a degradation product is responsible for the increased activity. Also the onset of action following a single dose of 25 mg/kg correlated to a time pint were little intact 257016 antisense compound was left.

Similar studies were performed in lean mice, ob/ob mice and in ZDF rats (Charles Rivers Laboratories) using ISIS 257016, ISIS 145733 or saline in a similar same dosing schedule as described above. The sequence of the binding site for ISIS 145733 and ISIS 257016 is conserved between mouse and rat (see Table 60). Reduction of SGLT-2 mRNA in the kidney was similar to that seen above. In a study utilizing rats, at a dose of 10 mg/kg given two times a week for two weeks, ISIS 145733 was shown to reduce SGLT-2 mRNA levels by about 40% whereas the reduction achieved with ISIS 257016 was greater than 80%. ISIS 257016 reduces SGLT2 expression maximally at a low dose of 12.5 mg/kg. Additional studies at lower dosing ranges show significant reduction of SGLT2 mRNA levels with the mixed backbone antisense compound at doses less than 1 mg/kg/wk .

EXAMPLE 10: Administration of a Parent and Short Antisense Compound Targeting SGLT-2 mRNA Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that ISIS 257016 was acting as a prodrug that was metabolized to a 12 nucleobase pharmacophore. In a next study, ZDF rats were dosed intraperitoneally twice per week with 1.5 mg/kg of either ISIS 257016 or ISIS 370717, or with saline at a similar dosing schedule. ISIS 370717 is a 12 nucleobase antisense compound targeted to SGLT-2 nucleic acid comprising the sequence TAGCCACCAACT (SEQ ID NO: 154) and further comprising central "gap" region consisting of ten T- deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5' and 3' directions) by one-nucleotide "wings". The wings are composed of 2'-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) nucleotides. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P=S) throughout the oligonucleotide.

Following five weeks of dosing the animals were sacrificed and kidney tissue was analyzed for SGLT-2 mRNA levels. The pharmacological activity of ISIS 257016 and ISIS 370717 were similar, however, the 12 nucleotide antisense compound displayed a faster onset of action. ISIS 370717 displayed nearly 80% inhibition of SGLT2 expression in kidney on day two after a single dose of 2.8 umoles/kg whereas ISIS 257016 displayed only about 25% inhibition on day 2 after the same single dose administration. The date support that ISIS 257016 is a prodrug having a 12 nucleotide pharmacophore.

EXAMPLE 11: Potency and Bioavailability of a Short Antisense Compound

The improved potency displayed by ISIS 370717 and the improved oral bioavailability for these short antisense compounds makes these compounds useful for oral administration. Normal rats received ISIS 370717, ISIS 145733 or saline at 100 mg/kg twice per week via intrajejunal administration. About 48 hours following the last dose, the animals were sacrificed and kidney tissue was analyzed for antisense compound concentration and SGLT-2 mRNA levels. There was a significantly higher accumulation of ISIS 370717 in the kidney tissue (approximately 500 micro grams per gram of tissue) compared to the controls. Moreover, SGLT-2 mRNA was reduced by more than 80% over the controls.

EXAMPLE 12: Wing, Gap and Total Length Variations Around a 12 nucleotide short antisense compound ISIS 370717 1-10-1 MOE gapmer was used as a template to make sequence related oligos with varying motifs. These variations are provided in Table 60. The antisense compounds were designed to target different regions of the mouse or rat SGLT2 nucleic acid, using published sequences (GenBank accession number U29881.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1575, and GenBank accession number AJ292928.1, incorporated herein as SEQ DD NO: 1576, respectively).

Table 60: Short Antisense compounds targeting SGLT2 nucleic acids

The antisense compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse SGLT2 mRNA levels. Data are ranges taken from three experiments in which mice were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 2.5, 0.5 or 0.1 umol/kg of the above MOE gapmers given by intraperitoneal injection. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. SGLT2 mRNA levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 61.

Table 61: Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 in vivo by 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmers

These results illustrate that all the various motifs tested inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. The 1-10-1, 2-8-2 and 1-8-1 gapmers were found to be particularly potent. EXAMPLE 13: Antisense Inhibition of Rat SGLT-2 by 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE Gapmers

1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmer antisense compounds, provided in Table 62, were designed to target different regions of the mouse or rat SGLT2 RNA. All short antisense compounds in Table 62 are chimeric oligonucleotides ("gapmers") either 12 or 13 nucleotides in length, composed of a central "gap" segment consisting of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides, which are flanked on the 5' side by a one-nucleoside "wing" and on the 3' side by a two or one-nucleotide "wing". The wings are composed of 2'-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P=S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines.

Table 62: Antisense compounds targeting SGLT2 nucleic acid

The short antisense compounds were analyzed for their effect on rat SGLT2 mRNA levels. Data are ranges taken from three experiments in which Male Sprague-Dawley rats (170-20Og) were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 450, 150 or 50 nmol/kg of either a 1-10-1 or 1-10-2 MOE gapmer given by intraperitoneal injection. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 63.

Table 63: Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmers

These results illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmers reduce SGLT2 mRNA in vivo in a dose-dependent manner.

Rats were further evaluated for total body weight, liver, spleen and kidney weight. Significant changes in spleen, liver or body weight can indicate that a particular compound causes toxic effects. All changes were within the margin of error of the experiment. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed.

Toxic effects of short antisense compounds administered in vivo can also be assessed by measuring the levels of enzymes and proteins associated with disease or injury of the liver or kidney. Elevations in the levels of the serum transaminases aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are often indicators of liver disease or injury. Serum total bilirubin is an indicator of liver and biliary function, and albumin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are indicators of renal function. Glucose and triglyceride levels are sometimes altered due to toxicity of a treatment. Serum glucose also depends in part upon the activity of SGLT2. The levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, albumin, BUN, glucose and triglyceride were measured in rats treated with the short antisense compounds. The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease were within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the short antisense compounds do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels were not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

EXAMPLE 14: Antisense Inhibition of Mouse and Rat SGLT2 by 1-10-1 MOE Gapmers

1-10-1 MOE gapmer antisense compounds designed to target different regions of mouse SGLT2 mRNA are shown in Table 64.

Table 64: Composition of Antisense Compounds Targeting SGLT2 mRNA

** indicates 3 mismatches to a target sequence

The short antisense compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse SGLT2 mRNA levels. Data was taken from three experiments in which Male 6-week old Balb/c mice were dosed twice per week for two weeks with 450, 150, or 50 nmol/kg of one of the above 1-10-1 MOE gapmers given by intraperitoneal injection. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 65.

Table 65: Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by 1-10-1 MOE gapmers

These results illustrate that all the 1-10-1 MOE gapmers except, ISIS 381408, inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner in mouse. Activity of ISIS 381408 has been shown in Rat studies (See Table 65).

Evaluation of 1-10-1 Gapmers in Rat

The effect of the above 1-10-1 gapmers (see Table 64 above) on rat SGLT2 mRNA levels. Data are taken from four experiments in which male Sprague-Dawley rats (170-20Og) were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 250 nmol/kg given by intraperitoneal injection. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, realtime PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 66.

Table 66: Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by 1-10-1 MOE gapmers

These results illustrate that all the 1-10-1 MOE gapmers inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in in vivo rat studies.

EXAMPLE 15: Antisense Inhibition of Mouse and Rat SGLT2 Expression by Additional 1-10-1 and 2- 8-2 MOE Gapmers

1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmer short antisense compounds were designed to target different regions of the mouse SGLT2 RNA but have complementarity across species. The short antisense compounds are shown in Table 67. All short antisense compounds in Table 67 are gapmers 12 nucleotides in length, composed of a central "gap" segment consisting of 2'-deoxynucleotides, which are flanked on both sides (5' and 3' directions) by wing segments having 2'-modifϊcations. The wings are composed of 2'-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P=S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines.

Table 67: Short Antisense Compounds Targeting SGLT2 nucleic acid

The short antisense compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse SGLT2 mRNA levels in vivo. Data was taken from three experiments in which male 6-week old Balb/c mice were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 0.5, 0.1, or 0.02 umol/kg of either a 1-10-1 or 2-8-2 MOE gapmer given by intraperitoneal injection. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 68.

Table 68: Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmers

These results illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmers inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner.

Mice were further evaluated for total body weight, liver, spleen and kidney weight. All changes were within the margin of error of the experiment. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed.

The levels of ALT, AST, BUN, transaminases, plasma creatinine, glucose and triglyceride were measured in mice treated with the short antisense compounds. The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease were within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the short antisense compounds do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels were not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.

Evaluation of ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE Gapmer, ISIS 392170 1-10-1 Methyleneoxy BNA Gapnter, ISIS 3886252-8-2 MOE Gapmer and ISIS 3921732-8-2 Methyleneoxy BNA Gapmer in Mice

The effect of ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE gapmer and ISIS 388625 2-8-2 MOE gapmer are compared with the effect of ISIS 392170 1-10-1 Methyleneoxy BNA Gapmer and ISIS 392173 2-8-2 Methyleneoxy BNA Gapmer (see Table 69) on mouse SGLT2 mRNA levels in vivo. Data are taken from three experiments in which male 6-week old Balb/c mice were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 5, 25 and 125 nmol/kg of either the ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE gapmer or the ISIS 388625 2-8-2 MOE gapmer given by intraperitoneal injection. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The data are expressed as percent change ("+" indicates an increase, "-" indicates a decrease) relative to saline treated animals and are illustrated in Table 69.

Table 69: Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by a 1-10-1 and a 2-8-2 MOE gapmer

These results illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmer inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo at the highest three dosing ranges in a dose-dependent manner. The results also illustrate that the Methyleneoxy BNA constructs are more potent then the MOE constructs. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed. The toxicity parameters including levels of ALT, AST, BUN, and creatinine were within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function.

Evaluation of ISIS 3796921-10-1 MOE Gapmer and ISIS 3886252-8-2 MOE Gapmer in Rat

The effect of ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE gapmer and ISIS 388625 MOE 2-8-2 gapmer (see Table 70) on rat SGLT2 mRNA levels in vivo. Data are taken from four experiments in which male Sprague-Dawley rats (170-20Og) were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 200, 50, 12.5, or 3.125 nmol/kg of either the ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE gapmer or the ISIS 388625 2-8-2 MOE gapmer given by intraperitoneal injection. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 70.

Table 70: Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by a 1-10-1 and a 2-8-2 MOE gapmer

% change in SGLT2 expression relative to saline

These results illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmer inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo at the highest three dosing ranges in a dose-dependent manner.

Rats were further evaluated for total body weight, liver, spleen and kidney weight. All changes were within the margin of error of the experiment. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed. The levels of ALT, AST, BUN, cholesterol, plasma creatinine and triglycerides were measured in rats treated with the short antisense compounds. The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease were within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the short antisense compounds do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function.

EXAMPLE 16: Antisense Inhibition of SGLT2 Expression in ZDF rat

ISIS 388625, 388626 and control oligo ISIS 388628 were analyzed for their effect on ZDF rat plasma glucose levels and HbAIc. The leptin receptor deficient Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat is a useful model for the investigation of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes develops spontaneously in these male rats at ages 8-

10 weeks, and is associated with hyperphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, and impaired weight gain, symptoms which parallel the clinical symptoms of diabetes (Phillips MS, et al., 1996, Nat Genet 13, 18-19). Six week old ZDF rats were injected intraperitoneally with short antisense compound at a dose of 40 OnM/kg once a week for twelve weeks. Data are illustrated in Tables 71 and 72.

Table 71: Plasma glucose

ISIS 388625 and 388626 significantly reduced plasma glucose levels and HbAlC compared to PBS and control treated animals.

EXAMPLE 17: Antisense Inhibition of SGLT2 Expression in Dog Kidney (ISIS 388625)

ISIS 388625 is a 2-8-2 MOE Gapmer with sequence JGTTCCAGCCCA (SEQ ID NO: 246) (e.g. see Table 71). The effect of ISIS 388625 on dog SGLT2 mRNA levels. Data are taken from two dosing groups in which a total of nine male beagle dogs were dosed with either one or ten mg/kg/week of ISIS 388625 or saline given by subcutaneous injection twice weekly. On day 46 of the study all dogs were sacrificed and evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative RT, real- time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 73.

Table 73: Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by ISIS 388625

These results illustrate that greater than 80% reduction of SGLT2 mRNA can be achieved at a 1 mg/kg/wk dose of ISIS 388625. Even greater reduction can be achieved at slightly higher doses. Administration of ISIS 388625 in dog was also shown to improve glucose tolerance. Peak plasma glucose levels were decreased by over 50% on average and the subsequent drop in glucose was lessened compared to saline controls in a standard glucose tolerance test. Urinary glucose excretion was also increased.

EXAMPLE 18: In vivo testing of short antisense compounds targeted to SGLT2 nucleic acid

Twenty 1-10-1 MOE gapmers that are complementary to human/monkey/mouse/rat SGLT2 were designed, synthesized and tested in vivo for suppression of SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. Target sites for mouse and rat are indicated in Table 74. Target sites for human are indicated in Tables 4 and 5. Data are averages from two experiments in which male 6-week old Balb/c mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of 350 nmol/kg of oligonucleotide, twice per week, over a period of two weeks (a total of four injections). Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following the last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. SGLT2 mRNA levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis according to standard procedures, using two different PCR primer probe sets, primer probe set (PPS) 534 and PPS 553. SGLT2 mRNA levels were normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels, which were also measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The results are shown below in Table 74.

* indicates 1 or 2 mismatches to a target sequence

Example 19: Antisense inhibition of human PCSK9 in Hep3B cells

Short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid were tested for their effects on PCSK9 mRNA in vitro. The short antisense compounds are presented in Table 6. The Isis No, gapmer motif and SEQ ID NO of each short antisense compound are shown again in Table 75. Cultured Hep3B cells were treated with 100 nM of short antisense compound. 5-10-5 MOE gapmers targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid were used as positive controls. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PCSK9 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PCSK9 mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented in Table 75 as percent inhibition of PCSK9 (%Inhib), relative to untreated control cells. In the "% Inhib" column, a "0" indicates that no reduction of PCSK9 mRNA was observed with that particular short antisense compound.

Table 75: Antisense inhibition of PCSK9 by short antisense compounds

As illustrated in Table 75, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid, having a 2- 10-2 MOE gapmer motif, reduced PCSK9 mRNA in cultured cells.

Short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid were tested in a dose response experiment Hep3B cells. Cells were treated as described herein with nM concentrations of short antisense compound as indicated in Tables 76. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PCSK9 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PCSK9 mRNA levels were normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels, as measured by real-time PCR using a cyclophilin-specific primer probe set. Results are presented as percent inhibition of PCSK9, relative to untreated control cells. Also shown is the EC₅₀ (concentration at which 50% reduction of mRNA is observed) for each short antisense compound tested in the dose response experiment, as calculated using Graphpad Prism. As illustrated in the following table, PCSK9 mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner.

Table 76: Dose-dependent antisense inhibition of PCSK9 by short antisense compounds

Example 20: Antisense inhibition of PCSK9 by short antisense compounds comprising BNAs

Short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid were tested in dose response experiments, in both mouse and human cultured cells. The compounds tested included ISIS 403739 and ISIS 403740. ISIS 403739 is a short antisense compound consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 404 and having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where the nucleotides in the wings comprise (6'S)-6'methyl BNA. ISIS 403740 is a short antisense compound consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 405 and having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where the nucleotides in the wings comprise (6 'S)-6' methyl BNA. Also tested was a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid.

Mouse hepatocytes were plated and treated as described herein with nM concentrations of short antisense compound as indicated in Table 77. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PCSK9 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PCSK9 mRNA levels were normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels, as measured by real-time PCR using a cyclophilin- specific primer probe set. Results are presented as percent inhibition of PCSK9, relative to untreated control cells. Where present, "0" indicates no observed reduction in PCSK9 mRNA. ISIS 403739 exhibited dose- dependent reduction of mouse PCSK9 mRNA at the doses of 30 nM and higher. ISIS 403740 exhibited reduction of mouse PCSK9 mRNA at the two highest doses of short antisense compound.

Table 77: Antisense inhibition of mouse PCSK9 b short antisense com ounds com risin BNAs

Human Hep3B cells were treated with nM concentrations of short antisense compound as described herein. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PCSK9 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PCSK9 mRNA levels were normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels, as measured by real-time PCR using a cyclophilin-specific primer probe set. Results are presented as percent inhibition of PCSK9, relative to untreated control cells. The data are shown in Table 78 and demonstrate a dose-dependent reduction in human PCSK9 mRNA following treatment with ISIS 403740. ISIS 403739 exhibited dose-dependent reduction at higher doses.

Table 78: Antisense inhibition of mouse PCSK9 by short antisense compounds comprising BNAs

Example 21: Antisense inhibition of GCGR in HepG2 cells

Short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid were tested for their effects on GCGR mRNA in vitro. HepG2 Cells

Cultured HepG2 cells at a density of 10000 cells per well in a 96-well plate were treated as described herein with 25, 50, 100 or 200 nM of antisense oligonucleotide. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and GCGR mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. GCGR mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent reduction in GCGR mRNA, relative to untreated control cells.

Table 79 presents data following treatment with the indicated doses of ISIS 327161, a 3-10-3 MOE gapmer. ISIS 327161 reduced GCGR mRNA in a dose-dependent manner.

Table 79: Antisense inhibition of GCGR in HepG2 cells by a short antisense compound

Monkey hepatocytes

Additional short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid were tested for their effects on monkey GCGR mRNA in vitro. Cultured primary monkey hepatocytes were treated as described herein with 25, 50, 100 or 200 nM of short antisense compound. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and GCGR mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. GCGR mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented in Table 80 as percent reduction in GCGR mRNA, relative to untreated control cells.

Table 80: Antisense inhibition of GCGR in primary monkey hepatocytes by short antisense compounds

Example 22: Antisense inhibition of DGAT2 by short antisense compounds

Short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid were tested for their effects on DGAT2 mRNA in vitro. Cultured AlO cells in a 96- well plate were treated with 75 nM of short antisense compound. After a treatment period of approximately 24 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells and DGAT2 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. DGAT2 mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition of DGAT2, relative to untreated control cells in Table 81.

Additional short antisense compounds targeted to DGAT2 mRNA were tested in vitro in a dose- response experiment. AlO cells were prepared as described above and treated with 6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100.0, and 200.0 nM short antisense compounds to determine if DGAT2 inhibition occurs in a dose- dependent manner. The data demonstrate that each of the short antisense compounds presented in Table 82 reduces rat DGAT2 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Results are presented as percent inhibition, relative to untreated control cells. A "0" indicates that DGAT2 mRNA was not reduced.

Table 82: Dose-De endent Inhibition of DGAT2 in AlO cells

Additional short antisense compounds targeted to DGAT2 mRNA were tested in vitro. AlO cells were prepared as described above and treated with 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.67, 50.0, and 150.0 nM short antisense compounds to determine if DGAT2 inhibition occurs in a dose-dependent manner. DGAT2 mRNA was measured using quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. The data demonstrate that each of the short antisense compounds presented in Table 83 below inhibit rat DGAT2 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Results are presented as percent inhibition of rat DGAT2, relative to untreated control cells. Where present, "0" indicates that no reduction in DGAT2 mRNA was observed.

Example 23: Antisense inhibition of human PTPlB in HuVEC cells

Short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid were tested for their effects on PTPlB mRNA in vitro. Cultured HuVEC cells at a density of 5000 cells per well in a 96-well plate were treated as described herein with 3 nM of short antisense compound. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PTPlB mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PTPlB mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RJDBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition of PTPlB (% Inhib), relative to untreated control cells. The data demonstrated that short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid and having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif can inhibit PTPlB in HuVEC cells in Table 84.

Table 84: Antisense inhibition of PTPlB in HuVEC cells by short antisense compounds

Example 24: Antisense inhibition of human PTPlB in HepG2 cells

Short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid were tested for their effects on PTPlB mRNA in vitro. Cultured HepG2 cells at a density of 10000 cells per well in a 96-well plate were treated with 25 nM of antisense oligonucleotide. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PTPlB mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PTPlB mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition (% Inhib) of PTPlB, relative to untreated control cells. The data demonstrated that short antisense compounds targeted to a PTPlB nucleic acid and having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif can inhibit PTPlB in HepG2 cells in Table 85. Table 85: Antisense inhibition of PTPlB in HepG2 cells by short antisense compounds

Example 25: Antisense inhibition of PTPlB in HuVEC cells: Dose response experiment

Human vascular endothelial (HuVEC) cells were plated at a density of 5000 cells per well and treated as described herein with nM concentrations of short antisense compound as indicated in Table 86. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PTPlB mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PTPlB mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Two different human PTPlB primer probe sets were used to measure mRNA levels. Results with Primer Probe Set (PPS) 198 are shown in Table 86, and results with Primer Probe Set (PPS) 3000 are shown in Table 87. Results are presented as percent inhibition of PTPlB mRNA expression relative to untreated control cells. Where present, "0" indicates that no PTPlB mRNA reduction was observed. As illustrated in Tables 86 and 87, PTPlB mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner.

Table 86: Dose Response for Human PTPlB in HuVEC cells, using PPS 198

Table 87: Dose Response for Human PTPlB in HuVEC cells, using PPS 3000

Example 26: Antisense inhibition of ApoB by short antisense compounds

The short antisense compounds shown in Table 88 were tested for their effects in vivo. Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered intraperitoneal doses of 3.2, 1, 0.32, or .1 umol/kg, twice per week for three weeks. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 48 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. ApoB mRNA levels were measured by realtime PCR as described herein. ApoB mRNA levels were normalized to RNA levels as determined by RIBOGREEN, and are presented in Table 89 as percent inhibition relative to ApoB mRNA levels in saline- treated control animals.

Table 88: Short Antisense Compounds Tar eting an ApoB nucleic acid

Table 89: Antisense inhibition of ApoB by Short Antisense Compounds Comprising BNA

Table 89 shows that ApoB mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with short antisense compounds having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif and BNA modifications in the wings. At the 1 umol/kg dose, ApoB inhibition by the short antisense compounds was greater than observed with a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer at an equivalent dose. Cholesterol was reduced at the 1 and 3.2 umol/kg doses of short antisense compound.

The short antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse side effects, as judged by organ and body weights, serum transaminases, bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine.

Example 27: Antisense inhibition of PTEN by short antisense compounds

The short antisense compounds shown in Table 90 were tested for their effects in vivo. Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered intraperitoneal doses of 3.2, 1, 0.32, or .1 umol/kg, twice per week for three weeks. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 48 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. PTEN mRNA levels were measured by realtime PCR as described herein. PTEN mRNA levels were normalized to RNA levels as determined by RJDBOGREEN, and are presented in Table 91 as percent inhibition relative to PTEN mRNA levels in saline- treated control animals.

Table 90: Short Antisense Com ounds tar eted to a PTEN nucleic acid

Table 91: Antisense inhibition of PTEN b short antisense com ounds comprising BNA modifications

Table 91 shows that PTEN mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with short antisense compounds having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif and BNA modifications in the wings. At the 1 umol/kg dose, PTEN inhibition by the short antisense compounds was greater than observed with a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer at an equivalent dose.

With the exception of the highest dose of ISIS 392063, no significant increases in serum transaminases were observed. Overall, the short antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse side effects.

Example 28: Single dose administration of short antisense compounds comprising BNA modifications

Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of short antisense compound at a dose of 8, 4, 2 or 1 μmol/kg. The short antisense compounds tested were ISIS 387462 and ISIS 398296. Each dose group consisted of four animals. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 48 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. ApoB mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR as described herein. ApoB mRNA levels were normalized to RNA levels as determined by RIBOGREEN, and are presented in Table 92 as percent inhibition relative to ApoB mRNA levels in saline-treated control animals. Table 92: Antisense inhibition of ApoB by Short Antisense Compounds Comprising BNA

Table 92 shows that ApoB πiRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following a single administration of short antisense compounds having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif and BNA modifications in the wings. At the 8 umol/kg dose, ApoB inhibition by the short antisense compounds was greater than observed with a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer at an equivalent dose. The ED₅₀ of ISIS 387462 was 3.9 mg/kg, and the ED₅₀ of ISIS 398296 was 8.7 mg/kg. Cholesterol was also reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Triglycerides were reduced at the highest dose.

In a similar single dose administration study, ISIS 392748, having SEQ ID NO: 1226, a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where the nucleotides of the wings comprise (6'R)-6'-methyl methyleneoxy BNA modifications, reduced PTEN mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, ISIS 392749, having SEQ ID NO: 1226, a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where the nucleotides of the wings comprise (6 'S)-6' -methyl methyleneoxy BNA modifications, reduced PTEN mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. A short antisense compound having 2-10-2 gapmer motifs, the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1226, and 6-(S)-CH2-O-CH3-BNA modifications also reduced PTEN mRNA in a similar in vivo study. A short antisense compound having 2-10- 2 gapmer motifs, the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1226, and 6-(R)-CH2-O-CH3-BNA modifications also reduced PTEN mRNA in a similar in vivo study.

Example 29: Single dose administration of short antisense compounds comprising BNA modifications

Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of antisense compound at a dose of 8, 4, 2 or 1 μmol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. The compounds tested were ISIS 392063, ISIS 392749, and ISIS 366006. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 48 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. ApoB mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR as described herein. ApoB mRNA levels were normalized to RNA levels as determined by RJDBOGREEN, and are presented in Table 93 as percent inhibition relative to ApoB mRNA levels in saline-treated control animals.

Table 93: Antisense inhibition of PTEN b short antisense com ounds comprising BNA modifications

Table 93 shows that PTEN mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with short antisense compounds having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif and BNA modifications in the wings. At the 8 umol/kg dose, PTEN inhibition by the short antisense compounds was greater than observed with a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer at an equivalent dose. The estimated ED₅₀S were 7 mg/kg for ISIS 392063, 17.4 mg/kg for ISIS 396565, and 9.3 mg/kg for ISIS 396006.

Example 30: Antisense inhibition of ApoB by short antisense compounds comprising palmitic acid conjugates

Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of antisense compound at a dose of 2.5, 1.0. 0.4, and 0.16 umol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. The compounds tested are shown in Table 94. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 48 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. ApoB mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR as described herein. ApoB mRNA levels were normalized to RNA levels as determined by RIBOGREEN, and are presented in Table 95 as percent inhibition relative to ApoB mRNA levels in saline-treated control animals.

Table 94: Short antisense compounds comprising palmitic conjugates

Table 95: Antisense inhibition by short antisense compounds comprising palmitic acid conjugates

Table 95 shows that ApoB mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with short antisense compounds having a palmitic acid (C 16) conjugate. At the 2.5 umol/kg dose, ApoB inhibition by the short antisense compounds was greater than observed with a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer at an equivalent dose. In this study, the estimated ED₅₀S were 1.5 mg/kg for ISIS 387462, 13.1 mg/kg for ISIS 391871, and 1.9 mg/kg for ISIS 391872. The estimated ED₅₀ for the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was 17.4 mg/kg. Triglycerides were reduced at the 2.5 and 1.0 mg/kg doses of ISIS 387462 and ISIS 391872. ISIS 387462 and ISIS 391872 markedly reduced total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C in a dose-dependent manner; reduction in LDL-C was so marked that it fell below the limit of detection. Overall, the short antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse effects.

Example 31: Antisense inhibition of PCSK9 in vivo by short antisense compounds comprising BNA modifications

Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of antisense compound at a dose of 15, 4.7, 1.5 and .47 umol/kg of ISIS 403739 or 403740. Each dose group consisted of four animals. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 72 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. PCSK9 mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR as described herein. PCSK9 mRNA levels were normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels as determined by real-time PCR. ISIS 403739 reduced PCSK9 mRNA by approximately 70%, relative to saline controls. ISIS 403740 reduced PCSK9 by approximately 13% relative to saline controls, however, the reduction was not statistically significant. The lower doses did not significantly reduce PCSK9 mRNA. Overall, the short antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse side effects.

Claims

1. A short antisense compound 8 to 16 monomers in length, comprising a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide gap region flanked on each side by a wing, wherein each wing independently comprises 1 to 3 high-affinity modified monomers and wherein the short antisense compound is targeted to a nucleotide encoding PCSK9.

2. The short antisense compound of claim 1, wherein said high-affinity modified monomers are sugar- modified nucleotides.

3. The short antisense compound of claim 2, wherein at least one of the sugar-modified nucleotides comprises a bridge between the 4' and the 2' position of the sugar.

4. The short antisense compound of claim 2, wherein each of said high-affinity modified nucleotides confers a T_m of 1 to 4 degrees per nucleotide.

5. The short antisense compound of claim 2, wherein each of said sugar-modified nucleotides comprises a 2'-substituent group that is other than H or OH.

6. The short antisense compound of claim 5, wherein at least one of said sugar-modified nucleotides is a 4' to 2' bridged bicyclic nucleotide.

7. The short antisense compound of claim 5, wherein each of the 2'-substituent groups is, independently, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, or halogen.

8. The short antisense compound of claim 7, wherein each of the 2'-substituent groups is OCH₂CH₂OCH₃.

9. The short antisense compound claim 3, wherein the conformation of each of said sugar-modified nucleotides is, independently, β-D or α-L.

10. The short antisense compound claim 5, wherein each of said bridges independently comprises 1 or from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from -[C(R₁)(R₂)],,-, -C(RO=C(R₂)-, -C(RO=N-, -C(=NR,)-, -C(O)-, -C(=S)-, -0-, -Si(RO₂-, -S(O)_x- and -N(RO-; wherein x is O, 1 , or 2; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; each Ri and R₂ is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C₁-C]₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-Ci₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-Ci₂ alkenyl, C₂-Ci₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C]₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, 0J_h NJ,J₂, SJi, N₃, COOJi, acyl (C(O)-H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(O)₂-JO, or sulfoxyl (S(O)-JO; and each Ji and J₂ is, independently, H, Ci-Ci₂ alkyl, substituted C]-Ci₂ alkyl, C₂-C]₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-Cj₂ alkenyl, C₂-Ci₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-Ci₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂O aryl, acyl (C(=O)-H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, Ci-Ci₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C_rCi₂ aminoalkyl or a protecting group.

11. The short antisense compound of claim 10, wherein each of said bridges is, independently, 4'-CH₂-2', 4'-(CH₂)₂-2', 4'-CH₂-O-2', 4'-(CH₂)₂-O-2', 4'-CH₂-O-N(R, )-2' and 4'-CH₂-N(R,)-O-2'- wherein each R, is, independently, H, a protecting group or CpCi₂ alkyl.

12. The short antisense compound of claim 1, wherein each of the high-affinity modified monomer is independently selected from bicyclic nucleotides or other 2'-modified nucleotides.

13. The short antisense compound of claim 12, wherein the 2'-modified nucleotides are selected from halogen, allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O-C_rC₁₀ alkyl, -OCF₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-CH₃, 2'-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O-(CH₂)₂-O-N(R_m)(R_n) or O-CH₂-C(=O)-N(R_m)(R_n), where each R_m and R_n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cio alkyl.

14. The short antisense compound of claim 13, wherein the 2'-modified nucleotide is a 2'-OCH₂CH₂OCH₃ nucleotide.

15. The short antisense compound of claim 1, wherein at least one monomelic linkage is a modified monomelic linkage.

16. The antisense compound of claim 15, wherein the modified monomelic linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage.

17. The short antisense compound of claim 1, wherein each monomelic linkage is a phosphorothioate interaucleoside linkage.

18. The short antisense compound of any of claims 1-17, that is 8-15 monomers in length.

19. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9-15 monomers in length.

20. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10-15 monomers in length.

21. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9-14 monomers in length.

22. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10-14 monomers in length.

23. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9-13 monomers in length.

24. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10-13 monomers in length.

25. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9-12 monomers in length.

26. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10-12 monomers in length.

27. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9-11 monomers in length.

28. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10-11 monomers in length.

29. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 8 monomers in length.

30. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9 monomers in length.

31. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10 monomers in length.

32. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 11 monomers in length.

33. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 12 monomers in length.

34. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 13 monomers in length.

35. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 14 monomers in length.

36. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 15 monomers in length.

37. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 16 monomers in length.

38. The short antisense compound of any of claims 1-18, having a motif selected from 1-12-1; 3-10-3; 2- 10-3; 2-10-2; 1-10-1; 1-10-2; 3-8-3; 2-8-2; 1-8-1; 3-6-3; and 1-6-11 wherein, the first number represents the number of monomers in the 5 '-wing, the second number represents the number of monomers in the gap, and the third number represents the number of monomers in the 3' wing.

39. The short antisense compound of claim 38 wherein the motif is selected from 1-10-1; 2-10-2; 3-10-3; and 1-9-2.

40. The short antisense compound of any of claims 1-18 having a motif selected from 1-1-10-2, 1-1-8-2, 1- 1-6-3, and 1-2-8-2, wherein the first number represents the number of monomers in a first 5' wing, the second number represents the number of monomers in a second 5' wing, the third number represents the number of monomers in the gap, and the fourth number represents the number of monomers in the 3' wing.

41. The short antisense compound of any of claims 1-18 having a motif selected from 2-10-1-1, 2-8-1-1, 3-6-l-l,and 2-8-2-1, wherein the first number represents the number of monomers in the 5' wing, the second number represents the number of monomers in the gap, the third number represents the number of monomers in a first 3' wing, and the fourth number represents the number of monomers in a second 3' wing.

42. The short antisense compound of any of claims 1-18 having a motif selected from 1-2-10-1-1; 1-1-8- 1-1; 2-1-6-1-1; and 1- 2-8-2-1, wherein the first number represents the number of monomers in a first 5' wing, the second number represents the number of monomers in a second 5' wing, the third number represents the number of monomers in the gap, the fourth number represents the number of monomers in a first 3' wing and the fifth number represents the number of monomers in a second 3 'wing.

43. A method of modulating expression of a PCSK9 by contacting a nucleic acid encoding PCSK9 with a short antisense compound.

44. The method of claim 43 wherein the PCSK9 nucleic acid is in a cell.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the PCSK9 nucleic acid is in an animal.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the animal is a human.

47. The method of any of claims 43-48, wherein the short antisense compound is the short antisense compound of any of claims 1-38.

48. Use of the short antisense compound of any of claims 1-42 for the preparation of a medicament for reducing the expression of PCSK9 RNA in an animal.

49. The use of claim 48, wherein the medicament decreases total serum cholesterol, serum LDL, serum VLDL, serum HDL, serum triglycerides, serum apolipoprotein(a) and/or free fatty acids in an animal.

50. A method of inhibiting expression of PCSK9 RNA in an animal, comprising administering to said animal the short antisense compound of any of claims 1-42.

51. A method of treating a cardiovascular disorder in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need of such therapy the short antisense compound of any of claims 1-42.