WO2006089177A2 - Isoxazole combretastin derivatives for the treatment of disorders - Google Patents

Isoxazole combretastin derivatives for the treatment of disorders Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006089177A2
WO2006089177A2 PCT/US2006/005761 US2006005761W WO2006089177A2 WO 2006089177 A2 WO2006089177 A2 WO 2006089177A2 US 2006005761 W US2006005761 W US 2006005761W WO 2006089177 A2 WO2006089177 A2 WO 2006089177A2
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Prior art keywords
optionally substituted
phenyl
methoxy
trimethoxy
alkyl
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PCT/US2006/005761
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2006089177A3 (en
Inventor
Lijun Sun
Christopher Borella
Hao Li
Jun Jiang
Shoujun Chen
Keizo Koya
Takayo Inoue
Zhenjian Du
Kevin Foley
Yaming Wu
Mei Zhang
Weiwen Ying
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Synta Phamaceuticals Corp
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Synta Phamaceuticals Corp
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Priority to MX2007009888A priority Critical patent/MX2007009888A/es
Priority to EP06735424A priority patent/EP1919882A2/en
Priority to CA2597430A priority patent/CA2597430C/en
Priority to NZ560712A priority patent/NZ560712A/en
Priority to AU2006214164A priority patent/AU2006214164B2/en
Priority to JP2007556341A priority patent/JP5123671B2/ja
Priority to BRPI0607688-2A priority patent/BRPI0607688A2/pt
Priority to KR1020077021347A priority patent/KR101364762B1/ko
Application filed by Synta Phamaceuticals Corp filed Critical Synta Phamaceuticals Corp
Priority to CN2006800053106A priority patent/CN101142198B/zh
Publication of WO2006089177A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006089177A2/en
Publication of WO2006089177A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006089177A3/en
Priority to IL185016A priority patent/IL185016A/en
Priority to ZA2007/06791A priority patent/ZA200706791B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
    • A61K31/426—1,3-Thiazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
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    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/4709—Non-condensed quinolines and containing further heterocyclic rings
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/472—Non-condensed isoquinolines, e.g. papaverine
    • A61K31/4725—Non-condensed isoquinolines, e.g. papaverine containing further heterocyclic rings
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
    • A61K31/497—Non-condensed pyrazines containing further heterocyclic rings
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
    • A61K31/501—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D261/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings
    • C07D261/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D261/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D261/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6527—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/653—Five-membered rings

Definitions

  • This invention relates to biologically active chemical compounds, namely isoxazole derivatives that may be used for treating or preventing proliferative disorders.
  • chemotherapeutic methods are now available to be used in the treatment of cancer.
  • One of the most successful methods is the use of anti-mitotic agents which interfere with the assembly or disassembly of microtubules. Since microtubule assemble and disassemble is necessary for mitosis, inhibition of either the assembly or disassembly of microtubules interferes with cell proliferation.
  • compounds that inhibit the assembly of microtubule are useful in treating diseases or conditions which are caused or exasperated by rapid or abnormal cell proliferation, such as cancer.
  • vinca alkaloids which inhibit microtubule assembly have proved clinically successful: Vincristine has been successfully used to treat hematological malignancies and non-small-cell lung carcinoma; Vinblastine has been successfully used to treat hematological malignancies, testicular carcinomas and non-small-cell lung carcinoma; and Vinorelbine has been successfully used to treat hematological malignancies, breast carcinomas and non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
  • taxanes which inhibit microtubule disassemble have also proved to be clinically successful.
  • Paclitaxel has been successful in treating breast, ovarian and non-small-cell lung carcinomas; and Docetaxel has been successful in treating breast and non-small-cell lung carcinomas.
  • available anti-mitotic agents are inadequate for a number of reasons.
  • paclitaxei, docetaxel and vincristine are associated with significant neuropathy which can limit their use in repeat courses of therapy.
  • both the vinca alkaloids and taxanes are good substrates for the 170 kDa
  • P-glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux pump found in most multi-drug resistant cells. This protein pumps a drug out of the tumor cells causing the tumor cells to become resistant to treatment. Once a patient's cancer has become multi-drug resistant, there is typically little that can be done to halt or retard further progression of the disease.
  • Desirable properties of new anti-cancer drugs therefore include a good therapeutic index, efficacy against tumors that are currently untreatable or poorly treatable, efficacy against multi-drug resistant tumors and/or reduced side effects.
  • This invention meets the above-mentioned needs by providing certain isoxazole derivatives that inhibit tubulin polymerization.
  • Compounds of the invention are also capable of vascular targeting, in particular, blocking, occluding, or otherwise disrupting blood flow in neovasculature. These compounds are particularly useful for treating or preventing proliferative disorders, such as cancer.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (I):
  • R 2 is an optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted biphenyl, an optionally substituted 4-pyridinyl-phenyI, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1 H-indolyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted isoxazolyl, an optionally substituted thiazolyl, an optionally substituted isothiazolyl, an optionally substituted imidazolyl, an optionally substituted pyrrolyl, an optionally substituted pyrazolyl, an optionally substituted furanyl, an optionally substituted thiophenyl, an optionally substituted thiadiazolyl, an optionally
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (II):
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl
  • R 18 , Ri 9 , R 22 , and R 2 are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR10R11,
  • R 20 is an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -ORi 7 , -NR 10 Rn, -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 11 , -NR 8 C(O)R 7 , -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SR 7 , -S(
  • R 21 is halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 17 , -NR 1 0R 11 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(0)NRioRii, -NR 8 C(O)R 7 , -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SR 7
  • R 7 and R 8 are, independently, -H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;
  • R 10 and R 1 - I are independently -H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;
  • R 17 for each occurrence, is independently, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; and p is 1 or 2.
  • compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, clathrates, or prodrugs thereof are potent antimitotic agents which inhibiting tubulin polymerization, and thus can inhibit microtubule growth.
  • microtubules In order for cells to undergo mitosis, microtubules must be able to assemble and disassemble, in a process known as dynamic instability.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used to inhibit tubulin polymerization in a cell by contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • compounds of the invention can be used to inhibit tubulin polymerization in a subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • Compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, clathrates, or prodrugs thereof are vascular targeting agents which can be used to block, occlude, or otherwise disrupt blood flow in neovasculature, and thus lead to destruction of vasculature.
  • compounds of the invention can be used to block, occlude, or otherwise disrupt blood flow in neovasculature by contacting the neovasculature with an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • compounds of the invention can be used to block, occlude, or otherwise disrupt blood flow in neovasculature of a subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • compounds of the invention disrupt mitosis by inhibiting tubulin polymerization, they are particularly useful in treating or preventing proliferative disorders, such as cancer. Therefore, in one embodiment, compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, clathrates, or prodrugs thereof can be used to treat or prevent a proliferative disorder in a subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof
  • All of the methods of this invention may be practice with a compound of the invention alone, or in combination with other agents, such as other anti-cancer agents.
  • compounds of the invention overcome or ameliorated some of the limitation of known anti-mitotic agents.
  • compounds of the invention are cytotoxic in multidrug resistant ceils, and thus may be useful for treating cancers that have become resistant to other therapies.
  • FIGURES Figure 1 shows the cytotoxic effects of compounds of the invention on hepatocytes compared to untreated cells and to known cancer drugs Taxol and 17AAG.
  • Figure 2 shows the cytotoxic effects of compounds of the invention on hepatocytes compared to untreated cells and to known cancer drug 17AAG.
  • Figure 3 shows the microtubule network of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells transfected with a vector encoding ⁇ -tubulin-YFP after they have been treated with DMSO.
  • Figure 4 shows the microtubule network of CHO cells transfected with a vector encoding ⁇ -tubulin-YFP after they have been treated with 0.1 ⁇ M Taxol.
  • Figure 5 shows the microtubule network of CHO cells transfected with a vector encoding ⁇ -tubulin-YFP after they have been treated with 0.1 ⁇ M Compound 1.
  • Figure 6 shows the microtubule network of CHO cells transfected with a vector encoding ⁇ -tubulin-YFP after they have been treated with 0.1 ⁇ M Compound 3.
  • Figure 7 shows the microtubule network of CHO cells transfected with a vector encoding ⁇ -tubulin-YFP after they have been treated with 0.1 ⁇ M Compound 6.
  • Figure 8A shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 24 hrs after treatment with DMSO.
  • CV-1 cells are known to be resistant to the depolymerization effects of colchicines and vincristine.
  • Figure 8B shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 24 hrs after treatment with Compound 3.
  • Figure 8C shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 24 hrs after treatment with colchicine.
  • Figure 8D shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 24 hrs after treatment with vincristine.
  • Figure 8E shows a magnified view of the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 24 hrs after treatment with Compound 3.
  • Figure 9A shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 48 hrs after treatment with
  • Figure 9B shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 48 hrs after treatment with Compound 3.
  • Figure 9C shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 48 hrs after treatment with colchicine.
  • Figure 9D shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 48 hrs after treatment with vincristine.
  • Figure 9E shows a magnified view of the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 48 hrs after treatment with Compound 3.
  • Figure 1OA shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 72 hrs after treatment with
  • Figure 1OB shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 72 hrs after treatment with Compound 3.
  • Figure 1OC shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 72 hrs after treatment with colchicine.
  • Figure 1OD shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 72 hrs after treatment with vincristine.
  • Figure 1OE shows a magnified view of the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 72 hrs after treatment with Compound 3.
  • Figure 11 shows the results of a nude mouse xenograft study to determine the effect of Compound 3 on the in vivo growth rate of the human tumor cell line MDA-MB-435S.
  • Tumor bearing animals (10 mice/group) were i.v. injected 3 times per week for a total of 10 doses (hatched bar) and the average tumor volumes for each group (+/- SEM) were determined every 2-4 days.
  • Treatment with doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight of Compound 3 caused tumor regression, whereas a dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight of paclitaxel did not.
  • Figure 12 shows percent change in body weight of animals during the study presented in Figure 11.
  • Treatment with Compound 3 did not cause overt toxicity in a nude mouse xenograft model using the human tumor cell line MDA-MB-435S.
  • Tumor bearing animals (10 mice/group) were i.v. injected 3 times per week for a total of 10 doses (hatched bar) and the cumulative average percent changes in body weights for each group relative to the start of dosing (+/- SEM) were determined every 1-3 days.
  • Treatment with doses of 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight of Compound 3 was not overtly toxic, as indicated by the minimal effects on the animal body weights in the test article-treated versus vehicle-treated groups.
  • Figure 13 shows the results of a nude mouse xenograft study to determine the effect of Compound 3 on the in vivo growth rate of the human tumor cell line RERF-LC-AI.
  • Tumor bearing animals (8 mice/group) were i.v. injected 3 times per week for a total of 8 doses (hatched bar) and the average tumor volumes for each group (+/- SEM) were determined every 3-4 days.
  • Treatment with 25 mg/kg body weight of Compound 3 inhibited tumor growth to a similar degree to what was observed with a dose of 12.5 mg/kg body weight of paclitaxel.
  • Figure 14 shows percent change in body weight of animals during the study presented in Figure 13.
  • Treatment with Compound 3 did not cause overt toxicity in a nude mouse xenograft model using the human tumor cell line RERF-LC-AI.
  • Tumor bearing animals (8 mice/group) were i.v. injected 3 times per week for a total of 9 doses (hatched bar) and the cumulative average percent changes in body weights for each group relative to the start of dosing (+/- SEM) were determined every 1 -3 days.
  • Treatment with doses of 25 mg/kg body weight of Compound 3 was not overtly toxic, as indicated by the minimal effects on the animal body weights in the test article-treated versus vehicle-treated groups.
  • Figure 15 shows the results of a nude mouse xenograft study to determine the effects of Compounds 169 and 174 on the in vivo growth rate of the human tumor cell line MDA-MB-435S.
  • Tumor bearing animals (8 mice/group) were i.v. injected 1 time per week for a total of 3 doses (arrowheads) and the median tumor volumes for each group (error bars represent SEM) were determined every 3-4 days.
  • Treatment with doses of 2 mg/kg body weight of Compound 169 and 4.55 mg/kg body weight of Compound 174 substantially inhibited tumor growth.
  • Figure 16 shows percent change in body weight of animals during the study presented in Figure 15. Treatment with Compounds 169 and 174 did not cause overt toxicity in a nude mouse xenograft model using the human tumor cell line
  • Compound 169 and 4.55 and 2.28 mg/kg body weight of Compound 174 were not overtly toxic, as indicated by the minimal effects on the animal body weights in the test article-treated versus vehicle-treated groups.
  • Figure 17 shows the results of a nude mouse xenograft study to determine the effect of Compound 178 on the in vivo growth rate of the human tumor cell line MDA-MB-435S.
  • Tumor bearing animals (8 mice/group) were i.v. injected with Compound 178 3 times per week for a total of 3 closes at 25 mg/kg body weight (closed arrowheads), followed by 3 times per week for a total of 3 doses at 37.5 mg/kg body weight (open arrowheads), followed by 3 times per week for a total of 3 doses at 50 mg/kg body weight (arrows).
  • the median tumor volumes for each group (error bars represent SEM) were determined every 3-5 days.
  • Compound 178 began to show moderate efficacy at doses of 37.5 and 50 mg/kg body weight.
  • Figure 18 shows percent change in body weight of animals during the study presented in Figure 17.
  • Treatment with Compound 178 did not cause overt toxicity in a nude mouse xenograft model using the human tumor cell line MDA-MB-435S (data derived from the same study presented in Figure 17).
  • Tumor bearing animals (8 mice/group) were i.v. injected with Compound 178 3 times per week for a total of 3 doses at 25 mg/kg body weight (closed arrowheads), followed by 3 times per week for a total of 3 doses at 37.5 mg/kg body weight (open arrowheads), followed by 3 times per week for a total of 3 doses at 50 mg/kg body weight (arrows).
  • Figure 19 shows the effect of Compound 3 on the in vivo induction of tumor necrosis in an EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma tumor model in nude mice.
  • Tumor-bearing animals (5 mice/group) were given a single i.v. bolus injection of either vehicle or Compound 3, and at the indicated time points following dosing the tumors were excised and processed for histology.
  • Light microscopy was used to quantitate the average area of necrosis as a percent of total area in tumor sections from each treatment group (error bars represent SEM).
  • Treatment with a single dose of 25 mg/kg body weight of Compound 3 resulted in a near maximal 2.4 fold increase in tumor necrosis at 4 hours following drug treatment.
  • Figure 2OA shows shows the microtubule network of CV- 1 cells 24 hrs after treatment with DMSO.
  • Figure 2OB shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 24 hrs after treatment with 1 nM of Compound 249.
  • Figure 2OC shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 24 hrs after treatment with 10 nM of Compound 249.
  • Figure 2OD shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 24 hrs after treatment with
  • Figure 2OE shows the microtubule network of CV-1 cells 24 hrs after treatment with 1000 nM of Compound 249.
  • Figure 21A shows the microtubule network of HUVEC cells 24 hrs after treatment with DMSO.
  • Figure 21 B shows the microtubule network of HUVEC cells 24 hrs after treatment with 1 nM of Compound 249.
  • Figure 21 C shows the microtubule network of HUVEC cells 24 hrs after treatment with 5 nM of Compound 249.
  • Figure 21 D shows the microtubule network of HUVEC cells 24 hrs after treatment with 10 nM of Compound 249.
  • Figure 21 E shows the microtubule network of HUVEC cells 24 hrs after treatment with 50 nM of Compound 249.
  • Figure 21 F shows the microtubule network of HUVEC cells 24 hrs after treatment with 100 nM of Compound 249.
  • Figure 22 shows a nude mouse tumor study to determine the effect of Compound 174 on the in vivo growth rate of the allogeneic mouse mammary carcinoma cell line EMT6.
  • Tumor-bearing animals (15 mice/group) were given a single i.v. bolus injection of either vehicle or Compound 174, and changes in median tumor volumes (error bars represent SEM) for each group were determined after 3 days.
  • Treatment with doses of 4.55 and 3.22 mg/kg body weight of Compound 174 substantially inhibited tumor growth.
  • Figure 23 shows a study examining the vascular disrupting activity of Compound 174 as measured by the Evans Blue dye assay in the EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma tumor model conducted in nude mice.
  • Tumor-bearing animals (8 mice/group) were given a single i.v. bolus injection of either vehicle or Compound 174 at time 0 hr, followed by a single i.v. bolus injection of Evan's Blue dye at time +1 hr. At +4 hrs, tumors were excised and tumor dye penetration was quantitated. Representations of black and white mice indicate animals that have been injected or not injected with Evan's Blue dye, respectively.
  • an "aromatic ring” or “aryl” means a monocyclic or polycyclic-aromatic ring or ring radical comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • aryl groups have about 6 to about 14 carbon atom ring members.
  • suitable aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, tolyl, anthacenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, and naphthyl, as well as benzo-fused carbocyclic moieties such as 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl.
  • An aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents (including without limitation alkyl (preferably, lower alkyl or alkyl substituted with one or more halo), hydroxy, alkoxy (preferably, lower alkoxy), alkylsulfanyl, cyano, halo, amino, and nitro,
  • the aryl group is a monocyclic ring, wherein the ring comprises 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl means a saturated straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon typically having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • Representative saturated straight chain alkyls include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl and n-decyl; while saturated branched alkyls include isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyi, ferf-butyl, isopentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 2-methylhexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 4-methylhexyl, 5-methylhexyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, 2,4-dimethylpentyl,
  • Alkyl groups included in compounds of this invention may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
  • substituents include, but are not limited to, amino, alkylamino, alkoxy, alkylsulfanyl, oxo, halo, acyl, nitro, hydroxyl, cyano, aryl, alkylaryl, aryloxy, arylsulfanyl, arylamino, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, carbocyclylthio, carbocyclylamino, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylthio, and the like.
  • Lower alkyls are typically preferred for the compounds of this invention.
  • alkylene refers to an alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group that has two points of attachment to two moieties (e.g., ⁇ -CH 2 - ⁇ , - ⁇ CH2CH 2 - ⁇ ,
  • Alkyiene groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
  • An aralkyl group refers to an aryl group that is attached to another moiety via an alkylene linker.
  • Aralkyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl group which is linked to another moiety though an oxygen atom. Alkoxy groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
  • alkylsulfanyl refers to an alkyl group which is linked to another moiety though a divalent sulfur atom. Alkylsulfanyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
  • arylsulfanyl refers to an aryl group which is linked to another moiety though a divalent sulfur atom.
  • Arylsulfanyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
  • alkyl ester refers to a group represented by the formula -C(O)OR 32 , wherein R 32 is an alkyl group.
  • a lower alkyl ester is a group represented by the formula -C(O)OR 32 , wherein R 32 is a lower alkyl group.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group which has one or more carbons in the alkyl chain replaced with an -0-, .-.S- or - 11 NR 33 -, wherein R 33 is H or a lower alkyl. Heteroalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
  • alkylamino refers to an amino group in which one hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an alkyl group.
  • dialkylamino refers to an amino group in which two hydrogen atoms attached to the nitrogen have been replaced by alkyl groups, in which the alkyl groups can be the same or different. Alkylamino groups and dialkylamino groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
  • alkenyl means a straight chain or branched, hydrocarbon radical typically having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • Representative straight chain and branched alkenyls include vinyl, allyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, i-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-hexenyl,
  • alkynyl means a straight chain or branched, hydrocarbon radical typically having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and having at lease one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • Representative straight chain and branched alkynyls include acetylenyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1-butynyl, 4-pentynyl,-1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-heptynyl, 2-heptynyl, 6-heptynyl, 1-octynyl, 2-octynyl, 7-octynyl, 1-nonynyl, 2-nonynyl,
  • Alkynyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
  • cycloalkyl means a saturated, mono- or polycyclic alkyl radical typically having from 3 to 14 carbon atoms.
  • Representative cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, adamantly, decahydronaphthyl, octahydropentalene, bicycle[1.1.1Jpentanyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents,
  • heterocycle or “heterocyclyl” means a monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclic ring (typically having 3- to 14-members) which is either a saturated ring or an unsaturated non-aromatic ring.
  • a 3-membered heterocycle can contain from 1 to 3 heteroatoms, and a 4- to 14-membered heterocycle can contain from 1 to about 8 heteroatoms.
  • Each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quatemized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone.
  • the heterocycle may be attached via any heteroatom or carbon atom.
  • heterocycles include morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, tetrahydropyrindinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.
  • a heteroatom may be substituted with a protecting group known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example, the hydrogen on a nitrogen may be substituted with a tert-butoxycarbonyl group.
  • the heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents (including without limitation a halo, an alkyl, a haloalkyl, or aryl). Only stable isomers of such substituted heterocyclic groups are contemplated in this definition.
  • a heteroaralkyl group refers to a heteroaryl group that is attached to another moiety via an alkylene linker.
  • Heteroaralkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted with one or more substituents.
  • halogen or halo means -F, -Cl, -Br or -I.
  • haloalkyl means an alkyl group in which one or more -H is replaced with a halo group.
  • haloalkyl groups include -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CCI 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 Br, -CH 2 CH(CH 2 CH 2 Br)CH 3 , -CHICH 3 , and the like. .
  • Bioisostere and “bioisosteric replacement” have the same meanings as those generally recognized in the art.
  • Bioisosteres are atoms, ions, or molecules in which the peripheral layers of electrons can be considered substantially identical.
  • the term bioisostere is usually used to mean a portion of an overall molecule, as opposed to the entire molecule itself.
  • Bioisosteric replacement involves using one bioisostere to replace another with the expectation of maintaining or slightly modifying the biological activity of the first bioisostere.
  • the bioisosteres in this case are thus atoms or groups of atoms having similar size, shape and electron density.
  • the terms "subject”, “patient” and “animal”, are used interchangeably and include, but are not limited to, a cow, monkey, horse, sheep, pig, mini pig, chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig and human.
  • the preferred subject, patient or animal is a human.
  • substituents for an alkyl, alkoxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylamino, dialkyiamino, alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl include an alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkylsulfanyl, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an aralkyl, a heteraralkyl, a haloalkyl, -C(O)NR 34 R 35 , -NR 36 C(O)R 37 , halo, -OR 36 , cyano, nitro, haloalkoxy, -C(
  • R 34 and R 35 for each occurrence are, independently, H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an aralkyl, or a heteraralkyl; or R 34 and R 35 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is a heterocyclyl or a heteroaryl; and R 36 and R 37 for each occurrence are, independently, H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl, a heteroary
  • heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl group When a heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl group contains a nitrogen atom, it may be substituted or unsubstituted. When a nitrogen atom in the aromatic ring of a heteroaryl group has a substituent the nitrogen may be a quaternary nitrogen.
  • compound(s) of this invention refers to a compound of any one of formulas (I) through (X), (IA) through (XA), (IB) through (XB), or of Table 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, " or prodrug thereof and also include protected derivatives thereof.
  • amino acid residue refers to what is left of an amino acid (losing a H + from the nitrogenous side, an OH “ from the carboxylic side, or a H + from the nitrogenous side and an OH ' from the carboxylic side) in the formation of a peptide bond(s).
  • An "amino acid analog” includes D or L amino acids having the following formula: NH 2 -CHR-C(O)OH, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted heteroalkyl group, an optionally substituted aromatic group, or an optionally substituted heteroaromatic group, and wherein R does not correspond to the side chain of a naturally-occurring amino acid.
  • amino acid residue analog refers to what is left of an amino acid analog (losing a H + from the nitrogenous side, an OH “ from the carboxylic side, or a H + from the nitrogenous side and an OH “ from the carboxylic side) in the formation of a peptide bond(s).
  • prodrug means a derivative of a compound that can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwise react under biological conditions (in vitro or in vivo) to provide a compound of this invention. Prodrugs may only become active upon such reaction under biological conditions, but they may have activity in their unreacted forms.
  • prodrugs contemplated in this invention include, but are not limited to, analogs or derivatives of compounds of any one of formulas (I) through (X), (IA) through (XA), (IB) through (XB), or of Table 1 that comprise biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues.
  • Other examples of prodrugs include derivatives of compounds of any one of formulas
  • Prodrugs can typically be prepared using well-known methods, such as those described by 1 BURGER'S MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AND DRUG DISCOVERY (1995) 172-178, 949-982 (Manfred E. Wolff ed., 5 th ed), the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • biohydrolyzable amide means an amide, ester, carbamate, carbonate, ureide, or phosphate analogue, respectively, that either: 1 ) does not destroy the biological activity of the compound and confers upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is itself biologically inactive but is converted in vivo to a biologically active compound.
  • biohydrolyzable amides include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl amides, ⁇ -amino acid amides, alkoxyacyl amides, and alkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides.
  • biohydrolyzable esters include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl esters, alkoxyacyloxy esters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters, and choline esters.
  • biohydrolyzabie carbamates include, but are not limited to, lower alkylamines, substituted ethylenediamines, aminoacids, hydroxyalkylamines, heterocyclic and heteroaromatic amines, and polyether amines.
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” is a salt formed from an acid and a basic group of one of the compounds of any one of formulas (I) through
  • Illustrative salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maieate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1 ,1 '-methyiene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naph)
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt also refers to a salt prepared from a compound of any one of formulas (I) through (X), (IA) through (XA), (IB) through (XB), or of Table 1 having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxylic acid functional group, and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base.
  • Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methyl.N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxy-lower alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)- amine, 2-hydroxy-tert-butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N, N,-di-lower alkyl-N-(hydroxy lower alkyl)-amines, such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-
  • clathrate means a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof in the form of a crystal lattice that contains spaces (e.g., channels) that have a guest molecule (e.g., a solvent or water) trapped within.
  • spaces e.g., channels
  • guest molecule e.g., a solvent or water
  • Inhibition of tubulin polymerization can be determined by any method known to those skilled in the art, such as the method described herein in Example 7.
  • the amount of a tubulin polymerization inhibitor that inhibits 50% of tubulin polymerization that occurs in the absence of the inhibitor i.e., the IC 50
  • the amount of a tubulin polymerization inhibitor that inhibits 50% of tubulin polymerization that occurs in the absence of the inhibitor i.e., the IC 50
  • the amount of a tubulin polymerization inhibitor that inhibits 50% of tubulin polymerization that occurs in the absence of the inhibitor i.e., the IC 50
  • the IC 50 can be determined by pre-incubating purified tubulin with various amounts of an inhibitor for 15 minutes at 37 0 C. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature and GTP is added to induce tubulin polymerization. The polymerization can be monitored in a spectrophotometer at 350 nm.
  • a typical reaction mixtures (0.25 ml_) contains 1.5 mg/mL tubulin, 0.6 mg/mL microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), 0.5 mM GTP, 0.5 mlM MgCI. sub.2, 4% DMSO and 0.1 M 4-morpholineethanesulfonate buffer (MES, pH 6.4).
  • MAPs microtubule-associated proteins
  • MES 4-morpholineethanesulfonate buffer
  • a "proliferative disorder” or a “hyperproliferative disorder,” and other equivalent terms, means a disease or medical condition involving pathological growth of cells.
  • Proliferative disorders include cancer, smooth muscle cell proliferation, systemic sclerosis, cirrhosis of the liver, adult respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic cardiomyopathy, lupus erythematosus, retinopathy (e.g., diabetic retinopathy or other retinopathies), choroidal neovascularisation (e.g., macular degeneration), cardiac hyperplasia, reproductive system associated disorders such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and ovarian cysts, pulmonary fibrosis, endometriosis, fibromatosis, harmatomas, lymphangiomatosis, sarcoidosis, and desmoid tumors.
  • Smooth muscle cell proliferation includes hyperproliferation of cells in the vasculature, for example, intimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, restenosis and vascular occlusion, particularly stenosis following biologically- or mechanically-mediated vascular injury, e.g., vascular injury associated with angioplasty.
  • intimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia can include hyperplasia in smooth muscle other than the vasculature, e.g., bile duct blockage, bronchial airways of the lung in patients with asthma, in the kidneys of patients with renal interstitial fibrosis, and the like.
  • leukemias include acute and/or chronic leukemias, e.g., lymphocytic leukemia (e.g., as exemplified by the p388 (murine) cell line), large granular lymphocytic leukemia, and lymphoblastic leukemia; T-celi leukemias, e.g., T-cell leukemia (e.g., as exemplified by the CEM, Jurkat, and HSB-2 (acute), YAC-1 (murine) cell lines), T-lymphocytic leukemia, and T-lymphoblastic leukemia; B cell leukemia (e.g., as exemplified by the SB (acute) cell line) , and B-lymphocytic leukemia; mixed cell leukemias, e.g., B and T cell leukemia and B and T lymphocytic leukemia; myeloid leukemias, e.g., granuloc
  • the compounds of the invention are believed to be particularly effective in treating subject with hematological malignancies (e.g., Hodgkin's disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and multiple myeloma).
  • hematological malignancies e.g., Hodgkin's disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and multiple myeloma.
  • the compounds of the invention are believed to be particularly useful in treating solid tumors.
  • the compounds of the invention are particularly effective at treating subjects whose cancer has become "multi-drug resistant".
  • a cancer which initially responded to an anti-cancer drug becomes resistant to the anti-cancer drug when the anti-cancer drug is no longer effective in treating the subject with the cancer.
  • many tumors will initially respond to treatment with an anti-cancer drug by decreasing in size or even going into remission, only to develop resistance to the drug.
  • Drug resistant tumors are characterized by a resumption of their growth and/or reappearance after having seemingly gone into remission, despite the administration of increased dosages of the anti-cancer drug.
  • Cancers that have developed resistance to two or more anti-cancer drugs are said to be "multi-drug resistant". For example, it is common for cancers to become resistant to three or more anti-cancer agents, often five or more anti-cancer agents and at times ten or more anti-cancer agents.
  • Effective amounts of the disclosed compounds typically range between about 1 mg/mm 2 per day and about 10 grams/mm 2 per day, and preferably between 10 mg/mm 2 per day and about 1 gram/mm 2 .
  • compounds of the invention are vascular targeting agents.
  • compounds of the invention are effective for blocking, occluding, or otherwise disrupting blood flow in "neovasculature.”
  • the invention provides a novel treatment for diseases involving the growth of new blood vessels ("neovasculature"), including, but not limited to: cancer; infectious diseases; autoimmune disorders; benign tumors, e.g.
  • hemangiomas acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; artheroscleric plaques; ocular angiogenic diseases, e.g., diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis, retinoblastoma, persistent hyperplastic vitreous syndrome, choroidal neovascularization, uvietis and Pterygia (abnormal blood vessel growth) of the eye; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriasis; warts; allergic dermatitis; blistering disease; Karposi sarcoma; delayed wound healing; endometriosis; uterine bleeding; ovarian cysts; ovarian hyperstimulation; vasculogenesis; granulations; hypertrophic scars (keloids); nonunion
  • Vascular targeting can be demonstrated by any method known to those skilled in the art, such as the method described herein in Example 1 1.
  • one enantiomer, diastereomer, or geometric isomer will possess superior activity or an improved toxicity or kinetic profile compared to others. In those cases, such enantiomers, diastereomers, and geometric isomers of a compound of this invention are preferred.
  • composition that "substantially" comprises a compound means that the composition contains more than about 80% by weight, more preferably more than about 90% by weight, even more preferably more than about 95% by weight, and most preferably more than about 97% by weight of the compound.
  • a reaction that is "substantially complete” means that the reaction contains more than about 80% by weight of the desired product, more preferably more than about 90% by weight of the desired product, even more preferably more than about 95% by weight of the desired product, and most preferably more than about 97% by weight of the desired product.
  • Enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures can be resolved into their component enantiomers or stereoisomers by well known methods, such as chiral-phase gas chromatography, chiral-phase high performance liquid chromatography, crystallizing the compound as a chiral salt complex, or crystallizing the compound in a chiral solvent.
  • Enantiomers and diastereomers can also be obtained from diastereomerically- or enantiomerically-pure intermediates, reagents, and catalysts by well known asymmetric synthetic methods.
  • the compounds of the invention When administered to a patient, e.g., to a non-human animal for veterinary use or for improvement of livestock, or to a human for clinical use, the compounds of the invention are typically administered in isolated form or as the isolated form in a pharmaceutical composition.
  • isolated means that the compounds of the invention are separated from other components of either (a) a natural source, such as a plant or cell, preferably bacterial culture, or (b) a synthetic organic chemical reaction mixture.
  • the compounds of the invention are purified.
  • purified means that when isolated, the isolate contains at least 95%, preferably at least 98%, of a single compound of the invention by weight of the isolate.
  • the invention relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that are useful for inhibiting tubulin polymerization and are particularly useful in treating or preventing proliferative disorders, such as cancer.
  • the invention also relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that are useful as vascular targeting agents, particularly, in blocking, occluding, or otherwise disrupting blood flow in neovasculature.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (I):
  • R 2 is an optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted biphenyl, an optionally substituted 4-pyridinyl-phenyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1 H-indolyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted isoxazolyl, an optionally substituted thiazolyl, an optionally substituted isothiazolyl, an optionally substituted imidazolyl, an optionally substituted pyrrolyl, an optionally substituted pyrazolyl, an optionally substituted furanyl, an optionally substituted thiophenyl, an optionally substituted thiadiazolyl, an optionally
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (II):
  • R 0 or R d is -H and the other is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an unsubstituted phenyl, or a substituted phenyl represented by one of the following formulas:
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl
  • Ri8, Rig, R 22 , and R 2 are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 1 0R 11 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 Rn, -NR 8 C(O)R 7 , -OP(O)(OR 7 J 2 ,
  • R 21 is halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -ORi 7 , -NRi 0 R 11 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 11 , -NR 8 C(O)R 7 , -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2l -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SR
  • R 7 and Rs are, independently, -H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;
  • R-iQ and R 11 are independently -H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or Ri 0 and R 11 , taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 17 for each occurrence, is independently, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula
  • R 2 is defined as for formula (I).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (IV):
  • an optionally substituted heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1 H-indolyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted isoxazolyl, an optionally substituted thiazolyl, an optionally substituted isothiazolyl, an optionally substituted imidazolyl, an optionally substituted pyrazolyl, an optionally substituted furanyl, an optionally substituted thiophenyl, an optionally substituted thiadiazolyl, an optionally substituted oxadiazolyl, an optionally substituted chromanyl, an optionally substituted isochromanyl, an optional
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (V):
  • X 1 and X 2 are each, independently, CH or N;
  • R 12 , Ri3 and R 14 are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 R 11 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 Rn, -NR 8 C(O)R 7 , -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7
  • R7, Rs, R 1 0, R 11 , and p are defined as for formula (II).
  • the dashed line indicates that the bond is a single bond or a double bond
  • X 3 and X 4 are each, independently, CH, N, CH 2 , NRi 6 , O, or S;
  • R 16 is H, an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an aralkyl, -C(O)R, wherein R is an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, or an aralkyl;
  • R 29 for each occurrence, is independently, H or a substituent; and
  • R7, Re, R10, R11, Ri7 ⁇ and p are defined as for formula (II).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (VII):
  • R 4 , R 1 8, Rig, and R 20 are defined as for formula (II); and Xi and X 2 are defined as for formula (V).
  • R 4 , R 21 , R 22 , and R 2 3 are defined as for formula (II); and Xi and X 2 are defined as for formula (V).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (IX):
  • R- I 5 and R 2 9 are defined as for formula (Vl).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (X):
  • R 4 is defined as for formula (II);
  • R- I 5, Ri6. and R 2 g are defined as for formula (Vl).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (IA):
  • R x is (R aa ) m , -R aa -C(O)(CH 2 ) n C(O)OH, -C(O)(CH 2 ) n C(O)OH, -C(O)YR 2 , -C(O)NH-R aa , or -(R 3 ⁇ q C(O)(Y 1 );
  • R y is -H or lower alkyl
  • R w is -H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl;
  • Y- I is a water soluble polymer with a molecular weight less than 60,000 daltons; n is 1 , 2, 3, or 4; m is an integer from 1 to 10; and q is 0 or 1.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (HA):
  • R-I8, Ri9, R22, and R 2 are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 Rn, -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 Rn, -NR 8 C(O)R 7 , -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(
  • R 20 is an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • R 7 and R 8 are, independently, -H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;
  • R- I0 and R 11 for each occurrence, are independently -H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;
  • R x , R y , and R w are defined as for formula (IA).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (IIIA):
  • R e or R f is -H and the other is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1 H-indolyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted isoxazolyl, an optionally substituted thiazolyl, an optionally substituted isothiazolyl, an optionally substituted imidazolyl, an optionally substituted pyrazolyl, an optionally substituted furanyl, an optionally substituted thi
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (IVA):
  • an optionally substituted heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1 H-indolyi, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted isoxazolyl, an optionally substituted thiazolyl, an optionally substituted isothiazolyl, an optionally substituted imidazoiyi, an optionally substituted pyrazolyl, an optionally substituted furanyl, an optionally substituted thiophenyl, an optionally substituted thiadiazolyl, an optionally substituted oxadiazolyi, an optionally substituted chromanyl, an optionally substituted isochromanyl, an
  • Rio and Rn for each occurrence, are independently -H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or Ri 0 and Rn, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; R 18 , R 19 , R 22 , and R 23 , are defined as for formula (MA); p is 1 or 2; and
  • R x , R y , and R w are defined as for formula (IA).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (VA):
  • VA a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: one of Rj or R j is -H and the other is represented by the following formula:
  • X 1 and X 2 are each, independently, CH or N;
  • Ri2, Ri3 and R 14 are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 Rn, -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 Rn, -NR 8 C(O)R 7 , -OP(O)(ORT) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 J 2 ,
  • R 7 , Re, Rio, Rii, and p are defined as for formula (HA);
  • R x , R y , and R w are defined as for formula (IA).
  • this invention relates to compounds of formula (VIA):
  • VIA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: one of R k or Ri is -H and the other is represented by the following formula:
  • the dashed line indicates that the bond is a single bond or a double bond
  • X 3 and X 4 are each, independently, CH, N, CH 2 , NRi 6 , O, or S;
  • X5 and XQ are each, independently, CR 29 or N;
  • Ri 6 is H, an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an aralkyl, -C(O)R, wherein R is an alky!, a cycloalkyl, or an aralkyl; R 2 g, for each occurrence, is independently, H or a substituent
  • R x , R y , and R w are defined as for formula (IA).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIIA):
  • Xi and X 2 are each, independently, CH or N;
  • R 18 , Rig, and R 20 are defined as for formula (HA);
  • R x , R y , and R w are defined as for formula (IA).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIIIA):
  • Xi and X 2 are each, independently, CH or N;
  • R 21 , R 22 , and R 2 3 are defined as for formula (HA);
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (IXA):
  • Ri5 and R 1 9 are defined as for formula (VIA); and R x , R y , and R w are defined as for formula (IA).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (XA):
  • Ri5 > Ri6, and R 2 9 are defined as for formula (VIA); and R x , R y , and R w are defined as for formula (IA).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (IB):
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (HB):
  • HB a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: one of Rc or R d is -H and the other is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an unsubstituted phenyl, or a substituted phenyl represented by one of the following formulas:
  • R 18 , R 19 , R 22 , and R 23 are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 ,
  • R20 is an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyciyi, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 17 , -NRi 0 Rn, -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 ,
  • R 21 is halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyciyi, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 17 , -NR 10 R 11 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 11 , -NR 8 C(O)R 7 , -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SR 7
  • R 7 and R 8 are, independently, -H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyciyi, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently -H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyciyi, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R 10 and Ri 1 , taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyciyi or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; R 17 , for each occurrence, is independently, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted ary
  • R w is defined as for formula (IB).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (IIIB):
  • R e or R f is -H and the other is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1 H-indoiyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted isoxazolyl, an optionally substituted thiazolyl, an optionally substituted isothiazolyl, an optionally substituted imidazolyl, an optionally substituted pyrazolyl, an optionally substituted furanyl, an optionally substituted thioph
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (IVB):
  • an optionally substituted heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1 H-indolyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted isoxazolyl, an optionally substituted thiazolyl, an optionally substituted isothiazolyl, an optionally substituted imidazolyl, an optionally substituted pyrazolyl, an optionally substituted furanyl, an optionally substituted thiophenyl, an optionally substituted thiadiazolyl, an optionally substituted oxadiazolyl, an optionally substituted chromanyl, an optionally substituted isochromanyl, an optional
  • R 7 and Rs for each occurrence, are, independently, -H, an optionally substituted alky!, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;
  • Rio and Rn are independently -H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R 10 and Rn, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl;
  • Ri8, Ri9, R20, R21, R22, and R23, are defined as for formula (HB);
  • R w is defined as for formula (IB); and p is 1 or 2.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (VB):
  • R w is defined as for formula (IB).
  • R7, Re, R10, R11, and p are defined as for formula (MB).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIB):
  • VIB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: one of R k or R ⁇ is -H and the other is represented by the following formula:
  • the dashed line indicates that the bond is a single bond or a double bond
  • X 3 and X 4 are each, independently, CH, N, CH 2 , NRi 6 , O, or S;
  • X 5 and X 6 are each, independently, CR 2 9 or N;
  • R 15 is H, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 17 , -NR 10 Ri 1 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 1 I, -NR 8 C(O)R 7 , -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SR 7
  • R w is defined as for formula (IB).
  • R 29 for each occurrence, is independently, H or a substituent.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIIB):
  • Xi and X 2 are each, independently, CH or N;
  • R w is defined as for formula (IB).
  • R18, Rig, and R 20 are defined as for formula (MB).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIIIB):
  • Xi and X 2 are each, independently, CH or N;
  • R w is defined as for formula (IB).
  • R21, R22, and R23 are defined as for formula (MB).
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula (IXB):
  • R q or R r is -H and the other is represented by the following formula:
  • R w is defined as for formula (IB).
  • Ri 5 and Ri 9 are defined as for formula (VIB).
  • R w is defined as for formula (IB).
  • Ri5, Ri6, and R 2 g are defined as for formula (VIB).
  • one of R 3 or R b is -H and the other is an optionally substituted phenyl.
  • the phenyl group represented by R a or R b is unsubstituted.
  • the phenyl group represented by R 3 or R b is substituted with from one to five substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 ,
  • the phenyl group represented by R a or R b is substituted with from one to five substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • the phenyl group represented by R 3 or Rb is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the phenyl group represented by R a or R b is substituted with
  • one of R a or R b is -H and the other is an optionally substituted pyridinyl.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 3 or Rb is unsubstituted.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R a or R b is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 ,
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 3 or R b is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORT) 2 , -SP(O)(ORT) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R a or R b is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the pyridinyl group represented by R a or R b is substituted with three substituents.
  • one of R a or R b is -H and the other is an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl.
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R a or R b is unsubstituted.
  • the benzo[1,3]dioxolyl group represented by R a or R b is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 Rn, -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 Rn, -NR 8 C
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R a or R b is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino,
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R 3 or R b is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R 3 or R b is substituted with one substituent.
  • R a or Rb is -H and the other is an optionally substituted 1/-/-indolyl.
  • the 1 /-/-indolyl group represented by R a or R b is unsubstituted.
  • the 1H-indolyl group represented by R a or R b is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NRi 0 R 11 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 11 , -NR 8 C(
  • the 1H-indolyl group represented by Ra or Rb is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alky!, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • the 1 H-indolyl group represented by R 3 or Rb is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the 1 H-indolyl group represented by R 3 or Rb is substituted with one substituent.
  • R c or Rd is -H and the other is an optionally substituted pyridinyl.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 0 or R d is unsubstituted.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R c or R d is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 R 11 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 11 , -NR 8 C(O)R 7
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R c or Rd is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 0 or R d is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the pyridinyl group represented by R c or R ⁇ is substituted with three substituents.
  • R 0 or R d is -H and the other is an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R c or Rd is unsubstituted.
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R 0 or Rd is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 R 11 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 11 , -OR 7 , -
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R c or R d is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxy].
  • substituents independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R 0 or R d is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R c or R d is substituted with one substituent.
  • R c or R d is -H and the other is an optionally substituted 1H-indolyl.
  • the 1H-indolyl group represented by R 0 or R d is unsubstituted.
  • the 1H-indolyl group represented by R 0 or R d is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 Rn 1 -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 Rn, -NR 8 C(O)R 7
  • the IH-indolyl group represented by R c or R d is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • the 1H-indolyl group represented by R c or Rd is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the 1 H-indolyl group represented by R 0 or R d is substituted with one substituent.
  • R e or R f is -H and the other is an optionally substituted phenyl.
  • the phenyl group represented by R e or R f is unsubstituted.
  • the phenyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with from one to five substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 R 11 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 11 , -NR 8 C(O)R 7
  • the phenyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with from one to five substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • the phenyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with from one to three substituents.
  • the phenyl group represented by Re or R f is substituted with three substituents.
  • R e or R f is -H and the other is an optionally substituted pyridinyl.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R e or R f is unsubstituted.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 ,
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the pyridinyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with three substituents.
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyi, -OR 7 , -NRi 0 Ri 1 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 11
  • the benzo[1,3]dioxolyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino,
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with one substituent.
  • Re or R f is -H and the other is an optionally substituted 1 H-indolyl.
  • the 1 H-indolyl group represented by R e or R f is unsubstituted.
  • the 1 H-indolyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 Ri 1 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 11 , -NR 8 C(O)
  • the 1 H-indolyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • the 1 H-indolyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with from one to three substituents.
  • the 1 H-indolyl group represented by R e or R f is substituted with one substituent.
  • Rg or R h is -H and the other is an optionally substituted pyridinyl.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 9 or R h is unsubstituted.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 ,
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the pyridinyl group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with three substituents.
  • R 9 or R h is -H and the other is an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl.
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R 9 or R h is unsubstituted.
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 R 1 I , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 11 ,
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino,
  • the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with one substituent.
  • Rg or R h is -H and the other is an optionally substituted 1H-indolyl.
  • the 1/-/-indolyl group represented by R 9 or R h is unsubstituted.
  • the 1 H-indolyl group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, -OR 7 , -NR 10 Ri 1 , -C(O)R 7 , -C(O)OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -C(O)NR 10 R 1 I , -NR 8 C(O)
  • the 1H-indolyl group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • the 1 /-/-indoly! group represented by R 9 or R h is substituted with from one to three substituents.
  • R 2 is an optionally substituted phenyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R 2 is unsubstituted.
  • the phenyl group represented by R 2 is substituted with from one to five groups independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, "IH-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1/-/-tetrazolyl, -OR 24 , -SR 24 , -C(O)R 24 , -C(O)OR 24 , -OC(O)R 24 , -C(O)NR 25 R 26 , -NR 24 C(O)R 27 , -NR 24 C(O)OR 27 , -OC(O)NR 25 R 26 , guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, -NR 24 S(O)pR 2 8, -S(O) P R 28 , -S(O) P OR 27 , -OS(O)pR 28 , -OS(O)p
  • R 24 and R 27 are, independently, H, an alkyl, or a cycloalkyl
  • R 25 and R 26 for each occurrence are, independently, H, an alkyl, or a cycloalkyl; or R 25 and R 26 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are a heterocyclyl or a heteroaryl; and
  • R 28 for each occurrence, is an alkyl or a cycloalkyl.
  • the phenyl group represented by R 2 is substituted with from one to three substituents. In one aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R 2 is substituted with two substituents. In one aspect, the phenyl is substituted with one amino group and one alkoxy group. In one aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl represented by R 2 is substituted with one substituent.
  • R 2 is an optionally substituted pyridinyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R 2 is unsubstituted.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 2 is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, I H-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1H-tetrazolyl, -OR 24 , -SR 24 , -C(O)R 24 , -C(O)OR 24 , -OC(O)R 24 , -C(O)NR 25 R 26 , -NR 24 C(O)R 27 , -NR 24 C(O)OR 27 , -OC(O)NR 25 R 26 , guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, -NR 24 S(O) P R 28 , -S(O) P R 28 , -S(O) P OR 27 ,
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 2 is substituted with from one to three substituents.
  • the pyridinyl represented by R 2 is substituted with one substituent.
  • R 2 is an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted biphenyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl-phenyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1 H-indolyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted pyridazinyl, an optionally substituted pyrimidinyl, or an optionally substituted benzofuranyl.
  • R 2 is unsubstituted.
  • R 2 is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, 1/-/-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1H-tetrazolyl, -OR 24 , -SR 24 , -C(O)R 24 , -C(O)OR 24 , -OC(O)R 24 , -C(O)NR 25 R 26 , -NR 24 C(O)R 27 , -NR 24 C(O)OR 27 , -OC(O)NR 25 R 2 S, guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, -NR 24 S(O) P R 28 , -S(O) P R 28 , -S(O) P OR 27 , -0S(O)
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted phenyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R 4 is unsubstituted.
  • the phenyl group represented by R 4 is substituted with from one to five groups independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, I H-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1 H-tetrazolyl, -OR 24 , -SR 24 , -C(O)R 24 , -C(O)OR 24 , -OC(O)R 24 , -C(O)NR 25 R 26 , -NR 24 C(O)R 27 , -NR 24 C(O)OR 27 , -OC(O)NR 25 R 26 , guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, -NR 24 S(O) P R 2 8, -S(O) P R 28 , -S(O)pOR 27 , -OS(O) P R 28 , -OS(O) P OR 27 ,
  • the phenyl group represented by R 4 is substituted with from one to three substituents. In one aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R 4 is substituted with two substituents. In one aspect, the phenyl is substituted with one amino group and one alkoxy group. In one aspect, the phenyl represented by R 4 is substituted with one substituent.
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted pyridinyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R 4 is unsubstituted.
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 4 is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, 1 /-/-tetrazolyi, 1-methyl-1/-/-tetrazolyl, -OR 24 , -SR 24 , -C(O)R 24 , -C(O)OR 24 , -OC(O)R 24 , -C(O)NR 25 R 26 , -NR 24 C(O)R 27 ,
  • the pyridinyl group represented by R 4 is substituted with from one to three substituents.
  • the pyridinyl represented by R 4 is substituted with one substituent.
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted biphenyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl-phenyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1 H-indoIyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1 ,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted pyridazinyl, an optionally substituted pyrimidinyl, or an optionally substituted benzofuranyl.
  • R 4 is unsubstituted.
  • R 4 is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, 1H-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1H-tetrazolyl, -OR 24 , -SR 24 , -C(O)R 24 , -C(O)OR 24 , -OC(O)R 24 , -C(O)NR 25 R 26 , -NR 24 C(O)R 27 , -NR 24 C(O)OR 27 , -OC(O)NR 25 R 26 , guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, -NR 24 S(O) P R 28 , -S(O) P R 28 , -S(O) P OR 27 ,
  • R 4 is substituted with from one to three substituents. Preferably, R 4 is substituted with one substituent.
  • Ri 2 , Ri 3 , and Ri 4 are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl.
  • Ri 2 , R 13 , and Ri 4 are each, independently, an alkoxy.
  • R 12 , R 13 , and Ri 4 are each methoxy.
  • X 1 and X 2 are CH.
  • X 1 and X 2 are N.
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is CH.
  • X 3 and X 4 are O and X 5 and X 6 are CH.
  • X 3 and X 4 are O; X 5 and X 6 are CH; and
  • Ri 5 is an alkoxy, such as methoxy.
  • X 3 is CH; X 4 are NRi 6 ; and X 5 and X 6 are CH.
  • X 3 is CH; X 4 are NRi 6 ; X 5 and X 6 are CH; and Ri 6 is H.
  • X 3 is CH; X 4 are NR 16 ; X 5 and X 6 are CH; and Ri 6 is a lower alkyl.
  • Ri 5 is H, alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, -SR 24 , -C(O)R 24 , -C(O)OR 24 , -OC(O)R 24 , -C(O)NR 25 R26, -NR 24 C(O)R 27 , -NR 24 C(O)OR 27 , -OC(O)NR 25 R 2 S, guanidino, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, -NR 24 S(O) P R 28 , -S(O) P R 28 , -S(O) P OR 27 , -OS(O) P R 28 , -OS(O) P OR 27 , -OP(O)(
  • R 15 is H, alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, -SR 24 , -C(O)R 24 , -C(O)OR 24 , -OC(O)R 24 , -C(O)NR 25 R 26 , -NR 24 C(O)R 27 , -NR 24 C(O)OR 27 , -OC(O)NR 25 R 26 , guanidino, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,
  • R 29 for each occurrence, is independently, H, alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, -OR 24 , -SR 24 , -C(O)R 24 , -C(O)OR 24 , -OC(O)R 24 , -C(O)NR 25 R 26 , -NR 24 C(O)R 27 , -NR 24 C(O)OR 27 , -OC(O)NR 25 R 26 , guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, -NR 24 S(O) P R 28 , -S(O) P OR 27 , -OS(O) P R 28 , -OS(O) P OR 27 , -OP(O)(OR 27 ) 2 , or -SP(O)(OR 27 ) 2 ; and R 29 , for each occurrence, is independently, H, alkoxy, halo, alky
  • Ri 8 and R 19 are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R 20 is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , nitro, or an
  • Rc or R d is -H and the other is a substituted phenyl represented by the following structural formula:
  • Ri8 and R 19 are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkyiamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R 20 is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkyiamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, or an alkyl ester; wherein R 7 is defined as above and " ⁇ " represents the point of attachment of the
  • Rg or R h is -H and the other is a substituted phenyl represented by the following structural formula:
  • R 18 and Rig are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkyiamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R 20 is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkyiamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, or an alkyl ester; wherein R 7 is defined as above and " ⁇ " represents the point of attachment of the pheny
  • R 22 and R 23 are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkyiamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxy!; and R 21 is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkyiamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, or an alkyl
  • Rc or R d is -H and the other is a substituted phenyl represented by the following structural formula:
  • R 22 and R 23 are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkyiamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R 21 is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkyiamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, or an alkyl ester, wherein Ry is defined as above and " ⁇ " represents the point of attachment of the phenyl
  • Rg or R h is -H and the other is a substituted phenyl represented by the following structural formula:
  • R 22 and R 23 are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(ORy) 2 , -SP(O)(ORy) 2 , nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R 21 is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, -OP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , -SP(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , nitro, or an alkyl ester, wherein R 7 is defined as above and " ⁇ " represents the point of attachment of the pheny
  • R x is R aa , -C(O)YR 2 , or -C(O)NH-R aa .
  • R x is R aa .
  • R x is -C(O)YR 2 .
  • R aa , R 2 , and Y are defined as for formula (IA).
  • R x is (R aa ) m .
  • m is 3.
  • R x is R aa and R aa is defined as for formula (IA).
  • R aa is glycine, serine, alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, or methionine.
  • R x is R aa and R aa is a D-amino acid residue or a D-amino acid residue analog.
  • R aa is D-alanine, D-valine, D-leucine, D-isoleucine, D-serine, D-threonine, D-cysteine, D-methionine, D-phenylalanine,
  • R x is R aa and R aa is an L-amino acid residue or an L-amino acid residue analog.
  • R aa is L-alanine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-cysteine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine,
  • L-arginine L-histidine, L-lysine, or L-proline.
  • R x is R aa and R y is -H, wherein R aa is defined as for formula (IA).
  • R aa is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, arginine, histidine, lysine, or proline.
  • R aa is glycine, serine, alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, or methionine.
  • R x is -C(O)YR 2 and Y and R 2 are defined as for formula (IA).
  • Y is CH 2 .
  • Y is O.
  • Y is NH.
  • R z is Y 1 and Y 1 is defined as for formula (IA).
  • R z is AIk-NH 2 .
  • R z is AIk-C(O)OH.
  • R z is Het. AIk and Het and defined as for formula (IA).
  • m is 1 , 2 or 3.
  • Y 1 is PEG, HPMA copolymer-methacryloyl-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-ethylenediamine, or HPMA copolymer-methacryloyl-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-OH.
  • Y-i is PEG.
  • R y is -H.
  • R y is -H.
  • R y is a lower alkyl.
  • Y 1 has a molecular weight greater than 20,000 daltons. In one aspect, Y 1 has a molecular weight of less than 40,000 daltons, but greater than 25,000 daltons.
  • AIk is an optionally substituted lower alkylene.
  • Het is an optionally substituted lower heteroalkyl.
  • X 1 and X 2 are
  • R x is R aa .
  • R x is (R aa ) m .
  • R x is -R aa -C(O)(CH 2 ) n C(O)OH.
  • R x is -C(O)(CH 2 ) n C(O)OH.
  • R x is -C(O)YR 2 .
  • R x is -C(O)NH-R aa .
  • R x is R aa , Y, R z , Y 1 , m, n, and q are defined as for formula (IA).
  • X 1 and X 2 are CH and R 12 , R 1 S, and R 14 are each methoxy.
  • R x is R aa and R w is alkoxy.
  • R x is R aa and R y is -H.
  • R x is R aa , R w is alkoxy, and R y is -H.
  • R x is R aa , R w is alkoxy, and R y is -H.
  • R x is R aa , R w is methoxy, and R y is -H.
  • R aa is defined as for formula (IA).
  • X 1 and X 2 are CH; R 12 , R 13 and R 14 are methoxy; R j is -H; R w is methoxy; R y is -H; and R x is R aa .
  • R aa is defined as for formula (IA).
  • X 1 and X 2 are CH; R 12 , Ri 3 , and R 14 are each methoxy; and R w is alkoxy. In one aspect, R w is methoxy.
  • R w is alkoxy. In one aspect, R w is methoxy.
  • R 3 is -H. In some embodiments represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), R b is -H. In some embodiments represented by formula (V), (VA), or (VB), Rj is -H. In some embodiments represented by formula (V), (VA), or (VB), Rj is -H.
  • the invention relates to compounds selected from the group consisting of:
  • the invention relates to compounds selected from the group consisting of:
  • the invention relates to compounds selected from the group consisting of:

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