Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
  • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
  • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
  • F02G1/053—Component parts or details
  • F02G1/055—Heaters or coolers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
  • F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
  • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
  • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
  • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
  • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
  • F02G1/053—Component parts or details
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
  • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
  • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
  • F28F1/105—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being corrugated elements extending around the tubular elements
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
  • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
  • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G2255/00—Heater tubes
  • F02G2255/20—Heater fins
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G2256/00—Coolers
  • F02G2256/02—Cooler fins
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F2275/00—Fastening; Joining
  • F28F2275/02—Fastening; Joining by using bonding materials; by embedding elements in particular materials
  • F28F2275/025—Fastening; Joining by using bonding materials; by embedding elements in particular materials by using adhesives
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F2275/00—Fastening; Joining
  • F28F2275/12—Fastening; Joining by methods involving deformation of the elements
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T29/00—Metal working
  • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
  • Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making

Definitions

• the application relates to heat exchangers. More particularly, the invention relates to a heat exchanger assembly for transferring heat between the interior and exterior of a housing through a portion of the housing wall.
• Heat exchangers are typically used to conduct heat between two media without intermixing between the media.
• a first medium is isolated from a second medium by a wall.
• a heat exchanger is attached to at least one side of the wall and has a structure, such as heat fins, that provides a sufficiently large surface area for establishing the desired heat exchange rate with the surrounding medium.
• a sealed housing contains a working gas, a portion of which is periodically compressed and expanded.
• the heat generated by the compression and other sources is to be transferred to the outside of the housing and dissipated.
• the effectiveness of the heat exchangers has a significant impact on the efficiency of a Stirling cycle machine relative to the Carnot efficiency.
• the heat exchanger assembly for dissipating heat from the working gas includes an external heat exchanger.
• the external heat exchanger includes heat fins circumferentially distributed around a columnar segment of the cryocooler housing and radially projecting from the segment.
• the heat fins are made from one or more pleated sheets of thermal conductors such as sheet copper and affixed to the housing by welding, brazing or the use of an adhesive.
• An internal heat exchanger is typically also used to transfer heat from the working gas to the housing.
• a cryocooler housing for such applications is typically constructed with stainless steel, which is a poor thermal conductor compared to copper and aluminum.
• the housing wall is therefore typically thin (wall thickness typically less than 1 mm) in order to minimize the radial temperature gradient inside the wall thus allowing a maximum thermal conduction and an optimum heat removal in the area of the heat exchanger.
• a reduced thickness of the housing wall results in a relatively high thermal resistance or poor thermal conductivity in circumferential directions. High resistance to circumferential heat conduction is undesirable because heat needs to be adequately conducted in circumferential directions to the bases of the heat radiating structures for a heat exchanger to function properly.
• U.S. Patent 6,446,336 (“the '336 patent”) discloses a heat exchanger for transferring heat across a housing wall.
• the heat exchanger has an outer ring seated against the exterior surface of a portion of the housing and supporting radially outwardly projecting external heat fins.
• the heat exchanger further has an inner ring seated against the interior surface of the portion of the housing wall and supporting radially inwardly projecting internal heat fins.
• the disclosed heat exchanger has certain advantages over prior art in heat transfer and structural characteristics. However, in certain applications, it is desirable to have rigid internal heat fins such as machined heat fins. It is very difficult to make such heat fins in an inwardly projecting configuration, as disclosed in the '336 patent.
• an internal passageway defined by the tips of the internal heat fins, to be highly concentric with the housing and/or other components, such as the compressor bore, of the Stirling cycle machine to.
• such precise alignment is often needed to achieve desired close tolerances between stationary and moving components, such as between an internal heat exchanger and a dispiacer in a Stirling cycle machine and between the compressor bore and the compression piston, which is coaxial with the displacer.
• stationary and moving components such as between an internal heat exchanger and a dispiacer in a Stirling cycle machine and between the compressor bore and the compression piston, which is coaxial with the displacer.
• an outer ring made of a thermal conductor such as copper, or aluminum
• An inner support made of a thermal conductor such as copper, or aluminum
• the inner support provides the structural backing that enables the inner heat fins to be in direct contact with the housing wall by a variety of methods, including shrink-fitting.
• a component of a Stirling cycle machine comprises a housing comprising a wall defining an interior gas volume and adapted to seal within the interior gas volume a working gas, the interior working gas volume comprising a compression region where the working gas is subject to intermittent compression and expansion; an outer ring disposed outside the housing and having an interior surface in contact with an exterior surface of the wall; a plurality of outer heat fins projecting from the outer ring; an inner support disposed inside the housing and having an exterior surface; and a plurality of inner heat fins connecting the exterior surface of the inner support to an interior surface of the wall of the housing. At least a portion of the outer ring and at least a portion of the inner heat fins sandwich at least a portion of the housing wall.
• a heat exchanger assembly comprises an outer ring disposed outside the housing and having an interior surface in contact with an exterior surface of the wall; a plurality of outer heat . fins outwardly projecting from the outer ring; and a plurality of inner heat fins projecting inwardly from the interior surface of the wall. At least a portion of the outer ring and at least a portion of the inner heat fins sandwich at least a portion of the housing wall.
• the inner heat fins can be attached to the interior surface of the housing wall by methods including brazing and soldering.
• a method for making a heat exchanger assembly for transferring heat across a wall of a housing comprises positioning an outer ring outside the housing such that an interior surface of the outer ring is in contact with an exterior surface of the wall; positioning a plurality of outer heat fins on the outer ring; positioning an inner support inside the housing; and connecting an interior surface of the wall and an exterior surface of the inner support using a plurality of inner heat fins such that at least a portion of the inner fins and at least a portion of the outer ring sandwich at least a portion of the housing wall.
• the inner heat fins can be shrink-fitted to the housing wall, and the outer ring can be shrink-fitted on the housing wall.
• Figure 1 schematically shows a Stirling cryocooler in an embodiment of the invention
• Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger assembly of the Stirling cryocooler shown in Figure 1 ;
• Figure 3 shows a portion of an outer heat fins in another embodiment of the invention;
• Figure 4 shows a portion of an outer heat fins in an alternative embodiment of the invention
• Figure 5 is a perspective view of an internal heat exchanger in an alternative embodiment of the invention
• Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view of the internal heat exchanger shown in Figure 5;
• Figure 7(a) is a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of the Stirling cryocooler in an embodiment of the invention, showing the outer ring and inner heat fins sandwiching a portion of the house wall;
• Figure 7(b) is a schematic cross- sectional view of a portion of the Stirling cryocooler in an embodiment of the invention, showing a portion of the outer ring and a portion of the inner heat fins sandwiching a portion of the house wall
• Figure 8 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a further alternative embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 9 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of another alternative embodiment of the invention.
• a heat exchanger assembly is employed in a Stirling cycle machine, which is configured as a cryocooler 100 includes sealed columnar housing 120, with sections of various diameters disposed along a longitudinal axis 150.
• the gas space inside the housing 120 is generally divided into a working space 124 and a bounce space 126 by seals.
• the housing 120 includes at one end a cold finger 110, which houses a displacer assembly 114.
• the cold finger 110 also includes a cold heat exchanger, or heat acceptor unit, 112, which serves to transfer heat from the exterior of the housing 120 to a working gas confined in the working space 124.
• the cryocooler housing 120 also encloses in its interior volume a linear motor 170 and a piston 180 driven by the motor for compressing and expanding a portion of the working gas in a compression region 160.
• the cryocooler 100 further includes a vacuum flange 130, which is also used for positioning the heat acceptor unit 112 in a . vacuum chamber.
• a warm heat exchanger assembly 200 is positioned to be in thermal contact with the compression region 160 for dissipating heat from the working gas to the exterior of the housing 120.
• the general structures and operation of Stirling cycle machines, including those of Stirling cryocoolers, are well known in the art.
• the warm heat exchanger assembly 200 in this illustrative embodiment includes outer heat fins 220 outside the housing wall 122 of the housing 120, an outer ring 210, which is seated against an exterior surface of the housing wall 122 and supports the outer heat fins 220.
• the assembly further includes inner heat fins 230 inside the housing wall 122 of the housing 120.
• the assembly 200 further includes an inner support member 240, which is disposed inside, and in contact with, the inner heat fins 230. At least a portion of the outer ring 210 and at least a portion of the inner heat fins 230 sandwich at least a portion of the housing wall.
• the inner support member 240 is integral with the inner heat fins 230. That is, both the inner support member 240 and the inner heat fins 230 are fabricated out of a single starting piece.
• the fins can be formed on the inner support member 240 by removing material from the starting piece by machining, water cutting, laser cutting, chemical etching and other suitable techniques.
• the integral structure of the inner heat fins 230 and the inner support member 240 can also be formed by mold casting, powder metallurgy and any other suitable techniques for making metal parts.
• inner heat fins can be fabricated separately from the inner support member 240 and attached to the inner support member 240 by any suitable technique, including welding, brazing and soldering.
• the inner heat fins 230 can be affixed to the housing wall 122 by a variety of suitable methods, including press- fitting, shrink fitting and bonding with a conductive adhesive.
• the inner heat fins 230 are affixed to the housing wall 122 by shrink-fitting.
• the requisite rigidity to withstand the shrink-fitting process is supplied by the combined structure of the inner heat fins 230 and the inner support member 240.
• the inner support member 240 and inner heat fins 230 in this case are made of aluminum, which has a higher thermal expansion coefficient than the housing wall 122, which is made of a stainless steel.
• Other suitable material combinations can also be used. For example, copper, its alloys or other materials that have higher thermal conductivities can be used.
• the housing wall 122 can be heated before being slid over the inner heat fins 230 and then allowed to cool. Shrink fitting allows the inner heat fins 230 to be attached to the housing wall 122 without the need for other joining techniques such as welding, brazing and soldering, which tend to introduce non-uniform deformation into the components being joined.
• an interior surface 250 can be formed in the inner support 240, as shown in Figure 2, to accommodate a sliding member (e.g., the displacer) moving through the aperture defined by the interior surface 250.
• the interior surface 250 in an illustrative embodiment is ground or honed to be concentric with the housing 120 and/or other components, such as the compressor bore, of the Stirling cycle machine and sufficiently smooth to act as a seal and/or a bearing surface for the sliding member.
• the interior surface 250 is sized to accommodate a displacer and has the requisite tolerance and smoothness to form a displacer seal and for realizing a displacer gas bearing, which has gas ports for discharging pressurized gas in between the displacer surface and the interior surface 250 of the inner support 240.
• the outer ring 210 is disposed between, and in contact with, the housing wall 122 and the outer heat fins 220.
• the outer ring 210 is a cylindrical annular ring circumferentially surrounding the housing wall 122.
• the outer ring 210 in this illustrative embodiment is made of a material having a higher thermal conductivity, than the thermal conductivity of material for the housing wall 122.
• the housing wall is typically made of a stainless steel.
• copper, aluminum or their respective alloys or other materials that have higher thermal conductivities can be used for the outer ring.
• low heat flow resistance in circumferential directions is important for the proper functioning of a heat exchanger, and the prior art addresses this issue by using both an external and internal rings.
• the illustrative embodiments of the invention employ a single outer ring 210 to achieve the same functionality as two rings used in the prior art, thereby reducing the components needed and simplifying the manufacturing process.
• the outer ring 210 can be affixed to the housing wall 122 by a variety of methods.
• an adhesive with good thermal conduction properties such as a thermo-conductive adhesive, which has metal particles embedded in the resin, can be used to bond the outer ring 210 to the housing wall 122.
• the outer ring 210 can also be press-fitted, shrink-f ⁇ tted, or otherwise connected, to the housing wall 122 in a similar way as discussed above for shrink-fitting the inner heat fins inside the housing.
• an aluminum outer ring 210 can be heated prior to being slipped over a portion of a stainless steel housing 120 and then cooled to shrink-fit on the housing 120.
• a sealant is applied between the outer ring 210 and the housing wall 122 prior to shrink-fitting to seal any gap between the outer ring 210 and the housing wall 122.
• This is useful in applications where the outer ring is connected to, or used as part of, a flange for a gas-tight chamber (e.g., a vacuum flange in a Stirling cryocooler).
• a gas-tight chamber e.g., a vacuum flange in a Stirling cryocooler.
• sealants well known in the art can be used to suit particular applications.
• the outer ring 210 also serves to enhance the structural integrity of the housing wall 122, which is typically very thin, as mentioned above.
• the interior of housing 120 is typically pressurized. It is therefore particularly desirable and typically more effective to reinforce the housing wall 122 from outside in Stirling cooler applications.
• the outer heat fins 220 can be affixed to the outer ring 210 by a variety of methods, including welding, brazing and bonding with an adhesive. Instead of affixing the outer heat fins 220 to the outer ring 210, the outer heat fins 220 can be made from the same starting piece of material as the outer ring 210 in similar ways as described above for the inner heat fins 230.
• the heat fins 220, 230 can be constructed from one or more pleated sheets of thin metal, such as copper. They can be shaped in a variety of ways as need to suit the particular design.
• the outer heat fins 220 comprise fins 322 constructed from one or more pleated sheets of thin copper, but can be constructed from other thermal conductors and in other forms suitable for the specific application.
• the heat fins 422 of the outer heat fins 420 can be constructed from individual sheets of copper.
• an internal heat exchanger 500 includes inner heat fins 530 and inner support member 540 similar to the internal heat exchangers in the illustrative embodiments discussed above.
• an annular ring portion 590 is connected to the inner heat fins 530 and inner support member 540.
• the annular ring portion 590 in this embodiment is radially coextensive with the heat fins 530 on the outside and defines a chamber 592 on the inside and in fluid communication with the channels 532 between the inner heat fins 530.
• the annular ring portion 590 and the housing wall 122 form a seal between the working space and bounce space when the internal heat exchanger 500 is installed in the housing 120, with the longitudinal axis 550 of the heat exchanger 500 aligned with the longitudinal axis 150 of the housing 120.
• the heat exchanger 500, the annular ring portion 590, the inner heat fins 530 and the inner support member 540 are an integral piece, made by cutting channels 532 (i.e., spaces between the inner heat fins 530) in a cylindrical stock partially through the length of the stock.
• Non-integral configuration of the annular ring portion 590, the inner heat fins 530 and the inner support member 540 can also be used.
• the internal heat exchanger 500 can be affixed to the housing 120 by press-fitting, shrink-fitting, or other bonding methods, with both the inner fins 530 and the annular ring portion 590 in contact with the housing wall 122.
• the annular ring portion 590, the inner heat fins 530 and the inner support member 540 are an integral piece, the entire heat exchanger 500 can be affixed to the housing 120 as a whole.
• the annular ring portion 590 and the inner heat fins 530 can be affixed to the housing 120 by press-fitting, shrink- fitting, or other bonding methods.
• the inner support member 540 can further be press-fitted, shrink-fitted or otherwise bonded to the interior of the inner heat fins 530.
• a sealant can be applied between the annular ring portion 590 and the housing wall 122 to eliminate any gap between them to further ensure a gas- tight seal.
• the inner support member 540 is omitted, with the inner heat fins 530 entirely supported by the annular ring portion 590.
• a further alternative embodiment of the invention is schematically shown in Figure 8.
• the heat exchanger assembly 800 includes is similar to that (200) shown in Figure 2 but without the external heat fins.
• the exchanger assembly 800 in this illustrative embodiment includes an outer ring 810, which is seated against an exterior surface of the housing wall 122.
• the assembly 800 further includes inner heat fins 830 inside the housing wall 122.
• the assembly 800 further includes an inner support member 840, which is disposed inside, and in contact with, the inner heat fins 830.
• the embodiment shown in Figure 8 can further include additional heat transfer structures, or provisions for attaching additional heat- transfer structures, for transferring heat to or from the outer ring 810.
• these structures and provisions can include tubings mounted on the surface of the outer ring 810, or channels formed within the outer ring 810, for carrying heat transfer fluids, such as water.
• the structures and provisions can also include heat sinks such as a volume of material with a large thermal mass. Further examples include recesses, protuberances or other structures on the outer ring 810 for affixing heat-transfer structures.
• a heat exchanger assembly 900 in another illustrative embodiment of the invention, schematically shown in Figure 9, includes inner heat fins 930 inside the housing wall 122, and an inner support member 940, which is disposed inside, and in contact with, the inner heat fins 930. Unlike certain other illustrative embodiments, the heat exchanger assembly 900 in this case is without an ring-shaped outer heat exchanger portion. Instead, the heat exchanger assembly 900 includes other outer heat transfer structures, or provisions for attaching outer heat-transfer structures, for transferring heat to or from the housing wall 122. Symbolically indicated at label 950 in Figure 9, these structures and provisions can include tubings mounted on the outer surface of the housing wall 122.
• the structures and provisions can also include heat sinks such as a volume of material with a large thermal mass.
• the volume material can further include channels 952 for carrying a heat transfer fluid, such as water, other fluids or gasses.
• Further examples include recesses, protuberances or other structures on the housing wall 122 for affixing heat-transfer structures.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Geometry (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
• Cooling Or The Like Of Electrical Apparatus (AREA)

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Citations (12)

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• 2007
  • 2007-05-17 CN CN200780018278XA patent/CN101479460B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2007-05-17 JP JP2009511096A patent/JP2009537787A/ja active Pending
  • 2007-05-17 US US11/749,782 patent/US20070266714A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2007-05-17 EP EP07777160A patent/EP2019920A2/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2007-05-17 WO PCT/US2007/011949 patent/WO2007136775A2/en active Application Filing
  • 2007-05-17 KR KR1020087031007A patent/KR20090018970A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation

Patent Citations (12)

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