Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/577—Malvaceae (Mallow family)
  • A61K36/5777—Theobroma, e.g. cocao or cocoa
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
  • A23G1/00—Cocoa; Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
  • A23G1/30—Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
  • A23G1/32—Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/111—Aromatic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
  • A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
  • A23K50/48—Moist feed
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/49—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K8/4973—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing heterocyclic compounds with oxygen as the only hetero atom
  • A61K8/498—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing heterocyclic compounds with oxygen as the only hetero atom having 6-membered rings or their condensed derivatives, e.g. coumarin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
  • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/16—Emollients or protectives, e.g. against radiation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
  • A61Q17/04—Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/80—Process related aspects concerning the preparation of the cosmetic composition or the storage or application thereof
  • A61K2800/92—Oral administration

Definitions

• compositions, and methods of use thereof for (i) reducing ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin erythema and/or photoaging; or for (H) improving skin quality, each method comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof certain polyphenols compounds described herein.
• Skin is the largest organ of the body, serving as a protective shield against light (e.g. UV radiation), heat, mechanical damage/injury, noxious substances and microbial infections. Skin also plays an important functional role in regulating body homeostasis by regulating body temperature, water stores, lipids and vitamin D. Furthermore, the skin plays a pivotal role in the feeling of well-being and physical attractiveness.
• light e.g. UV radiation
• heat e.g. UV radiation
• mechanical damage/injury e.g. UV radiation
• noxious substances e.g. UV radiation
• microbial infections e.g. UV radiation
• Skin also plays an important functional role in regulating body homeostasis by regulating body temperature, water stores, lipids and vitamin D. Furthermore, the skin plays a pivotal role in the feeling of well-being and physical attractiveness.
• exogenous/extrinsic e.g. environmental conditions
• endogenous/intrinsic e.g. genetic predisposition, immune status, hormonal status and stress
• skin properties such as structure, texture, thickness, density, hydration, color, and its shielding properties.
• Exposure to environmental factors such as extremes of temperature, wind and sunlight/solar radiation can compromise skin properties, appearance, and functioning, leading to the deterioration of skin quality, reduction in skin attractiveness and accelerated skin aging. Therefore, there is a need in the art for methods of photoprotection of skin, and for methods for improving skin quality.
• the invention relates to compositions, products and (i) methods for reducing UV-induced skin erythema and/or photoaging, and (ii) methods for improving skin quality, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof certain polyphenolic compounds described herein.
• the invention relates to a composition, such as a food (including pet food), a food additive, a dietary supplement, or a pharmaceutical comprising the compound of the invention.
• a composition such as a food (including pet food), a food additive, a dietary supplement, or a pharmaceutical comprising the compound of the invention.
• Packaged products containing the above- mentioned compositions and a label and/or instructions for use as described herein, e.g. to reduce UV-induced skin erythema and/or photoaging, or to improve skin quality, are also within the scope of the invention.
• the invention relates to a method of reducing UV- induced skin erythema and/or photoaging by orally administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound of the invention.
• the invention relates to a method of improving skin quality, for example skin structure, texture and hydration, by orally administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound of the invention.
• the invention relates to compositions, products and (i) methods for reducing UV-induced skin erythema and/or photoaging, and (ii) methods for improving skin quality, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof certain polyphenolic compounds described herein.
• the compounds for use in the present invention include certain flavanols (flavan-3-ols), procyanidins, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives thereof.
• flavanols flavan-3-ols
• procyanidins or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives thereof.
• Such compounds when of natural origin, may be included in the composition in the form of a cocoa component, for example cocoa nibs or fragments thereof, chocolate liquor, partially and fully-defatted cocoa solids, cocoa extract or fraction thereof.
• cocoa component refers to a component derived from cocoa bean, e.g. cocoa nibs and fragments thereof, chocolate liquor, partially and fully- defatted cocoa solids (e. g. cake or powder), flavanol and/on procyanidin-containing cocoa extract or fraction thereof.
• the present invention relates to a flavanol (e.g. (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin), and a composition comprising an effective amount of the flavanol (e.g. (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof (including oxidation products, methylated derivatives and glucuronidated derivatives, wherein the flavanol derivative is not a gallated derivative).
• the derivatives may be prepared as described below.
• n is an integer from 2 to 18;
• R and X each have either ⁇ or ⁇ stereochemistry
• R is OH or O-sugar; the substitue ⁇ ts of C-4, C-6 and C-8 are X, Z and Y, respectively, and bonding of monomeric units occurs at C-4, C-6 or C-8; when any C-4, C-6 or C-8 is not bonded to another monomeric unit, X, Y and Z independently are hydrogen or a sugar; and the sugar is optionally substituted with a phenolic moiety at any position, for instance, via an ester bond.
• Monomeric units in the formula A may be bonded via 4— »6 ⁇ ; 4 — >6 ⁇ ; 4— >8 ⁇ ; and/or 4 — »8 ⁇ linkages.
• the sugar is preferably a monosaccharide or a di- saccharide.
• the sugar may be selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, and arabinose.
• the phenolic moiety may be selected from the group consisting of caffeic, cinnamic, coumaric, ferulic, gallic, hydroxybenzoic and sinapic acids.
• Procyanidin derivatives may include esters such as the gallate esters; compounds derivatized with a saccharide moiety such as mono- or di-saccharide moiety (e.g. ⁇ -D- glucose), glucuronidated and methylated derivatives, and oxidation products.
• ester derivatives are other than esters with gallic acid.
• Oxidation products may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,645, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Esters, for example esters with gallic acid may be prepared using known esterification reactions, and for example as described in US Pat. No. 6,420,572, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• Methylated derivatives such as 3'O-methyl-, 4'O-methyl-, and 3'O, 4'O-dimethyl- derivatives may be prepared, for example, as described in Cren- Olive etal, 2002, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 821-830, and Donovan et al., Journal of Chromatography B, 726 (1999) 277-283, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• Glucuronidated products may be prepared as described in Yu et al, "A novel and effective procedure for the preparation of glucuronides," Organic Letters ⁇ 2(16) (2000) 2539-41, and as in Spencer et al, “Contrasting influences of glucuronidation and O-methylation of epicatechin on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in neurons and fibroblasts,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine 31(9) (2001) 1139-46, hereby incorporated herein by reference. It should be noted that this disclosure applies to all formulas recited herein.
• the invention relates to a compound, and the composition comprising an effective amount the compound having the formula A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof (including oxidation products, methylated derivatives and glucuronidated derivatives):
• n is an integer from 2 to 18;
• R and X each have either ⁇ or ⁇ stereochemistry
• R is OH; the substituents of C-4, C-6 and C-8 are X, Z and Y, respectively, and bonding of monomeric units occurs at C-4, C-6 and C-8; and when any C-4, C-6 or C-8 is not bonded to another monomeric unit, X, Y and Z are hydrogen.
• Examples of the compounds useful for the products and in the methods of the invention include the compounds of the formula A described herein wherein the integer n is 3 to 18; 2 to 12; 3 to 12; 2 to 5; 4 to 12; 5 to 12; 4 to 10; or 5 to 10.
• the integer n is 2 to 4, for example 2 or 3. This disclosure applies to any compound of formula A herein.
• the invention relates to methods of (i) reducing UV-induced skin erythema and/or photoaging or (U) improving skin quality, in a subject in need thereof.
• reducing UV-induced skin erythema means decreasing the onset and/or intensity of UV-induced erythema or sunburn and/or protecting or shielding the skin from the effects of UV exposure (e.g. reduction of skin reddening; reduction of UV-exposure associated pain/discomfort).
• “Sunburn” refers to the effects of any source of UV light, natural (sun) and artificial. A person of skill in the art will select the known methods of measuring the effects of UV exposure, for example, as described in the Example.
• skin quality refers to skin properties such as skin hydration (e.g. improvement of dryness), or skin texture (e.g. skin thickness, roughness, scaliness).
• skin texture e.g. skin thickness, roughness, scaliness
• the invention includes methods of reducing skin roughness, improving scaliness, and/or improving skin thickness in a subject in need thereof.
• a person of skill in the art will select the known methods of measuring the improvement of skin quality (e.g. methods described in the Examples).
• the present invention provides (i) a method of reducing UV-induced erythema and/or photoaging, or (ii) a method of improving skin quality, each comprising orally administering to a mammal (e.g. human) or a veterinary animal in need thereof an effective amount of a flavanol such as epicatechin or catechin (e.g. (-)-epicatechin or (+)-catechin), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof (including oxidation products, methylated derivatives and glucuronidated derivatives, wherein the flavanol derivative is not a gallated derivative).
• a mammal e.g. human
• catechin e.g. (-)-epicatechin or (+)-catechin
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof including oxidation products, methylated derivatives and glucuronidated derivatives, wherein the flavanol derivative is not a gallated derivative.
• veterinary animal refers to any animal cared for, or attended to by, a veterinarian, and includes companion (pet) animals and livestock animals, for example a cat, a dog and a horse.
• the invention provides (i) a method of reducing UV-induced erythema and/or photoaging, or (ii) a method of improving skin quality, comprising orally administering to a mammal (e.g. human) or a veterinary animal in need thereof, a composition comprising an effective amount of a compound having the following formula A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof (including oxidation products, methylated derivatives and glucuronidated derivatives):
• n is an integer from 2 to 18;
• R and X each have either ⁇ or ⁇ stereochemistry
• R is OH or O-sugar; the substituents of C-4, C-6 and C- 8 are X, Z and Y, respectively, and bonding of monomeric units occurs at C-4, C-6 or C-8; when any C-4, C-6 or C-8 is not bonded to another monomeric unit, X, Y and Z independently are hydrogen or a sugar; and the sugar is optionally substituted with a phenolic moiety at any position, for instance, via an ester bond.
• the above method may involve use of a compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof (including oxidation products, methylated derivatives and glucuronidated derivatives), wherein R is OH, and when any C-4, C-6 or C-8 is not bonded to another monomeric unit, X, Y and Z are hydrogen.
• suitable sugars are as described above.
• phenolic moieties are as described above.
• derivatives are as described above.
• the invention provides (i) a method of reducing UV-induced erythema and/or photoaging, or (ii) a method of improving skin quality, comprising orally administering to a mammal (e.g. human) or a veterinary animal in need thereof, a composition comprising an effective amount of a compound having the formula A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof (including oxidation products, methylated derivatives and glucuronidated derivatives):
• n is an integer from.2 to 18;
• R and X each have either ⁇ or ⁇ stereochemistry
• R is OH; the substituents of C-4, C-6 and C-8 are X 3 Z and Y, respectively, and bonding of monomeric units occurs at C-4, C-6 and C-8; and when any C-4, C-6 or C-8 is not bonded to another monomeric unit, X, Y and Z are hydrogen.
• Examples of the compounds useful for the products and in the methods of the invention include the compounds described herein wherein the integer n is 3 to 18; 2 to 12; 3 to 12; 2 to 5; 4 to 12; 5 to 12; 4 to 10; or 5 to 10.
• the integer n is 2 to 4, for example 2 or 3. This disclosure applies to any compound of formula AB herein.
• Examples of subjects in need of improvement of skin quality will be apparent to those of skill in the art, for example, the subjects that experience deterioration of skin properties which for example may lead to dryness, loss of thickness, density, and overall appearance. Such subjects may experience changes in skin quality due to exogenous/extrinsic (e.g. environmental conditions) and/or endogenous/intrinsic (e.g. genetic predisposition, immune status, hormonal status and stress) factors. Subjects exposed to, or about to be exposed to, environmental factors such as extremes of temperature, wind, or indoor conditions such as heating or air- conditioning benefit form the present invention.
• exogenous/extrinsic e.g. environmental conditions
• endogenous/intrinsic e.g. genetic predisposition, immune status, hormonal status and stress
• Subjects exposed to, or about to be exposed to, environmental factors such as extremes of temperature, wind, or indoor conditions such as heating or air- conditioning benefit form the present invention.
• the present compounds may be administered orally in the form of a cocoa component, for example cocoa nibs or fragments thereof, chocolate liquor, partially and fully-defatted cocoa solids (e.g. cocoa powder), cocoa extract or fraction thereof, or may be added independently of cocoa components.
• a cocoa component for example cocoa nibs or fragments thereof, chocolate liquor, partially and fully-defatted cocoa solids (e.g. cocoa powder), cocoa extract or fraction thereof, or may be added independently of cocoa components.
• cocoa component may be prepared such that the content of cocoa polyphenols (CP) is preserved.
• the present compounds may be administered in combination with other skin-protective agents and/or to enhance responsiveness to other skin-protective agents.
• skin-protective agents include vitamins, amino acids, minerals, micronutrients, botanical extracts or their derivatives, and herbs. These additional skin-protective agents may be administered either topically or orally.
• a compound of formula A n or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof (including oxidation products, methylated derivatives and glucuronidated derivatives), as defined herein, in the manufacture of a medicament, food, nutraceutical or dietary supplement for use in reducing UV-induced skin erythema and/or photoaging; or for improving skin quality.
• the effective amount may be determined by a person of skill in the art using the guidance provided herein and general knowledge in the art.
• the effective amount may be such as to achieve a physiologically relevant concentration in the body of a mammal.
• a physiologically relevant concentration may be at least 20 nanomolar (nM), preferably at least about 100 nM, and more preferably at least about 500 nM.
• at least about one micromole in the blood of the mammal, such as a human is achieved.
• the compounds defined herein may be administered at from about 35 mg/day, 40 mg/day or 50 mg/day (e.g. to about 1000 mg/day), or from about 75 mg/day (e.g.
• ⁇ W ⁇ DOCSVKJPCUOlOXOl ⁇ TwoONQOOOVTSaDOC ⁇ upper end of the amount range is not a limiting factor.
• the amounts may be measured as described in Adamson, G.E. et al., J. Ag. Food Chem.; 1999; 47 (10) 4184-4188.
• the administration may be continued as a regimen, i.e., for an effective period of time, e.g., daily, monthly, bimonthly, biannually, annually, or in some other regimen, as determined by the skilled medical practitioner for such time as is necessary.
• the administration may be continued for at least a period of time required to reduce UV-induced erythema or for improvement of skin quality.
• the composition may be administered daily, preferably two or three times a day, for example, morning and evening to maintain the levels of the effective compounds in the body of the mammal. To obtain the most beneficial results, the composition may be administered for at least 7 days, or at least 14 days, or at least 30 days, or at least 45 days, or at least 60 days, or at least 90 days. These regimens may be repeated periodically as needed.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered as a food (including pet food), a food additive, or a dietary supplement, or a pharmaceutical.
• food is a material containing protein, carbohydrate and/or fat, which is used in the body of an organism to sustain growth, repair and vital processes and to furnish energy. Foods may also contain supplementary substances, for example, minerals, vitamins and condiments. See Merriam- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Edition, 1993. The term food includes a beverage adapted for human or animal consumption. As used herein a "food additive” is as defined by the FDA in 21 C.F.R.. 170.3(e)(l) and includes direct and indirect additives.
• a "dietary supplement” is a product (other than tobacco) that is intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains the one or more of the following dietary ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total daily intake, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of these ingredients.
• a “pharmaceutical” is a medicinal drug. See Merriam- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Edition, 1993. A pharmaceutical may also be referred to as a medicament.
• the above compositions may be prepared as is known in the art.
• compositions may contain a carrier, a diluent, or an excipient.
• the carrier, diluent, or excipient may be chosen to be suitable for human or veterinary use, food, additive, dietary supplement or pharmaceutical use.
• the composition may optionally contain an additional skin- protective agent.
• a person of skill in the art may select the degree of purity of the compound of the invention. For example, when used to prepare pharmaceutical dosage forms, the compound should be as pure as commercially possible, while when preparing food, additive, or supplement, less pure or mixtures of compounds (e.g. plant extracts) may be used.
• the compound of the invention may be "isolated and purified,” i.e., it may be separated from compounds with which it naturally occurs (e.g. when the compound is of natural origin), or it may be synthetically prepared, in either case such that the level of contaminating compounds and/or impurities does not significantly contribute to, or detract from, the effectiveness of the compound.
• an "isolated and purified B2 dimer” is separated from B5 dimer, with which it may occur in nature (e.g. in cocoa bean), to the extent achievable by the available commercially viable purification and separation techniques.
• Such compounds are particularly suitable for pharmaceutical applications.
• the compound may also be less pure, i.e., "substantially pure,” i.e., it may possess the highest degree of homogeneity achievable by available purification, separation and/or synthesis technology but need not be separated from the like compounds.
• the like compounds are the compounds having the same degree of polymerization.
• a “substantially pure dimer” refers to a mixture of dimers (e.g. B2 and B5, as it would occur in a cocoa extract fraction). While less suitable for pharmaceutical applications, such "substantially pure" compounds may be utilized for food, food additive and dietary supplement applications.
• the compound of the invention is at least 80% pure, at least 85% pure, at least 90% pure, at least 95% pure, at least 98% pure, or at least 99% pure. Such compounds are particularly suitable for pharmaceutical applications.
• oral administration includes administration by the mouth and includes sublingual and bucal administrations.
• a person of skill in the art will be able to determine a suitable mode of administration to maximize the delivery of the compounds of the invention.
• dosage forms adapted for each type of administration by mouth are within the scope of the invention and include solid, liquid and semi-solid dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, gelatin capsules (gelcaps), bulk or unit dose powders or granules, emulsions, suspensions, pastes, or jellies. Sustained- release dosage forms are also within the scope of the invention.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients are generally known in the art and can be determined readily by a person skilled in the art.
• the tablet may comprise an effective amount of the compound of the invention and optionally a carrier, such as sorbitol, lactose, cellulose, or dicalcium phosphate.
• the foods may be chocolate or cocoa flavored.
• Food products may be chocolates and candy bars, such as granola bars, containing nuts, for example, peanuts, walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts. The food is designed to deliver an effective amount of the compounds described herein.
• the compounds for use in the present invention may be of natural origin, for example, derived from a cocoa bean or another natural source known to a person of skill in the art, or prepared synthetically.
• a person of skill in the art may select natural or synthetic polyphenol based on the use and/or availability or cost.
• the compounds may be included in the composition in the form of a cocoa component.
• the compound(s) may be included in the composition in the form of a cocoa ingredient, for example, chocolate liquor included in chocolate, or may be added independently of cocoa ingredients, for example, as an extract, extract fraction, isolated and purified individual compound, pooled extract fractions or a synthetically prepared compound.
• cocoa ingredient refers to a cocoa solids-containing material derived from shell-free cocoa nibs such as chocolate liquor and partially or fully-defatted cocoa solids (e.g. cake or powder).
• the extraction and purification may be conducted as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,554,645 and 6,670,390 to Romanczyk et ah, and U. S. Pat. No. 6,627,232 to Hammerstone et al., each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• Cocoa flavanols and/or procyanidins may be provided in the composition of the invention by cocoa ingredients containing these compounds or by including chocolate, which may be milk, sweet and semi-sweet, and is preferably dark chocolate, and low fat chocolate.
• the cocoa ingredients may be prepared using traditional cocoa processing procedures but is preferably prepared using the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,913 to Kealey et al.
• chocolate liquor and cocoa solids prepared from cocoa beans having a fermentation factor of 275 or less may be used. These ingredients have cocoa polyphenol content that is higher than can be obtained using traditional cocoa processing methods (e.g. with roasting) and fully fermented beans.
• the chocolate may be prepared using conventional techniques from the ingredients described above or using an improved process for preserving cocoa polyphenols during chocolate manufacturing as described in the International Appl. No. PCT/US99/05414 published as WO99/45788 and in its U. S. counterpart, U. S. Pat. No. 6,194,020, the relevant portions of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• a chocolate prepared by at least one of the following non-traditional processes is referred to herein as a "chocolate having a conserved amount of cocoa polyphenols": (i) preparing cocoa ingredients from underfermented or unfermented cocoa beans; (i ⁇ ) preserving cocoa polyphenol during cocoa ingredient manufacturing process; and (iii) preserving cocoa polyphenol during chocolate manufacturing process.
• Such non-traditional processes may be used to prepare other cocoa component-containing products (foods e.g. beverages, dietary supplements) designed to contain enhanced levels of flavanols and/or procyanidins.
• Synthetic procyanidins may also be used and are prepared by methods known in the art and as described, for example in, U. S. Pat. Nos. 6,420,572; 6,156,912; and 6,864,377, the relevant portions of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• a daily effective amount of the compound of the invention may be provided in a single serving in case of a food or a single dosage in case of a pharmaceutical or a dietary supplement.
• a confectionery e.g. chocolate
• the dietary supplement containing the compounds of the invention, and optionally another skin-protective agent may be prepared using methods known in the art and may comprise, for example, nutrient such as dicalcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, calcium nitrate, vitamins, and minerals.
• an article of manufacture such as a packaged product comprising the composition of the invention (e.g. a food, a dietary supplement, a pharmaceutical) and a label indicating the presence of, or an enhanced content of the inventive compounds or directing use of the composition to reduce UV-induced skin erythema and/or photoaging, or for improving skin quality.
• the packaged product may contain the composition and the instructions for use to reduce UV-induced skin erythema and/or photoaging, or for improving skin quality.
• the label and/or instructions for use may refer to any of the methods of use described in this application.
• the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing an article of manufacture comprising any of the compositions described herein, packaging the composition to obtain an article of manufacture and instructing, directing or promoting the use of the composition/article of manufacture for any of the uses described herein.
• Such instructing, directing or promoting includes advertising.
• Example 1 Effect of oral administration of high flavanol cocoa on skin
• the HF group ingested a cocoa powder providing 326 mg of cocoa polyphenols per day over a period of 12 wk.
• the LF group ingested a matched cocoa powder providing 27 mg of polyphenols per day over the same period of time.
• the powder was dissolved in 100 ml of hot water and was ingested in the morning with a meal. Further details on the composition of the cocoa powder are given in Table 1.
• L- values are a parameter for lightness of skin and b-values (blue/yellow axis) are indicative for pigmentation, a- Values (red/green-axis) are a measure for erythema and are used to quantify skin responses to UV irradiation. Decreasing a-values indicate a photoprotective effect.
• the ⁇ -a values determined 24 h after irradiation are approximately 50% and 70% lower after 6 and 12 wk, respectively, of treatment than at the beginning of the study, statistically significant according to the Wilcoxon signed rank test. No significant changes in the 24h a-values and ⁇ -a values were observed in the low flavanol group during 12 wk treatment. Thus, consumption of a cocoa powder rich in flavanols provides photoprotection, but cocoa powder low in flavanols does not.
• Table 2 Chromametric a-values of skin at day 0, and at wk 6 and wk 12 of the study; decreasing a-values 24 h after irradiation and ⁇ a- values indicate a photoprotective effect.

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