WO2007111205A1 - 多孔質生体吸収性材料およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
多孔質生体吸収性材料およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007111205A1 WO2007111205A1 PCT/JP2007/055771 JP2007055771W WO2007111205A1 WO 2007111205 A1 WO2007111205 A1 WO 2007111205A1 JP 2007055771 W JP2007055771 W JP 2007055771W WO 2007111205 A1 WO2007111205 A1 WO 2007111205A1
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- porous
- bioabsorbable
- bioabsorbable polymer
- pore size
- polymer
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L31/148—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L31/146—Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/28—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2201/00—Foams characterised by the foaming process
- C08J2201/04—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by the elimination of a liquid or solid component, e.g. precipitation, leaching out, evaporation
- C08J2201/048—Elimination of a frozen liquid phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2207/00—Foams characterised by their intended use
- C08J2207/10—Medical applications, e.g. biocompatible scaffolds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2300/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified polymers
- C08J2300/14—Water soluble or water swellable polymers, e.g. aqueous gels
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2367/04—Polyesters derived from hydroxy carboxylic acids, e.g. lactones
Definitions
- Porous bioabsorbable material and method for producing the same
- the present invention relates to a porous body, particularly in the medical field centered on tissue engineering and regenerative medical engineering.
- the present invention relates to a useful porous bioabsorbable material and a method for producing the same.
- Bioabsorbable materials used for in vivo carrier materials are mainly used as scaffold materials for regenerative medicine and anti-adhesion materials.
- the former scaffold material for regenerative medicine is preferably a porous material in order to grow cells inside.
- cells are seeded and proliferated in the pores and transplanted into a living body, whereby tissue regeneration occurs in the living body, and the bioabsorbable material as a scaffold gradually becomes in vivo. Is decomposed and absorbed. For this reason, it is possible to transplant the scaffold used for cell proliferation into the living body together with the proliferating cells.
- a bioabsorbable polymer is used as this porous regenerative medical scaffold material, a porous body having a relatively large pore size is desired in order to allow cells to enter the porous body.
- Patent Document 1 JP-A-10-234844
- Patent Document 2 JP 2001-49018
- Patent Document 3 Special Table 2002-541925
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 02-265935
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-80059
- Porous bioabsorbable materials particularly porous bioabsorbable materials used as anti-adhesion materials, have a porous structure for supplying nutrient components and the like to living tissue that comes into contact with the materials.
- the pore size needs to be relatively small so that cells do not enter the pores at the same time to prevent tissue adhesion.
- the anti-adhesion material is usually used in the form of a thin film, even a porous thin film-shaped bioabsorbable material having a large stress has been desired.
- the thin film manufacturing method for porous bioabsorbable materials generally used at present cannot manufacture a porous thin film satisfying the above requirements.
- a thin film of porous bioabsorbable material of 300 ⁇ m or less has problems that it cannot be sewn, easily torn, or difficult to peel off from a mold with holes, because its strength is too weak.
- the present invention is a porous bioabsorbable material, particularly having a relatively small pore that is suitable for permeation of substances such as nutrient replenishment while preventing invasion of cells and is large while being porous. It is an object of the present invention to provide a porous bioabsorbable material useful as an anti-adhesion material having a maximum stress and a method for producing the same.
- the bioabsorbable material has a maximum stress of 3 to 23 (MPa), a porosity of 0.:! To 82 (%), and a pore size diameter (average) (hereinafter also referred to as pore size average).
- MPa maximum stress
- porosity 0.:! To 82 (%)
- pore size average a pore size diameter (average)
- the porous bioabsorbable material of the present invention comprises a bioabsorbable polymer and the bioabsorbable polymer. It is possible to produce by a step of preparing a gelled product with a good solvent and a poor solvent compatible with each other, a step of freezing the gelled product, and a step of drying the frozen processed product under reduced pressure.
- the good solvent is a solvent having a relatively high solubility in a bioabsorbable polymer
- the better solvent is a good solvent
- the poor solvent is a solvent having a relatively low solubility in a bioabsorbable polymer. Is called a poor solvent.
- the mixture is phase-separated into a solvent phase and a gel phase by controlling the blending amount of the poor solvent in the mixture comprising at least the bioabsorbable material, the good solvent and the poor solvent.
- the amount of the poor solvent required for the phase separation varies depending on various requirements, such as the composition or composition ratio of the monomer component constituting the bioabsorbable material, the molecular weight, the bioabsorbable material and the good solvent. Varies depending on the combination of the solvent and the poor solvent, their ratio, ambient temperature, etc.
- Bioabsorbable polymer examples include a copolymer of lactide and force prolatatatone.
- the copolymer may be either a random polymer or a block polymer, and its molecular weight (weight average molecular weight) is not particularly limited. For example, 5,000 to 2,000,000, preferably 10,000 ⁇ 1,500,000, more preferably 100,000 ⁇ 1,000,000.
- the monolactate of lactide and caprolatatatone is, for example, in the range of 90:10 to 10:90, preferably in the range of 85:15 to 20:80, and more preferably in the range of 80:20 to 40:60. It is.
- the method for polymerizing the copolymer of lactide and caprolatum is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known method can be used.
- lactide and caprolataton may be copolymerized by ring-opening polymerization as starting materials, or lactide (a cyclic dimer of lactic acid) may be synthesized from lactic acid and copolymerized with force prolatatone. ,.
- lactide L-lactide, D-lactide and a mixture thereof (D, L-lactide) can be used, and as lactic acid, L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, a mixture thereof (D, L L-lactic acid) can be used.
- lactic acid when lactic acid is used as a starting material, it is preferable that the monomeric lactic acid is converted to a dimeric lactide, and the molar ratio of the converted lactide to caprolataton is in the above-mentioned range.
- rataton for example, ⁇ -force prolataton, y- Petit-latatoton, ⁇ -valerolatatone, etc.
- Any porous polymer that can be gelled by the solvent composed of a good solvent and a poor solvent of the polymer is included in the porous bioabsorbable polymer of the present invention.
- Such a bioabsorbable polymer may contain a copolymer component constituting another bioabsorbable polymer in addition to lactide and caprolatatone. Examples include a copolymer component derived from glycolic acid, trimethylene carbonate, ⁇ -hydroxybutyric acid, protein, and saccharide.
- the gelled product of the bioabsorbable polymer used in the present invention is mixed with the bioabsorbable polymer, a mixture having a poor solvent and a good solvent of the bioabsorbable polymer that are compatible with each other. Then, an amount necessary for gelling the bioabsorbable polymer is blended as the poor solvent, and the bioabsorbable polymer in a gelled state is separated and prepared.
- the amount of the bioabsorbable polymer in the mixture is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.:! To 24% by mass, preferably 2 to 8% by mass, more preferably 3 to 5% by mass. .
- the types of the good solvent and the poor solvent that are compatible with each other are determined, for example, depending on the type of the bioabsorbable polymer to be used, but as the poor solvent necessary for preparing the copolymer of lactide and caproellan.
- Water, ethanol, tertiary butyl alcohol (tBu OH), etc. can be used, and good solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl carbonate and other organic solvents that are compatible with the above poor solvents can be used.
- tBu OH tertiary butyl alcohol
- good solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl carbonate and other organic solvents that are compatible with the above poor solvents
- a combination in which the poor solvent is water and the good solvent is 1,4_dioxane is preferable.
- the blending amount of the poor solvent required for gelling the bioabsorbable polymer is the bioabsorbable polymer constituting the mixture, It can be determined appropriately according to the type of poor solvent or good solvent, etc. Power If the blending amount of the poor solvent is insufficient to bring the mixture into a gelled state, the gelled state is not formed, and conversely, the amount necessary to form the gelled state is excessive. If it exceeds, the bioabsorbable polymer is excessively agglomerated and part of the bioabsorbable polymer is in a film state and cannot be made sufficiently porous even when freeze-dried.
- the amount of the poor solvent necessary for forming the mixture into a gelled state is appropriately determined for each mixture having the bioabsorbable polymer, the poor solvent and the good solvent to be employed.
- the porosity of the porous bioabsorbable polymer as shown in Table 3, the porous as shown in Table 4 and FIG.
- the maximum stress of the bioabsorbable polymer or the average pore size of the porous bioabsorbable polymer can be controlled as shown in Tables 2, 6 to 8, and FIG.
- the gelled product can be frozen using a known freezing step and freezing apparatus.
- the freezing temperature of the gelled product is not particularly limited as long as it is a temperature below the eutectic point at which the gelled product is completely frozen, but the bioabsorbable polymer is a gelled product of lactide and caprolatatone copolymer. Is preferably 3 ° C or lower, more preferably 10 ° C or lower.
- the cooling rate of the gelled product is changed, the pore size of the resulting porous bioabsorbable material changes, so the pore size of the porous bioabsorbable material is controlled by selecting the cooling rate of the gelled product. be able to.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the maximum stress of porous bioabsorbable materials of Example 1 and Comparative Example.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a method for measuring the maximum stress of a porous bioabsorbable material.
- FIG. 3 is a view showing an average pore size of a porous bioabsorbable material.
- FIG. 4 is a 300 ⁇ cross-sectional photograph of porous body E taken with an electron microscope (SEM).
- FIG. 5 is a 1000 ⁇ surface photograph of porous body E taken with an electron microscope (SEM).
- FIG. 6 A cross-sectional photograph of a porous body A having an added moisture content of 0%, taken at 100 times by an electron microscope (SEM).
- FIG. 7 is a view showing a dalcose permeability tester used in Example 3.
- FIG. 8 is a view showing the glucose permeability test results of Example 3.
- the bioabsorbable polymer was made porous by changing the water content in the mixed solution to produce a porous bioabsorbable material.
- Table 1 below shows the compositions of Samples A to R.
- the samples D to R were phase-separated to separate the gelled product of the L-lactide ⁇ -force prolactone copolymer.
- the separated gel product was supplied to a stainless steel petri dish, and the gel product was molded to a thickness of 0.5 mm.
- Table 2 below shows the average pore size (m) of porous bodies A to R.
- the average pore size was large when the added water content was 10% or less, and the average pore size varied greatly depending on the added water content. It can also be seen that when the added water content is 10% or less, the standard deviation of the average pore size is large, and the pore size of the obtained porous body varies. On the other hand, when the moisture content is 12% or more, the pore size average is small, and the standard deviation of the pore size average is very small. Therefore, according to the present invention, the pore size is relatively small,
- a cross-sectional photograph of the porous body E taken by an electron microscope (S EM) at a magnification of 300 is taken.
- the pore size diameter is almost uniform.
- Figure 6 shows a cross-sectional photograph taken with an electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM electron microscope
- Table 3 below shows the porosity (%) of porous bodies A to R.
- Table 4 below shows the maximum stress (MPa) of porous bodies A to R.
- Sample S in a solution state was prepared by the manufacturing method of Example 1 above.
- the porous body was manufactured in the same manner as in the porous body manufacturing method of Example 1 by adopting the speed.
- samples E, F, and G were formed into molded products in the same manner as in Example 1, and these components were formed.
- the mold was applied at a cooling rate of 5 ° CZhr and -10 ° C / hr in Example 1 above.
- the porous body was manufactured in the same manner as the porous body manufacturing method of
- Table 6 below shows the average pore size of porous materials manufactured at a cooling rate of 13 ° C Zhr.
- the average pore size was large when the added water content was 10% or less, and the average pore size varied greatly depending on the added water content.
- Table 7 shows the average pore size of porous materials produced at a cooling rate of 15 ° C / hr.
- Table 8 shows the average pore size of porous materials manufactured at a cooling rate of 10 ° C / hr.
- the average pore size of the porous bodies produced in Examples 1 and 2 was measured as follows.
- the obtained disc-shaped porous thin film was cut to expose the cross section.
- the cut surface of the cut porous sample was observed with an electron microscope, and the magnification was set so that about 100 forces could be confirmed per pore size force S1 field of view, and an SEM image was taken. From the obtained SEM images, 10 pores with relatively large pore size and high appearance frequency were selected and analyzed and calculated using image analysis software (NIH image).
- the maximum stress of a synthetic absorptive anti-adhesive material commercially available was measured, and the measurement results are shown in FIG. From the results shown in Fig. 1, it was found that the gelatinized product of Lactide is a prolatatatone copolymer (Sampnore 0-13 ⁇ 4).
- the produced porous material is the same as or higher than the non-porous silicone sheet that has a maximum stress compared to the porous material produced from the lactide strength prolataton copolymer solution (samples A, B, C). It has a large maximum stress. Further, the porous body according to the present invention has a maximum stress larger than the maximum stress of a commercially available synthetic absorbent anti-adhesion material used as a comparative example.
- Porosity of Porous Body The porosity of the porous body produced in Example 1 was measured as follows. The disc-shaped porous body was cut into a 1.5 ⁇ 1.5 cm square shape, and the weight of the test piece was measured. Next, the film thickness of the test piece was measured with a digital microscope (manufactured by Keyence Corporation). From the weight and the film thickness of the obtained test piece, the density of the porous body sample) was determined. Further, the density ( p ) of the film prepared from the lactide force prolatatone copolymer having the same composition as that of the porous body sample was determined by the same method, and the porosity (%) (p) was calculated by the following formula.
- the porous material produced from the gelled product of the lactide force prolataton copolymer is the same as the porous material produced from the same lactide force prolataton copolymer solution. It can be seen that the porosity decreases remarkably when the amount of the poor solvent water increases.
- Example 3 Furthermore, by changing the blending amount of water, which is a poor solvent in the gel preparation process, the above small and well-equipped small pore size average characteristics were maintained even if the cooling method of the freeze drying process was rapid cooling or slow cooling. The pore size average itself can be changed. Furthermore, from the test results of Example 1, the porous body produced from the gel of the lactide-strength prolataton copolymer of samples D to R has a maximum stress of 3.4 to 23. l (MPa ), Porosity (%) 0.1-82%, pore size average 9-21 ( ⁇ m).
- Example 3 Example 3
- the glucose concentration kit (Glucose CII Test Sakai Co., Ltd., trade name: Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was used to determine the glucose concentration in chambers 1 and 3 by absorbance. The results are shown in FIG. Show.
- sample A solution: added moisture content 10%
- Low glucose permeability compared to that of sample A (solution: added moisture content 10%).
- the glucose permeability is different.
- the bioabsorbable porous material prepared from the gel obtained according to the present invention has dalcose permeability and can control the genolecose permeability by changing the added water content in the production process. Is possible.
- the pores of the thin film of the porous lactide force prolataton copolymer have a relatively small size average and a dense structure having a large maximum stress. Therefore, the porous bioabsorbable material of the present invention is As mentioned above, it has a large stress even though it is in the form of a porous thin film, and its pores are comparatively small and suitable for preventing cell invasion. Furthermore, the pores have a uniform pore diameter and are permeable to gnocose. Therefore, it is very useful as an anti-adhesion material, for example, an anti-tendon adhesion material.
- the porous bioabsorbable material produced by the method for producing a porous bioabsorbable material of the present invention is a dense structure having a small average pore size and a large maximum stress. Therefore, it has a large stress despite being a porous thin film shape, and its pores are comparatively small and suitable for preventing cell entry. Furthermore, the pores have a uniform pore size and glucose permeability. Therefore, it is suitable for permeation of substances such as nutritional supplements, and is extremely useful as a thin-film porous bioabsorbable material, particularly as an anti-adhesion material.
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP07739214A EP2002851A4 (en) | 2006-03-20 | 2007-03-20 | POROUS BIOABSORBENT MATERIAL AND PRODUCTION PROCESS |
US12/293,153 US20090208586A1 (en) | 2006-03-20 | 2007-03-20 | porous bioabsorbable material and method of producing the same |
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JP2006-076177 | 2006-03-20 | ||
JP2006076177 | 2006-03-20 | ||
JP2007-073714 | 2007-03-20 | ||
JP2007073714A JP2007283096A (ja) | 2006-03-20 | 2007-03-20 | 多孔質生体吸収性材料およびその製造方法 |
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US (1) | US20090208586A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2002851A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2007283096A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20090003208A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007111205A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
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WO2011071074A1 (ja) * | 2009-12-08 | 2011-06-16 | 株式会社ジェイ・エム・エス | 多孔性部材、多孔化方法および前記多孔性部材の製造方法 |
JP2012512705A (ja) * | 2008-12-19 | 2012-06-07 | キシロス・コーポレーション | 最小限組織付着移植可能材料 |
JP2013060499A (ja) * | 2011-09-12 | 2013-04-04 | Akita Univ | 親水性多孔質膜及びその製造方法、並びに、医療用癒着防止膜及び細胞増殖用基材 |
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FR2923825B1 (fr) * | 2007-11-20 | 2013-05-03 | Anaconda Pharma | Nouveaux inhibiteurs du virus du papillome humain et les compositions pharmaceutiques les contenant. |
JP5838026B2 (ja) * | 2010-10-06 | 2015-12-24 | 日立化成株式会社 | 手術用衛生材料 |
JP5838025B2 (ja) * | 2010-10-06 | 2015-12-24 | 日立化成株式会社 | 癒着防止材 |
FR2989973B1 (fr) * | 2012-04-27 | 2014-06-06 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Materiaux nanostructures biodegradables, leur procede de preparation et leur utilisation pour le transport et le relargage de substances d'interet |
US9345817B2 (en) | 2013-02-28 | 2016-05-24 | Arthrex, Inc. | Modified porous materials and methods of creating interconnected porosity in materials |
JP6069434B2 (ja) * | 2015-08-19 | 2017-02-01 | 日立化成株式会社 | 手術用衛生材料 |
JP6069433B2 (ja) * | 2015-08-19 | 2017-02-01 | 日立化成株式会社 | 癒着防止材 |
JP6944858B2 (ja) * | 2016-12-05 | 2021-10-06 | グンゼ株式会社 | 神経癒着防止ラッピング材 |
US20220152272A1 (en) * | 2019-04-03 | 2022-05-19 | University Of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Frozen, porous thin films and methods of making and use thereof |
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- 2007-03-20 US US12/293,153 patent/US20090208586A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-03-20 WO PCT/JP2007/055771 patent/WO2007111205A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2007-03-20 KR KR1020087021988A patent/KR20090003208A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-03-20 EP EP07739214A patent/EP2002851A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-03-20 JP JP2007073714A patent/JP2007283096A/ja active Pending
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2012512705A (ja) * | 2008-12-19 | 2012-06-07 | キシロス・コーポレーション | 最小限組織付着移植可能材料 |
WO2011071074A1 (ja) * | 2009-12-08 | 2011-06-16 | 株式会社ジェイ・エム・エス | 多孔性部材、多孔化方法および前記多孔性部材の製造方法 |
JP2013060499A (ja) * | 2011-09-12 | 2013-04-04 | Akita Univ | 親水性多孔質膜及びその製造方法、並びに、医療用癒着防止膜及び細胞増殖用基材 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20090208586A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
KR20090003208A (ko) | 2009-01-09 |
EP2002851A4 (en) | 2012-08-01 |
JP2007283096A (ja) | 2007-11-01 |
EP2002851A2 (en) | 2008-12-17 |
EP2002851A9 (en) | 2009-04-22 |
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