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Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to compounds, compositions and methods for modulating processes mediated by selectin binding, and more particularly to selectin modulators and their use, wherein the selectin modulators that modulate a selectin-mediated function comprise particular glycomimetics alone or linked to a member of a class of compounds termed BASAs (Benzyl Amino Sulfonic Acids) or a member of a class of compounds termed BACAs (Benzyl Amino Carboxylic Acids).
• BASAs Benzyl Amino Sulfonic Acids
• BACAs Benzyl Amino Carboxylic Acids
• leukocytes When a tissue is infected or damaged, the inflammatory process directs leukocytes and other immune system components to the site of infection or injury. Within this process, leukocytes play an important role in the engulfment and digestion of microorganisms. Thus, the recruitment of leukocytes to infected or damaged tissue is critical for mounting an effective immune defense.
• Selectins are a group of structurally similar cell surface receptors that are important for mediating leukocyte binding to endothelial cells. These proteins are type 1 membrane proteins and are composed of an amino terminal lectin domain, an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain, a variable number of complement receptor related repeats, a hydrophobic domain spanning region and a cytoplasmic domain. The binding interactions appear to be mediated by contact of the lectin domain of the selectins and various carbohydrate ligands. There are three known selectins: E-selectin, P-selectin and
• E-selectin is found on the surface of activated endothelial cells, which line the interior wall of capillaries. E-selectin binds to the carbohydrate sialyl-Lewis x (SLe x ), which is presented as a glycoprotein or glycolipid on the surface of certain leukocytes (monocytes and neutrophils) and helps these cells adhere to capillary walls in areas where surrounding tissue is infected or damaged; and E-selectin also binds to sialyl-Lewis a (SLe a ), which is expressed on many tumor cells.
• SLe x carbohydrate sialyl-Lewis x
• SLe a sialyl-Lewis a
• P-selectin is expressed on inflamed endothelium and platelets, and also recognizes SLe x and SLe a , but also contains a second site that interacts with sulfated tyrosine.
• the expression of E-selectin and P- selectin is generally increased when the tissue adjacent to a capillary is infected or damaged.
• L-selectin is expressed on leukocytes.
• Selectin-mediated intercellular adhesion is an example of a selectin-mediated function.
• Modulators of selectin-mediated function include the PSGL-1 protein (and smaller peptide fragments), fucoidan, glycyrrhizin (and derivatives), anti-selectin antibodies, sulfated lactose derivatives, and heparin. All have shown to be unsuitable for drug development due to insufficient activity, toxicity, lack of specificity, poor ADME characteristics and/or availability of material.
• selectin-mediated cell adhesion is required for fighting infection and destroying foreign material, there are situations in which such cell adhesion is undesirable or excessive, resulting in tissue damage instead of repair.
• many pathologies such as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, shock and reperfusion injuries
• abnormal adhesion may also play a role in transplant and graft rejection.
• some circulating cancer cells appear to take advantage of the inflammatory mechanism to bind to activated endothelium. In such circumstances, modulation of selectin-mediated intercellular adhesion may be desirable.
• this invention provides compounds, compositions and methods for modulating selectin-mediated processes.
• the compounds that modulate (e.g., inhibit or enhance) a selectin- mediated function comprise a particular glycomimetic alone or linked to a BASA or a BACA.
• Such compounds may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent to form a pharmaceutical composition.
• the compounds or compositions may be used in a method to modulate (e.g., inhibit or enhance) a selectin-mediated function, such as inhibiting a selectin-mediated intercellular adhesion.
• n 0-2 and X is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkanyl, C 1 -C 8 alkenyl, CrC 8 alkynyl,
• any of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CrCs alkanyl, CrC 8 alkenyl, C 1 -C 8 alkynyl, Ci-Ci 4 aryl, or OY where Y is H, C 1 -C 8 alkanyl, C 1 -C 8 alkenyl, Ci-C 8 alkynyl, or Ci-C 14 aryl;
• R i10 is aryl, heteroaryl
• n 0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CrCs alkanyl, CrC 8 alkenyl, C 1 -C 8 alkynyl or OY where Y is H, Ci-C 8 alkanyl, Ci-C 8 alkenyl or Ci-C 8 alkynyl;
• R b H, fucose, mannose, arabinose, galactose or polyols;
• R >7' _ H, Ci-C 8 alkanyl, CrC 8 alkenyl , CrC 8 alkynyl or ;
• a compound of the present invention includes physiologically acceptable salts thereof.
• a compound of the present invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent provides a composition of the present invention.
• a line extending from an atom depicted or a carbon implied by the intersection of the two other lines represents the point of attachment (and does not represent a methyl group).
• R 6 is fucose:
• R 7 is H.
• R 4 is
• R 4 is where R 9 is defined as for the general formula above.
• R 9 is cyclohexane. In an embodiment, R 6 is galactose.
• R 8 is
• Z is a benzyl amino sulfonic acid, a benzyl amino carboxylic acid or a polyethylene glycol.
• X is ( ) or
• R 5 is H.
• L is a polyethylene glycol or a thiadiazole.
• a compound comprises a compound according to the present invention, further comprising a diagnostic or therapeutic agent. Such a compound may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent to form one embodiment of a composition of the present invention.
• a compound or composition of the present invention to modulate a selectin-mediated function.
• a selectin-mediated function such as selectin- mediated intercellular interactions.
• a compound or composition can be used in a method to contact a cell expressing a selectin in an amount effective to modulate the selectin's function.
• a compound or composition can be used in a method to administer to a patient, who is in need of having inhibited the development of a condition associated with an excessive selectin-mediated function (such as an excessive selectin-mediated intercellular adhesion), in an amount effective to inhibit the development of such a condition.
• a compound or composition can be used in a method to administer to a patient who is the recipient of a transplanted tissue in an amount effective to inhibit rejection of the transplanted tissue.
• a compound or composition can be used in a method in an amount effective to target an agent (e.g., a diagnostic or therapeutic agent) to a selectin-expressing cell by contacting such a cell with the agent linked to the compound or composition.
• a compound or composition can be used in the manufacture of a medicament, for example for any of the uses recited above.
• Figures 1A and 1 B are diagrams illustrating the syntheses of BASAs.
• Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a BACA.
• Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a glycomimetic (XIX).
• Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a glycomimetic (XXVIII).
• Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a PEGylated glycomimetic (XXX).
• Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a PEGylated glycomimetic (XXXI).
• Figures 7A, 7B, and 7C are diagrams illustrating the syntheses of PEGylated BASAs (XXXII and XXXIII) and PEGylated BACAs (XXXVI and XXXVIa).
• Figures 8A, 8B and 8C are diagrams illustrating the syntheses of
• Glycomimetic-BASA ( Figures 8A and 8C) and Glycomimetic-BACA ( Figure 8B).
• Figures 9A, 9B and 9C are diagrams illustrating the syntheses of Glycomimetic-BASA ( Figures 9A and 9C) and Glycomimetic-BACA ( Figure 9B).
• Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a glycomimetic.
• Figure 11 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a glycomimetic.
• Figure 12 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a glycomimetic.
• Figure 13 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a glycomimetic- BASA.
• Figure 14 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a glycomimetic- BASA.
• Figure 15 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a glycomimetic- BASA.
• Figure 16 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of glycomimetics.
• Figures 17A and 17B show a comparison of the activity of glycomimetic inhibitors in binding assays for E-selectins (Fig. 17A) and
• a and B are glycomimetic-BASAs other than the present invention.
• C is the glycomimetic-BASA of Figure 8C.
• Figure 18 shows the effect of glycomimetic-BASA of Figure 8C on neutrophil migration.
• A is a vehicle only and E is a positive control (mixed antibodies).
• B, C and D are the glycomimetic-BASA of Figure 8C at a dose of 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg, respectively.
• Figure 19 shows a comparison of the effects of glycomimetic inhibitors on neutrophil migration in murine air pouch model.
• A is IL-1 ⁇ + vehicle.
• B is IL-1 ⁇ + the glycomimetic-BASA of Figure 13.
• C is IL-1 ⁇ + the glycomimetic-BASA of Figure 8C.
• D is IL-1 ⁇ + mixed antibodies (positive control). *P ⁇ 0.05 vs. A (vehicle group).
• the present invention provides selectin modulators, compositions thereof and methods for modulating selectin- mediated functions.
• Such modulators may be used in vitro or in vivo, to modulate (e.g., inhibit or enhance) selectin-mediated functions in a variety of contexts, discussed in further detail below.
• Examples of selectin-mediated functions include intercellular adhesion and the formation of new capillaries during angiogenesis.
• selectin modulator refers to a molecule(s) that modulates (e.g., inhibits or enhances) a selectin-mediated function, such as selectin-mediated intercellular interactions.
• a selectin modulator may consist entirely of a glycomimetic compound of the present invention, or may consist of such a glycomimetic linked to a BASA (Benzyl Amino Sulfonic Acid) or a BACA (Benzyl Amino Carboxylic Acid), or may comprise one or more additional molecular components to any of the above.
• a selectin modulator of the present invention which does not possess a BASA or a BACA is preferably used to inhibit an E-selectin-mediated function. With the addition of a BASA or BACA to a glycomimetic of the present invention, the selectin modulator has increased ability to modulate P- and L-selectin-mediated functions as well.
• a selectin modulator of the present invention is a compound or physiologically acceptable salt thereof, having the formula:
• n 0-2 and X is independently selected from Ci-C 8 alkanyl, CrC 8 alkenyl, C 1 -C 8 alkynyl,
• any of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CrC 8 alkanyl, CrC 8 alkenyl, CrC 8 alkynyl, C 1 -C 14 aryl, or OY where Y is H, CrC 8 alkanyl, CrC 8 alkenyl, CrC 8 alkynyl, or CrCi 4 aryl;
• R 9 is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane, or triazole, and any of R 9 may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CrC 8 alkanyl, Ci-C 8 alkenyl, Ci-C 8 alkynyl or OY where Y is H, Ci-C 8 alkanyl, Ci-C 8 alkenyl, Ci-C 8 alkynyl or Ci-Ci 4 aryl;
• R )5 _ H, or R and R are taken together to for
• R 10 is aryl, heteroaryl
• n 0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CrCs alkanyl, Ci-C 8 alkenyl, Ci-C 8 alkynyl or OY where Y is H, Ci-C 8 alkanyl, Ci-C 8 alkenyl or CrC 8 alkynyl;
• R 6 H, fucose, mannose, arabinose, galactose or polyols
• R ,7' _ H, CrC 8 alkanyl, C 1 -C 8 alkenyl , Ci-C 8 alkynyl or
• R >8 _ H, Ci-C 8 alkanyl, CrC 8 alkenyl, C r C 8 alkynyl,
• a “CrC 8 alkanyl” refers to an alkane substituent with one to eight carbon atoms and may be straight chain or branched. Examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl and t-butyl.
• a “CrC 8 alkenyl” refers to an alkene substituent with one to eight carbon atoms, at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and may be straight chain or branched. Examples are similar to “CrC 8 alkanyl” examples except possessing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• a “CrC 8 alkynyl” refers to an alkyne substituent with one to eight carbon atoms, at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and may be straight chain or branched. Examples are similar to “CrC 8 alkanyl” examples except possessing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• An “aryl” refers to an aromatic substituent with one to fourteen carbon atoms in one or multiple rings which may be separated by a bond or fused.
• a “heteroaryl” is similar to an “aryl” except the aromatic substituent possesses at least one heteroatom (such as N, O or S) in place of a ring carbon.
• aryls and heteroaryls include phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolo, furanyl, oxazolyl, thiophenyl, quinolinyl and diphenyl.
• the term "independently selected” refers to the selection of identical or different substituents.
• polyethylene glycol refers to multiple units of ethylene glycol, as well as those with one or more substituents (e.g., dicarboxylated PEG). PEGs with and without substituents are well known to those in the art.
• PEG can serve as a substituent on a selectin modulator, or as a linker to attach other groups or compounds to a selectin modulator, or a selectin modulator may possess more than one PEG.
• a second selectin modulator is linked to a first selectin modulator, a dimer of selectin modulators (i.e., a divalent molecule) is formed.
• a variety of linkers may be used to join the two selectin modulators.
• a "dimer" can be a homodimer or a heterodimer.
• a homodimer refers to a dimer where the two selectin modulators joined together are identical (independent of the substituents for the linking to one another).
• a heterodimer refers to a dimer where the two selectin modulators (independent of the linkage substituents) are not identical.
• a selectin modulator of the present invention may possess, at R 4 of the above formula, sialic acid or a sialic acid mimic as set forth above.
• the hexose ring of sialic acid may be replaced with cyclohexane.
• the presence of sialic acid in the selectin modulator enhanced P-selectin binding.
• a sialic acid mimic replaces sialic acid in the selectin modulator.
• P-selectin binding may be enhanced by the addition of a BASA or a BACA.
• the selectin modulator compounds of the present invention may possess a "Z" at R 2 , and Z may be a BASA or a BACA.
• Z may be a BASA or a BACA.
• BASA or BACA includes a portion or an analogue of a BASA or BACA or portion of either, provided that the compound retains the ability to modulate a selectin-mediated function.
• PEG may be added to a selectin modulator with or without a BASA (or BACA). PEG may also be used to link a BASA or BACA to a selectin modulator.
• BASAs are low molecular weight sulfated compounds which have the ability to interact with a selectin.
• the interaction modulates or assists in the modulation (e.g., inhibition or enhancement) of a selectin-mediated function (e.g., an intercellular interaction).
• selectin-mediated function e.g., an intercellular interaction.
• They exist as either their protonated acid form, or as a sodium salt, although sodium may be replaced with potassium or any other pharmaceutically acceptable counterion.
• a representative BASA has the following structure:
• Such portions generally comprise at least one aromatic ring present within the BASA structure.
• a portion may comprise a single aromatic ring, multiple such rings or half of a symmetrical BASA molecule.
• analogue of BASA and portions thereof are also encompassed, e.g., by the BASA component of the selectin modulators, within the present invention.
• an "analogue” is a compound that differs from BASA or a portion thereof because of one or more additions, deletions and/or substitutions of chemical moieties, such that the ability of the analogue to inhibit a selectin-mediated interaction is not diminished.
• an analogue may contain S to P substitutions (e.g., a sulfate group replaced with a phosphate group).
• modifications to ring size e.g., any ring may contain between 4 and 7 carbon atoms
• variations in the number of fused rings e.g., a single ring may be replaced with a polycyclic moiety containing up to three fused rings, a polycyclic moiety may be replaced with a single unfused ring or the number of fused rings within a polycyclic moiety may be altered
• n may be 0 or 1
• X 1 may be -PO 2 M, -SO 2 M or -CF 2 - (where M is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion such as hydrogen, sodium or potassium)
• R 1 may be -OH, -F or -CO 2
• R 4 (where R 4 may be -H or -(CH 2 ) m -CH 3 and m is a number ranging from 0 to 3
• R 2 may be -H, -PO3M2, -SO 3 M 2 , -CH 2 - PO 3 M 2 , -CH 2 -SO 3 M 2 , -CF 3 or -(CH 2 ) m -C(R 6 )H-R 5 or R 9 -N(R 10 )-
• R 3 may be -H, - (CH 2 ) m -C(R 6 )H-R 5 or R 9 -N(R 10 )-
• R 5 and R 6 may be independently selected from
• Ri and R 2 may be independently selected from (i) hydrogen, (ii) moieties comprising one or more of an alkyl group, an aromatic moiety, an amino group or a carboxy group, and (iii) -CO-R 3 (where R 3 comprises an alkyl or aromatic moiety as described above) and M is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion.
• a BACA is similar to a BASA, except instead of sulfonic acid groups, the compound possesses carboxylic acid groups.
• the sulfonic acid groups of the above BASA compounds may be replaced with carboxylic acid groups.
• BACAs examples include:
• X is F or Cl
• Z is H, Ci-C 8 alkanyl, Ci-C 8 alkenyl or Ci-C 8 alkynyl.
• a linker is first attached to one of a glycomimetic or a BASA/BACA, which is then reacted with the other.
• a linker possessed by (or added to) a BASA or BACA or a glycomimetic may include a spacer group, such as — (CH 2 ) n — or — O(CH 2 ) n — where n is generally about 1- 20 (including any whole integer range therein).
• a linker is — NH 2 on a glycomimetic, e.g., — CH 2 — NH 2 when it includes a short spacer group.
• — CH 2 — NH 2 is attached to a glycomimetic at R' which may then be used to attach a BASA or BACA.
• the simplest attachment method is reductive amination of the BASA or BACA to a glycomimetic containing a reducing end (an anomeric hydroxyl/aldehyde). This is accomplished by simple reaction of the BASA or BACA to the reducing end and subsequent reduction (e.g., with NaCNBH 3 at pH 4.0) of the imine formed.
• the most general approach entails the simple attachment of an activated linker to the glycomimetic via an O, S or N heteroatom (or C atom) at the anomeric position.
• glycosidic synthetic methods include Lewis acid catalyzed bond formation with halogen or peracetylated sugars (Koenigs Knorr), trichloroacetamidate bond formation, thioglycoside activation and coupling, glucal activation and coupling, n-pentenyl coupling, phosphonate ester homologation (Horner-Wadsworth- Emmons reaction), and many others.
• linkers could be attached to positions on the moieties other than the anomeric.
• the most accessible site for attachment is at a six hydroxyl (6-OH) position of a glycomimetic (a primary alcohol).
• the attachment of a linker at the 6-OH can be easily achieved by a variety of means. Examples include reaction of the oxy-anion (alcohol anion formed by deprotonation with base) with an appropriate electrophile such as an alkyl/acyl bromide, chloride or sulfonate ester, activation of the alcohol via reaction with a sulfonate ester chloride or POCI 3 and displacement with a subsequent nucleophile, oxidation of the alcohol to the aldehyde or carboxylic acid for coupling, or even use of the Mitsunobu reaction to introduce differing functionalities.
• the linker is then functionalized for reaction with a suitable nucleophile on the BASA or BACA (or vice versa). This is often accomplished by use of thiophosgene and amines to make thiourea-linked heterobifunctional ligands, diethyl squarate attachment (again with amines) and/or simple alkyl/acylation reactions. Additional methods that could be utilized include FMOC solid or solution phase synthetic techniques traditionally used for carbohydrate and peptide coupling and chemo-enzymatic synthesis techniques possibly utilizing glycosyl/fucosyl transferases and/or oligosaccharyltransferase (OST).
• OST glycosyl/fucosyl transferases and/or oligosaccharyltransferase
• linkers e.g., PEG
• PEG linkers
• a compound, or physiologically acceptable salt thereof, of the present invention has the formula:
• R 1 -R 9 are defined as set forth above.
• R 6 is fucose:
• R 7 is H.
• R 4 is
• R 4 is where R 9 is defined as above.
• R 9 is cyclohexane.
• R 6 is
• R 8 is O r
• R 2 is
• Z is a benzyl amino sulfonic acid, a benzyl amino carboxylic acid or a polyethylene glycol.
• X is .
• R 5 is H.
• L is a polyethylene glycol or a thiadiazole.
• a targeting moiety may be any substance (such as a compound or cell) that, when linked to a modulating agent enhances the transport of the modulator to a target tissue, thereby increasing the local concentration of the modulator.
• Targeting moieties include antibodies or fragments thereof, receptors, ligands and other molecules that bind to cells of, or in the vicinity of, the target tissue. Linkage is generally covalent and may be achieved by, for example, direct condensation or other reactions, or by way of bi- or multi-functional linkers.
• a drug may be beneficial to also, or alternatively, link a drug to a selectin modulator.
• link a drug may be beneficial to also, or alternatively, link a drug to a selectin modulator.
• drug refers to any bioactive agent intended for administration to a mammal to prevent or treat a disease or other undesirable condition.
• Drugs include hormones, growth factors, proteins, peptides and other compounds.
• potential drugs include antineoplastic agents (such as 5-fluorouracil and distamycin), integrin agonist/antagonists (such as cyclic-RGD peptide), cytokine agonist/antagonists, histamine agonist/antagonists (such as diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine), antibiotics (such as aminoglycosides and cephalosporins) and redox active biological agents (such as glutathione and thioredoxin).
• diagnostic or therapeutic radionuclides may be linked to a selectin modulator.
• the agent may be linked directly or indirectly to a selectin modulator.
• compositions of the present invention may be present within a pharmaceutical composition.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more modulators in combination with one or more pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.
• Such compositions may comprise buffers (e.g., neutral buffered saline or phosphate buffered saline), carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans), mannitol, proteins, polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine, antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione, adjuvants (e.g., aluminum hydroxide) and/or preservatives.
• compositions of the present invention may be formulated as a lyophilizate.
• Compositions of the present invention may be formulated for any appropriate manner of administration, including for example, topical, oral, nasal, intravenous, intracranial, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration.
• a pharmaceutical composition may also, or alternatively, contain one or more active agents, such as drugs (e.g., those set forth above), which may be linked to a modulator or may be free within the composition.
• active agents such as drugs (e.g., those set forth above), which may be linked to a modulator or may be free within the composition.
• compositions described herein may be administered as part of a sustained release formulation (i.e., a formulation such as a capsule or sponge that effects a slow release of modulating agent following administration).
• a sustained release formulation i.e., a formulation such as a capsule or sponge that effects a slow release of modulating agent following administration.
• Such formulations may generally be prepared using well known technology and administered by, for example, oral, rectal or subcutaneous implantation, or by implantation at the desired target site.
• Carriers for use within such formulations are biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable; preferably the formulation provides a relatively constant level of modulating agent release.
• the amount of modulating agent contained within a sustained release formulation depends upon the site of implantation, the rate and expected duration of release and the nature of the condition to be treated or prevented.
• Selectin modulators are generally present within a pharmaceutical composition in a therapeutically effective amount.
• a therapeutically effective amount is an amount that results in a discernible patient benefit, such as increased healing of a condition associated with excess selectin-mediated function (e.g., intercellular adhesion), as described below.
• the modulating agents and compositions described herein may be used for enhancing or inhibiting a selectin-mediated function. Such enhancement or inhibition may be achieved in vitro and/or in vivo in a warm-blooded animal, preferably in a mammal such as a human, provided that a selectin-expressing cell is ultimately contacted with a modulator, in an amount and for a time sufficient to enhance or inhibit selectin-mediated function.
• the present invention provides methods for inhibiting the development of a condition associated with a selectin-mediated function, such as intercellular adhesion.
• a condition associated with a selectin-mediated function such as intercellular adhesion.
• such methods may be used to prevent, delay or treat such a condition.
• therapeutic methods provided herein may be used to treat a disease, or may be used to prevent or delay the onset of such a disease in a patient who is free of disease or who is afflicted with a disease that is not associated with a selectin-mediated function.
• the therapeutic methods have uses that may include the arrest of cell growth, the killing of cells, the prevention of cells or cell growth, the delay of the onset of cells or cell growth, or the prolongation of survival of an organism.
• tissue transplant rejection e.g., atherosclerosis and clotting
• platelet-mediated diseases e.g., atherosclerosis and clotting
• hyperactive coronary circulation e.g., acute leukocyte-mediated lung injury (e.g., adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)), Crohn's disease
• inflammatory diseases e.g., inflammatory bowel disease
• autoimmune diseases MS, myasthenia gravis
• infection cancer (and metastasis)
• thrombosis thrombosis
• wounds wound-associated sepsis
• burns spinal cord damage, digestive tract mucous membrane disorders (gastritis, ulcers), osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma, allergy, psoriasis, septic shock, traumatic shock, stroke, nephritis, atopic dermatitis, frostbite injury, adult dyspnoea syndrome, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus
• Selectin modulators of the present invention may be administered in a manner appropriate to the disease to be treated (or prevented). Appropriate dosages and a suitable duration and frequency of administration may be determined by such factors as the condition of the patient, the type and severity of the patient's disease and the method of administration. In general, an appropriate dosage and treatment regimen provides the modulating agent(s) in an amount sufficient to provide therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit.
• a selectin modulator may be administered at a dosage ranging from 0.001 to 1000 mg/kg body weight (more typically 0.01 to 1000 mg/kg), on a regimen of single or multiple daily doses. Appropriate dosages may generally be determined using experimental models and/or clinical trials. In general, the use of the minimum dosage that is sufficient to provide effective therapy is preferred. Patients may generally be monitored for therapeutic effectiveness using assays suitable for the condition being treated or prevented, which will be familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Selectin modulators may also be used to target substances to cells that express a selectin.
• Such substances include therapeutic agents and diagnostic agents.
• Therapeutic agents may be a molecule, virus, viral component, cell, cell component or any other substance that can be demonstrated to modify the properties of a target cell so as to provide a benefit for treating or preventing a disorder or regulating the physiology of a patient.
• a therapeutic agent may also be a prodrug that generates an agent having a biological activity in vivo.
• Molecules that may be therapeutic agents may be, for example, polypeptides, amino acids, nucleic acids, polynucleotides, steroids, polysaccharides or inorganic compounds.
• Such molecules may function in any of a variety of ways, including as enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, hormones, receptors, antisense oligonucleotides, catalytic polynucleotides, anti-viral agents, anti-tumor agents, anti-bacterial agents, immunomodulating agents and cytotoxic agents (e.g., radionuclides such as iodine, bromine, lead, palladium or copper).
• enzymes enzyme inhibitors, hormones, receptors, antisense oligonucleotides, catalytic polynucleotides, anti-viral agents, anti-tumor agents, anti-bacterial agents, immunomodulating agents and cytotoxic agents (e.g., radionuclides such as iodine, bromine, lead, palladium or copper).
• cytotoxic agents e.g., radionuclides such as iodine, bromine, lead, palladium or copper.
• Diagnostic agents include imaging agents such as metals and radioactive agents (e.g., gallium, technetium, indium, strontium, iodine, barium, bromine and phosphorus-containing compounds), contrast agents, dyes (e.g., fluorescent dyes and chromophores) and enzymes that catalyze a colorimetric or fluorometric reaction.
• imaging agents such as metals and radioactive agents (e.g., gallium, technetium, indium, strontium, iodine, barium, bromine and phosphorus-containing compounds), contrast agents, dyes (e.g., fluorescent dyes and chromophores) and enzymes that catalyze a colorimetric or fluorometric reaction.
• therapeutic and diagnostic agents may be attached to a selectin modulator using a variety of techniques such as those described above.
• a selectin modulator may be administered to a patient as described herein.
• selectin modulator may be used to target a therapeutic agent for killing a tumor's vasculature.
• a selectin modulator may also be used for gene targeting.
• Selectin modulators may also be used in vitro, e.g., within a variety of well known cell culture and cell separation methods.
• modulators may be linked to the interior surface of a tissue culture plate or other cell culture support, for use in immobilizing selectin-expressing cells for screens, assays and growth in culture. Such linkage may be performed by any suitable technique, such as the methods described above, as well as other standard techniques.
• Modulators may also be used, for example, to facilitate cell identification and sorting in vitro, permitting the selection of cells expressing a selectin (or different selectin levels).
• the modulator(s) for use in such methods are linked to a detectable marker. Suitable markers are well known in the art and include radionuclides, luminescent groups, fluorescent groups, enzymes, dyes, constant immunoglobulin domains and biotin.
• a modulator linked to a fluorescent marker such as fluorescein, is contacted with the cells, which are then analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).
• FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
• Modulating agents as described above are capable, for example, of inhibiting selectin-mediated cell adhesion.
• This ability may generally be evaluated using any of a variety of in vitro assays designed to measure the effect on adhesion between selectin-expressing cells (e.g., adhesion between leukocytes or tumor cells and platelets or endothelial cells).
• selectin-expressing cells e.g., adhesion between leukocytes or tumor cells and platelets or endothelial cells
• such cells may be plated under standard conditions that, in the absence of modulator, permit cell adhesion.
• a modulator is an inhibitor of selectin-mediated cell adhesion if contact of the test cells with the modulator results in a discernible inhibition of cell adhesion.
• disruption of adhesion between leukocytes or tumor cells and platelets or endothelial cells may be determined visually within approximately several minutes, by observing the reduction of cells interacting with one another.
• the crude product 3 is dissolved in water (40 mL) and 10% Pd/C (0.3 g) added.
• the mixture is hydrogenated (-45 psi) at room temperature for 48 h.
• the catalyst is filtered through Celite and the filter bed is washed with water.
• the filtrate is concentrated under vacuum to afford a pink solid. After removal of the catalyst, the filtrate is concentrated to 15 mL and an equal volume of ethanol is added. The precipitate is collected by filtration to give compound 4 with very little impurity.
• Hvdrogenation of compound 10 A suspension of 10 (30 mg, 0.049 mmol) and 10% Pd on carbon (50 mg) in H 2 O (20 mL) is hydrogenated (55 psi) at room temperature for 4 h to yield the BASA of Fig. 1 A.
• a suspension of 1 (8.9 g), paraformaldehyde (8.9 g), and H 2 SO 4 (125 mL) is heated to 90 0 C for 14 h and affords crude 2 (7.8 g) after work up.
• the crude product is 77% pure by HPLC and characterized by 1 H NMR.
• To a solution of 2 (1.0 g) in acetone (30 mL) is added K 2 CO 3 (3.1 g) and dimethylsulfate (1.4 mL) and the reaction is heated to reflux for 24 h. The reaction is combined with the next batch for work up and purification.
• Synthesis of building block XV This synthesis is done exactly in same way as described previously (Helvetica Chemica Acta 83:2893-2907 (2000)).
• Synthesis of compound XVI A mixture of Xl (1.6 g), XV(3 g) and activated powdered molecular sieves 4A (1 g) in DCM (17 ml) is stirred at rt under argon for 2 h. Then DMTST (2 g) is added in 4 equal portions over a period of 1.5 h. After 24 h the reaction mixture is filtered over Celite and the filtrate is diluted with DCM (100 ml). The organic layer is washed with sat.
• EDA-XIX (80 mg) is heated at 70°C with ethylenediamine (EDA) (1 ml) with stirring for 5 h. Solvent is evaporated off and the purified by sephadex G-25 column to give EDA-XIX (82 mg).
• the crude XXXVIb is treated with NaOMe-MeOH-H 2 O for 2 h and then purified by gel filtration to give a Glycomimetic-BACA.
• Example 10 using XXXIII from Example 6 and EDA-XXVIII from Example 5 to give Glycomimetic-BASA of Fig. 9C.
• XXXIII can be replaced with XLV from Example 18 for reaction with EDA-XXVIII.
• EXAMPLE 16 SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOMIMETIC (FIG. 12)
• reaction mixture then is diluted with ethyl acetate (200 ml) and washed with water, 1 N aqueous HCI (ice-cooled), saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine (each 50 ml).
• the aqueous layers are washed twice with ethyl acetate (2x 150 ml), combined and dried with Na 2 SO 4 .
• After filtration and evaporation of the solvent the residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (PE/ EtOAc 4:1) to yield compound Il (3.78 g, 86%).
• reaction mixture is added to a pre-stirred solution (1 h, r.t.) of VIII (61 mg, 0.23 mmol), (Et) 4 NBr (98 mg, 0.47 mmol) and powdered 4A molecular sieves (100 mg) in dichloromethane (1.6 ml) and DMF (1 ml).
• the reaction is quenched with pyridine (2 ml) and stirred for additional for 15 min., before it is diluted with EtOAc (50 ml) and washed with sat. aqueous KHCO 3 , water and brine (each 50 ml). The aqueous layers are extracted twice with EtOAc (2 x 50 ml).
• DMTST [B] (165 mg, 0.64 mmol) is added in 4 equal portions over a period of 1.5 h to a pre-stirred mixture (4h, r.t.) of activated powered molecular sieves 4A (100 mg) in dichloromethane (3 ml).
• a pre-stirred mixture (4h, r.t.) of activated powered molecular sieves 4A (100 mg) in dichloromethane (3 ml).
• TLC control shows completion of the reaction
• the reaction mixture is filtered over Celite and the filtrate is diluted with dichloromethane (50 ml).
• the organic layer is washed with sat. aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine (each 20 ml) and the aqueous layers are extracted twice with dichloromethane (2 x 50 ml).
• Plate 1 Wells of a microtiter plate (plate 1) are coated with E-selectin/hlg chimera (GlycoTech Corp., Rockville, MD) by incubation for 2 hr at 37°C. After washing the plate 5 times with 50 mM TrisHCI, 150 mM NaCI, 2mM CaCI 2 , pH 7.4 (Tris-Ca), 100 ⁇ l of 1% BSA in Tris-Ca/Stabilcoat (SurModics, Eden Prairie, MN) (1:1, v/v) are added to each well to block non-specific binding. Test compounds are serially diluted in a second low-binding, round bottomed plate (plate 2) in Tris-Ca (60 ⁇ l/well).
• E-selectin/hlg chimera GlycoTech Corp., Rockville, MD
• Preformed conjugates of SLea-PAA-biotin (GlycoTech Corp., Rockville, MD) mixed with Streptavidin-HRP (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) are added to each well of plate 2 (60 ⁇ l/well of 1 ⁇ g/ml). Plate 1 is washed several times with Tris-Ca and 100 ⁇ l/well are transferred from plate 2 to plate 1. After incubation at room temperature for exactly 2 hours the plate is washed and 100 ⁇ l/well of TMB reagent (KPL labs, Gaithersburg, MD) is added to each well. After incubation for 3 minutes at room temperature, the reaction is stopped by adding 100 ⁇ l/well of 1 M H 3 PO 4 and the absorbance of light at 450 nm is determined by a microtiter plate reader.
• neoglycoprotein, sialylLe a -HSA (Isosep AB, Sweden) is coated onto wells of a microtiter plate (plate 1) and the wells are then blocked by the addition of 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) diluted in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS).
• BSA bovine serum albumin
• DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline
• test antagonists are serially diluted in 1% BSA in DPBS. After blocking, plate 1 is washed and the contents of plate 2 are transferred to plate 1.
• Pselectin/hlg recombinant chimeric protein (GlycoTech Corp., Rockville, MD) is further added to each well in plate 1 and the binding process is allowed to incubate for 2 hours at room temperature. Plate 1 is then washed with DPBS and peroxidase- labelled goat anti-human lg( ⁇ ) (KPL Labs, Gaithersburg, MD) at 1 ⁇ g/ml is added to each well. After incubation at room temperature for 1 hour, the plate is washed with DBPS and then TMB substrate (KPL Labs) is added to each well. After 5 minutes, the reaction is stopped by the addition of 1 M HsPO 4 . Absorbance of light at 450 nm is then determined using a microtiter plate reader.
• mice Male outbred Swiss albino mice (15-18 g body weight) are purchased from Bantin and Kingman (T.O. strain; Hull, Humberside) and maintained on a standard chow pellet diet with tap water ad libitum and a 12:00 h light /dark cycle. All animals are housed for 7 days prior to experimentation to allow body weight to reach ⁇ 25 g on the day of the experiment (day 6; see below)
• Air-pouches are formed on the back of mice by air injection (2.5 ml s. c.) on day 0 and day 3 (Perretti & Flower, 1993).
• a homogenous suspension of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is made at 0.5% w/v in PBS and murine recombinant IL-1 ⁇ added to it at a concentration of 20 ng/ml.
• Test Compound is given at time 0 just before IL-1 ⁇ administration.
• mice received CMC only (no IL-1 ⁇ ) to provide a basal negative control.
• Test Compound On the day of the experiment, a fresh solutions of Test Compound is prepared in PBS Dulbecco's buffer supplemented with 1 mM CaCI 2 and MgCI 2 .
• Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against mouse P- or E-selectin are purchased from BD Pharmingen, whereas the anti-L-selectin mAb is from Serotec:
• Rat anti-mouse L selectin (clone MEL-14): 1 mg
• Rat anti-mouse P-selectin (clone RB40.34): 0.5 mg/ml
• Rat anti-mouse E-selectin (clone 10E9.6): 0.5 mg/ml Figure 19.
• Air-pouches are washed at the 8 h time-point and the number of migrated PMN determined by staining and light microscopy.
• n number is 9, 8, 7 and 8 mice per group A, B, C and D, respectively, in Fig. 19.

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